THE EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 to 1935

Transcription

1 787 THE EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 to 1935 EXTRADITION ACT, 1870, 33 & 34 Vic. c. 52 (Imperial) Amended by Statute Law Revision Act, 1883, 46 & 47 Vic. c. 39 An Act for amending the Law relating to the Extradition of Criminals [9 August 1870] WHEREAS it is expedient to amend the law relating to the surrender to foreign states of persons accused or convicted of the commission of certain crimes within the jurisdiction of such states, and to the trial of criminals surrendered by foreign states to this country. The foregoing preamble was expunged, except as to any part of Her Majesty's dominions out of the United Kingdom, by the Statute Law Revision (No.2) Act, 1893, 56 & 57 Vic. c. 54. Collective title conferred by Counterfeit Currency (Convention) Act, 1935, 25 & 26 Geo. 5 c. 25 (Imperial) s. 6 (4). PRELIMINARY 1. Short title. This Act may be cited as "The Extradition Act, 1870." 2. Where arrangement for surrender of criminals made, Order in Council to apply Act. Where an arrangement has been made with any foreign state with respect to the surrender to such state of any fugitive criminals, Her Majesty may, by Order in Council, direct that this Act shall apply in the case of such foreign state. Her Majesty may, by the same or any subsequent order, limit the operation of the order, and restrict the same to fugitive criminals who are in or suspected of being in the part of Her Majesty's dominions specified in the order, and render the operation thereof subject to such conditions, exceptions, and qualifications as may be deemed expedient. Every such order shall recite or embody the terms of the arrangement, and shall not remain in force for any longer period than the arrangement. Every such order shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament within six weeks after it is made, or, if Parliament be not then sitting, within six weeks after the then next meeting of Parliament, and shall also be published in the London Gazette. As to the meaning of "foreign state" and "fugitive criminal", see ss. 25, 26, post. For a list of Orders in Council made in consequence of treaties, conventions, etc., with foreign states, see 16 Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd ed., pp. 561 et seq. As to fugitive criminals in British possessions, see s. 17, post, and notes thereto. Independently of treaty, there is no rule of the law of nations which requires a state to deliver up fugitives from justice from a foreign state, R. v. King (1860), 1 S.C.R. l. Moreover, to become effective as a rule of municipal law binding on individuals such a treaty requires statutory authority or recognition. See Walker v. Baird, [1892] A.C The power to arrest for surrender to foreign states persons accused of crimes therein only exists as conferred by statute. See Brown v. Lizars (1905), 2 C.L.R. 837, where this matter is discussed at length; 16 Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd ed., p. 559, title EXTRADITION AND FUGITIVE OFFENDERS.

2 788 CRIMINAL LAW Vol Restrictions on surrender of criminals. The following restrictions shall be observed with respect to the surrender of fugitive criminals:- ( 1) A fugitive criminal shall not be surrendered if the offence in respect to which his surrender is demanded is one of a political character, or if he prove to the satisfaction of the police magistrate or the court before whom he is brought on habeas corpus, or to the Secretary of State, that the requisition for his surrender has in fact been made with a view to try or punish him for an offence of a political character: (2) A fugitive criminal shall not be surrendered to a foreign state unless provision is made by the law of that state, or by arrangement, that the fugitive criminal shall not, until he has been restored or had an opportunity of returning to Her Majesty's dominions, be detained or tried in that foreign state for any offence committed prior to his surrender other than the extradition crime proved by the facts on which the surrender is grounded: (3) A fugitive criminal who has been accused of some offence within English jurisdiction not being the offence for which his surrender is asked, or is undergoing sentence under any conviction in the United Kingdom, shall not be surrendered until after he has been discharged, whether by acquittal or on expiration of his sentence or otherwise: ( 4) A fugitive criminal shall not be surrendered until the expiration of fifteen days from the date of his being committed to prison to await his surrender. For application of this section to British possessions, see s. 17, and notes thereto. To bring an offence within the meaning of the words "of a political character", it must be incidental to and form part of a political disturbance, Re Castioni, [1891] 1 Q.B Thus, homicide committed during an insurrection comes within the exemption, ibid. Anarchist outrages, on the other hand, are not within the exemption; for, to constitute a political offence, there must be two or more parties in the State, each seeking to impose the government of its own choice on the other, Re Meunier, [1894] 2 Q.B See 24 English and Empire Digest, (Rpl.) p As to the second restriction on surrender, it must be noted that the court has no jurisdiction to inquire whether the demand for surrender is made in good faith and in the interests of justice, the restriction applying only to an offence of a political character which has been already committed Re Arton (No.1) [1896] 1 Q.B Where a prisoner has been committed for extradition i~ respect of crimes prima facie divested of any political character, and there is no evidence that they are of a political character, but only a suggestion to that effect, the court will not grant a habeas corpus, ibid. A bare statement, unsupported by any evidence, in an affidavit in support of an application for a writ of habeas corpus, that the applicant is a political refugee is not sufficient to entitle the court to order the writ to issue, R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison, Ex parte Sarno, [1916] 2 K.B But the magistrate must receive any evidence tendered of the political character of the crime, see s. 9, post. As to the meaning of the term "arrangement", see Piggott on Extradition p. 61 (paragraph (2) is complied with so long as there is a clause to the same effect in the treaty in question; and an undertaking is not required to be given in each case). See the correlative provision contained in s. 19, post. A circular, issued by the Minister of Justice to the law officers of the French Government, and including this restriction, is a "provision made by law" within paragraph (2), Re Bouvier (1872), 42 L.J.Q.B. 17. See also Re Woodall (1888),

