CHAPTER 1 ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE

Transcription

1 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE A. Introduction The Constitution of the United States...1 Note: Implementation of Article III The Judiciary Act of U.S.C. Title 28: Judiciary and Judicial Procedure...3 B. Navigable Waters: Evolution of the Requirement The Basic Standard...3 Note: The Common Law Tradition...3 Jackson et al. v. The Steamboat Magnolia, 61 U.S. (20 How.) 296, 15 L. Ed. 909 (1857) The Modern Standards...8 Note: Interpretations of Navigable Waters...8 a. Contemporary Navigability in Fact Test...8 LeBlanc v. Cleveland, 198 F.3d 353, 2000 AMC 609, (2d Cir. 1999)...8 Note Note: Different Definitions of Navigability b. Seasonal Navigability Note c. Artificial Bodies of Water Note d. The Commerce Clause: Historical Navigability Requirement C. Maritime Torts Note: Jurisdiction in Tort Locus & Nexus Torts Occurring on Navigable Waters: The Maritime Location Criterion Notes Injury or Damage Sustained on Land: The Admiralty Extension Act a. Text Note: The Purpose of the Admiralty Extension Act b. Application of the Admiralty Extension Act: Cases and Notes Duluth Superior Excursions, Inc. v. Makela, 623 F.2d 1251, 1980 AMC 2518 (8th Cir. 1980) Question Note Notes: 1. Application of the Admiralty Extension Act by the Supreme Court: Proximate Cause Liability of Shipbuilders Under the Act The Modern Criteria for Jurisdiction in Tort: Locality Plus Nexus a. The Nexus Criterion Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U.S. 527, 115 S. Ct. 1043, 130 L. Ed. 2d 1024, 1995 AMC 913 (1995) Note: Limits on Grubart Note: Application of Executive Jet in the Lower Federal Courts v

2 vi Notes 1. Jurisdiction Over Aviation Torts Nexus v. Locus: Can Nexus Without Locus Ever Be Sufficient? Products Liability D. Maritime Contracts Note: The Nature of a Maritime Contract Types of Contracts Within the Cognizance of Admiralty a. Marine Insurance Policies Insurance Company v. Dunham, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 1, 20 L. Ed. 90 (1870) b. Contract for Repairs North Pacific Steamship Co. v. Hall Brothers Co., 249 U.S. 119, 39 S. Ct. 221, 63 L. Ed. 510 (1919) c. Enforceability of Oral Contracts Preliminary, Collateral and Mixed Contracts Note: Overview of Agreements a. Executory Contracts Terminal Shipping Co. v. Hamberg, 222 F (D. Maryland, 1915) b. General Agency Contracts Exxon Corporation v. Central Gulf Lines, Inc., 500 U.S. 603, 111 S. Ct. 2071, 114 L. Ed. 2d 649, 1991 AMC 1817 (1991) c. Note: Contracts to Lease Containers d. Mixed Contract Relating to Maritime and Non-Maritime Matters Norfolk Southern Railway Co. v. Kirby, U.S., 125 S. Ct. 385, 2004 AMC 2705 (2004) Notes: CHAPTER 2 FEDERALISM AND ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION A. Introduction: Concurrent Jurisdiction: Saving to Suitors B. Proceedings In Rem The Hine v. Trevor, 71 U.S. 555, 18 L. Ed. 451, 4 Wall. 555 (1866) C. Suits In Personam: Attachment Rounds v. Cloverport Foundry And Machine Co., 237 U.S. 303, 35 S. Ct. 596, 59 L. Ed. 966 (1915) Notes: 1. State Court Jurisdiction in Maritime Cases Statutory Proceedings Sources of Law Southern Pacific Company v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 37 S. Ct. 524, 61 L. Ed. 1086, 1996 AMC 2076 (1917) D. Problems of Federalism Choice of Law Application of State Law Introductory Note American Dredging Company v. Miller, 510 U.S. 443, 114 S. Ct. 981, 127 L. Ed. 2d 285, 1994 AMC 913 (1994) Notes E. Federal Judicial System Admiralty Jurisdiction Romero v. International Terminal Operating Co., 358 U.S. 354, 79 S. Ct. 468, 3 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1959) Note Supplemental Jurisdiction U.S.C Supplemental Jurisdiction Note

