2014 ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS DELAWARE

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1 2014 ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS DELAWARE FRAMEWORK ISSUE 1: CRIMINALIZATION OF DOMESTIC MINOR SEX TRAFFICKING Legal Components: 1.1 The state human trafficking law addresses sex trafficking and clearly defines a human trafficking victim as any minor under the age of 18 used in a commercial sex act without regard to use of force, fraud, or coercion, aligning to the federal trafficking law. 1.2 Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is identified as a separate and distinct offense from general sexual offenses, which may also be used to prosecute those who commit commercial sex offenses against minors. 1.3 Prostitution statutes refer to the sex trafficking statute to identify the commercially sexually exploited minor as a trafficking victim. 1.4 The state racketeering or gang crimes statute includes sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) offenses as predicate acts allowing the statute to be used to prosecute trafficking crimes. Legal Analysis 1 : 1.1 The state human trafficking law addresses sex trafficking and clearly defines a human trafficking victim as any minor under the age of 18 used in a commercial sex act without regard to use of force, fraud, or coercion, aligning to the federal trafficking law. The Delaware human trafficking law, codified at Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) makes sex trafficking of a minor a crime. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(1) states, A person is guilty of trafficking an individual if the person knowingly recruits, transports, harbors, receives, provides, obtains, isolates, maintains, or entices an individual in furtherance of 1 Unless otherwise specified, all references to Delaware statutes were taken from Delaware Code Annotated (LEXIS through 79 Del. Laws, Ch. 437), and all federal statutes were taken from United States Code (LEXIS through PL , approved 9/19/14). This report includes legislation enacted as of August 1, Here and elsewhere in this report that Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787 is quoted or cited, it has been updated to reflect the amendments added by the enactment of House Bill 197. Del. Laws. (2014) (effective June 30, 2014)

2 forced labor in violation of paragraph (b)(2) of this section or sexual servitude in violation of paragraph (b)(3) of this section. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) specifies that force, fraud or coercion is not required to commit sexual servitude of a child, stating that (a) A person commits the offense of sexual servitude if the person knowingly: 1. maintains or makes available a minor for the purpose of engaging in commercial sexual activity 3 ; or 2. uses coercion or deception to compel an adult to engage in commercial sexual activity. Sexual servitude of a minor is a Class B felony and is punishable by imprisonment 4 for 2 25 years 5. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3)(b), 4205(b)(2). If aggravating circumstances were used in the commission 3 Commercial sexual activity is defined as any sexual activity for which on account of which anything of value is given, promised to, or received by any person. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(a)(2). See supra note 2. 4 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4204(c)(1) (5), (c) When a person is convicted of any offense other than a class A felony the court may take the following action: (1) Impose a sentence involving an Accountability Level I sanction. Such sanctions include imposition of a fine as provided by law for the offense or placement of the offender upon unsupervised probation with or without special conditions, or with or without the imposition of a fine as provided by law for the offense; (2) Impose a sentence involving an Accountability Level II sanction. Such a sanction includes a placement of the offender upon supervised probation amounting to field supervision rather than intensive supervision, with or without special conditions, or with or without the imposition of a fine as provided by law for the offense; (3) Impose a sentence involving an Accountability Level III sanction. Such sanctions include placement of the offender upon intensive supervision or placement of the offender upon community service, with or without special conditions, or with or without the imposition of a fine as provided by law for the offense. Such intensive supervision shall entail at least the equivalent of 1 hour of supervision per day and no more than 56 hours of supervision per week; (4) Impose a sentence involving an Accountability Level IV sanction. Such sanctions include placement of the offender upon partial confinement under house arrest under the supervision of the Department of Correction or commitment of the offender to the Department of Correction under partial confinement to a half-way house or restitution center or placement of the offender in a residential treatment facility, all with or without special conditions, and all with or without the imposition of a fine as provided by law for the offense; (5) Impose a sentence involving an Accountability Level V sanction. Such a sentence consists of the commitment of the offender to the Department of Correction for a period of incarceration, with or without the imposition of a fine provided by law for the offense. Most of the felonies reviewed in this document are expressly restricted to a Level V sanction, therefore, all imprisonment penalties should be interpreted to be subject to Level V, unless it is designated a Class A felony or specifically stated otherwise. Additionally, Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787 (Trafficking of an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) is designated as a violent felony under Del. Code Ann. 11, 4201(c). 5 Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205(k) provides, In addition to the penalties set forth above, the court may impose such fines and penalties as it deems appropriate. Therefore, in all instances where penalties for a felony conviction are mentioned throughout this document, it should be inferred that an additional indeterminate fine may be imposed at the judge s discretion

