INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS VOLUME 1 ISSUE 3
|
|
- Clarence Stone
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF JUDICIARY IN ENVIRONMENTAL ADJUDICATION: RECENT JUDICIAL TRENDS *ABHISHEK.T INTRODUCTION Today, the conservation, protection and environment of human environment are major issues all over the world. Human environment consists of both physical environment and biological environment. Physical environment covers land, water and air. Biological environment includes plants, animals and other organisms. Both physical and biological environment are inter-dependent. Industrialisation, urbanisation, explosion of population, over-exploitation of resources, disruption of natural ecological balances, destruction of a multitude of animal and plant species for economic reasons are the factors which have contributed to environmental deterioration. 1 One country s degradation of environment degrades the global environment for all the countries 2. The problem of environmental pollution has acquired international dimensions and India is no exception to it. When Benjamin Franklin declared that: No nation was ever ruined by trade, he could not have been expected to foresee the catastrophic consequences of industrial production processes on the aggregate of nations. The politics and geo-politics of the craftsmen of our future, rather than the intrinsic danger of science itself, govern where proscription may feasibly occur. Whether by reason of an unprecedented orchestrated global movement or by some random collision of independently occurring incidents, the law of environmental protection has emerged as a sophisticated and developed machine pushing hard against the conflagration of pollutive processes that science has created. CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE PRINCIPLES Stockholm Declaration of 1972 was perhaps the first major attempt to conserve and protect the human environment at the international level. As a consequence of this Declaration, the States were required to adopt legislative measures to protect and improve the environment. Accordingly, Indian Parliament inserted two Articles, i.e.,, 48A and 51A in the Constitution 1 Sachidanand Pandey v. State of West Bengal',AIR 1987 SC Armin Rosencranz, Shyam Divan and Martha L.Noble, Environmental Law and Policy in India (1991), p. 25 1
2 of India in ,Article 48A of the Constitution rightly directs that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife of the country. Similarly, clause (g) of Article 51A imposes a duty on every citizen of India, to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, river, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. The cumulative effect of Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to be that the 'State' as well as the 'citizens' both are now under constitutional obligation to conserve, perceive, protect and improve the environment. Every generation owes a duty to all succeeding generations to develop and conserve the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way 4. The phrase protect and improve appearing in both the Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to contemplate an affirmative government action to improve the quality of environment and not just to preserve the environment in its degraded form. Apart from the constitutional mandate to protect and improve the environment, there are a plenty of legislations on the subject but more relevant enactments for our purpose are the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997; the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; the Forest (Conservation) Act, JUDGEMENT OF THE APEX COURT The conspicuous absence of right to environment, even after the amendment may be noted. But, the Bhopal gas tragedy case reminded the court that an unenforceable directive principle and inactive citizenry could lead to governmental inaction and serious damage to the public. This called for relaxation of norms for entertaining disputes relating to environment, which would in turn encourage participation by concerned individuals and keep a check on unrestrained governmental power. As a first step, right to a healthy environment as a right recognized in Subash kumar v. State of Bihar. 5 It was then included within the ambit of the ever-growing right to life 6.The scope of right to environment within the right to life was 3 Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, State of Tamil Nadu v. Hind Store, AIR 1981 SC 711; see also Rural Litigation and Entitle Ji: at Kendra v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1987 SC Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, AIR 1991 SC Virender Gaur & Ors. v. State of Haryana & Ors., (1995) 2 SCC
3 then developed to include right to clean water 7, clean air 8 etc. The recognition of these rights coincided with the development of public interest litigation and relaxation of locus standi principle, which led to an increase in the volume of litigation 9. Courts became more confident in dealing with and governing environmental disputes. In most cases, governmental apathy was noted as the major cause for disputes. The activist court began to actively involve itself in the environmental governance of the country on the basis of its interpretation of the Constitution and lack of directional policy. The shift from duty to rights created by the judiciary, influenced future judicial thought in a tremendous way. Though, in many cases, environmental disputes were resolved by reference to common law remedies, like actionable nuisance 10, negligence and strict liability 11, public interest litigation prompted the apex court to assume a role it had never even thought it could possess. Today, the Indian environmental decision-making has evolved to become an occupied field 12 of Indian judiciary. In spite of confessions of its inability to decide on complex scientific matters 13 and constant requests for setting up a specialised body 14 (whether courts or tribunals), it has forayed into various aspects of environment management. Environmental laws were mandated to be strictly enforced 15. It has affirmed that the principles of polluter pays principle 16, sustainable development, public trust doctrine and intergenerational equity are law of the land, though these principles have not been incorporated into any legislative framework. Whether incorporation of ungratified international obligations in binding judicial decisions is advisable is a different aspect. But, the point to note here is that, our courts used various strategies to evolve a mechanism within the existing court structure to deal with such issues. 7 Mrs. Susheta v. State of Tamil Nadu & Ors., (2006) 6 SCC Murli Deora v. Union of India, (2001) 8 SCC Jona Razzaque, Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (2004). 10 Vellore Citizen s Welfare Forum v. Union of India, (1996) 5 SCC Mukesh Textile Mills Pvt Ltd v. H.R. Subrahmanya Sastri, AIR 1987 Kant Usually referred to in the context of constitutional interpretation. 13 In M.C Mehta v. Union of India, (1986) 2 SCC 176, popularly known as oleum gas leak case. The case dealt with the aspect of permission to continue for a factory, from which there was a fatal leakage of hazardous substances. Experts suggested relocation as the only measure to completely eliminate the risk. 14 Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, (1996) 3 SCC 212; A.P. Pollution Control Board v. M. V. Nayudu, (1999) 2 SCC Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, (1996) 3 SCC 212; 16 Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, (1996) 3 SCC 212; 3