3 vii 3. Right to Trial by Jury: Joinder of Jones Act and Traditional Maritime Claims Fitzgerald v. United States Lines Co., 374 U.S. 16, 83 S. Ct. 26, 11 L. Ed. 2d 99 (1963) Vodusek v. Bayliner Marine Corp., 71 F.3d 148, 1996 AMC 33 (4th Cir. 1995) Note Right to Trial by Jury: Joinder of Jones Act and Maritime Claims In rem Zrncevich v. Blue Hawaii Enterprises, Inc., 738 F. Supp. 350; 1990 AMC 2450 (D. Hawaii 1990) Note Counterclaims Note Impleader and Joinder of Parties Prior to the Supplemental Jurisdiction Act Notes: 1. Impleader Joinder of Parties Removal Notes 1. Overview of Removal Non-Removability Poirrier v. Nicklos Drilling Co., 648 F.2d 1063, 1982 AMC 1514 (5th Cir. 1981) Note CHAPTER 3 - ADMIRALTY REMEDIES A. Introductory Note: Enforcement of Maritime Claims, Liens and Mortgages in the United States In rem Actions Admiralty Attachments and Garnishments Additional Provisions Applicable to Arrest and Attachment Actions in State Courts B. Arrest Supplemental Rule C Federal Rules of Civil Procedure C. Supplemental Rule E Federal Rules of Civil Procedure D. In rem Jurisdiction: Cases Arrest Procedures: Post-Seizure Hearings/Release Bonds Salazar v. The Atlantic Sun, 881 F.2d 73, 1989 AMC 2594 (3d Cir. 1989) Intervention Overstreet v. The Water Vessel Norkong, 706 F.2d 641, 1987 AMC 818 (5th Cir. 1983) Waiver: Claim of Owner Cactus Pipe & Supply Co., Inc. v. M/V Montmartre, 756 F.2d 1103, 1985 AMC 2150 (5th Cir. 1985) Release of Security: Effect on Jurisdiction Notes Pleading Requirements: Heightened Particularity Note Security on Counterclaims Titan Navigation, Inc. v. Timsco, Inc., 808 F.2d 400, 1987 AMC 1396 (5th Cir. 1987) E. Maritime Attachment Note: The Process of Foreign Attachment: Historical Background and Purpose Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Supplemental Rule B Attachment F. Cases and Notes: The Nature of Rule B Jurisdiction Quasi In rem Proceedings East Asiatic Co., Ltd. v. Indomar, Ltd., 422 F. Supp. 1335, 1976 AMC 2039 (S.D.N.Y. 1976) Notes The Nature of an Attachment Action Restricted appearance

4 viii 2. Found Within the District : A Two-Prong Test Seawind Compania, S.A. v. Crescent Line, Inc., 320 F.2d 580 (2d Cir. 1963) Notes 1. Jurisdictional Presence Service of Process Via Agent Service of Process on Official Agent The Distinction Between Proceedings: Attachment and Actions In rem Belcher Company of Alabama, Inc. v. M/V Maratha Mariner, 724 F.2d 1161, 1984 AMC 1679 (5th Cir. 1984) Question Attachable property within the district Winter Storm Shipping, Ltd v. TPI, 310 F.3d 263 (2d Cir. 2002) Questions of Constitutionality Note: Due Process Requirements in a Maritime Context Note: Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Note: Venue in Admiralty Cases CHAPTER 4 CARRIAGE OF GOODS A. Carriage Under Bills of Lading Historical Introduction From the General Maritime Law to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA) Legislation The Harter Act, 1893, 46 App. U.S.C. 190, et seq Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 46 App. U.S.C. 1300, et seq. (1936) Bills of Lading Introductory Note: Bills of Lading Federal Bills of Lading, 49 U.S.C Note Developments Since the Enactment of COGSA The Visby Amendments The Hamburg Rules and UNCTAD Note: MLA Proposed Compromise Between the Hague-Visby and the Hamburg Rules Note: Plans for a comprehensive new convention Period of Responsibility The Coverage of COGSA and the Multimodal and Container Revolution B. The Shipper s Prima Facie Case Caemint Food, Inc. v. Brasileiro, 647 F.2d 347, 1981 AMC 1801 (2nd Cir. 1981) Note Note: Proof of Good Condition Notes: 1. COGSA: Presumption of Good Delivery: 1303(6) Delivery Under the Harter Act and COGSA C. Responsibilities of the Carrier Due Diligence to Make Ship Seaworthy: 46 U.S.C. 192; 46 U.S.C. 1303(1)(a) United States v. Ultramar Shipping Co., 685 F. Supp. 887, 1988 AMC 527 (S.D.N.Y. 1988), aff d, 854 F.2d 1315, 1988 AMC 2408 (2d Cir. 1988) Note Due Diligence in the Handling of the Goods: 46 U.S.C. 191; 46 U.S.C. 1303(2) Note D. Immunities of the Carrier Loss Caused by Unseaworthiness Despite the Exercise of Due Diligence: 46 U.S.C. 1304(1) Note