3 of the crime, including force and recruitment of the victim from a shelter, a conviction is punishable as a Class A felony by imprisonment for 15 years to life. 6 Since the definition of labor or services includes commercial sexual activity, a sex trafficker could also be convicted under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) for forced labor, but the offense must involve coerced commercial sexual activity 7 even when the victim is a minor. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) states that (2) A person is guilty of forced labor if the person knowingly uses coercion 8 to compel an individual to perform labor or services 9, except where such conduct is permissible under federal law or law of this state other than this act. 6 Convictions under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(1)-(3) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) may result in an enhanced penalty if aggravating circumstances are present. Aggravating circumstances occur when: a. The person recruited, enticed, or obtained the victim from a shelter designed to serve victims of human trafficking, victims of domestic violence, victims of sexual assault, runaway youth, foster children, or the homeless; or b. The person used or threatened use of force against, abduction of, serious harm to, or physical restraint of the victim. If aggravated circumstances are found, the offense under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) is elevated by one felony grade higher than the underlying offense. See supra note 2. 7 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(a)(4) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) [d]ebt bondage is defined to include commercial sexual activity in payment toward or satisfaction of a real or purported debt. See supra note 2. 8 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(a)(2) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) [c]oercion is defined to include a. the use or threat of force against abduction of, serious harm to, or physical restraint of an individual; b. the use of a plan, pattern, or statement with intent to cause an individual to believe that failure to perform an act will result in the use of force against, abduction of, serious harm to, or physical restraint of an individual; c. the abuse or threatened abuse of law or legal process; d. controlling or threatening to control an individual s access to a controlled substance enumerated in Sections 4714, 4716, 4718, 4720, 4722 of Title 16 of the Delaware Code; e. the destruction of, taking of, or the threat to destroy or take an individual s identification document or other property; f. use of debt bondage; g. the use of an individual s physical, cognitive disability, or mental impairment, where such impairment has substantial adverse effects on the individual s cognitive or volitional functions; or h. the commission of civil or criminal fraud. 9 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787 (a)(3), forced labor or services is defined as labor, as defined in this section, or services, as defined in this section, that are performed or provided by another person and are obtained or maintained through coercion as enumerated in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. Labor or services is defined as activity having economic or financial value, including commercial sexual activity. Nothing in this definition should be construed to legitimize or legalize prostitution. Sexual activity is defined as any of the sex-related acts enumerated in Section 761 if this Title, or in Sections (1), 1353(1), 1354 or 1355 of this Title or sexually-explicit performances. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(a) (a)(4), (7). See supra note Error! Bookmark not efined. for the definition of sexually-explicit performance. See also supra note

4 A conviction for forced labor under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3)(b) is punishable as a Class B felony by imprisonment for 2 25 years when the offense involves a minor. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3), 4205(b)(2). Lastly, organizations that commit a human trafficking offense may be prosecuted under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(c) 10 (Organizational liability) states, (1) An organization may be prosecuted for an offense under this section pursuant to 281 of this title (Criminal liability of organizations). (2) The court may consider the severity of an organization's offense under this section and order penalties in addition to those otherwise provided for the offense, including: a. A fine of not more than $ 25, per offense; b. Disgorgement of profit from illegal activity in violation of this section; and c. Debarment from state and local government contracts. 1.2 Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is identified as a separate and distinct offense from general sexual offenses, which may also be used to prosecute those who commit commercial sex offenses against minors. Delaware has several statutes specifically criminalizing CSEC, including the following: 1. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1108 (Sexual exploitation of a child) states, A person is guilty of sexual exploitation of a child when: (1) The person knowingly, photographs or films a child engaging in a prohibited sexual act 11 or in the simulation of such an act, or otherwise knowingly creates a visual depiction of a child engaging in a prohibited sexual act or in the simulation of such an act; or (2) The person knowingly, finances or produces any motion picture, video or other visual depiction of a child engaging in a prohibited sexual act or in the simulation of such an act; or (3) The person knowingly publishes or makes available for public distribution or sale by any means, including but not limited to computer, any book, magazine, periodical, pamphlet, photograph, Internet site or web page which depicts a child engaging in a prohibited sexual act or in the simulation of such an act, or knowingly publishes or makes available for public distribution or sale by any means, including computer, any other visual depiction of a child engaging in a prohibited sexual act or in the simulation of such an act; or 10 See supra note Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1103(e) (Definitions relating to children) defines [p]rohibited sexual act to include: (1) Sexual intercourse; (2) Anal intercourse; (3) Masturbation; (4) Bestiality; (5) Sadism; (6) Masochism; (7) Fellatio; (8) Cunnilingus; (9) Nudity, if such nudity is to be depicted for the purpose of the sexual stimulation or the sexual gratification of any individual who may view such depiction; (10) Sexual contact; (11) Lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any child; (12) Any other act which is intended to be a depiction or simulation of any act described in this subsection