4 In Taj Mahal's case 17 the Supreme Court issued directions that coal and coke based industries in Taj Trapezium (TTZ) which were damaging Taj should either change over to natural gas or to be relocated outside TTZ. Again the Supreme Court directed to protect the plants planted around Taj by the Forest Department as under: 18 The Divisional Forest Officer, Agra is directed to take immediate steps for seeing that water is supplied to the plants... The Union Government is directed to release the funds immediately without waiting for receipt of the proposal from the U.P. Government on the basis of the copy of the report. Funding may be subsequently settled with the U.P. Government, but in any set of circumstances for want of funds the officer is directed to see that plants do not wither away. In Almitra H.Patel v. Union of India 19, the Supreme Court reiterated the observations made in Wadehra's case 20 Historic city of Delhi, the Capital of India, is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The authorities, responsible for pollution control and environment protection have not been able to provide clean and healthy environment. to the residents of Delhi. The ambient air is so much polluted that it is difficult to breathe. More and more Delhites are suffering from respiratory diseases and throat infections. River Yamuna- the main source of drinking water supply- is the free dumping place for untreated sewerage and industrial waste. Apart from air and water pollution, the city is virtually an open dustbin. Garbage strewn all over Delhi is a common sight. The Court directed the authorities to take immediate necessary steps to control pollution and protect the environment. In the case of Oleum gas leak 21, a major leakage of Oileum Gas affected a large number of persons, both amongst the workmen and public. The Supreme Court held that where an enterprise is engaged in a hazardous or inherently dangerous activity and harm results to any one on account of an accident in the operation of such hazardous and inherently dangerous activity resulting in the escape of toxic gas the enterprise is strictly and absolutely liable to compensate all those who are affected by the accident and such a liability is not subject to any exception. 'Sustainable development' means development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. The Supreme 17 M.C.Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1997 SC 734; see also M.C.Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1999 S.C M.C.Mehta v. Union of India, (2001), 9 SCC AIR 2000 SC Dr. B.L Wadehra v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC
5 Court of India in Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India 22,elaborately discussed the concept of 'sustainable development' which has been accepted as part of the law of the land. The 'precautionary principle' and the 'polluter pays principle are essential features of 'sustainable development'. The 'precautionary principle' makes it mandatory for the State Government to anticipate prevent and attack the causes of environment degradation. 23 The supreme court in M.C.Mehta v. Union of India observed that We have no hesitation holding that in order to protect the two lakes (Badhkal and Suraj Kund ) from environmental degradation, it is necessary to limit the construction activity in the close vicinity of the lakes. The Polluter pays principle demands that the financial costs of preventing or remedying damage caused by pollution should lie with the undertakings which cause pollution. The polluter pays principle has been held to be a sound principle and as interpreted by the Supreme court of India 24, it means that the absolute liability for harm to the environment extends not only to compensate the victims of pollution but also the cost of restoring the environment degradation. Remediation of the damaged environment is part of the process of sustainable development and as such polluter is liable to pay the cost to the individual sufferers as well as the cost of reversing the damaged ecology. To conclude, Indian judiciary s efforts to revitalize environmental discourse through creative decisions are commendable, but it also reminds us of the urgent need to rethink our strategies in dealing with these problems. The problem is that even when judges review quite good evidence, there are numerous opportunities for errors 25. Moreover, increased recognition of the importance of international environmental law institutional recognition at international level has not had a corresponding impact on the modus operandi at the municipal level. 26 An essentially universal concern has thus been politically delimited there is no platform for a think global, act local approach. Thus, our problems are a combination of institutional 22 Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, (1997)1 CAMP L.J.199(SC) 24 Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 1446; see also Vellore-Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC 2715; M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1997) i Camp L.J. 199(SC) 25 Carl F. Cranor, Toxic Torts Science, Law and the Possibility of Justice 205 (2006). 26 Most discussions are marred by political undertones. For example, climate change debate. 5
6 incapacities existing in the country and a lack of conceptual clarity at the decision making level owing to inadequacy of directional policy. 27 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY AND NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL India recently established its first comprehensive environmental court : the National Green Tribunal ( NGT ). The earlier courts/ tribunals were either non functional or with every limited mandate. India s environmental court is a result of the need repeatedly expressed by the Constitutional courts on the need to have specialized Judicial bodies to deal with compl ex environmental questions. The trigger for setting up Environmental Courts was through the Supreme Court of India which in its judgments, highlighted the difficulties faced by Judges in adjudicating on environment. In M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India 28, the Supreme Court said that in as much as environment cases involve assessment of scientific data, it was desirable to set up environment courts on a regional basis with a professional Judge and two experts, keeping in view the expertise required for such adjudication. The other judgment was Indian Council for Enviro- Legal Action vs. Union of India 29, in which the Supreme Court observed that Environmental Courts having civil and criminal jurisdiction must be established to deal with the environmental issues in a speedy manner. It was however, in in A.P. Pollution Control Board vs. M.V. Nayudu 30, the Court dealt at length on the need for establishing Environmental Courts which would have the benefit of expert advice from environmental scientists/technically qualified persons, In the subsequentfollowup judgment in A.P. Pollution Control Board vs. M.V. Nayudu 31, the Supreme Court, referred to the serious differences in the constitution of appellate authorities under plenary as well as delegated legislation (the reference here is to the appellate authorities constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981), and pointed out that except in one State where the appellate authority was manned by a retired High Court Judge, in other States they were manned only by bureaucrats. These appellate authorities were not having either judicial or environment backup on the Bench. The Supreme Court opined that the Law Commission could therefore 27 The National Environment Policy, 2006, it is argued, was prepared in haste and did not bring in effect the principles enumerated in the documents enumerating 28 M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, AIR 1996 SC A.P. Pollution Control Board vs. M.V. Nayudu, 1999(2) SCC A.P. Pollution Control Board vs. M.V. Nayudu, 2001(2) SCC 62 6
7 examine the disparities in the constitution of these quasi- judicial bodies and suggest a new scheme so that there could be uniformity in the structure of the quasi judicial bodies which supervise the orders passed by administrative or public authorities, including orders of the Government. ADJUDICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIC TORT One can sue on the basis of the problem caused due to toxicity level in the environment, but problems are far larger in number then the solutions. The problem lies in the accretion of proof. A substance s toxicity and source may be uncertain or unknown. In such type of cases the effect of the substance may be causing an injury over a period of days, months and even in some cases may be up to a year that is the reason why it is so difficult to trace their source 32. Many a time the victims don t recognise their injuries to be tortious in nature and never receive any compensation. The paradigmatic traditional tort case involves a single identifiable plaintiff, a single identifiable defendant, and a readily determinable cause of the tortious event 33. These cases are easy to handle, but our judicial system is not that equipped to deal with mass tort cases that occur. Our judicial system is able to handle classic strict liability claims, such as a dynamite explosion, a sudden flood from a reservoir, or even a catastrophic Bhopal type accident. 34 But thankfully our judicial system has evolved the rule of absolute liability 35 to deal with Bhopal type accident. In India, affected communities have recently filed a number of cases [MC Mehta v Union of India, The Bhopal Gas tragedy case, Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India & Subash v State of Bihar], which have sought to use national law to tackle cases of personal injury or environmental damage claims against MNCs. However environmental toxic tort cases hold many obstacles for plaintiffs. Cases are generally slow and expensive. Environmental Toxic tort cases often have very high standards for providing certain legal elements such as causation and liability, which make it difficult for plaintiffs to meet 32 newsletter/legislation/ch20dec02a.htm (last visited on December 23,2013 at 15.00) 33 Cf. Glen O. Robinson, Probabilistic Causation and Compensation for Tortious Risk, 14 J. LEGAL STUD. 779, 780 (1985) 34 See Peter Huber, Environmental Hazards and Liability Law, in LIABILITY: PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY 128, Evolved by the Supreme Court in the case of M.C. Mehta V. Union Of India. This rule doesn t provide with any of the defences that were available in the rule of Strict liability. 7