5 ix 2. Burden of proof in relation to other cases Lekas & Drivas, Inc. v. Goulandris, 306 F.2d 426 (2d Cir. 1962) The Vallescura, 293 U.S. 296, 555 S. Ct. 194, 79 L. Ed. 373 (1934) Other defenses a. Errors in Navigation or Management: 46 U.S.C. 1304(2)(a) i. Unseaworthiness ( 1303(1)(a), 1304) v. Error in Management or Navigation ( 1304(2)(a)) International Nav. Co. v. Farr & Bailey Mfg. Co., 181 U.S. 218, 21 S. Ct. 591, 45 L. Ed. 830 (1901) ii. Proper Care of the Cargo ( 1303(2)) v. Error in Navigation ( 1304(2)(a)) Knott v. Botany Worsted Mills, 179 U.S. 69, 21 S. Ct. 30, 45 L. Ed. 90 (1900) b. Perils of the sea Taisho Marine & Fire Ins. Co., Ltd. v. M/V Sea-Land Endurance, 815 F.2d 1270, 1987 AMC 1730 (9th Cir. 1987) Note Questions c. Other Immunities i. Inherent Vice: 46 U.S.C. 1304(2)(m) Note and Question ii. Q Clause In Re Intercontinental Properties Management, 604 F.2d 254, 1979 AMC 1680 (4th Cir. 1979) iii. Fire Complaint of Ta Chi Navigation (Panama), Corp., S.A., 677 F.2d 225, 1982 AMC 1710 (2d Cir. 1982) Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co., Ltd. v. M/V Hyundai Explorer, 93 F.3d 641, 1996 AMC 2409 (9th Cir. 1996) Notes Problems: The Fire Exemption: A Theme With Variations E. Damages and Limitation of Liability Notes: Measure of Damages Notes: Package limitation What is a package for limitation purposes? a. Non-containerized Cargo: Fully Enclosed Goods b. Non-containerized Cargo: Partially Enclosed Goods c. Containerized Cargo Monica Textile Corp. v. S.S. Tana, 952 F.2d 636, 1992 AMC 609 (2d Cir. 1991) Note: Unpackaged items within containers d. Customary Freight Unit Introductory Note Application of the Customary Freight Unit The amount of the limit a. The $500 Limitation b. Fair Opportunity to Declare a Higher Value The Harter Act and package limitation Commonwealth Petrochemicals, Inc. v. S/S Puerto Rico, 607 F.2d 322, 1979 AMC 2772 (4th Cir. 1979) Problems on the Applicability of Limitation of Liability

6 x F. Who Is the COGSA Carrier? Introductory Note on the COGSA Carrier Pacific Employers Ins. Co. v. M/V Gloria, 767 F.2d 229 (5th Cir. 1985) Note Note: Ratification: The ship in rem as COGSA carrier G. Extension of COGSA defenses, immunities and limitations to non-carriers Note: The Himalaya Clause Grace Line, Inc. v. Todd Shipyards Corp., 500 F.2d 361, 1974 AMC 1136 (9th Cir. 1974) H. Deviation General Electric Co. v. Steamship Nancy Lykes, 536 F. Supp. 687, 1982 AMC 1726 (S.D.N.Y. 1982), aff d 706 F.2d 80, 1983 AMC 1947 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 849, 104 S. Ct. 157, 78 L. Ed. 2d 145, 1984 AMC 2403 (1983) Notes 1. Consequences of deviation Basis for Liability Causal Relationship Quasi-Deviation Land-Based Deviation Statute of Limitations I. Exoneration Clauses Note: Exculpatory Clauses and the Harter Act Associated Metals & Minerals Corp. v. M/V Arktis Sky, 978 F.2d 47, 1993 AMC 509 (2nd Cir. 1992) Note Rust Clauses Lumber Clauses Question J. Forum Selection Clauses Vimar Seguros Y Reaseguros, S.A. v. M/V Sky Reefer, 515 U.S. 528, 115 S. Ct. 2322, 132 L. Ed. 2d 462, 1995 AMC 1817 (1995) Notes and Questions Progeny of SKY REEFER Stipulation of the Applicable Law K. Statute of Limitations Note CHAPTER 5 CHARTER PARTIES A. Definitions and Introductory Note Definitions Introductory Note B. Demise Charters Introductory Note Dant & Russell, Inc. v. Dillingham Tug & Barge Corp., 877 F.2d 1404, 1989 AMC 1896 (9th Cir. 1989) Notes C. Relationship between charters and bills of lading D. Contract Formalities Note E. Time Charters Failure of the Shipowner or Vessel to Comply with the Terms of the Charter Party: Misrepresentations, Conditions, Warranties, Etc Introductory Note