5 (4) The person permits, causes, promotes, facilitates, finances, produces or otherwise advances an exhibition, display or performances of a child engaging in a prohibited sexual act or the simulation of such an act..... A first conviction under this statute is punishable as a Class B felony by imprisonment for 2 25 years, while a subsequent conviction is punishable by life imprisonment. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1108, 4205(b)(2), However, if the victim is under the age of 14 and the offender is either 18 years of age or older or tried as an adult, a conviction is designated a dangerous crime against a child under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777(a) (Dangerous crime against a child, definitions, sentences). A first conviction for a dangerous crime against a child is punishable as a Class B felony by imprisonment for 2 25 years, while subsequent convictions are punishable by mandatory imprisonment for life. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777(b). Subsequently, a defendant sentenced pursuant to this section shall not be eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis until the sentence imposed by the Court has been served. Del. Code Ann. tit (c). Additionally, under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205A(a) (Additional penalty for serious sex offenders or pedophile offenders), a conviction under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777 is punishable by imprisonment for 25 years to life, if, among other things, the victim is under the age of Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1352 (Promoting prostitution in the second degree) states, A person is guilty of promoting prostitution 12 in the second degree when the person knowingly: (1) Advances or profits from prostitution 13 by managing, supervising, controlling or owning, either alone or in association with others, a house of prostitution or a prostitution business or enterprise involving prostitution activity by 2 or more prostitutes; or (2) Advances or profits from prostitution of a person less than 18 years old. Promoting prostitution in the second degree is a class E felony. A Class E felony is punishable by imprisonment up to 5 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205(b)(5). 3. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1353 (Promoting prostitution in the first degree) states, A person is guilty of promoting prostitution 14 in the first degree when the person knowingly: (1) Advances prostitution 15 by compelling a person by force or intimidation to engage in prostitution or profits from such coercive conduct by another; or (2) Advances or profits from prostitution of a person less than 16 years old. Promoting prostitution in the first degree is a class C felony. 12 Del. Code. Ann. tit. 11, 1354 (Promoting prostitution; attempt to promote prostitution; corroboration) provides, A person shall not be convicted of promoting prostitution or of an attempt to promote prostitution solely on the uncorroborated testimony of a person whose prostitution activity the person is alleged to have advanced or attempted to advance or from whose prostitution activity the person is alleged to have profited or attempted to profit. 13 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1356(1) (Definitions relating to prostitution), A person advances prostitution when, acting other than as a prostitute or as a patron thereof, the person knowingly causes or aids a person to commit or engage in prostitution, procures or solicits patrons for prostitution, provides persons or premises for prostitution purposes, operates or assists in the operation of a house of prostitution or a prostitution enterprise or engages in any other conduct designed to institute, aid or facilitate an act or enterprise of prostitution. 14 See supra note See supra note

6 A Class C felony is punishable by imprisonment up to 15 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205(b)(3). Several other Delaware laws, while not expressly commercial in nature, may also be applicable in cases involving the commercial sexual exploitation of a child. Some of those statutes are as follows: 1. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1112A(a) (Sexual solicitation of a child) states, (a) A person is guilty of sexual solicitation of a child if the person, being 18 years of age or older, intentionally or knowingly: (1) Solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause any child who has not yet reached that child s eighteenth birthday to engage in a prohibited sexual act; 16 or (2) Solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause any child who has not yet reached that child s sixteenth birthday to meet with such person or any other person for the purpose of engaging in a prohibited sexual act; or (3) Compiles, enters, accesses, transmits, receives, exchanges, disseminates, stores, makes, prints, reproduces or otherwise possesses by any means, including by means of computer, any notice, statement, document, advertisement, file or data containing the name, telephone number, address, address, school address or location, physical characteristics or other descriptive or identifying information pertaining to any child who has not yet reached that child s sixteenth birthday for the purpose of facilitating, encouraging, offering or soliciting a prohibited sexual act involving such child and such person or any other person. A conviction under this statute is punishable as a Class C felony by imprisonment up to 15 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1112A(c), 4205(b)(3). If the victim is under the age of 14 and the offender is either 18 years of age or older or tried as an adult, however, a conviction is designated a dangerous crime against a child under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777(a) (Dangerous crime against a child, definitions, sentences). A first conviction for a dangerous crime against a child is punishable as a Class B felony by imprisonment for 2 25 years, while subsequent convictions are punishable by mandatory imprisonment for life. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777(b). Subsequently, a defendant sentenced pursuant to this section shall not be eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis until the sentence imposed by the Court has been served. Del. Code Ann. tit (c). Additionally, under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205A(a) (Additional penalty for serious sex offenders or pedophile offenders), a conviction under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777 is punishable by imprisonment for 25 years to life, if, among other things, the victim is under the age of Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1103(e) defines [p]rohibited sexual act to include, (1) Sexual intercourse; (2) Anal intercourse; (3) Masturbation; (4) Bestiality; (5) Sadism; (6) Masochism; (7) Fellatio; (8) Cunnilingus; (9) Nudity, if such nudity is to be depicted for the purpose of the sexual stimulation or the sexual gratification of any individual who may view such depiction; (10) Sexual contact; (11) Lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any child; (12) Any other act which is intended to be a depiction or simulation of any act described in this subsection