3 EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 TO 1935 ss L.J.M.C. 72 (no express provision in United States law, but provision held to exist in consequence of decision of Supreme Court in U.S. v. Rauscher (1886), 12 Davis Sup. Ct. 407, that the provision was of necessity to be implie~ in t.he principles of extradition). These two cases arose under the ~ld treatie.s with France and the United States respectively, made before the passmg of this Act, which introduced the new requirement, while the treaties had not been replaced by new ones. Proceedings upon a claim for extradition by a foreign state may be instituted before the sentence being served has expired and an order of committal for extradition made to take effect upon such expiry, and the prisoner may be surrendered under such order, although at the date of the surrender, but not at the date of the extradition proceedings, the fugitive had become by the law of the foreign state exempted from prosecution by reason of lapse of time R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison, Ex parte Van der Auwera, [1907] 2 KB In this case Lord Alverstone, C.J., declined to express an opinion as to the validity of proceedings for committal taken after such a period had elapsed as would prevent the offence being subject to punishment in the foreign country. The magistrate must inform the prisoner that he will not be surrendered until after the expiration of fifteen days and that he has a right to apply for a writ of habeas corpus, see s. 11, post. 4. Provisions in arrangement for determination and surrender. An Order in Council for applying this Act in the case of any foreign state shall not be made unless the arrangement- ( 1) provides for the determination of it by either party to it after the expiration of a notice not exceeding one year: and, (2) is in conformity with the provisions of this Act, and in particular with the restrictions on the surrender of fugitive criminals contained in this Act. The restrictions referred to are contained in s Publication and effect of order. When an order applying this Act in the case of any foreign state has been published in the London Gazette, this Act (after the date specified in the order, or if no date is specified, after the date of the publication) shall, so long as the order remains in force, but subject to the limitations, restrictions, conditions, exceptions, and qualifications, if any, contained in the order, apply in the case of such foreign state. An Order in Council shall be conclusive evidence that the arrangement therein referred to complies with the requisitions of this Act, and that this Act applies in the case of the foreign state mentioned in the order, and the validity of such order shall not be questioned in any legal proceedings whatever. The application of the Act is limited to the terms of the treaty with the foreign state, R. v. Wilson (1877), 3 Q.B.D. 42 (arrangement that neither State was to surrender its own subjects), followed in Ex parte Marks (1894), 10 W.N. (N.S.W.) 224. An Order in Council applying this Act in the case of a foreign state and the treaty with such state are judicially noticed, R. v. Macdonald (1901), 11 Q.L.J. 85; 11 Q.L.J. (N.C.) 29; R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison, [1914] 1 KB. 77, noted to s. 9, post Semble, s. 5 of the Evidence Act, 1898, 62 Vic. No. 15 (title EVIDENCE), does not apply to an Order in Council under this section, R. v. Macdonald, supra. But the effect of an Order in Council is not that the treaty is to be construed as if it were part of the Act or that the statutory interpretation applying to the Act should apply to the treaty, Re Frederic Gerhard (No.2) (1901), 27 V.l.R Liability of criminal to surrender. Where this Act applies in the case of any foreign state, every fugitive criminal of that state who is in or suspected of being in any part of Her Majesty's dominions, or

4 790 CRIMINAL LAW Vol. 3 that part which is specified in the order applying this Act (as the case may be), shall be liable to be apprehended and surrendered in manner provided by this Act, whether the crime in respect of which the surrender is sought was committed before or after the date of the order, and whether there is or is not any concurrent jurisdiction in any court of Her Majesty's dominions over that crime. As to the materiality of the date of the offence, see R. v. Ashforth (1892), 36 So!. Jo Order of Secretary of State for issue of warrant in United Kingdom, etc. A requisition for the surrender of a fugitive criminal of any foreign state, who is in or suspected of being in the United Kingdom, shall be made to a Secretary of State by some person recognised by the Secretary of State as a diplomatic representative of that foreign state. A Secretary of State may, by order under his hand and seal, signify to a police magistrate that such requisition has been made, and require him to issue his warrant for the apprehension of the fugitive criminal. If the Secretary of State is of opinion that the offence is one of a political character, he may, if he think fit, refuse to send any such order, and may also at any time order a fugitive criminal accused or convicted of such offence to be discharged from custody. For application of this section to Queensland, see s. 17, and notes thereto. For diplomatic representative, see the Extradition Act, 1873, s. 7, p. 805, post. Semble, the Governor-General or his deputy (see note to s. 17) in exercising his powers under this section is not obliged to rely on the evidence placed before him as to the law of the foreign state, but may inform himself with respect to it in the best way he can, per Griffith, c.j., in McKelvey v. Meagher (1906). 4 C.L.R See further, 16 Halsbury's Laws of England 3rd. ed., p. 568; 24 English and Empire Digest, (Rp!.), p Issue of warrant by police magistrate, justice, etc. A warrant for the apprehension of a fugitive criminal, whether accused or convicted of crime, who is in or suspected of being in the United Kingdom, may be issued- ( 1) By a police magistrate on the receipt of the said order of the Secretary of State, and on such evidence as would in his opinion justify the issue of the warrant if the crime had been committed or the criminal convicted in England; and (2) By a police magistrate or any justice of the peace in any part of the United Kingdom, on such information or complaint and such evidence or after such proceedings as would in the opinion of the person issuing the warrant justify the issue of a warrant if the crime had been committed or the criminal convicted in that part of the United Kingdom in which he exercises jurisdiction. Any person issuing a warrant under this section without an order from a Secretary of State shall forthwith send a report of the fact of such issue, together with the evidence and information or complaint, or certified copies thereof, to a Secretary of State, who may, if he think fit, order the warrant to be cancelled, and the person who has been apprehended on the warrant to be discharged.

