Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis?
|
|
- Berenice Goodwin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 3 Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis? Tatu Vanhanen * Department of Political Science, University of Helsinki The purpose of this article is to explore the causes of the European eurozone s serious debt crisis from one particular perspective. The idea is to clarify to what extent the eurocrisis might be causally related to the fact that the average intelligence (national IQ) of the six crisis countries seems to be clearly lower than the average intelligence of the 11 other euro countries. Besides, it does not seem to be an accident that five of the six crisis countries are Mediterranean countries whose populations are biologically partly mixed with immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa. This paper focuses on the role of the Mediterranean countries. It is hypothesized that because of their slightly lower national IQs, the Mediterranean countries have not been able to manage their economic policies as well as the countries with higher national IQs. More intelligent nations have usually been able to manage their affairs better than less intelligent nations. The hypothesis is tested by comparing the relationship between the level of national IQ and several other measures of human conditions both in the group of the 17 eurocountries and in the total world groups of countries. The results of comparisons as well as correlations in the same groups of countries support the hypothesis. Consequently, it is concluded that the clear difference in the national IQs between the six crisis countries and 11 other euro countries is a factor that has contributed to the emergence of eurozone s debt crisis. Key Words: Euro; Debt crisis; Public debt; Budget deficit; National IQ; Mediterranean countries; Human conditions. Introduction The European common currency euro has been in serious crisis since 2010 for the reason that some eurozone countries had built up debts much large than they were able to pay back. Ireland, Greece, Portugal, and Spain were forced to ask help from the other eurozone * Address for correspondence: tatu4@saunalahti.fi
2 4 Tatu Vanhanen countries. Cyprus is expected to ask help, and Italy staggers on the brink of crisis. The other euro countries have already supported the crisis countries with vast amounts of money, but it is questionable how long they are able and willing to help the weaker members of the eurozone if Italy, too, has to ask for help. The crisis has had farreaching consequences that extend to the world as a whole. Thomas Kenny (2012) notes that this is one of the most important problems facing the world economy, but it is also one of the hardest to understand. The Two Groups of Euro Countries The causes of the eurocrisis have been analyzed from many perspectives. It has been noted that the debt crisis is due to serious mistakes made in economic policies. Some euro countries did not follow the rules made by the eurozone. It is evident that serious mistakes have been made and that crisis countries have not yet been able to correct their mistakes. The eurocrisis emerged when some euro countries attempted to improve the living standards of their citizens by easily available debt money, but were unable to estimate their ability to pay back their debts. Their debt policies were unrealistic. They had to ask assistance from the other euro countries. The problem is why some countries did not follow the eurozone s specific rules which stipulate that each state s deficit must not exceed 3% of GDP and the public debt must not exceed 60% of GDP. Several countries have broken these rules, but all countries did not cross the limits as much. Let us first see to what extent the six crisis countries and 11 other euro countries followed these rules in 2011 ( Table 1 shows that the values of both variables vary greatly from country to country, but there is a significant difference between the six crisis countries and the 11 other euro countries. All crisis countries have crossed the public debt and budget deficit limits, and the means for the six crisis countries are extremely high (106.9 and -7.6), whereas less than half of the other euro countries crossed the limits in 2011, and the means for the 11 countries are slightly below the 60% and 3% limits (58.0 and -2.7). The problem is why the six crisis countries The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies
3 Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis? 5 Table 1. Data on public debt % of GDP (2011) and budget deficit % of GDP (2011) in six crisis countries and in 11 other euro countries in 2011 Country Public Debt % of GDP 2011 Budget deficit % of GDP 2011 Crisis countries Cyprus Greece Ireland Italy Portugal Spain Mean of the six crisis countries Other 11 euro countries Austria Belgium Estonia Finland France Germany Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Slovakia Slovenia Mean of the 11 other euro countries Mean of all 27 EU countries