7 2. Del. Code tit (a)(5) (Rape in the first degree) provides that [a] person is guilty of rape in the first degree when the person intentionally engages in sexual intercourse with another person and... [t]he victim has not yet reached that victim s twelfth birthday, and the defendant has reached that defendant s eighteenth birthday. A conviction under Del. Code tit (a)(5) is punishable as a Class A felony by imprisonment for 25 years to life. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 773, 4205A(a)(2). If, however, among other things, a victim of an offense under Del. Code tit (a)(5) suffers serious bodily injury or the defendant has been previously convicted of unlawful sexual intercourse in the first degree, rape in the second degree or rape in the first degree, or any equivalent offense under the laws of this State, any other state or the United States, a conviction is punishable by imprisonment for life without benefit of probation, parole or any other reduction. Del. Code tit. 11, 773(c)(1), (4). 3. Pursuant to Del. Code tit. 11, 771(a) (Rape in the third degree), (a) A person is guilty of rape in the third degree when the person: (1) Intentionally engages in sexual intercourse with another person, and the victim has not reached that victim s sixteenth birthday and the person is at least 10 years older than the victim, or the victim has not yet reached that victim s fourteenth birthday and the person has reached that person s nineteenth birthday and is not otherwise subject to prosecution pursuant to 772 [Rape in the second degree] or 773 [Rape in the first degree] of this title; or (2) Intentionally engages in sexual penetration with another person under any of the following circumstances:... (b) The victim has not reached that victim s sixteenth birthday and during the commission of the crime, or during the immediate flight from the crime, or during an attempt to prevent the reporting of the crime, the person causes physical injury or serious mental or emotional injury to the victim. A conviction under this statute is punishable as a Class B felony by imprisonment for 2 25 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 771, 4205(b)(2). If the victim is under the age of 14 and the offender is either 18 years of age or older or tried as an adult, however, a conviction is designated a dangerous crime against a child under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777(a) (Dangerous crime against a child, definitions, sentences). A first conviction for a dangerous crime against a child is punishable as a Class B felony by imprisonment for 2 25 years, while subsequent convictions are punishable by mandatory imprisonment for life. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777(b). A defendant sentenced pursuant to this section shall not be eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis until the sentence imposed by the Court has been served. Del. Code Ann. tit (c). Additionally, under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205A(a) (Additional penalty for serious sex offenders or pedophile offenders), a conviction under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 771(a)(2) is punishable by imprisonment for 25 years to life, if, among other things, the victim is under the age of 14. Convictions under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 771(a)(1) fall under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205A(a) through Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, Del. Code tit (a) (Rape in the fourth degree) states, (a) A person is guilty of rape in the fourth degree when the person: (1) Intentionally engages in sexual intercourse with another person, and the victim has not yet reached that victim s sixteenth birthday; or (2) Intentionally engages in sexual intercourse with another person, and the victim has not yet reached that victim s eighteenth birthday, and the person is 30 years of age or older, except - 7 -

8 that such intercourse shall not be unlawful if the victim and person are married at the time of such intercourse; or (3) Intentionally engages in sexual penetration with another person under any of the following circumstances: a. The sexual penetration occurs without the victim s consent; or b. The victim has not reached that victim s sixteenth birthday. 5. A conviction under this statute is punishable as a Class C felony by imprisonment up to 15 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 770, 4205(b)(3). However, if the victim is under the age of 14 and the offender is either 18 years of age or older or tried as an adult, a conviction is designated a dangerous crime against a child under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777(a) (Dangerous crime against a child, definitions, sentences). A first conviction for a dangerous crime against a child is punishable as a Class B felony by imprisonment for 2 25 years, while subsequent convictions are punishable by mandatory imprisonment for life. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777(b), 4205(b)(2). Subsequently, a defendant sentenced pursuant to [Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777] shall not be eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release from confinement on any basis until the sentence imposed by the Court has been served. Del. Code Ann. tit (c). Additionally, under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205A(a) (Additional penalty for serious sex offenders or pedophile offenders), a conviction under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 777 is punishable by imprisonment for 25 years to life, if, among other things, the victim is under the age of 14. Del. Code tit (Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree) makes it a crime when the person intentionally has sexual contact 17 with another person who is less than 18 years of age or causes the victim to have sexual contact with the person or a third person. A conviction under this statute is punishable as a Class F felony by imprisonment up to 3 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 768, 4205(b)(6). 6. Del. Code tit (a)(3) (Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree) makes it a crime when a person intentionally has sexual contact with another person who is less than 13 years of age or causes the victim to have sexual contact with the person or a third person. A conviction under this statute is punishable as a Class D felony by imprisonment up to 8 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 769(b), 4205(b)(4). 7. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1100 (Dealing in children) states in part, A person is guilty of dealing in a child if the person intentionally or knowingly trades, barters, buys or negotiates to trade, barter, buy or sell a child under the age of A conviction under this statute is punishable as a Class E felony by imprisonment up to 5 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1100, 4205(b)(5). 1.3 Prostitution statutes refer to the sex trafficking statute to identify the commercially sexually exploited minor as a trafficking victim. 17 Pursuant to Del. Code tit (f), (f) Sexual contact means: (1) Any intentional touching by the defendant of the anus, breast, buttocks or genitalia of another person; or (2) Any intentional touching of another person with the defendant s anus, breast, buttocks or genitalia; or (3) Intentionally causing or allowing another person to touch the defendant s anus, breast, buttocks or genitalia which touching, under the circumstances as viewed by a reasonable person, is intended to be sexual in nature. Sexual contact shall also include touching when covered by clothing