5 EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 TO 1935 ss A fugitive criminal, when apprehended on a warrant issued without the order of a Secretary of State, shall be brought before some person having power to issue a warrant under this section, who shall by warrant order him to be brought and the prisoner shall accordingly be brought before a police magistrate. A fugitive criminal apprehended on a warrant issued without the order of a Secretary of State shall be discharged by the police magistrate, unless the police magistrate, within such reasonable time as, with reference to the circumstances of the case, he may fix, receives from a Secretary of State an order signifying that a requisition has been made for the surrender of such criminal. For the application of this section to Queensland, see s. 17, and notes thereto. For form of warrant, see the second schedule, to this Act. The magistrate need not state in his warrant that the evidence on which it issued was given upon oath, see Re Tivnan (1864), 5 B. & S The warrant need not describe the offence in specific terms so long as it describes an extradition offence, Ex parte Terraz (1878), 4 Ex D. 63. The following have been held to be sufficient descriptions in the warrant of the offences charged: "crimes against bankruptcy law", Ex parte Terraz, supra; "suspected of fraud", R. v. Jacobi and Hiller (1881), 46 L.T. 595 n.; "fraud by an agent", Ex parte Piot (1883), 48 L.T. 120; "fraud by a bailee", Re Bellencontre, [1891] 2 Q.B The date of the offence must be stated in the warrant, R. v. Ashforth (1892), 8 T.L.R "Apprehension" includes the detention of a person already in custody, even though he was originally arrested without any warrant, R. v. Weil (1882), 9 Q.B.D. 70l. See ibid. as to the sufficiency of the evidence justifying the issue of the warrant. "All that the Act requires is that the evidence should be sufficient 'in the opinion of the person issuing the warrant'. That is a matter of judicial discretion. There must be some evidence, but very little will do", ibid., per Jessel, M.R. If a warrant is obtained, not for the bona fide purpose of punishing a person for a crime, but with the indirect object of making him amenable to an attachment in a civil action, the court will relieve against such an abuse of process, Pooley v. Whetham (1880), 15 Ch. D As to the execution of the warrant, see s. 13. As to the discretion of the magistrate to grant bail, see note to s Hearing of case and evidence of political character of crime. When a fugitive criminal is brought before the police magistrate, the police magistrate shall hear the case in the same manner, and have the same jurisdiction and powers, as near as may be, as if the prisoner were brought before him charged with an indictable offence committed in England. The police magistrate shall receive any evidence which may be tendered to show that the crime of which the prisoner is accused or alleged to have been convicted is an offence of a political character or is not an extradition crime. For application of this section in Queensland, see s. 17, and notes thereto. The proceedings must be conducted throughout by the same magistrate, Re Guerin (1888), 58 L.J.M.C. 42. The Order in Council applying the Act should be given in evidence before the magistrate, but the mere omission to give formal proof of it does not entitle the prisoner to be released where it contains nothing that can assist him, R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison, [1914] 1 K.B. 77. And see s. 5, and notes thereto. The fugitive criminal must be allowed to make a defence, Re Pedro (1893), 5 Q.L.I. 22; R. v. Priday (1901), 11 Q.L.J. 26; 11 Q.L.J. (N.C.) 7. Where he has not been allowed to do so, he may be discharged on a habeas corpus application, Re Pedro, supra.