4 6 Tatu Vanhanen broke the rules so greatly and contributed to the emergence of the European debt crisis. Do they have some common characteristics which could explain their deviations from the rules? Yes, they have one common characteristic: all of them except Ireland are Mediterranean countries. But how could this geographic factor explain their getting deeper and deeper into debt? I think that Lynn and Vanhanen s data on the impact of national IQ on the quality of human conditions provide a noteworthy answer to this question. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen s studies on the relationship between national IQ and various measures of human conditions have disclosed that more intelligent nations tend to manage their affairs better than less intelligent nations (see Lynn and Vanhanen, 2012). Consequently, it is reasonable to assume that the national IQs of the 11 other euro countries are higher than the national IQs of the six crisis countries. This is indeed true. Data on national IQs are from Lynn and Vanhanen s 2012 book Intelligence: A Unifying Construct for the Social Sciences (Table 2.1). The mean of the national IQs of the six crisis countries is 94.5 (Cyprus 91.8, Greece 93.2, Ireland 94.9, Italy 96.1, Portugal 94.4, and Spain 96.6) and the mean of the 11 other euro countries is 98.4 (Austria 99.0, Belgium 99.3, Estonia 99.7, Finland 100.9, France 98.1, Germany 98.9, Luxembourg 95.0, Malta 95.3, Netherlands 100.4, Slovakia 98.0, and Slovenia 97.6). The difference between the means of the two groups of countries is 3.9 IQ index points. It is not much, but it seems to be enough to cause differences in various measures of human conditions, not only in economic policies. The correlation between national IQ and Public Debt % of GDP was and between national IQ and Budget Deficit % of GDP in this group of 17 euro countries in The correlations are negative as hypothesized but relatively weak. In other words, national IQ explains 19 percent of the variation in Public Debt % of GDP and 26 percent of the variation in Budget Deficit % of GDP. The explained parts of variation in dependent variables are low, but noteworthy for the reason that national IQ varies only from 91.8 to in this small sample of 17 countries. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies
5 Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis? 7 However, it is clear that the major part of the variation in the two dependent variables is due to some other factors. I do not try to find out what those other explanatory factors might be. I focus on the role of the small differences in average national IQs. One could ask why national IQs for the Mediterranean countries are systematically slightly lower than for most of the other euro countries. We can derive an answer to this question from the population history of the Mediterranean countries. During thousands of years the populations of Cyprus, Greece, South Italy, Portugal, and South Spain have become to a significant extent biologically mixed with immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa. Because the average intelligence of those immigrants may have been significantly lower than those of Europeans, the national IQs of the Mediterranean countries are now somewhat lower than of most of the other European countries. However, the national IQs of Italy and Spain are only two IQ index points lower than the mean of the 11 other euro countries. The explanation for Italy s and Spain s somewhat higher national IQs is in the fact that national IQs for the populations of North Italy and North Spain are approximately at the same level as in the more northern parts of Europe. The assumption that the average intelligence of those immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa may have been lower than the average intelligence of Europeans is based on the fact that the contemporary national IQs of the Middle East and North African nations vary from approximately 80 (Saudi Arabia) to 89 (Turkey) (see Lynn and Vanhanen, 2012, Table 2.1). We do not know what those national IQs may have been thousands of years ago when there were high civilizations in the Middle East. Impact of National IQ on Other Measures of the Human Condition Table 1 shows that differences in Public Debt % of GDP and in Budget Deficit % of GDP between the two groups of euro countries are clearly related to the differences in national IQs. They may be related also to some other explanatory factors, but I do not know them. According to my interpretation, the countries of higher national IQs have succeeded in their economic policies better than