8 evidentiary burdens. 36 While tort cases are reasonably good at assessing personal injury and property damage, tort cases are clumsy and inflexible in assessing, evaluating and quantifying environmental goods and processes outside the market. Often, questions arise about the appropriate forum for the case and the applicable law. The application of the doctrine of forum non conveniens, like in the Bhopal gas tragedy case, can often determine whether a case will succeed or fail. Even if cases are allowed, awards can be small if a court decides it is proper to use the more limited law of the state in which the tort occurred. Courts may also choose to apply the doctrine of limited liability, which allows corporations to hide behind the corporate veil, effectively prohibiting the enforcement of any damages awarded. MNCs are also problematic for torts because they defy assumptions about the mapping of legal persons to territorial jurisdiction, the basis of traditional tort law. In recent years, there has been a shift of hazardous or polluting industries, so-called dirty industries, to low-income nations, such as India (McCallion and Sharma 2001). This shift is prompted by what Lawrence Summers while at the World Bans, called the impeccable economic logic of dumping a load of pollution on the lowest wage country. Potentially hazardous industries and companies from the developed world will move to host states in the developing world that offer the lowest level of environmental regulation and compliance costs, and the least liability for international investment. 37 States, particularly developing ones, are unable to adequately regulate hazardous industries that move into their nations for fear of driving investment elsewhere. Indeed even the deaths of thousands did not prompt any steps by the Indian government that the multinationals that brought in millions by way of profit actually adhered to the same safety standards abroad as they did at home 38. Proof of causation has been the biggest stumbling block to recovery in environmental toxic torts cases. Both negligence and strict liability require the plaintiff to prove that the substance in question caused the plaintiff's disease or injury. That inquiry often involves a number of sub issues, including whether: (1) the toxic substance is capable of causing the harm complained of; (2) the plaintiff was exposed to the toxic substance in quantity sufficient to cause disease, and (3) the toxic substance exposure caused the particular plaintiff's injury or disease. Proof of any of these propositions is likely to require expert testimony on scientific 36 newsletter/legislation/ch20dec02a.htm ( visited last December 22,2013 at 12:00) 37 (Visited last on December 21, 2013 at 10:00) 38 (visited last on December 22,2013 at 21:00) 8
9 evidence. Several characteristics of the typical environmental toxic tort case diminish the prospects of recovery by deserving plaintiffs. The long latency period between exposure and disease manifestation decreases the likelihood that the plaintiff will even suspect the causal connection, as well as decreasing the likelihood that the plaintiff will be able to marshal the facts on issues such as exposure necessary to prove his case 39. Typically there is no clinical evidence capable of linking the substance to the disease. The situation is further complicated by the fact that exposure to the toxic substance, even at relatively high levels, may not result in disease in most persons. Moreover, many of the diseases caused by toxic chemicals, particularly cancers and birth defects, occur in the general population. The absence of any unequivocal linkage between the disease and the toxin, together with the absence of clinical tests that could establish a linkage, means that proof of causation, if it can be made out at all, must be made indirectly, from comparisons between exposed and unexposed groups, or from studies where surrogates such as animals or single-celled organisms are used. Further, there may be other known risk factors for the claimed injury, whose role in the disease process must be considered. Moreover in environmental toxic torts cases the source is mostly unknown or uncertain about. The reason for the same can be that, process of the chemical affecting an individual or a group in environmental toxic tort cases is very indirect. They are indirect in the sense that the diseases caused by the chemical come from the polluted source, but from where did the pollutant came from is difficult to ascertain for. Toxic Tort is a new and emerging tort. There is no particular case in India to refer to as the benchmark case. Due to a real high number of environmental laws, campaigns and protests, easy access to justice in a toxic tort cases is becoming more and more of a reality. People are becoming more aware of environmental concerns and the state is eager to punish industries that end up polluting the environment. The MoEF has become more cautious in providing environmental clearances to industries. Environmental toxic tort is still in a nascent state in our country. It is just a matter of time that it will take to develop a dedicated law for this particular field, till then we have to find our way around or thought other laws to fight out for out right stable/pdfplus/ pdf (visited last on December 22,2013 at 22:00) 9
10 CONCLUSION To sum-up, it can be argued that the issue of environment has remained misplaced priority in India and even it was not the priority for couple of years after independence. Of course, the priority of the newly liberated country was the development and it was prepared to make certain sacrifices including environment. The alarming problem of environmental pollution was taken into cognizance much later. Although, Indian state started responding to problem of environment by inserting the provisions related to protection of environment in the chapter dealing with the Directive Principles of State Policy and as one of Fundamental Duties in the Article 51(A) of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd amendment, which was later followed by the enactment of statutory laws related to protection of environment, but the state response has remained neither adequate nor appropriate. The state approach has remained more cosmetic which led to the articulation of judicial activism in the domain of environment. Public Interest Litigation has remained main vehicle through which the higher judiciary asserted in the arena of environment and thereby developed the new from of jurisprudence, which is known as environmental jurisprudence. The Supreme Court and different High Courts of states in India, delivered path breaking verdicts in the cases related with environment and raised the right to clean and healthy environment to the level of right to life and that of human rights While reconciling development with ecology, the higher judiciary argued that the development is possible while taking care of environment in India. However, the contribution of Judicial Activism has remained enormous in the subject under discussion but most of the time even the judicial activism has remained the judge driven phenomenon. In the last few years, the environmental jurisprudence has been characterized by a new from of litigation wherein the Precautionary Principle is applied but the success rate in such kind of cases is very low. As the problem of environment is huge and multifaceted, therefore the urgency of the situation requires to move beyond judicial activism because it is not sufficient to ensure the protection of the environment in the given crisis situation. Indian state has the mandate and obligation to protect environment, but its failure to perform its duty in the past has proved detrimental to the Both state activism and public activism are closely related with each other because the former has the potential to sensitize the public regarding the environmental pollution, whereas the later has potential to command the state to do needful in this regard. 10
IS THERE A RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT?