7 xi a. Size and Speed Giannelis v. The Atlanta, 82 F. Supp. 218, 1948 AMC 1769 (S.D. Ga. 1948) Note b. Seaworthiness Notes: 1. Implied Warranty of Seaworthiness Waiver of the Warranty of Seaworthiness Remedies of Charterer English Law Remedies of Charterer U.S. Law Off Hire a. Unseaworthiness Off-hire or Repudiation United States v. M/V Marilena P, 433 F.2d 164, 1969 AMC 1155 (4th Cir. 1969) b. Preventing the Working of the Vessel Note c. Third Party Liability Note Mutual Exceptions Note Frustration Notes Redelivery a. Overlap and Underlap Prebensens Dampskibsselskabet A/S v. Munson S.S. Line, 258 F. 227 (2d Cir. 1919) Britain S.S. Co. v. Munson S.S. Line, 31 F.2d 530 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 280 U.S. 574, 50 S. Ct. 29, 74 L. Ed. 625 (1929) Note Remedies: Damages Withdrawal Note When Withdrawal Becomes Effective F. Safe Port Safe Berth Orduna S.A. v. Zen-Noh Grain Corp., 913 F.2d 1149, 1991 AMC 346 (5th Cir. 1990) Notes: 1. Port Rendered Unsafe by Subsequent Political Events Unsafe Port and Master s Negligence G. Voyage Charters Late Delivery Cancellation Pan Cargo Shipping Corp. V. United States, 234 F. Supp. 623, 1965 AMC 2649 (S.D.N.Y. 1964), aff d, 373 F.2d 525 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 836, 88 S. Ct. 51, 19 L. Ed. 2d 98 (1967) Notes Laytime and Demurrage Notes Orient Shipping Rotterdam B.V. v. Hugo Neu & Sons, Inc., 918 F. Supp. 806, 1996 AMC 1366 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) Note a. Arrived Vessel Dean H., Arbitration at New York, July 17, 1952, 1953 AMC Notes: 1. At or Off Port Risk of Delay Vis Major

8 xii CHAPTER 6 PERSONAL INJURY AND DEATH CLAIMS Section I.Remedies of Seamen Part 1. Maintenance, Cure, and Wages: Cases and Notes A. Recognition of Cause of Action Cox v. Dravo Corp., 517 F.2d 620 (3rd Cir.), cert. denied 423 U.S. 1020, 96 S. Ct. 475, 46 L. Ed. 2d 392 (1975) B. Elements of Cause of Action Warren v. United States, 340 U.S. 523, 71 S. Ct. 432, 95 L. Ed. 503, 1951 AMC 416 (1951) Note: Fraud or Willful Misconduct as a Defense Note: Persons Liable to Pay Maintenance and Cure Notes on Injuries on Land and Service of the Ship Blue Water Seaman: Shore Leave or Vacation Commuter Seaman C. Amount of maintenance Notes 1. Amount of Maintenance Damages for Failure to Pay Maintenance and Cure Punitive Damages D. Pre-existing Injury Gauthier v. Crosby Marine Service, Inc., 499 F. Supp. 295, 1981 AMC 1170 (E.D. La. 1980), aff d, 752 F.2d 1085, 1985 AMC 2477 (5th Cir. 1985) E. Miscellaneous Notes Contracts for Maintenance and Cure Disability and Health Care Plans Public Health Hospitals Medicare Contribution and Indemnity Distinction between Maintenance & Cure and Found F. Duration of the Obligation Introductory Note Vella v. Ford Motor Co., 421 U.S. 1, 95 S. Ct. 1381, 43 L. Ed. 2d 682, 1975 AMC 563 (1974) Note G. Wage Penalties Notes Part 2. Action for Negligence The Jones Act, Injury but No Death: Cases and Notes The Osceola, 189 U.S. 158, 23 S. Ct. 483, 47 L. Ed. 760 (1903) Note A. The Statutes The Jones Act, 46 App. U.S.C Note Federal Employers Liability Act, 45 U.S.C. 51, et seq Coverage: Any Seaman a. Status Introductory Note Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis, 515 U.S. 347, 115 S. Ct. 2172, 132 L. Ed. 2d 314, 1995 AMC 1840 (1995) Notes: Pilots Divers Who is the Employer? Borrowed Servant Doctrine Substantiality Length of Employment