6 792 CRIMINAL LAW Vol. 3 A writ of habeas corpus will not be granted to discharge a prisoner out of custody while investigation before a magistrate is pending, U.S.A. v. Gaynor, [1905] A.C The magistrate has power to admit the defendant to bail, his jurisdiction depending in each case upon the terms of the treaty with the foreign state. R. v. Spilsbliry, [1898] 2 Q.B See further the 24 English and Empire Digest, (Rpl.), pp Committal or discharge of prisoner. In the case of a fugitive criminal accused of an extradition crime, if the foreign warrant authorising the arrest of such criminal is duly authenticated, and such evidence is produced as (subject to the provisions of this Act) would, according to the law of England, justify the committal for trial of the prisoner if the crime of which he is accused had been committed in England, the police magistrate shall commit him to prison, but otherwise shall order him to be discharged. In the case of a fugitive criminal alleged to have been convicted of an extradition crime, if such evidence is produced as (subject to the provisions of this Act) would, according to the law of England, prove that the prisoner was convicted of such crime, the police magistrate shall commit him to prison, but otherwise shall order him to be discharged. If he commits such criminal to prison, he shall commit him to the Middlesex House of Detention, or to some other prison in Middlesex, there to await the warrant of a Secretary of State for his surrender, and shall forthwith send to a Secretary of State a certificate of the committal, and such report upon the case as he may think fit. For applicatior.. of this section in Queensland, see s. 17, and notes thereto. For "extradition crime", see. s. 26. It is not necessary for the foreign warrant to describe the offence in terms identical with those of criminal law, R. v. Jacobi and Hiller (1881), 46 L.T. 595 n.; Re Bellencontre, [1891] 2 Q.B Production of a copy of the warrant, even if duly authenticated, is insufficient. Ex parte Bradshaw (1921), 38 W.N. (N.S.W.) 82. See definition of warrant, s. 26. As to the manner of authenticating the foreign warrant. see s. 15. To satisfy a magistrate in committing a prisoner there must be some evidence that he committed the extradition crime within the jurisdiction of the country seeking extradition, R. v. Lavaudier (1881), 15 Cox c.c It is not necessary to prove that the acts which would justify committal in Queensland were a crime in the country seeking extradition, R. v. Macdonald (1901), 11 Q.L.J. 85; 11 Q.L.J. (N.C.) 29. The evidence "f a police officer of the State seeking the surrender of the accused was held to be evidence of identity of the accused upon which an order for his surrender might properly be made, R. v. Hull (1901), 2 N. & S. 88. As to committal under this section for a bankruptcy offence, see R. v. Brixton Prison (Governor), Ex parte Shure, [1926] 1 K.B A committal was set aside where evidence had been wrongly admitted against the prisoner notwithstanding that there was other evidence upon which a committal might have been made, R. v. Murray (1899). 9 Q.L.J. (N.C.) 82. The magistrate's warrant of committal must set out in terms the offence which is proved by the evidence before him. If it sets out an offence not so proved the court will, on application for a writ of habeas corpus order the prisoner to be discharged. R. v. Portugal (1885), 16 Q.B.D ' Where the prisoner is alleged to have committed or been convicted of two or more distinct offences, it i~ not necessary for the magistrate to make separate committals, Re Meunier, [1894] 2 Q.B Where a French prisoner escaped after serving the substantive sentence ~or an extradition crime but while subject to "relegation" to a French colony Imposed on the occasion of his conviction in view of certain past convictions, he

7 EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 TO 1935 ss was held to be a person convicted of an extradition crime and lia?le to be extradited, R. v. Lewis, [1902] St. R. Qd. 99. Cf. Ex parte Mordu.!f (1900), 2 W.A.L.R. 6; Ex parte Petitott (1895), 12 W.N. (N.S.W.) 37; Ex parte Bouvy (1900), 18 N.Z.L.R "Committal to prison" means committal of the.accused pers~n to priso.n by the magistrate, upon the conclusion of the proceedmgs before him, to await the warrant for his extradition, and does not mean the arrest of the accused under the warrant issued by the magistrate in the first instance, R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison, Ex parte Melzamed Ben Romdan, [1912] 3 K.B As to how far the decision of a magistrate may be reviewed on a habeas corpus application, see Re Pedro (1893), 5 Q.L.J. 22; R. v. Bustin (1881), I Q.L.J. 16. Under a treaty reserving to the Government the right, in it~ discr.etion, to refuse to surrender its own subjects, the question whether a subject will be surrendered is a matter for the Government and not for the Court, R. v. Macdonald (1901), 11 Q.L.J. 85; 11 Q.L.J. (N.C.) 29. A judge of the Supreme Court may grant bail to a criminal committed to prison, R. v. Peterson (1911), 28 W.N. (N.S.W.) 173. See, generally, 24 English and Empire Digest, (Rpl.), p For form of warrant of Secretary of State for surrender, see the Second Schedule to this Act. 11. Surrender of fugitive to foreign state by warrant of Secretary of State. If the police magistrate commits a fugitive criminal to prison, he shall inform such criminal that he will not be surrendered until after the expiration of fifteen days, and that he has a right to apply for a writ of habeas corpus. Upon the expiration of the said fifteen days, or, if a writ of habeas corpus is issued, after the decision of the court upon the return to the writ, as the case may be, or after such further period as may be allowed in either case by a Secretary of State, it shall be lawful for a Secretary of State, by warrant under his hand and seal, to order the fugitive criminal (if not delivered on the decision of the court) to be surrendered to such person as may, in his opinion, be duly authorised to receive the fugitive criminal by the foreign state from which the requisition for the surrender proceeded, and such fugitive criminal shall be surrendered accordingly. It shall be lawful for any person to whom such warrant is directed and for the person so authorised as aforesaid to receive, hold in custody, and convey within the jurisdiction of such foreign state the criminal mentioned in the warrant; and if the criminal escapes out of any custody to which he may be delivered on or in pursuance of such warrant, it shall be lawful to retake him in the same manner as any person accused of any crime against the laws of that part of Her Majesty's dominions to which he escapes may be retaken upon an escape. For application of this section in Queensland, see s. 17, and notes thereto. Where the magistrate refused to hear the prisoner, it was held that the court could go behind the return to a writ of habeas corpus and review the magistrate's decision, Re Pedro (1893), 5 Q.L.J. 22; R. v. Priday (1901), II Q.L.J. 26; 11 Q.L.J. (N.C.) 7. The court refused to make an order for the criminal's extradition within the fifteen days, and held it could only deal with an application for a habeas corpus, Marcelieu's Case (1884), 1 W.N. (N.S.W.) 52. The plea of autrefois acquit does not avail a fugitive criminal discharged lipon habeas corpus and re-arrested with a view to his extradition in connexion with the same charge, Re Frederic Gerhard [No.3] (1901), 27 V.L.R. 655.