9 Delaware s prostitution statutes, Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1342(a)(1) (Prostitution) and 1343 (Patronizing a prostitute prohibited), do not refer to the human trafficking statute to identify commercially sexually exploited minors as victims of sex trafficking, However, an affirmative defense provided under the human trafficking law clarifies the status of commercially sexually exploited youth as victims of sex trafficking. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(h) provides that An individual charged with prostitution or loitering committed as a direct result of being a victim of human trafficking may assert as an affirmative defense that the individual is a victim of human trafficking. 1.4 The state racketeering or gang crimes statute includes sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) offenses as predicate acts allowing the statute to be used to prosecute trafficking crimes. Chapter 15 of the Delaware Criminal Code is entitled Organized Crime and Racketeering. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1503 (Violations) states, (a) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by, or associated with, any enterprise 18 to conduct or participate in the conduct of the affairs of the enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of an unlawful debt. (b) It is unlawful for any person, through a pattern of racketeering activity or proceeds derived therefrom, to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise, real property or personal property, of any nature, including money. (c) It is unlawful for any person who has received any proceeds derived, directly or indirectly, from a pattern of racketeering activity in which such person has participated, to use or invest, directly or indirectly, any part of such proceeds or any proceeds derived from the investment or use thereof, in the acquisition of any interest in, or the establishment or operation of, any enterprise or real property. (d) It is unlawful for any person to conspire or attempt to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b) or (c) of this section. Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1502(5) 19, (5) Pattern of racketeering activity shall mean 2 or more incidents of conduct: a. That: 1. Constitute racketeering activity; 2. Are related to the affairs of the enterprise; 3. Are not so closely related to each other and connected in point of time and place that they constitute a single event; and b. Where: 1. At least 1 of the incidents of conduct occurred after July 9, 1986; 2. The last incident of conduct occurred within 10 years after a prior occasion of conduct; and 3. As to criminal charges, but not as to civil proceedings, at least 1 of the incidents of conduct constituted a felony under the Delaware Criminal Code, or if committed subject to the jurisdiction of the United States or any state of the United States, would constitute a felony under the Delaware Criminal Code if committed in the State. 18 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1502(3), Enterprise shall include any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, trust or other legal entity; and any union, association or group of persons associated in fact, although not a legal entity. The word enterprise shall include illicit as well as licit enterprises, and governmental as well as other entities. 19 Here and elsewhere in this report that Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1502 is quoted or cited, it has been updated to reflect the amendments added by the enactment of House Bill 197. Del. Laws. (2014) (effective June 30, 2014)

10 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit (9), racketeering means to engage in, to attempt to engage in, to conspire to engage in or to solicit, coerce or intimidate another person to engage in: a. Any activity defined as racketeering activity under 18 U.S.C. 1961(1)(A), (1)(B), (1)(C) or (1)(D); 20 or b. Any activity constituting any felony which is chargeable under the Delaware Code or any activity constituting a misdemeanor under the following provisions of the Delaware Code: Chapter 5 of Title 11 relating to prostitution; Chapter 5 of Title 11 relating to obscenity; Chapter 5 of Title 11 relating to human trafficking. Consequently, all felony and misdemeanor offenses related to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of children should constitute predicate offenses under the definition of racketeering. Defendants convicted under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1503 are guilty of a Class B felony punishable by imprisonment for 2 25 years and a fine of at least $25,000. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1504(a), 4205(b)(2). Alternatively, defendants may be subject to a restitutionary fine. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1504(c) states, In lieu of any fine otherwise authorized by law, any person convicted of engaging in racketeering, or any other conduct in violation of 1503 of this title, through which such person derived pecuniary value, 21 or by which the person caused personal injury or property damage or other loss, may be sentenced to pay a fine that does not exceed 3 times the gross value gained, or 3 times the gross loss caused, whichever is the greater, plus court costs and the costs of investigation and prosecution, reasonably incurred. Defendants convicted under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1503 are also subject to certain forfeiture provisions. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1504(b) (Criminal penalties) states, Any person convicted of conduct constituting a violation of any of the provisions of 1503 of this title shall criminally... forfeit, to the State any real or personal property used in the course of, intended for use in the course of, derived from, or realized through conduct in violation of 1503 of this title including any property constituting an interest in or means of control or influence over the enterprise involved in the conduct in violation of 1503 of this title or any property constituting proceeds derived from the conduct in violation of Civil remedies are also available for victims of racketeering. Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1505(c), U.S.C. 1961(1)(A), (1)(B), (1)(C) or (1)(D) includes sections (relating to peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons) [and] sections 2251, 2251A, 2252, and 2260 (relating to sexual exploitation of children). 21 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1502(6), Pecuniary value shall mean: a. Anything of value in the form of money, a negotiable instrument, a commercial interest or anything else which constitutes an economic advantage; or b. Any other property or service that has a value in excess of $