4 IS THERE A RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT? This Chapter analyses the provisions in Part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (Directive Principles) of the Constitution of India from a human
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS VOLUME 4 ISSUE 1
THE SCOPE OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT CASES 1 * SAYESHA BHATTACHARYA 1. THE EXPANSION OF ARTICLE 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION TO INLCUDE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT During the late 1970s and early
More informationSESSION 7: PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL CASES. Public Interest Litigation
SESSION 7: PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL CASES Public Interest Litigation 1. A predominant part of the existing environmental law has developed in India through careful judicial thinking
More informationLaw. Environmental Law Judicial Remedies in Environmental Cases
Law Environmental Law Judicial Remedies in Environmental Cases 1 QUADRANT-I (A) PERSONAL DETAILS Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Prof (Dr) Ranbir Singh Vice Chancellor, National Law University
More informationENVIRONMENTAL JURISPRUDENCE IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO INITIATIVES OF SUPREME COURT FOR ENVIRO-SOCIAL JUSTICE
ENVIRONMENTAL JURISPRUDENCE IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO INITIATIVES OF SUPREME COURT FOR ENVIRO-SOCIAL JUSTICE Debadyuti Banerjee National University of Juridical Sciences, Dr. Ambedkar Bhavan, 12 LB Block,
More informationCONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION: CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECT IN INDIA
CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION: CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECT IN INDIA *Sandya Hewameealla Department of Legal Studies, The Open University of Sri Lanka. *E-mail: Sandyameella78yahoo.com Abstract: Water and life are
More informationSRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ DEEPAK KUMAR ( ) RIGHT TO HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN INDIA: A JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVE. Deepak Kumar Ph.D.
RIGHT TO HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN INDIA: A JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVE Deepak Kumar Ph.D Abstract Environment and environmental rights, play a fundamental role in human life and also help in developing the values
More informationTHE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010: AN OVERVIEW
2011] 99 THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010: AN OVERVIEW Background Aruna B Venkat* It is a matter of common knowledge that the higher judiciary in India is overburdened with a large backlog of cases.
More informationSession I: Lecture Notes on Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy
Session I: Lecture Notes on Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy Dr. Luther Rangreji Legal Officer, Ministry of External Affairs I. Introduction Preservation and protection of environment is a
More informationDOCUMENTARY REVIEW & RESEARCH ON ABSOLUTE LIABILITY
Open Access Journal available at jlsr.thelawbrigade.com 350 DOCUMENTARY REVIEW & RESEARCH ON ABSOLUTE LIABILITY Written By Rohit Agarwal*, Pratyay Bhaskar** & Shreyansh Ajmera*** * 2nd Year BA LLB Student,
More informationAbsolute Liability in India Necessity and Reforms
Absolute Liability in India Necessity and Reforms Asang Wankhede, Third Year Student of National Law University Delhi 1 Abstract Absolute liability in its basic sense refers to no fault liability, in which
More informationBEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL EASTERN ZONE BENCH, KOLKATA THE CHAIRMAN POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL EASTERN ZONE BENCH, KOLKATA O.A. No. 12/2015/EZ JOYDEEP MUKHERJEE VS THE CHAIRMAN POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD & ORS CORAM: Hon ble Mr. Justice Pratap Kumar Ray, Judicial
More informationRight to Water in International and National Perspective
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 4, Ver. VII (Apr. 2014), PP 10-14 e-issn: 2279-0837, p-issn: 2279-0845. Right to Water in International and National Perspective
More informationSTUC Response to Scottish Parliament Justice Committee Inquiry into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Bill
STUC Response to Scottish Parliament Justice Committee Inquiry into Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths etc. (Scotland) Bill Introduction The STUC is Scotland s trade union centre. Its purpose is to coordinate,
More informationLaw. Environmental Law Sources of Domestic Environmental Law
Law Environmental Law Sources of Domestic Environmental Law 1 QUADRANT-I (A) PERSONAL DETAILS Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Prof (Dr) Ranbir Singh Vice Chancellor, National Law University
More informationSANITATION AS BASICS TO THE RIGHT TO LIFE
Open Access Journal available at www.ijldai.thelawbrigade.com 71 SANITATION AS BASICS TO THE RIGHT TO LIFE Written by Dheerendra Kumar Baisla LLM Student, Galgotias University (School of Law) ABSTRACT
More informationChapter - IV. Constitutional Mandate for Environment Protection in India
Chapter - IV Constitutional Mandate for Environment Protection in India CHAPTER-IV CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION IN INDIA 4.1 Constitutional Position A. Before the 42nd Amendment -