6 8 Tatu Vanhanen the Mediterranean countries with somewhat lower national IQs. Therefore it is plausible to assume that the same difference applies also to various other measures of human conditions. Lynn and Vanhanen s global studies have indicated that national IQ is moderately or strongly correlated with many kinds of indicators of human conditions (see Lynn and Vanhanen, 2012). The differences of national IQs between the two groups of euro countries are small, but are they enough to be reflected in the values of some other measures of human conditions? If it can be shown that the values of different other indicators of human conditions are systematically lower for the group of crisis countries than for the group of the 11 other euro countries, it would support the argument on the causal impact of differences in national IQs on differences in economic policies of the two groups of euro countries. I test this hypothesis by empirical evidence on six indicators of human conditions: 1. UNDP s Human Development Index (HDI-08), 2. gross tertiary enrolment ratio (% of tertiary school-age population) (Tertiary-09), 3. life expectancy at birth (Life-08), 4. Gini index (Gini- 08), 5. per capita income (PPP/GNI-08), and 6. Corruption Perception Index (CPI-09). These variables are defined in greater detail and documented in our book (Lynn and Vanhanen, 2012). They were selected for the reason that they illustrate the differences in human conditions from various perspectives. I want to emphasize that these variables are only examples of numerous other indicators of human conditions used in our study. Any one of them could be replaced by some other indicator. It should be noted that the timing of observations is not the same for national IQs and for the six indicators of human conditions used in this study. Most national IQs are based on intelligence tests made in the period from the 1980s to 2011 as has been documented in Appendix 1 of Lynn and Vanhanen s 2012 book. In some cases even older intelligence tests have been taken into account. When data on more than one intelligence test have been reported, the mean of the two studies is given, while where there are three or more studies, median IQs are given in the last row for each nation as the best The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies
7 Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis? 9 Table 2. The values of six measures of human conditions for the two groups of euro countries Country HDI-08 Tertiary-09 Life-08 Gini-08 PPP/GNI CPI-09 p.c Crisis countries Cyprus , Greece , Ireland , Italy ,0 30, Portugal , Spain , Mean of the six countries , Other 11 euro countries Austria , Belgium , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Malta , Netherlands , Slovakia , Slovenia , Mean of the 11 countries , Mean of 27 EU countries ,
8 10 Tatu Vanhanen estimates of the national IQs derived from intelligence tests (Lynn and Vanhanen, 2012, p. 391). In the cases of the six indicators of human conditions, the times of measurements are quite recent as indicated in the names of variables: year 2008 in the cases of Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy at birth (Life), Gini index, and per capita income (PPP/GNI); and year 2009 in the cases of gross tertiary enrolment ratio % (Tertiary) and Corruption Perception Index (CPI). In other words, data on national IQs are from earlier periods than data on the six indicators of human conditions According to the research hypothesis, the means of these variables should be clearly lower for the six crisis countries than for the 11 other euro countries, except in the case of Gini-08. Its value is expected to rise higher for a lower level of national IQ. Consequently, the mean of Gini-08 should be clearly higher for the group of crisis countries than for the group of 11 other euro countries. Empirical data needed for this comparison are presented in Table 2. Table 2 shows that empirical evidence supports the hypothesis clearly in the cases of the three last variables but not in the cases of the three first variables. The means of HDI-08 and Tertiary-09 are practically the same for both groups of euro countries, whereas the mean of Life-08, contrary to the hypothesis, is slightly higher for the group of six crisis countries than for the 11 other euro countries. The means of Gini-08, PPP/GNI per capita 2008, and CPI-09 support strongly the hypothesis. The distribution of income (or consumption) is clearly more equal in the group of 11 other euro countries than in the group of crisis countries. The difference between the group means is 5.2 Gini index points. The level of per capita income is clearly higher in the group of 11 other euro countries than in the group of crisis countries. The difference between the group means was 3,885 euros in Finally, the level of corruption seems to be significantly higher in the group of crisis countries than in the group of 11 other euro countries. The difference between the group means is 1.4 CPI-09 index points. It is remarkable that the relatively small difference in the group means of national IQs (3.9 IQ points) has been enough to produce clear differences in the group means of the three indicators The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies
9 Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis? 11 of human conditions. Correlations between national IQ and these six indicators of human conditions in the group of seventeen euro countries correspond approximately the group differences between the two groups of euro countries. The correlation between national IQ and HDI-08 is 0.358, between national IQ and Tertiary-09 it is 0.252, between national IQ and Life-08 it is , between national IQ and Gini-08 it is , between national IQ and PPP/GNI per capita 2008 it is 0.200, and between national IQ and CPI-09 it is Most correlations are weak, but they are positive or negative (Gini- 08) as hypothesized in all cases, except in the case of Life-08. Its slightly negative correlation contradicts the hypothesis. The strongest correlations are in the cases of Gini-08 and CPI-09. One could assume that differences in the group means of variables would increase when the difference of group means of national IQs becomes larger. It should be noted that in the total group of 199 countries national IQ varies from 107,1 to 60,1 index points: the range is 47 IQ index points (see Lynn and Vanhanen, 2012, Table 2.1). Global Comparison If the observed impact of national IQ on the measures of human conditions were limited to the two small groups of euro countries, one could argue that it is only accidental, and may not apply to other countries of the world. However, the question does not seem to turn on a coincidence. It is reasonable to hypothesize that the similar relationship between national IQ and the level of various measures of human conditions extends to all countries of the world. This hypothesis can be tested, for example, by dividing the total group of 199 countries into five subcategories on the basis of the level of national IQ and by calculating the means of the six measures of human conditions for each subcategory. The five subcategories of countries on the basis of national IQ are in this study: (1) national IQ 96 and over, (2) national IQ , (3) national IQ , (4) national IQ , and (5) national IQ below 70. The means of the measures of human conditions are expected to decrease or rise (Gini- 08) systematically from the first subcategory to the last one. Empirical
10 12 Tatu Vanhanen Table 3. The means of the six measures of human conditions in the five national IQ subcategories of 199 countries National IQ HDI-10 Tertiary-09 Life-08 Gini-08 PPP/GNI CPI-09 p.c National IQ 96 and over , N = 37 N = 34 N = 37 N = 37 N = 31 N = 37 N = 34 National IQ , N = 25 N = 23 N = 23 N = 19 N = 20 N = 24 N = 23 National IQ , N = 75 N = 59 N = 70 N = 74 N = 45 N = 74 N = 65 National IQ , N = 41 N = 34 N = 41 N = 41 N = 32 N = 41 N = 37 National IQ below , N = 21 N = 19 N = 21 N = 21 N = 19 N = 21 N = 21 All 199 countries , N The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies
11 Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis? 13 data on the number of countries in each subcategory and on the means of the variables are presented in Table 3. The empirical evidence given in Table 3 supports the hypothesis strongly. The means of the six measures of human conditions decrease or rise (Gini-08) systematically from the first subcategory to the last one with one small exception. In the case of Gini-08, its group mean should be higher for the subcategory 5 than for the subcategory 4, but, contrary to the hypothesis, the mean of the IQ category 5 (44.1) is slightly lower than the mean of the IQ category 4 (47.2). In all other cases, the means of the measures of human conditions decrease or rise (Gini-08) from one subcategory to the next one as hypothesized. In the case of HDI-10, the difference in the means between the first and the last subcategory is.465 HDI-10 index points; in the case of Tertiary-09 variable 56.1 percentage points; in the case of Life-08 variable 22.8 years; in the case of Gini-08 variable Gini index points; in the case of PPP/GNI per capita 27,739 dollars, and in the case of CPI-09 variable 3.9 index points. These are large differences, which, according to my interpretation, are causally related to the level of national IQ. The correlations between national IQ and the six indicators of human conditions in the total world groups support the hypothesis and the results based on the five IQ subcategories. The correlation between national IQ and HDI-10 is (N=169), between national IQ and Tertiary-09 it is (N=192), between national IQ and Life- 08 it is (N=197), between national IQ and Gini index it is (N=147), between national IQ and PPP/GNI per capita 2008 it is (N=197), and between national IQ and CPI-09 it is (N=180) (see Lynn and Vanhanen, 2012). The correlation between national IQ and Life-08 was slightly negative in the group of 17 euro countries, whereas in the total world group it is strongly positive as hypothesized. It is remarkable that the correlation between national IQ and Gini index (-0.466) in the total world group is slightly lower than in the group of 17 euro countries (.0.593), and that the correlation between national IQ and CPI-09 in the total world group is only slightly stronger than in the group of 17 euro countries.