8 794 CRIMINAL LAW Vol. 3 It is not necessary for the form of warrant to fulfil all common law requirements, R. v. Garvey (1888), 6 N.Z.L.R With respect to signature of the warrant where a deputy is acting for a Governor, see ibid. As to the exercise of the discretion to issue a warrant, see R. v. Holloway Prison (Governor) (1902), 71 L.J.K.B. 935; R. v. Brixton Prison (Governor), [1924] 1 K.B Discharge of persqns apprehended if nqt cqnveyed Qut of United KingdQm within two. mqnths. If the fugitive criminal who has been committed to prison is not surrendered and conveyed out of the United Kingdom within two months after such committal, or, if a writ of habeas corpus is issued, after the decision of the court upon the return to the writ, it shall be lawful for any judge of one of Her Majesty's Superior Courts at Westminster, upon application made to him by or on behalf of the criminal, and upon proof that reasonable notice of the intention to make such application has been given to a Secretary of State, to order the criminal to be discharged out of custody, unless sufficient cause is shown to the contrary. With respect to application of this section in Queensland, see s. 17, and notes thereto. The period of two months begins to run from the date of the committal to prison to await surrender on the conclusion of the proceedings before the magistrate, and not from the arrest of the accused under the warrant issued by the magistrate in the first instance, R. v. Governor of Brixton Prison, Ex parte Mehamed Ben Romdan, [1912] 3 K.B ExecutiQn Qf warrant Qf PQlice magistrate. The warrant of the police magistrate issued in pursuance of this Act may be executed in any part of the United Kingdom in the same manner as if the same had been originally issued or subsequently indorsed by a justice of the peace having jurisdiction in the place where the same is executed. For application of this section in Queensland, see s. 17, and notes thereto. For form of warrant, see Second Schedule to this Act. 14. Depositions to. be evidence. Depositions or statements on oath, taken in a foreign state, and copies of such original depositions or statements, and foreign certificates of or judicial documents stating the fact of conviction, may, if duly authenticated, be received in evidence III proceedings under this Act. By the Extradition Act, 1873, s. 4, p. 804, post, affirmations and copies of affirmations taken in the foreign State are also admissible. The depositions are admissible, even though not taken in the presence of the accused nor on the charge for which his extradition is sought, Re Counhaye (1873), L.R. 8 Q.B. 410, nor in accordance with English rules of evidence the test of their admissibility being whether the statements they contain establi~h the facts of the case, R. v. Zossenheim (1903), 20 T.L.R see s, 15 of this Act. As to "duly authenticated", 15. AuthenticatiQn Qf depqsitiqns and warrants. Foreign warrants and depositions or statements on oath, and copies thereof, and certificates of or judicial documents stating the fact of a conviction, shall be deemed duly authenticated for the purposes of this Act if authenticated in manner provided for the time being by law or authenticated as follows:- ( 1) If the warrant purports to be signed by a judge, magistrate, or officer of the foreign state where the same was issued;

9 EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 TO 1935 ss (2) If the depositions or statements or the copies thereof purport to be certified under the hand of a judge, magistrate, or officer of the foreign state where the same were taken to be the original depositions or statements, or to be true copies thereof, as the case may require; and (3) If the certificate of or judicial document stating the fact of conviction purports to be certified by a judge, magistrate, or officer of the foreign state where the conviction took place; and if in every case the warrants, depositions, statements, copies, certificates, and judicial documents (as the case may be) are authenticated by the oath of some witness or by being sealed with the official seal of the Minister of Justice, or some other minister of state: And all courts of Justice, justices, and magistrates shall take judicial notice of such official seal, and shall admit the documents so authenticated by it to be received in evidence without further proof. For "warrant" and "conviction", see s. 26. With respect to authentication in the manner for the time being provided by law, see the Evidence and Discovery Acts, 1867 to 1962, s. 39, title EVIDENCE. A document produced before a magistrate, which purported to be copy of the record of minutes of a certain order or decree of the Criminal Court of Justice at the Hague, which was sealed with the seal of the Department of Justice there, and which set forth the charges against the criminal and authorized proceedings against him and his arrest, was held to be a duly authenticated foreign warrant, R. v. Ganz (1882), 9 Q.BD. 93. An extract from the Matricule (Prison Register) of New Caledonia, verified and certified by the Governor and Procureur-General, whose signatures are deposed to by a witness, is "a certificate of, or a judical document stating the fact of, conviction" purporting to be certified by a magistrate of the foreign state where the conviction took place and authenticated by the oath of some witness, Ex parte Bouvy (1900), 18 N.Z.L.R See also Ex parte Bradshaw (1921), 38 W.N. (NS.W.) 82. CRIMES COMMITTED AT SEA 16. Jurisdiction as to crimes committed at sea. Where the crime in respect of which the surrender of a fugitive criminal is sought was committed on board any vessel on the high seas which comes into any port of the United Kingdom, the following provisions shall have effect: (1) This Act shall be construed as if any stipendiary magistrate in England or Ireland, and any sheriff or sheriff substitute in Scotland, were substituted for the police magistrate throughout this Act, except the part relating to the execution of the warrant of the police magistrate: (2) The criminal may be committed to any prison to which the person committing him has power to commit persons accused of the like crime: (3) If the fugitive criminal is apprehended on a warrant issued without the order of a Secretary of State, he shall be brought before the stipendiary magistrate, sheriff, or sheriff substitute who issued the warrant, or who has jurisdiction in the port where the vessel lies, or in the place nearest to that port. For application in Queensland, see s. 17, and notes thereto. The jurisdiction conferred by this section is in addition to, and not in derogation of, the jurisdiction of a police magistrate, Extradition Act, 1873, s. 6, p. 805, post.