More informationAn Act made to protect the environment, to improve the quality of the environment and to control and abate the pollution of the environment
Act No.1 of 1995 An Act made to protect the environment, to improve the quality of the environment and to control and abate the pollution of the environment Whereas it is expedient to provide for the protection
More informationSUMMARY EQUIVALENCE ASSESSMENT BY POLICY PRINCIPLE AND KEY ELEMENTS
SUMMARY EQUIVALENCE ASSESSMENT BY POLICY PRINCIPLE AND KEY ELEMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS Objectives To ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects and to support the integration
More informationJudicial Analysis of the Powers and Functions of the Administrative Tribunals
Christ University Law Journal, 3, 1 (2014), 83-94 ISSN 2278-4322 doi.org/10.12728/culj.4.6 Judicial Analysis of the Powers and Functions of the Administrative Tribunals Sanjay Gupta* and Smriti Sharma
More informationthe court may be enabled to make a complete decree between the parties [and] prevent future litigation by taking away the necessity of a multiplicity
CLASS ACTION SUITS UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986 Sushma Sosha Philip Introduction: Class Action suits originated as a means of overcoming the impracticalities imposed by a large group of plaintiffs/petitioners
More informationVellore Citizen s Welfare Forum v. Union of Indian & Others: A critique of Precautionary and Polluter Pays Principle
Vellore Citizen s Welfare Forum v. Union of Indian & Others: A critique of Precautionary and Polluter Pays Principle RIYA GUPTA JINDAL GLOBAL LAW SCHOOL, SONEPAT, HARYANA Introduction I ndia is one of
More informationCHAPTER 30 POLICE DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER 30 POLICE DEPARTMENT 30.01 Department Established 30.07 Police Chief: Duties 30.02 Organization 30.08 Departmental Rules 30.03 Peace Officer Qualifications 30.09 Summoning Aid 30.04 Required Training
More informationThe Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Compiled & Edited by: www.urbanresearch.in 1. SHORT TITLE, EXTENT AND COMMENCEMENT. 1) This Act may be called the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. 2) It extends
More informationCHAPTER - VI THE ROLE OF JUDICIARY
CHAPTER - VI THE ROLE OF JUDICIARY 222 CHAPTER VI THE ROLE OF JUDICIARY INTRODUCTION: In developing countries like India, there has been environmental degradation due to over exploitation of resources,
More informationTHE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
SECTIONS 1. Short title and commencement. 2. Definitions. THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY CHAPTER II ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TRIBUNAL 3. Establishment of
More informationTHE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986
THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 986 No. 9 OF 986 [3rd May, 986.] An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of environment and for matters connected there with: WHEREAS the decisions were taken
More informationList of Acts for Statutory Compliances
List of Acts for Statutory Compliances Sr. No Particulars 1 THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948 READ WITH MAHARASHTRA FACTORIES RULES, 1963 2 THE INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT (STANDING ORDERS) ACT, 1946 READ WITH THE INDUSTRIAL
More information2 The Indian constitution uses the term to refer to Vulnerable groups. 1. Muslims 2. Weaker Sections 3. Christians 4.
Multiple Choice Questions 1. ------------ are those groups which are suppressed, exploited, and discriminated against by other people. 1. Vulnerable Groups 2. Majority Group 3. Muslims 4. Christians 2
More informationThe Trajectory of Environmental Justice in India
Kirit Patel and Kathryn Dey 2013. The Trajectory of Environmental Justice in India: Prospects and Challenges for the National Green Tribunal, in Tim, M, Trivedi N and D Vajpeyi (eds), Perspectives on Governance
More informationThe Precautionary Principle, Trade and the WTO
The Precautionary Principle, Trade and the WTO A Discussion Paper for the European Commission Consultation on Trade and Sustainable Development November 7th 2000 Peter Hardstaff, Trade Policy Officer,
More informationSmt. Kaushnuma Begum And Ors vs The New India Assurance Co. Ltd... on 3 January, 2001
Supreme Court of India Bench: K.T.Thomas, R.P.Sethi CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 6 of 2001 Special Leave Petition (civil) 1431 of 2000 PETITIONER: SMT. KAUSHNUMA BEGUM AND ORS. Vs. RESPONDENT: THE NEW INDIA
More informationA STUDY ON PRINCIPLE AND DOCTRINE BY SUPREME COURT FOR PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Volume 120 No. 5 2018, 2365-2379 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ A STUDY ON PRINCIPLE AND DOCTRINE BY SUPREME COURT FOR PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
More informationCLOSING INSTRUCTIONS. this case. As I mentioned at the beginning of the trial, you must keep an open
CLOSING INSTRUCTIONS I. GENERAL CLOSING INSTRUCTIONS Members of the jury, it is now time for me to tell you the law that applies to this case. As I mentioned at the beginning of the trial, you must keep
More informationPollution (Control) Act 2013
Pollution (Control) Act 2013 REPUBLIC OF VANUATU POLLUTION (CONTROL) ACT NO. 10 OF 2013 Arrangement of Sections REPUBLIC OF VANUATU Assent: 14/10/2013 Commencement: 27/06/2014 POLLUTION (CONTROL) ACT NO.