12 14 Tatu Vanhanen The fact that there is a systematic causal relationship between the level of national IQ and the level of variables measuring human conditions from different perspectives supports the assumption that the relatively small difference in the means of national IQs between the six crisis countries and the 11 other euro countries has been a factor that has contributed to the emergence of far-reaching mistakes in the economic policies of these countries and serious problems for the world economy. The common rules of the euro area regulating economic policies were based on the idea that all countries would be able to follow the same rules. The possibility was not taken into account that there might be significant differences in the average intelligence of these nations and that these differences might affect economic policies through elections, parliaments and governments. Voters and parties of less intelligent nations seem to have been less responsible and more unrealistic in their selection of policies. Because the difference in national IQs is more or less permanent, it will be extremely difficult to solve the problem of the debt crisis and to force the crisis countries to follow the common rules in their economic policies. It may become necessary for EU to increase the powers of the common institutions and to tighten the control of the economic policies of the crisis countries. Some steps to this direction have already been taken. Of course, there are various other causes behind the eurocrisis, but I do not know them and my purpose has not been to seek a complete explanation for the emergence of the eurozone s debt crisis. I have focused on the impact of the relatively small difference in the group means of national IQ between the six crisis countries and 11 other euro countries and on the fact that all crisis countries, except Ireland, are Mediterranean countries. On the basis of the empirical evidence given in this paper, I have come to the conclusion that differences in national IQs provide a partial explanation for the emergence of the debt crisis, but the importance of this explanation remains an open question. The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies
13 Differences in National IQs behind the Eurozone Debt Crisis? 15 References Economy of the European Union. Available at Kenny, T. (2012). What is the European Debt Crisis?. Available at: _Dept Crisis.htm Lynn, R. and Vanhanen, T. (2012). Intelligence: A Unifying Construct for the Social Sciences. London: Ulster Institute for Social Research.
Context Indicator 17: Population density
3.2. Socio-economic situation of rural areas 3.2.1. Predominantly rural regions are more densely populated in the EU-N12 than in the EU-15 Context Indicator 17: Population density In 2011, predominantly
More informationINTERNAL SECURITY. Publication: November 2011
Special Eurobarometer 371 European Commission INTERNAL SECURITY REPORT Special Eurobarometer 371 / Wave TNS opinion & social Fieldwork: June 2011 Publication: November 2011 This survey has been requested
More informationEUROBAROMETER 62 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Standard Eurobarometer European Commission EUROBAROMETER 6 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AUTUMN 004 Standard Eurobarometer 6 / Autumn 004 TNS Opinion & Social NATIONAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ROMANIA
More informationFertility rate and employment rate: how do they interact to each other?
Fertility rate and employment rate: how do they interact to each other? Presentation by Gyula Pulay, general director of the Research Institute of SAO Changing trends From the middle of the last century
More informationGDP per capita in purchasing power standards
GDP per capita in purchasing power standards GDP per capita varied by one to six across the Member States in 2011, while Actual Individual Consumption (AIC) per capita in the Member States ranged from
More informationIdentification of the respondent: Fields marked with * are mandatory.
Towards implementing European Public Sector Accounting Standards (EPSAS) for EU Member States - Public consultation on future EPSAS governance principles and structures Fields marked with are mandatory.