10 796 CRIMINAL LAW Vol. 3 FUGITIVE CRIMINALS IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS 17. Proceedings as to fugitive criminals in British Possessions. This Act when applied by Order in Council, shall, unless it is otherwise provided by such order, extend to every British possession in the same manner as if throughout this Act the British possession were substituted for the United Kingdom or England, as the case may require, but with the following modifications, namely:- ( 1) The requisition for the surrender of a fugitive criminal who is in or suspected of being in a British possession may be made to the governor of that British possession by any person recognised by that governor as a consul general, consul, or vice-consul, or (if the fugitive criminal has escaped from a colony or dependency of the foreign state on behalf of which the requisition is made) as the governor of such colony or dependency: (2) No warrant of a Secretary of State shall be required, and all powers vested in or acts authorised or required, to be done under this Act by the police magistrate and the Secretary of State, or either of them, in relation to the surrender of a fugitive criminal, may be done by the governor of the British possession alone: (3) Any prison in the British possession may be substituted for a prison in Middlesex: ( 4) A judge of any court exercising in the British possession the like powers as the Court of Queen's Bench exercises in England may exercise the power of discharging a criminal when not conveyed within two months out of such British possession. Section 26, post, provides that unless the context otherwise requires, all colonies, etc., under one legislature, as thereinafter defined, are deemed to be one British possession. It defines the term "legislature" as meaning, unless the context otherwise requires, in cases where there are local legislatures as well as a central legislature, the central legislature only. The Commonwealth Parliament has now passed the Extradition Acts 1903 and These Acts vest the powers and duties of the Secretary of State under this Act in the Governor-General or his deputy in relation to the Commonwealth. In Ex parte Bradshaw (1921), 38 W.N. (N.S.W.) 82, it was held that a deputation under this provision is made by the Governor-General in his official capacity and may be made to the Governor for the time being, and there is, therefore, no necessity for each succeeding Governor-General to make a deputation. The Extradition Acts 1903 and 1933 of the Commonwealth, also confer and impose the powers and duties of police magistrates and justices of the peace under this Act, upon stipendiary, police, and special magistrates of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory, and magistrates of States thereto specially authorized by the Governor-General, in relation to the Commonwealth. As to the power of the Commonwealth to legislate with respect to extradition. see notes to s. 39 of the Fugitive Offenders Acts 1881, post. With respect to the effect of federation prior to the passing of the Extradition Act, (Commonwealth) see also Re Gerhard (1901), 27 V.L.R Where a fugitive criminal has escaped from a colony or dependency of the foreign state, a requisition made by a person recognised by the Governor of the British possession as a consul general, consul or vice-consul is good, R. v. Hustill (1881), 1 Q.L.J. 16; Ex parte Rouallet (1894), 11 W.N. (N.S.W.) 55; R. v. Garvey (1888), 6 N.Z.L.R For consul and vice-consul, see the Extradition Act, 1873, s. 7, p. 805, post. Judicial notice is taken of who is the Governor for the time being, R. v. Garvey (1888), 6 N.Z.L.R. 604.

11 EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 TO 1935 ss As to paragraph (2), see R. v. Rustin, supra. It is not necessary that in proceedings in British possessions there should be a requisition for surrender in the first place. Section 8 (2), ante, which provides for arrest without requisition, is applicable, Re Gerhard (1901), 27 V.L.R Saving of laws of British possessions. If by any law or ordinance made before or after the passing of this Act by the Legislature of any British possession, provision is made for carrying into effect within such possession the surrender of fugitive criminals who are in or suspected of being in such British possession, Her Majesty may, by the Order in Council applying this Act in the case of any foreign state, or by any subsequent order, either suspend the operation within any such British possession of this Act, or of any part thereof, so far as it relates to such foreign state, and so long as such law or ordinance continues in force there, and no longer; or direct that such law or ordinance, or any part thereof, shall have effect in such British possession, with or without modifications and alterations, as if it were part of this Act. See 5 Halsbury's Laws of England 3rd ed., p GENERAL PROVISIONS 19. Criminal surrendered by foreign state not triable for previous crime. Where, in pursuance of any arrangement with a foreign state, any person accused or convicted of any crime which, if committed in England, would be one of the crimes described in the first schedule to this Act, is surrendered by that foreign state, such person shall not, until he has been restored or had an opportunity of returning to such foreign state, be triable or tried for any offence committed prior to the surrender in any part of Her Majesty's dominions other than such of the said crimes as may be proved by the facts on which the surrender is grounded. The first schedule to this Act was extended by the Extradition Act, 1873, 5S. 3, 8, and schedule, p. 804, post; the Extradition Acts, 1906 and 1932, p. 807 and the Counterfeit Currency (Convention) Act, 1935, s. 4, p The onus is on a defendant to show that he has been surrendered under extradition law, and if he fails to discharge this burden he will be deemed to have returned voluntarily to answer any charges, R. v. Corrigan, [1931] 1 K.B "Offence" includes all crimes triable in a criminal court, but does not include disobedience to an order of court in a civil action punishable by attachment, Pooley v. Whethem (1880), 15 Ch. D See also R. v. Butler (1897), 13 W.N. (N.S.W.) 222. A defendant extradited from France on a charge of false pretences was held to be open to conviction of fraudulent conversion, R. v. Corrigan, supra. 20. As to use of forms in second schedule. The forms set forth in the second schedule to this Act, or forms as near thereto as circumstances admit, may be used in all matters to which such forms refer, and in the case of a British possession may be so used, mutatis mutandis, and when used shall be deemed to be valid and sufficient in law. See R. v. Rustin (1881), 1 Q.L.J Revocation, etc., of Order in Council. Her Majesty may, by Order in Council, revoke or alter, subject to the restrictions of this Act, any Order in Council made in pursuance of this Act, and all the provisions of this Act with respect to the original order shall (so far as applicable) apply, mutatis mutandis, to any such new order.