11 Any person directly or indirectly injured by reason of any conduct constituting a violation of this chapter may sue therefor in any appropriate court, and if successful shall recover 3 times the actual damages sustained and, when appropriate, punitive damages. Damages under this subsection are not limited to competitive or distinct injury. Plaintiffs who substantially prevail shall also recover attorneys fees in the trial and appellate courts, together with the costs of investigation and litigation, reasonably incurred; provided, however, no action may be had under 1503 of this title except against a defendant who has been criminally convicted of a racketeering activity which was the source of the injury alleged, and no action may be brought under this provision except within 1 year of such conviction. Additionally, Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1505(b) authorizes the Attorney General to institute civil proceedings against traffickers who violate Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1503 and impose a civil penalty of up to $ 100,000 for each incident of activity constituting a violation of this chapter

12 FRAMEWORK ISSUE 2: CRIMINAL PROVISIONS FOR DEMAND Legal Components: 2.1 The state sex trafficking law can be applied to the buyers of commercial sex acts with a victim of domestic minor sex trafficking. 2.2 Buyers of commercial sex acts with a minor can be prosecuted under commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) laws. 2.3 Solicitation laws differentiate buying sex acts with an adult and buying sex acts with a minor under Penalties for buyers of commercial sex acts with minors are as high as federal penalties. 2.5 Using the Internet to lure, entice, or purchase, or attempt to lure, entice, or purchase commercial sex acts with a minor is a separate crime or results in an enhanced penalty for buyers. 2.6 No age mistake defense is permitted for a buyer of commercial sex acts with any minor under Base penalties for buying sex acts with a minor under 18 are sufficiently high and not reduced for older minors. 2.8 Financial penalties for buyers of commercial sex acts with minors are sufficiently high to make it difficult for buyers to hide the crime. 2.9 Buying and possessing child pornography carries penalties as high as similar federal offenses Convicted buyers of commercial sex acts with minors and child pornography are required to register as sex offenders. Legal Analysis: 2.1 The state sex trafficking law can be applied to the buyers of commercial sex acts with a victim of domestic minor sex trafficking. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(1) 22 (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) does not apply to buyers. It states, A person is guilty of trafficking an individual if the person knowingly recruits, transports, harbors, receives, provides, obtains, isolates, maintains, or entices an individual in furtherance of forced labor in violation of paragraph (b)(2) of this section or sexual servitude in violation of paragraph (b)(3) of this section. While Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(1) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) includes as prohibited conduct the term obtains, which could apply to buyers following federal precedent, 23 the conduct proscribed as [s]exual servitude under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3) (Sexual servitude) requires ongoing control that makes the statute largely inapplicable to buyers. It states, 22 See supra note See United States v. Jungers, 702 F.3d 1066 (8 th Cir. 2013). In this case, the Eighth Circuit specifically addressed whether the federal sex trafficking law, 18 U.S.C (Sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud, or coercion) applies to buyers when it reversed a District of South Dakota ruling that Congress did not intend the string of verbs constituting criminal conduct under 18 U.S.C. 1591(a)(1) ( recruits, entices, harbors, transports, provides, obtains, or maintains ) to reach the conduct of buyers. United States v. Jungers, 834 F. Supp. 2d 930, 931 (D.S.D. 2011). Holding that the conduct of buyers who obtain a child for commercial sex can violate 18 U.S.C. 1591(a)(1), the Eighth Circuit illustrated through hypothetical buyer scenarios that, under certain circumstances, most of the terms in the string of verbs constituting criminal conduct under 18 U.S.C. 1591(a)(1) could apply to buyers. While other terms may apply to buyers conduct under state law as well, the analysis here focuses on the term obtains which is most likely to apply in the majority of buyer cases. United States v. Jungers establishes persuasive authority for state courts interpreting the same language used under state law to the extent such interpretation does not conflict with the state constitution