More informationEU Main economic achievements. Franco Praussello University of Genoa
EU Main economic achievements Franco Praussello University of Genoa 1 EU: the early economic steps 1950 9 May Robert Schuman declaration based on the ideas of Jean Monnet. He proposes that France and the
More informationEuropean patent filings
Annual Report 07 - European patent filings European patent filings Total filings This graph shows the geographic origin of the European patent filings. This is determined by the country of residence of
More informationThe regional and urban dimension of Europe 2020
ESPON Workshop The regional and urban dimension of Europe 2020 News on the implementation of the EUROPE 2020 Strategy Philippe Monfort DG for Regional Policy European Commission 1 Introduction June 2010
More informationHEADING TO THE EURO-ZONE Hopes and Fears about the Euro in the New Member States
HEADING TO THE EURO-ZONE Hopes and Fears about the Euro in the New Member States A recent poll by the Gallup Organization reveals that a large majority of the people in the ten New Member States think
More informationGERMANY, JAPAN AND INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT IMBALANCES
Articles Articles Articles Articles Articles CENTRAL EUROPEAN REVIEW OF ECONOMICS & FINANCE Vol. 2, No. 1 (2012) pp. 5-18 Slawomir I. Bukowski* GERMANY, JAPAN AND INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT IMBALANCES Abstract
More informationThe evolution of turnout in European elections from 1979 to 2009
The evolution of turnout in European elections from 1979 to 2009 Nicola Maggini 7 April 2014 1 The European elections to be held between 22 and 25 May 2014 (depending on the country) may acquire, according
More informationEuropean Union Passport
European Union Passport European Union Passport How the EU works The EU is a unique economic and political partnership between 28 European countries that together cover much of the continent. The EU was
More informationTHE CORRUPTION AND THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
THE CORRUPTION AND THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE Jana Soukupová Abstract The paper deals with comparison of the level of the corruption in different countries and the economic performance with short view for
More informationEuCham Charts. October Youth unemployment rates in Europe. Rank Country Unemployment rate (%)
EuCham Charts October 2015 Youth unemployment rates in Europe Rank Country Unemployment rate (%) 1 Netherlands 5.0 2 Norway 5.5 3 Denmark 5.8 3 Iceland 5.8 4 Luxembourg 6.3... 34 Moldova 30.9 Youth unemployment
More informationCuring Europe s Growing Pains: Which Reforms?
Curing Europe s Growing Pains: Which Reforms? Luc Everaert Assistant Director European Department International Monetary Fund Brussels, 21 November Copyright rests with the author. All rights reserved.
More informationMeasuring Social Inclusion
Measuring Social Inclusion Measuring Social Inclusion Social inclusion is a complex and multidimensional concept that cannot be measured directly. To represent the state of social inclusion in European
More informationLANDMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF E-COMMERCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Studies and Scientific Researches. Economics Edition, No 21, 215 http://sceco.ub.ro LANDMARKS ON THE EVOLUTION OF E-COMMERCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Laura Cătălina Ţimiraş Vasile Alecsandri University of
More informationEuropean Tourism Trends & Prospects Executive Summary
1 European Tourism Trends & Prospects Executive Summary Turkey Iceland Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Malta Cyprus Finland Croatia Latvia Netherlands Belgium Portugal Poland Romania Czech Rep Bulgaria Spain
More informationEuropean International Virtual Congress of Researchers. EIVCR May 2015
European International Virtual Congress of Researchers P a g e 18 European International Virtual Congress of Researchers EIVCR May 2015 Progressive Academic Publishing, UK www.idpublications.org European
More informationMigration and the European Job Market Rapporto Europa 2016
Migration and the European Job Market Rapporto Europa 2016 1 Table of content Table of Content Output 11 Employment 11 Europena migration and the job market 63 Box 1. Estimates of VAR system for Labor
More informationSize and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2013: A Further Decline
January 31, 2013 ShadEcEurope31_Jan2013.doc Size and Development of the Shadow Economy of 31 European and 5 other OECD Countries from 2003 to 2013: A Further Decline by Friedrich Schneider *) In the Tables