12 798 CRIMINAL LAW Vol Application of Act in Channel Islands and Isle of Man. This Act (except so far as relates to the execution of warrants in the Channel Islands) shall extend to the Channel Islands and Isle of Man in the same manner as if they were part of the United Kingdom; and the Royal Courts of the Channel Islands are hereby respectively authorised and required to register this Act. 23. Saving for Indian treaties. Nothing in this Act shall affect the lawful powers of Her Majesty or of the Governor-General of India in Council to make treaties for the extradition of criminals with Indian native states, or with other Asiatic states conterminous with British India, or to carry into execution the provisions of any such treaties made either before or after the passing of this Act. 24. Power of foreign state to obtain evidence in United Kingdom. The testimony of any witness may be obtained in relation to any criminal matter pending in any court or tribunal in a foreign state in like manner as it may be obtained in relation to any civil matter under the Act of the session of the nineteenth and twentieth years of the reign of Her present Majesty, chapter one hundred and thirteen, intituled "An Act to provide for taking evidence in Her Majesty's Dominions in relation to civil and commercial matters pending before foreign tribunals"; and all the provisions of that Act shall be construed as if the term civil matter included a criminal matter, and the term cause included a proceeding against a criminal: Provided that nothing in this section shall apply in the case of any criminal matter of a political character. Act referred to Foreign Tribunals Evidence Act, 1856 (Imperial), title EVIDENCE. See also the Extradition Act, 1873, s. 5, p. 804, post; R.S.C. (1900), Ord. 40 rr. 43 et seq., title SUPREME COURT. On the limits within which the provisions of this section may be applied see. Re S., [1948] V.L.R. 11 (noted under s. 5 of the Foreign Tribunals EVIdence Act, 1856, title EVIDENCE). 25. Foreign state includes dependencies. For the purposes of this Act, every colony, dependency, and constituent part of a foreign state, and every vessel of that state, shall (except where expressly mentioned as distinct in this Act) be deemed to be within the jurisdiction of and to be part of such foreign state. 26. Interpretation. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires- The term "British possession" means any colony, plantation, island, territory, or settlement within Her Majesty's dominions, and not within the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man; and all colonies, plantations, islands, territories, and settlements under one legislature, as hereinafter defined, are deemed to be one British possession: The term "legislature" means any person or persons who can exercise legislative authority in a British possession, and where there are local legislatures as well as a central legislature, means the central legislature only: The term "governor" means any person or persons administering the government of a British possession, and includes the governor of any part of India:

13 EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 TO 1935 ss The term "extradition crime" means a crime which, if committed in England or within English jurisdiction, would be one of the crimes described in the first schedule of this Act: The terms "conviction" and "convicted" do not include or refer to a conviction which, under foreign law, is a conviction for contumacy, but the term "accused person" includes a person so convicted for contumacy. The term "fugitive criminal" means any person accused or convicted of an extradition crime committed within the jurisdiction of any foreign state who is in or is suspected of being in some part of Her Majesty's dominions; and the term "fugitive criminal of a foreign state" means a fugitive criminal accused or convicted of an extradition crime committed within the jurisdiction of that state: The term "Secretary of State" means one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State: The term "police magistrate" means a chief magistrate of the metropolitan police courts, or one of the other magistrates of the metropolitan police court in Bow Street: The term "justice of the peace" includes in Scotland any sheriff, sheriff's substitute, or magistrate: The term "warrant" in the case of any foreign state, includes any judicial document authorising the arrest of a person accused or convicted of crime. "British possession", "legislature": See s. 17, and notes thereto. "Secretary of State": The above definition was, except as to any part of Her Majesty's Dominions out of the United Kingdom, expunged by the Statute Law Revision (No.2) Act, 1893, 56 & 57 Vic. c. 54. "Extradition crime": See also ss. 3, 8 of the Extradition Act, 1873, p. 804, post; Extradition Acts, 1906 and 1932, p. 807, post; Counterfeit Currency (Convention) Act, 1935, s. 4, p. 189, ante. An attempt to commit rape is not an extradition offence under the Extradition Acts, 1870 and 1873, and a treaty with France of August 14, 1876, Ex parte Jossevel (1917), 17 S.R. (N.S.W.) 574. "Banqueroute frauduleuse" is not necessarily "an extradition crime"; it is a generic term, and to obtain an extradition warrant for the offence the prosecution must show that in the particular case it consisted of acts which, if committed in the colony from which extradition is sought would be a crime against the laws of the colony, R. v. Garvey (1888), 6 N.Z.L.R "Accused person": This definition adopts the judgment of the court in Re Coppin (1866),2 Ch. App. 47. "Fugitive criminal": A foreign criminal resident in this country, and while here committing by letter an extradition offence in his own country, is a fugitive criminal, R. v. Mil/ins (1884), 53 L.J.M.C See also R. v. Godfrey, [1923] 1 K.B. 24 (false pretences committed abroad by partner, on written instructions from prisoner in England). REPEAL OF ACTS 27. Repeal of Acts in Third Schedule. The Acts specified in the third schedule to this Act are hereby repealed as to the whole of Her Majesty's dominions; and this Act (with the exception of anything contained in it which is inconsistent with the treaties referred to in the Acts so repealed) shall apply (as regards crimes committed either before or after the passing of this Act), in the case of the foreign states with which those treaties are