9 xiii b. Vessel in Navigation Introductory Note Notes: 1. Vessels Undergoing Repairs Vessel in Navigation Vessel or Work Platform Stewart v. Dutra Construction Co., 543 U.S. 481, 125 S.Ct (2005) Notes 1. Pre-Dutra cases Transportation Function Oceanographic Research Vessel Gambling Structures c. In the Course of His Employment Hopson v. Texaco, Inc., 383 U.S. 262, 86 S. Ct. 756, 15 L. Ed. 2d 740, 1966 AMC 281 (1966) Note Standard of Care and Causation Gautreaux v. Scurlock Marine, Inc., 107 F.3d 331 (5th Cir. 1997) Notes Ferguson v. Moore-Mccormack Lines, Inc., 352 U.S. 521, 77 S. Ct. 457, 1 L. Ed. 2d 511, 1957 AMC 647 (1957) Kernan v. American Dredging Co., 355 U.S. 426, 78 S. Ct. 394, 2 L. Ed. 2d 382, 1958 AMC 251 (1958) Notes Proof of Causation Standard of proof in Jones Act v. standard of proof in unseaworthiness cases Recovery for Fright Aggravation of Original Injury by Negligent Medical Treatment B. Conflicts of Law Introductory Note Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis, 398 U.S. 306, 90 S. Ct. 1731, 26 L. Ed. 2d 252, 1970 AMC 994 (1970) Note: Forum Selection Clauses Part 3. Actions for Unseaworthiness: Cases and Notes Introductory Notes A. Application of the Doctrine Mitchell v. Trawler Racer, Inc., 362 U.S. 539, 80 S. Ct. 926, 4 L. Ed. 2d 941, 1960 AMC 1503 (1960) Usner v. Luckenbach Overseas Corp., 400 U.S. 494, 91 S. Ct. 514, 27 L. Ed. 2d 562, 1971 AMC 277 (1971) B. Damages: Comparative Fault Note Section II. Longshoremen and Harbor Workers: Cases and Notes Introductory Note A. Territorial Application of the Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act (LHWCA): Relationship with State Compensation Acts Background Note Notes 1. Injuries on the Pier Injuries on the High Seas Longshore And Harbor Workers Compensation Act:, 33 U.S.C. 903 (a) (1972 Amendment)

10 xiv Sun Ship, Inc. v. Pennsylvania, 447 U.S. 715, 100 S. Ct. 2432, 65 L. Ed. 2d 458, 1980 AMC 1930 (1980) Note: Mutual Exclusivity of the LHWCA and the Jones Act Note: State workers compensation schemes Southwest Marine, Inc. v. Gizoni, 502 U.S. 81, 112 S. Ct. 486; 116 L. Ed. 2d 405; 1992 AMC 305 (1991) Problems B. Coverage of the Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act (LHWCA): Status and Situs Requirements Background Note and P.C. Pfeiffer Co., Inc. v. Ford, 444 U.S. 69, 100 S. Ct. 32, 62 L. Ed. 2d 225, 1979 AMC 2319 (1979) Notes: Status and Situs Requirements Herb s Welding, Inc. v. Gray, 470 U.S. 414, 105 S. Ct. 1421, 84 L. Ed. 2d 406, 1985 AMC 1700 (1985) Note: Sieracki Seamen Sieracki Liability C. Exclusive Liability of the Employer Liability for compensation Exclusiveness of liability Notes 1. Relationship Between 33 U.S.C. 905(b) and 33 U.S.C Actions Under State Law Notes Negligence: Duty and Standard of Care Scindia Steam Navigation Co., Ltd. v. De Los Santos 451 U.S. 156, 101 S.Ct. 1614, 68 L.Ed.2d 1, 1981 A.M.C. 601 (1981) Notes on the Scindia Rules Open and Obvious hazards The operational control duty Scindia and other maritime employees Notes 1. Vessel for Purposes of Section 905 Actions The Character of the Section 905(b) Action The Land-based Employer as Shipowner Vessel Negligence Unseaworthiness Products Liability and Unseaworthiness D. Contribution and Indemnity Background Note Edmonds v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 443 U.S. 256, 99 S. Ct. 2753, 61 L. Ed. 2d 521, 1979 AMC 1167 (1979) Notes 1. Contribution and Indemnity when LHWCA Does Not Apply Contribution and indemnity when some but not all defendants settle E. Stevedore s Lien and Assignment of the Employee s Action Compensation for injuries where third persons are liable Notes Section III. Remedies for Wrongful Death Part 1. Death on the High Seas: Cases and Notes A. Introduction Note B. The Death on the High Seas Act: 46 U.S.C. app Note: Coverage of DOHSA