More informationDangerous Goods Safety Management Act 2001
Queensland Dangerous Goods Safety Management Act 2001 Reprinted as in force on 18 December 2009 Reprint No. 3 This reprint is prepared by the Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel Warning This
More informationCourt of Appeal on Smith v. Inco: Rylands v. Fletcher Revisited By Michael S. Hebert and Cheryl Gerhardt McLuckie*
Court of Appeal on Smith v. Inco: Rylands v. Fletcher Revisited By Michael S. Hebert and Cheryl Gerhardt McLuckie* In October 2011, the Ontario Court of Appeal released its much anticipated decision in
More informationEXPERIENCES OF SWEDEN S ENVIRONMENTAL COURTS
EXPERIENCES OF SWEDEN S ENVIRONMENTAL COURTS Ulf Bjällås* The Environmental Code Swedish law is to a large extent codified. Sweden has four fundamental acts,1 which together make up the Constitution. One
More informationStrict & Absolute liability: With Special Reference to India
WWJMRD 2018; 4(1): 189-193 www.wwjmrd.com International Journal Peer Reviewed Journal Refereed Journal Indexed Journal UGC Approved Journal Impact Factor MJIF: 4.25 e-issn: 2454-6615 Research Scholar,
More informationTHE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT,
1 of 7 7/18/2012 7:00 PM THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 19771 1 No. 36 of 1977 MINISTRY OF LAW, JUSTICE AND COMPANY AFFAIRS (Legislative Department) New Delhi, the 7th December,
More informationTHE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, No. 36 of [7th December, 1977]
THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977 1 No. 36 of 1977 [7th December, 1977] MINISTRY OF LAW, JUSTICE AND COMPANY AFFAIRS (Legislative Department) New Delhi, the 7th December, 1977
More informationAct No. 19 of 2002 (as amended) AN ACT. ENACTED by the Parliament of Mauritius, as follows - PART I - PRELIMINARY
Act No. 19 of 2002 (as amended) AN ACT To provide for the protection and management of the environmental assets of Mauritius so that their capacity to sustain the society and its development remains unimpaired
More informationPolluter Pays Doctrine Underscored: Section 99(2) of the EPA Applied: Some Thoughts on Midwest Properties Ltd. v. Thordarson, 2015 ONCA 819
1 Polluter Pays Doctrine Underscored: Section 99(2) of the EPA Applied: Some Thoughts on Midwest Properties Ltd. v. Thordarson, 2015 ONCA 819 Some Thoughts by the Lawyers at Willms & Shier Environmental
More informationJust Transition Forum, February 26-28, 2018
Just Transition Forum, February 26-28, 2018 Organizing New Economies to Serve People and Planet INTRODUCTION At the founding meeting of the BEA Initiative in July 2013, a group of 25 grassroots, four philanthropy
More informationEnvironmental justice and International law: What is new with Rome II Regulation?
Environmental justice and International law: What is new with Rome II Regulation? Marc-Antoine Carreira da Cruz Scientific advisor Perelman Center for Legal Philosophy Université Libre de Bruxelles Environmental
More informationA PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY
A PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY SUNITA RANI Research Scholar, department of economics CDLU, SIRSA (India) ABSTRACT The main reason of undevloping country is poverty. India is also one
More informationQ&A With Respect to the Curative Petition
Q&A With Respect to the Curative Petition What is a Curative Petition and what is the significance of the India Supreme Court s Order responding to it? A Curative Petition is a procedural device in India
More informationGovernment of the District of Columbia OFFICE OF THE CORPORATION COUNSEL JUDICIARY SQUARE 441FOURTH ST., N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C.
Government of the District of Columbia OFFICE OF THE CORPORATION COUNSEL JUDICIARY SQUARE 441FOURTH ST., N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20001 BY E-MAIL Gene N. Lebrun, Esq. PO Box 8250 909 St. Joseph Street, S.
More informationThe Indian Law Institute
CONTROL OF NOISE POLLUTION (2 nd Revised Ed.) (1999). ByN.S. Kamboj. Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Pp. 181. Price Rs. 350/-. THE ANCIENT Indian culture put emphasis on Santi (peace of
More informationTHE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) RULES, 1986
THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) RULES, 1986 (The Principal rules were published in the Gazette of India vide number S.O. 844(E), dated 19.11.1986 and subsequently amended vide: (i) S.O. 32(E), 16.2.87 (ii)
More informationIN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOS OF 2017 M/S LION ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS VERSUS O R D E R
1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA REPORTABLE CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 8984-8985 OF 2017 M/S LION ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS APPELLANT(S) VERSUS STATE OF M.P. & ORS. RESPONDENT(S) O R D
More informationCONSULTATION ON DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF A VARIABLE MONETARY PENALTY
CONTENTS CONSULTATION ON DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF A VARIABLE MONETARY PENALTY... 2 Foreword... 2 SUMMARY... 3 HOW TO RESPOND AND BY WHEN... 4 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION... 5 1.1 How will a Variable Monetary
More informationInverse Condemnation and the Law of Waters
Inverse Condemnation and the Law of Waters DANIEL R. MANDELKER School of Law, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. This paper deals with research on recent trends of legislation and court decisions pertaining
More informationSUPREMO AMICUS VOLUME 3 JAN 2018 ISSN:
BAN ON JALLIKATTU; A RIVALRY WITH CULTURE By Umang Gola From Delhi Metropolitan Education, Noida affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU) Conservation of Culture should not involve
More informationGreen 10 position paper on post-brexit EU-UK collaboration in the field of environmental protection
Green 10 position paper on post-brexit EU-UK collaboration in the field of environmental protection 8 May 2018 While there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the shape of the future EU-UK relationship
More informationBEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL SOUTHERN ZONE, CHENNAI. Application No. 420 of 2013(SZ)
BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL SOUTHERN ZONE, CHENNAI Application No. 420 of 2013(SZ) IN THE MATTER OF: Mr. V. Magesh S/o. N. Vedachalam No.387-A, Thirumalai Nagar Hastinapuram Chennai-600 064... Applicant(s)
More informationROLE OF THE JUDICIARY IN EARTH JURISPRUDENCE:
ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY IN EARTH JURISPRUDENCE: AN ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENT JUSTICE LITIGATION Dr Rowena Maguire, Law Faculty, QUT Role of Judiciary Exercise of Judicial Power: binding
More information* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI + W.P.(C) 6105/2011. % SADHNA BHARDWAJ.. Petitioner Through: Mr. Dipak Bhattarcharya, Adv.
* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI + W.P.(C) 6105/2011 Date of decision: 1 st September, 2011 % SADHNA BHARDWAJ.. Petitioner Through: Mr. Dipak Bhattarcharya, Adv. Versus THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
More informationCONDENSED OUTLINE FOR TORTS I
Condensed Outline of Torts I (DeWolf), November 25, 2003 1 CONDENSED OUTLINE FOR TORTS I [Use this only as a supplement and corrective for your own more detailed outlines!] The classic definition of a
More information`Occupier' in the Factories Act
`Occupier' in the Factories Act THE following are the duties, obligations and responsibilities of an occupier: Notice by occupier (Sec. 7): The occupier shall, at least 15 days before he begins to occupy
More informationNEGLIGENCE. All four of the following must be demonstrated for a legal claim of negligence to be successful:
NEGLIGENCE WHAT IS NEGLIGENCE? Negligence is unintentional harm to others as a result of an unsatisfactory degree of care. It occurs when a person NEGLECTS to do something that a reasonably prudent person
More informationPOLICE, FIRE AND EMERGENCIES
POLICE, FIRE AND EMERGENCIES TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 30 - POLICE DEPARTMENT... 125 CHAPTER 35 - FIRE DEPARTMENT... 135 CHAPTER 36 - HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SPILLS... 139 CHAPTER 30 POLICE DEPARTMENT 30.01
More informationAkriti Sharma & Sonal Hundlani
EXTENT OF ORIGINAL JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT Akriti Sharma & Sonal Hundlani Symbiosis Law School, Noida Article 131 of the Indian Constitution explains the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
More informationBurges Salmon. The Legal 500 & The In-House Lawyer. Legal Briefing Projects, energy and natural resources. The Legal 500
Burges Salmon The Legal 500 & The In-House Lawyer Legal Briefing Projects, energy and natural resources The Legal 500 Michael Barlow, partner michael.barlow@burges-salmon.com Simon Tilling, associate simon.tilling@burges-salmon.com
More informationMAURITIUS FIRE AND RESCUE SERVICE ACT Act 13 of February 2014
Revised Laws of Mauritius MAURITIUS FIRE AND RESCUE SERVICE ACT Act 13 of 2013 5 February 2014 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS SECTION PART I PRELIMINARY 1. Short title 2. Interpretation 3. Application of Act
More informationIN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL)NO OF 2017
1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL)NO. 15804 OF 2017 ROJER MATHEW PETITIONER VERSUS SOUTH INDIAN BANK LIMITED AND ORS RESPONDENTS O R
More informationCORAM: HON'BLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE RAJIV SAHAI ENDLAW J U D G M E N T
* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI + W.P.(CRL.) No.807 of 2014 Reserved on: 09.07.2014 Pronounced on:16.09.2014 MANOHAR LAL SHARMA ADVOCATE... Petitioner Through: Petitioner-in-person with Ms. Suman
More informationThe section Causation: Actual Cause and Proximate Cause from Business Law and the Legal Environment was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a
The section Causation: Actual Cause and Proximate Cause from Business Law and the Legal Environment was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
More informationChapter - III. Tortious Liability of Multinational Corporations in India
Chapter - III Tortious Liability of Multinational Corporations in India CHAPTER-III TORTIOUS LIABILITY OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN INDIA A tort is a civil wrong for which the remedy is an action for
More informationEnvironmental Law and Justice: The History and Future. Vasudhev Kutumakam (sanskrit) meaning: The world is one family.
Environmental Law and Justice: The History and Future Vasudhev Kutumakam (sanskrit) meaning: The world is one family. Time is supposed to be the most abstract concept in the universe. Its definition is
More information2005(1)JV ARTICLE 1 SCOPE OF ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA
2005(1)JV ARTICLE 1 SCOPE OF ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA K.Ramakrishnan, Addl.District Judge, Mavelikara. Time has come to think to provide a forum for the poor and needy people who approach
More information2016 the District Magistrate of Gautam Buddha Nagar, Additional SP and CEOs of NOIDA Development Authority
BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL, PRINCIPAL BENCH, NEW DELHI Original Application No. 618 of 2016 (M.A. No. 1193 of 2016) Sanjay Kumar Vs. State of U.P. & Ors. CORAM : HON BLE MR. JUSTICE SWATANTER KUMAR,
More informationBEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL PRINCIPAL BENCH NEW DELHI
In the matter of : BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL PRINCIPAL BENCH NEW DELHI.. Original Application No. 160 (T HC ) of 2013 And Original Application No. 161 (T HC ) of 2013 And Original Application
More informationBhopal Gas Leak: Thirty years of crisis and coping
Bhopal Gas Leak: Thirty years of crisis and coping Jacques Véron* & Aswini K. Nanda** In 1984, the Bhopal plant, an unit of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) was at the origin of a major industrial disaster.
More informationINDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS:
INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS: AN Transforming Cultures ejournal, Vol. 5 No 1 June 2010 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/tfc Amita Baviskar Abstract Amita Baviskar is a key analyst of environmental
More informationBEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL, PRINCIPAL BENCH, NEW DELHI. Application No. 06 of Manoj Mishra Vs. Union of India & Ors.
BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL, PRINCIPAL BENCH, NEW DELHI Application No. 06 of 2012 Manoj Mishra Vs. Union of India & Ors. CORAM : HON BLE MR. JUSTICE SWATANTER KUMAR, CHAIRPERSON HON BLE MR. JUSTICE
More informationMONTREAL DECLARATION: People's Right to Safety
MONTREAL DECLARATION: People's Right to Safety 6th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Control Montreal, Canada, 15 May 2002 he participants of the 6th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Control
More informationProtection of Environment Act 2053 B.S. (1997)
Protection of Environment Act 2053 B.S. (1997) The Following Act issued by His Majesty the King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev has been published for the information of the public general. Act No. 24 of
More informationElements of a Civil Claim
Elements of a Civil Claim This presentation provides an overview of the elements of a civil claim, with particular reference to construction claims, and looks at each dispute resolution option in the context
More informationLaw and Social Justice
Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice Do you recall the Story of a shirt from your Class VII book? We saw there that a chain of markets links the producer of cotton to the buyer of the shirt in the supermarket.