13 (a) A person commits the offense of sexual servitude if the person knowingly: 1. maintains 24 or makes available a minor for the purpose of engaging in commercial sexual activity 25 ; or 2. uses coercion or deception to compel an adult to engage in commercial sexual activity. However, Delaware criminalizes buyers for patronizing a victim of sexual servitude under the human trafficking chapter. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(4) 26 (Patronizing a victim of sexual servitude) states, A person is guilty of patronizing a victim of sexual servitude if the person knowingly gives, agrees to give, or offers to give anything of value so that the person may engage in commercial sexual activity with another person and the person knows that the other person is a victim of sexual servitude. Patronizing a victim of sexual servitude is a Class D felony unless the victim of sexual servitude is a minor, in which case it is a Class C felony. A Class C felony is punishable by imprisonment up to 15 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 4205(b)(3). 2.2 Buyers of commercial sex acts with a minor can be prosecuted under commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) laws. None of Delaware s CSEC statutes apply to buyers. While Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1112A(a) (Sexual solicitation of a child) may apply to a buyer who [c]ompiles, enters, accesses, transmits, receives, exchanges, disseminates, stores, makes, prints, reproduces or otherwise possesses by any means, including by means of computer, any notice, statement, document, advertisement, file or data containing the name, telephone number, address, address, school address or location, physical characteristics or other descriptive or identifying information pertaining to any child who has not yet reached that child s sixteenth birthday for the purpose of facilitating, encouraging, offering or soliciting a prohibited sexual act 27 involving such child and such person or any other person, this offense does not refer to commercial conduct or make it a crime to purchase sex acts with a minor Recommendation: Enact a law that specifically criminalizes the act of buying sex with a minor with penalties as high as Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(1) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude). 2.3 Solicitation laws differentiate buying sex acts with an adult and buying sex acts with a minor under 18. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1343 (Patronizing a prostitute prohibited) includes the crime of solicitation of prostitution. It does not, however, distinguish between the solicitation of an adult versus a child for prostitution. Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1343(a)(3), (a) A person is guilty of patronizing a prostitute when:... (3) The person solicits or requests another person to engage in sexual conduct with the person in return for a fee. 24 Pursuant to Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(a)(9), Maintain means in relation to labor or services, to secure continued performance thereof, regardless of any initial agreement on the part of the victim to perform such type of service. 25 Commercial sexual activity is defined as any sexual activity for which on account of which anything of value is given, promised to, or received by any person. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(a)(2). See supra note See supra note

14 A conviction under this statute is punishable as an unclassified misdemeanor by imprisonment up to 30 days and a fine of $500 $575. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1343(b), 4206(c). If, however, the crime occurs on or within 1,000 feet of the property of any school, residence, church, synagogue or other place of worship, a conviction is punishable as a Class A misdemeanor by imprisonment up to 1 year and a fine of $1,000 $2,300. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1343(e)(1), 4206(a) Recommendation: Amend Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1343(a)(3) (Patronizing a prostitute prohibited) to distinguish between patronizing a minor versus an adult and provide heightened penalties comparable to the penalties provided under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(1) (Trafficking an individual, forced labor and sexual servitude) when the person patronized is a minor under Penalties for buyers of commercial sex acts with minors are as high as federal penalties. Under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(4) (Patronizing a victim of sexual servitude) is a Class C felony punishable by imprisonment up to 15 years. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(4), 4205(b)(3). In comparison, if the victim is under the age of 14, a conviction under the TVPA for child sex trafficking is punishable by 15 years to life imprisonment and a fine not to exceed $250, U.S.C. 1591(b)(1), 3559(a)(1), 3571(b)(3). If the victim is between the ages of 14 17, a conviction is punishable by 10 years to life imprisonment and a fine not to exceed $250, U.S.C. 1591(b)(2), 3559(a)(1), 3571(b)(3). A conviction is punishable by mandatory life imprisonment, however, if the buyer has a prior conviction for a federal sex offense 28 against a minor. 18 U.S.C. 3559(e)(1). To the extent buyers can be prosecuted under other federal CSEC laws, 29 a conviction is punishable by penalties ranging from a fine not to exceed $250,000 to life imprisonment and a fine not to exceed $250, Using the Internet to lure, entice, or purchase, or attempt to lure, entice, or purchase commercial sex acts with a minor is a separate crime or results in an enhanced penalty for buyers. No statutes in Delaware specifically criminalize the use of the Internet to lure, entice, recruit or purchase sex acts with a minor or provide penalty enhancements for such use. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1112A(a) 28 Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3559(e)(2), federal sex offense is defined as an offense under section 1591 [18 USCS 1591] (relating to sex trafficking of children), 2241 [18 USCS 2241] (relating to aggravated sexual abuse), 2242 [18 USCS 2242] (relating to sexual abuse), 2244(a)(1) [18 USCS 2244(a)(1)] (relating to abusive sexual contact), 2245 [18 USCS 2245] (relating to sexual abuse resulting in death), 2251 [18 USCS 2251] (relating to sexual exploitation of children), 2251A [18 USCS 2251A] (relating to selling or buying of children), 2422(b) [18 USCS 2422(b)] (relating to coercion and enticement of a minor into prostitution), or 2423(a) [18 USCS 2423(a)] (relating to transportation of minors) U.S.C. 2251A(b) (Selling or buying of children), 2251(a) (Sexual exploitation of children), 2423(a) (Transportation of a minor with intent for minor to engage in criminal sexual activity), 2422(a) (Coercion and enticement), 2252(a)(2), (a)(4) (Certain activities relating to material involving the sexual exploitation of minors) U.S.C. 2251A(b) (conviction punishable by imprisonment for 30 years to life and a fine), 2251(e) (conviction punishable by imprisonment for years and a fine), 2423(a) (conviction punishable by imprisonment for 10 years to life and a fine), 2422(a) (conviction punishable by a fine, imprisonment up to 20 years, or both), 2252(a)(2), (4) (stating that a conviction under subsection (a)(2) is punishable by imprisonment for 5 20 years and a fine, while a conviction under subsection (a)(4) is punishable by imprisonment up to 10 years, a fine, or both); see also 18 U.S.C. 3559(a)(1) (classifying all of the above listed offenses as felonies), 3571(b)(3) (providing a fine up to $250,000 for any felony conviction)