11 xv C. State Remedies Offshore Logistics, Inc. v. Tallentire, 477 U.S. 207, 106 S. Ct. 2485, 91 L. Ed. 2d 174, 1986 AMC 2113 (1986) Note: Jury Trial Part 2. Wrongful Death Actions Under General Maritime Law (Within State Territorial Waters): Cases and Notes A. Creation of a Cause of Action Moragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc., 398 U.S. 375, 90 S. Ct. 1772, 26 L. Ed. 2d 339, 1970 AMC 967 (1970) Notes 1. The Moragne Action DOHSA and the Moragne Action Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A. v. Calhoun, 516 U.S. 199, 116 S. Ct. 619, 133 L. Ed. 2d 578, 1996 AMC 305 (1996) Note B. Survival Actions Dooley v. Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd., 524 U.S. 116, 118 S. Ct. 1890, 141 L. Ed. 2d 102, 1998 AMC 1940 (1998) Note C. Restrictions on Damages Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., 498 U.S. 19, 111 S. Ct. 317, 112 L. Ed. 2d 275, 1991 AMC 1 (1990) Notes: 1. Punitive Damages Loss of Consortium in Injury Cases Discounting: Inflation and Interest Section IV. Remedies of Non-Maritime Persons Duty and Standard of Care Generally Wrongful Death Actions a. Deaths on the High Seas b. Deaths in Territorial Waters Choice of Law: Choice of Forum Clauses Section V. Products Liability CHAPTER 7 COLLISION AND OTHER ACCIDENTS A. Liability Inevitable Accident The Jumna, 149 F. 171 (2d Cir. 1906) Note The Louisiana, 70 U.S. (3 Wall.) 164, 18 L. Ed. 85 (1865) Note Error in Extremis Note Vicarious Liability Note: Vicarious Liability for Acts of Compulsory/Noncompulsory Pilots Allocation of Fault The Modern Rule United States v. Reliable Transfer Co., Inc., 421 U.S. 397, 95 S. Ct. 1708, 44 L. Ed. 2d 251, 1975 AMC 541 (1975) Proximate Cause Note Violation of Safety Standards: The Pennsylvania Rule Introductory Note Candies Towing Co., Inc. v. M/V B & C Eserman, 673 F.2d 91, 1983 AMC 2033 (5th Cir. 1982)

12 xvi Notes: The 1910 Brussels Collision Convention The Rules of the Road The Wreck Act B. Damages Note: Total and Partial Losses Economic Loss Venore Transportation Co. v. M/V Struma, 583 F.2d 708, 1978 AMC 2146 (4th Cir. 1978) Notes: Lessees and Proprietary Interest Total Loss Note Cargo Losses United States v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co., 343 U.S. 236, 72 S. Ct. 666, 96 L. Ed. 907, 1952 AMC 659 (1952) Note Allied Chemical Corp. v. Hess Tankship Co. of Del., 661 F.2d 1044, 1982 AMC 1271 (5th Cir. 1981) Notes 1. Damages Recoverable by Owners of Cargo Damages Recoverable by Personal Injury and Death Claimants Prejudgment Interest Problem CHAPTER 8 MARITIME LIENS A. The Nature of Maritime Liens Note: Definition and Enforcement of Maritime Liens The Law of Maritime Liens: Nineteenth Century Jurisprudence The Brig Nestor, 18 F. Cas. 9 (Cir. Ct. D. Maine, 1831) The Bold Buccleugh, 13 Eng. Rep. 884 [7 Moo. P.C. 267] (1851) The Brig Malek Adhel, 43 U.S. (2 How.) 210, 11 L. Ed. 239 (1844) Note: Functional Characteristics Comparative Law Note: Comparison: Civil and Common Law Jurisdictions Note: International Conventions B. Vessels to Which Maritime Liens Attach Notes 1. Construction of Vessel Component Parts and Accessories of a Vessel Interpretations of the Term Vessel Time of Attachment Arques Shipyards v. The S.S. Charles Van Damme, 175 F. Supp. 871 (N.D. Cal. 1959) Note: The Dead Ship Doctrine Vessels in Custodia Legis: Expenses of Justice New York Dock Co. v. S.S. Poznan, 274 U.S. 117, 47 S. Ct. 482, 71 L. Ed. 955 (1927) Notes 1. Vessels in Custodia Legis Vessels Owned or Operated by a Sovereign C. Tort Liens Marine Pollution State of California, Dept. Of Fish And Game v. S.S. Bournemouth, 307 F. Supp. 922, 1970 AMC 642 (C.D. Cal. 1969) Liability of the Vessel: Personification of the Res Notes Res Judicata