14 800 CRIMINAL LAW Vol. 3 made, in the same manner as if an Order in Council referring to such treaties had been made in pursuance of this Act, and as if such order had directed that every law and ordinance which is in force in any British possession with respect to such treaties should have effect as part of this Act. A proviso to this section was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act of 1883, 46 & 47 Vic. c. 39 (Imperial). SCHEDULES FIRST SCHEDULE As to application of this schedule, see ss. 26 ("extradition crime"), 19. The schedule has been extended by the Extradition Act, 1873, ss. 3, 8, the Extradition Acts, 1906 and 1932, and the Counterfeit Currency (Convention) Act, 1935, s. 4. LIST OF CRIMES The following list of crimes is to be construed according to the law existing in England, or in a British possession (as the case may be), at the date of the alleged crime, whether by common law or by statute made before or after the passing of this Act:- Murder, and attempt and conspiracy to murder. Manslaughter. Counterfeiting and altering money and uttering counterfeit or altered money. Forgery, counterfeiting, and altering and uttering what is forged or counterfeited or altered. Embezzlement and larceny. Obtaining money or goods by false pretences. Crimes by bankrupts against bankruptcy law. Fraud by a bailee, banker, agent, factor, trustee, or director, or member, or public officer of any company made criminal by any Act for the time being in force. Rape. Abduction. Child stealing. Burglary and housebreaking. Arson. Robbery with violence. Threats by letter or otherwise with intent to extort. Piracy by law of nations. Sinking or destroying a vessel at sea, or attempting or conspiring to do so. Assaults on board a ship on the high seas with intent to destroy life or to do grievous bodily harm. Revolt or conspiracy to revolt by two or more persons on board a ship on the high seas against the authority of the master.

15 EXTRADITION ACTS, 1870 TO 1935 Schs.1,2 801 SECOND SCHEDULE As to use of the forms in this schedule, see s. 20. FORM OF ORDER OF SECRETARY OF STATE TO THE POLICE MAGISTRATE To the chief magistrate of the metropolitan police courts or other magistrate of the metropolitan police court in Bow Street [or the stipendiary magistrate at ]. Whereas, in pursuance of an arrangement with, referred to in an Order of Her Majesty in Council, dated the day of, a requisition has been made to me,, one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, by, the diplomatic representative of, for the surrender of, late of, accused [or convicted] of the commission of the crime of within the jurisdiction of Now I hereby, by this my order under my hand and seal, signify to you that such requisition has been made, and require you to issue your warrant for the apprehension of such fugitive, provided that the conditions of the Extradition Act, 1870, relating to the issue of such warrant, are in your judgment complied with. Given under the hand and seal of the undersigned, one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, this day of, 18 FORM OF WARRANT OF APPREHENSION BY ORDER OF SECRETARY OF STATE Metropolitan police I. distric~ [or hcount~ f To all and each of the constables of the metropolitan police or oroug ] ~o force [or of the county or borough of ]. wit. Whereas the Right Honourable one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State, by order under his hand and seal, hath signified to me that requisition hath been duly made to him for the surrender of late of accused [or convicted] of the commission of the crime of within the jurisdiction of : This is therefore to command you in Her Majesty's name forthwith to apprehend the said pursuant to the Extradition Act, 1870, wherever he may be found in the United Kingdom or Isle of Man, and bring him before me or some other [*magistrate sitting in this court], to show cause why he should not be surrendered in pursuance of the said Extradition Act, for which this shall be your warrant. Given under my hand and seal at [*Bow Street, one of the police courts of the metropolis] this day of, 18. J.P. * Note.-Alter as required. FORM OF WARRANT OF APPREHENSION WITHOUT ORDER OF SECRETARY OF STATE Metropolitan police ') district, [or county!'., or borough of To all and each of the constables of the metropolitan police ] to force [or of the county or borough of ]. wit. Whereas it has been shown to the undersigned, one of Her Majesty's justices of the peace in and for the metropolitan police district [or the said county or borough of ] that late of is accused [or convicted] of the commission of the crime of within the jurisdiction of : This is therefore to command you in Her Majesty's name forthwith to apprehend the said and to bring him before me or some other magistrate sitting at this court [or one of Her Majesty's justices of the peace in and for the county [or borough] of this shall be your warrant. Given under my hand metropolis, [or day of 26 ] to be further dealt with according to law, for which and seal at Bow Street, one of the police courts of the in the county or borough aforesaid] this 18 J.P.