15 (Sexual solicitation of a child), however, may reach the conduct of buyers who seek to purchase sex acts with minors through the Internet. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 1112A(a) states, A person is guilty of sexual solicitation of a child if the person, being 18 years of age or older, intentionally or knowingly: (1) Solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause any child who has not yet reached that child s eighteenth birthday to engage in a prohibited sexual act; or (2) Solicits, requests, commands, importunes or otherwise attempts to cause any child who has not yet reached that child s sixteenth birthday to meet with such person or any other person for the purpose of engaging in a prohibited sexual act; or (3) Compiles, enters, accesses, transmits, receives, exchanges, disseminates, stores, makes, prints, reproduces or otherwise possesses by any means, including by means of computer, any notice, statement, document, advertisement, file or data containing the name, telephone number, address, address, school address or location, physical characteristics or other descriptive or identifying information pertaining to any child who has not yet reached that child s sixteenth birthday for the purpose of facilitating, encouraging, offering or soliciting a prohibited sexual act involving such child and such person or any other person. 2.6 No age mistake defense is permitted for a buyer of commercial sex acts with any minor under 18. A mistake of age defense is expressly prohibited for buyers charged under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(4) (Patronizing a victim of sexual servitude) which states in part, It is not a defense in a prosecution when the victim of sexual servitude is a minor that... the defendant believed the minor was an adult. 31 Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 454 (Knowledge of victim s age) eliminates a defendant s ability to assert a mistake of age defense in most prosecutions where age is an element of the offense. Specifically, Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 454 states, Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, it is no defense for an offense or sentencing provision defined in [Del. Code Ann. Title 11]... which has as an element of such offense... the age of the victim that the accused did not know the age of the victim or reasonably believed the person to be of an age which would not meet the element of such offense... unless the statute defining such offense... or a statute directly related thereto expressly provides that knowledge of the victim s age is an element of the offense or that lack of such knowledge is a defense. Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 762(a) (Provisions generally applicable to sexual offenses) eliminates the mistake of age defense in sexual offense cases. It provides, Whenever in the definition of a sexual offense, 32 the criminality of conduct or the degree of the offense depends on whether the person has reached that person s sixteenth birthday, it is no defense that the actor did not know the person s age, or 31 Notably, the offense of patronizing a victim of sexual servitude under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(4) (Patronizing a victim of sexual servitude) requires proof that the buyer had knowledge of third party control over the minor. By expressly requiring proof that a buyer knows that the other person is a victim of sexual servitude, the patronizing offense requires proof of the buyer s knowledge of the essential elements of the predicate offense of sexual servitude under Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, 787(b)(3) (Sexual servitude) which requires that the minor victim was under the control of a trafficker who maintain[ed] or ma[de] available [the] minor for the purpose of engaging in commercial sexual activity. 32 Del. Code Ann. tit (h) (Definitions generally applicable to sexual offenses) defines sexual offense as any offense defined by 763[Sexual harassment] 780[Female genital mutilation] and 1108 [Sexual exploitation of a child] 1112A [Sexual solicitation of a child], 1352(2) [Promoting prostitution in the second degree], and 1353(2) [Promoting prostitution in the first degree] of this title