13 xvii D. Contract Liens Note: The Creation of Contract Liens Executory Contracts/Partial Execution Osaka Shosen Kaisha v. Pacific Export Lumber Co., 260 U.S. 490, 43 S. Ct. 172, 67 L. Ed. 364 (1923) Note: Breach of Executory Contract Contracts of Passage Acker v. The City of Athens, 177 F. 2d 961 (4th Cir. 1949) Note: Carriage of Passengers Seamen s Liens for Wages West Winds, Inc. v. M.V. Resolute, 720 F.2d 1097, 1984 AMC 319 (9th Cir. 1983) Note: Seamen s Wages Contract for Sale vs. Contract to Charter Vessel Question The Preferred Ship Mortgage Note: The Ship Mortgage Act, Title 46 United States Code* Liens for Necessaries Note: The Home Port Doctrine and the Enactment of the Maritime Lien Act The Federal Maritime Lien Act, 46 U.S.C. 971 et seq a. Current Statutory Provisions Relating to Maritime Liens Commercial Instruments and Maritime Liens 46 U.S.C , et seq b. Interpretation of Current Statutory Provisions: Relevant Decisions Based Upon the Federal Maritime Lien Act i. 46 U.S.C : A Person Providing Necessaries to a Vessel Piedmont Coal Co. v. Seaboard Fisheries Co., 254 U.S. 1, 41 S. Ct. 1, 65 L. Ed. 97 (1920) Foss Launch & Tug Co. v. Char Ching Shipping U.S.A., 808 F.2d 697, 1987 AMC 913 (9th Cir. 1987) Note ii. 46 U.S.C (4): Necessaries Includes Repairs, Supplies, Towage, and the Use of a Dry Dock or Marine Railway Clubb Oil Tools, Inc. v. M/V George Vergottis, 460 F. Supp. 835, 1980 AMC 556 (S.D. Tex. 1978) Note: Liens for Other Necessaries Note: Absence of Maritime Contract iii. 46 U.S.C : Persons... Presumed to Have Authority to Procure Necessaries for a Vessel Note: Presumed... Authority and Authorized by the Owner Epstein v. Corporacion Peruana De Vapores, 325 F. Supp. 535, 1971 AMC 1259 (S.D.N.Y. 1971) (a) Authority to Lien a Vessel Under the General Maritime Law Note (b) Authority to Lien a Vessel Under the Federal Maritime Lien Act: Pre Note: The Original Language of 46 U.S.C Dampskibsselskabet Dannebrog v. Signal Oil & Gas Co. of California, 310 U.S. 268, 60 S. Ct. 937, 84 L. Ed (1940) (c) The Effect of the 1971 Amendment: No-Lien Clauses Note: The 1971 Amendment Belcher Oil Co. v. M/V Gardenia, 766 F.2d 1508, 1986 AMC 1745 (11th Cir. 1985)