More informationAGROCHEMICALS CONTROL ACT
AGROCHEMICALS CONTROL ACT Wholly Amended by Act No. 5023, Dec. 6, 1995 Amended by Act No. 5153, Aug. 8, 1996 Act No. 5453, Dec. 13, 1997 Act No. 5945, Mar. 31, 1999 Act No. 6763, Dec. 11, 2002 Act No.
More informationTransition from the informal to the formal economy Greening of Industry:
Arun Kumar/ACTRAV-ILO Bangkok Transition from the informal to the formal economy Greening of Industry: Linking Working Conditions & Terms of Employment to Green Industry & Sustainable Development What
More informationQuestion Farmer Jones? Discuss. 3. Big Food? Discuss. -36-
Question 4 Grain Co. purchases grain from farmers each fall to resell as seed grain to other farmers for spring planting. Because of problems presented by parasites which attack and eat seed grain that
More informationThe Association Agreement between the EU and Moldova
Moldova State University Faculty of Law Chisinau, 12 th February 2015 The Association Agreement between the EU and Moldova Environmental Cooperation Gianfranco Tamburelli Association Agreements with Georgia,
More informationTRADE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Disclaimer: In view of the Commission's transparency policy, the Commission is publishing the texts of the Trade Part of the Agreement following the agreement in principle announced on 21 April 2018. The
More informationPromissory Estoppel : Applicability on Govt - By Divya Bhargava Tuesday, 10 November :48 - Last Updated Wednesday, 11 November :01
The Doctrine of Promissory Estoppel is an equitable doctrine. This principle is commonly invoked in common law in case of breach of contract or against a Government. The doctrine is popularly called as
More informationK.K. MISHRA.APPELLANT(S) VERSUS JUDGMENT. 2. By the order impugned, the High Court. of Madhya Pradesh has negatived the challenge
1 REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO(S) 547 OF 2018 [ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CRIMINAL] NO.6064 OF 2017] K.K. MISHRA.APPELLANT(S)
More informationRECENT DEVELOPMENTS CONCERNING THE LIABILITY OF BUILDING PROFESSIONALS IN NSW
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS CONCERNING THE LIABILITY OF BUILDING PROFESSIONALS IN NSW Paper given by Brian Walton to the Annual Conference of the Australian Institute of Building Surveyors 21 22 July 2014 Introduction
More informationREFORMS IN THE POLICE INVESTIGATION METHODS IN INDIA
REFORMS IN THE POLICE INVESTIGATION METHODS IN INDIA Authored by: Meenakshi Singh* * 3rd Year BBA LLB Student, School of Law, Christ (Deemed to be) University THEORETICAL BACKGROUND The Police Act of 1861
More informationSTATUTORY INSTRUMENTS. S.I. No. 209 of 2015 CHEMICALS ACT (CONTROL OF MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS INVOLVING DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES) REGULATIONS 2015
STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS. S.I. No. 209 of 2015 CHEMICALS ACT (CONTROL OF MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARDS INVOLVING DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES) REGULATIONS 2015 2 [209] S.I. No. 209 of 2015 CHEMICALS ACT (CONTROL OF MAJOR
More informationCHAPTER VII NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL, ITS FUNCTIONING AND EFFECTIVENESS VIS-À-VIS NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010
CHAPTER VII NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL, ITS FUNCTIONING AND EFFECTIVENESS VIS-À-VIS NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010 There is a need for an alternative forum to decide the environmental dispute has been
More informationARMED FORCES TRIBUNAL, REGIONAL BENCH, LUCKNOW COURT NO 2. OA 274/2014 with MA 1802/2014. Thursday, this the 16th of Feb 2015
1 RESERVED ORDER A.F.R ARMED FORCES TRIBUNAL, REGIONAL BENCH, LUCKNOW COURT NO 2 OA 274/2014 with MA 1802/2014 Thursday, this the 16th of Feb 2015 Hon ble Mr. Justice Virendra Kumar DIXIT, Judicial Member
More informationCONTRACTS. A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties whereby they make the future more predictable.
CONTRACTS LESE Spring 2002 O'Hara 1 A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties whereby they make the future more predictable. Contracts are in addition to the preexisting,
More informationTHE PLANTATIONS LABOUR (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2008
TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE RAJYA SABHA Bill No. XLIV of 2008 69 of 1951. THE PLANTATIONS LABOUR (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2008 A BILL further to amend the Plantations Labour Act, 1951. BE it enacted by Parliament
More informationThe Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration
The Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration With the support of The Gender Youth Migration Initiative What is the Gender Youth Migration Initiative (GYM)? The Gender Youth
More informationEffective and Accountable Judicial Administration
Effective and Accountable Judicial Administration by by David A. Jackson 1 and Matia Vannoni 2 1 David A. Jackson obtained a Master of Laws at Lund University in 2011 and is studying for a Graduate Diploma
More informationGREEN COURTS IN INDIA: STRENGTHENING ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE?
Environment and Development Journal Law LEAD GREEN COURTS IN INDIA: STRENGTHENING ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE? Raghav Sharma STUDENT NOTE VOLUME 4/1 LEAD Journal (Law, Environment and Development Journal)
More informationFOOD PROCESSING/SAFETY & STANDARDS
FOOD PROCESSING/SAFETY & STANDARDS -COPY OF NOTIFICATION Dated 4 th March, 2011 (Published in the Gazette of India on 10th March, 2011) In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section
More informationRSR LIMITED TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SUPPLY (GOODS AND SERVICES)
RSR LIMITED TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SUPPLY (GOODS AND SERVICES) 1. DEFINITIONS In these Conditions: Business Day means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday in England when banks in London
More informationChapter XIX EQUITY CONDENSED OUTLINE
Chapter XIX EQUITY CONDENSED OUTLINE I. NATURE AND SCOPE OF EQUITY B. Equitable Maxims and Other General Doctrines. C. Marshaling Assets. II. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTS B. When Specific Performance
More information