14 xviii Marine Fuel Supply & Towing, Inc. v. M/V Ken Lucky, 859 F.2d 1405, 1989 AMC 390 (9th Cir. 1988) opinion amended and superseded by 869 F.2d 473 (9th Cir. 1988) Notes Note: Subcontractors Note: Additional Persons to Whom the Vessel is Entrusted Note: Authority of an Agreed Buyer E. Persons Who May Acquire Maritime Liens Medina v. Marvirazon Compania Naviera, S.A., 533 F. Supp. 1279, 1983 AMC 2116 (D. Mass. 1982) aff d, 709 F.2d 124, 1983 AMC 2113 (1st Cir. 1983) Note: Owners, Stockholders, and Agents Note: Advances and Assignment of Liens F. Priorities of Liens Introductory Note Notes 1. Priority of Wage Claims Tort vs. Contract Liens Claims for Negligent Towage Ranking of Liens of the Same Class: the Inverse Order Rule Introductory Note: The Inverse Order Rule Notes: 1. Maritime Contract Liens Other Maritime Liens Maritime Contract Liens Time of Attachment No Inverse Order Rule for Attachments Special Time Rules Todd Shipyards Corp. v. The City of Athens, 83 F. Supp. 67 (D. Md. 1949) Note: Periods of Priority: Service Liens Preferred Maritime Liens Note: Ship Mortgage Foreclosures The Ship Mortgage Act, 46 U.S.C Commercial Instruments and Maritime Liens, 46 U.S.C , et seq a. Liens for Cargo Damage: Contract or Tort? All Alaskan Seafoods, Inc. v. M/V Sea Producer 882 F.2d 425, 1989 AMC 2935 (9th Cir. 1989) Note: Priority of Preferred Liens: Expiration Note: Conflicts of Law Note: Ranking of Liens: Law of the Forum G. Extinction of Maritime Liens Laches Bermuda Exp., N.V. v. M/V Litsa (Ex. Laurie U), 872 F.2d 554, 1989 AMC 1537 (3d Cir. 1989) Note: Private Sale and Laches Comparison: Foreign Attachment and Actions in Rem Belcher Co. of Alabama, Inc. v. M/V Maratha Mariner, 724 F.2d 1161, 1984 AMC 1679 (5th Cir. 1984) Note: Judicial Sale Effect of Sale by Foreign Court of Competent Jurisdiction Atlantic Ship Supply, Inc. v. M/V Lucy, 392 F. Supp. 179 (M.D. Fla. 1975) Admiralty and Bankruptcy Notes 1. Jurisdiction Bankruptcy and Reorganization Waiver The Federal Maritime Lien Act, 46 U.S.C. 971, et seq a. Current Statutory Provisions Relating to Maritime Liens Commercial Instruments and Maritime Liens, 46 U.S.C , et seq

15 xix Maritrend, Inc. v. Serac & Co. (Shipping) Ltd., 348 F.3d 469, 2003 AMC 2743 (5th Cir. 2003) Note: Destruction and Release of the Res CHAPTER 9 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY Introductory Note A. Practice and Procedure The Federal Limitation of Shipowner s Liability Act Federal Limitation of Shipowner s Liability Act, 46 app. U.S.C Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Supplemental Rule F Complaint of Caribbean Sea Transport, Ltd., 748 F.2d 622, 1985 AMC 1995 (11th Cir. 1984) Concursus of Claims Lewis v. Lewis & Clark Marine, Inc., 531 U.S. 438, 121 S. Ct. 993, 148 L. Ed. 2d 931, 2001 AMC 913 (2001) Notes: 1. Sufficiency of Stipulations The Six-Month Rule Trial by Jury Joinder of Parties and Claims Interplay of State and Federal Proceedings: Raising Limitation Defensively Notes: 1. Raising Limitation Defensively State Court Proceedings Federal Court Proceedings in Diversity B. The Limitation Fund Complaint of Caribbean Sea Transport, Ltd., 748 F.2d 622, 1985 AMC 1995 (11th Cir. 1984) Note: Prior Encumbrances Note: Computation of the Limitation Fund Note: The Flotilla Rule Note: Distribution of the Fund C. Parties and Vessels Entitled to Limit Demise vs. Time Charterer Note Shipowner s Insurer Notes 1. Insurance Direct Actions Against Insurers: The Limitation of Liability Defense Persons Entitled to Limit Liability Vessels Subject to Limitation D. Grounds for Denying Limitation: Privity or Knowledge Waterman Steamship Corp. v. Gay Cottons, 414 F.2d 724 (9th Cir. 1969) Note: Privity or Knowledge of Corporate Shipowners Note: Breaking the Assertion of Limitation E. Claims Subject to Limitation Signal Oil & Gas Co. v. Barge W-701, 654 F.2d 1164, 1982 AMC 2603 (5th Cir. 1981) Note: Excluded Claims F. Choice of Law The Nature of Limitation Law: Substantive or Procedural Note The Brussels Convention: Procedural in Nature Complaint of Compania Gijonesa De Navegacion, S.A., 590 F. Supp. 241, 1985 AMC 1469 (S.D.N.Y. 1984)