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More information3.1. Importance of rural areas
3.1. Importance of rural areas 3.1.1. CONTEXT 1 - DESIGNATION OF RURAL AREAS A consistent typology of 'predominantly rural', 'intermediate' or 'predominantly urban' regions for EC statistics and reports
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationEuropean Parliament Eurobarometer (EB79.5) ONE YEAR TO GO TO THE 2014 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS Economic and social part DETAILED ANALYSIS
Directorate-General for Communication Public Opinion Monitoring Unit Brussels, 18 October 2013 European Parliament Eurobarometer (EB79.5) ONE YEAR TO GO TO THE 2014 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS Economic and social
More informationTHE NOWADAYS CRISIS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES OF EU COUNTRIES
THE NOWADAYS CRISIS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES OF EU COUNTRIES Laura Diaconu Maxim Abstract The crisis underlines a significant disequilibrium in the economic balance between production and consumption,
More informationEuropean Parliament Eurobarometer (EB79.5) ONE YEAR TO GO UNTIL THE 2014 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS Institutional Part ANALYTICAL OVERVIEW
Directorate-General for Communication Public Opinion Monitoring Unit Brussels, 21 August 2013. European Parliament Eurobarometer (EB79.5) ONE YEAR TO GO UNTIL THE 2014 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS Institutional
More informationFor example, some EU countries would cooperate in the areas of:
ECONOMICS ECONOMIC RESEARCH June 23, 216 No. 632 Towards a European Union "à la carte"? The debate in the United Kingdom on a Brexit and the debates in different European countries on the respective role
More informationDeterminants of the Trade Balance in Industrialized Countries
Determinants of the Trade Balance in Industrialized Countries Martin Falk FIW workshop foreign direct investment Wien, 16 Oktober 2008 Motivation large and persistent trade deficits USA, Greece, Portugal,
More informationA2 Economics. Enlargement Countries and the Euro. tutor2u Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students. Economics Revision Focus: 2004
Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Economics Revision Focus: 2004 A2 Economics tutor2u (www.tutor2u.net) is the leading free online resource for Economics, Business Studies, ICT and Politics. Don
More informationLABOUR-MARKET INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN OECD-COUNTRIES: WHAT EXPLANATIONS FIT THE DATA?
LABOUR-MARKET INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN OECD-COUNTRIES: WHAT EXPLANATIONS FIT THE DATA? By Andreas Bergh (PhD) Associate Professor in Economics at Lund University and the Research Institute of Industrial
More informationEvolution of the European Union, the euro and the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis
Evolution of the European Union, the euro and the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis Brexit? Dr. Julian Gaspar, Executive Director Center for International Business Studies & Clinical Professor of International
More informationExtended Findings. Finland. ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer. Question 1: Most Contacted
Extended Findings Finland Preferences Question 1: Most Contacted Finland (2%) is not amongst the most contacted countries within the EU: Germany (22%), France (13%), the UK (11%), Poland (7%), Italy (6%),
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationOptions for Romanian and Bulgarian migrants in 2014
Briefing Paper 4.27 www.migrationwatchuk.com Summary 1. The UK, Germany, France and the Netherlands are the four major countries opening their labour markets in January 2014. All four are likely to be
More informationThe Economic and Financial Crisis and Precarious Employment amongst Young People in the European Union
The Economic and Financial Crisis and Precarious Employment amongst Young People in the European Union Niall O Higgins LABESS, CELPE Università di Salerno & IZA, Bonn nohiggins@unisa.it Presentation Overview
More informationTHE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES IN THE PERIOD OF
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES IN THE PERIOD OF 2003-2014. Mariusz Rogalski Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland mariusz.rogalski@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl Abstract:
More informationBrexit. Alan V. Deardorff University of Michigan. For presentation at Adult Learning Institute April 11,
Brexit Alan V. Deardorff University of Michigan For presentation at Adult Learning Institute April 11, 2017 Brexit Defined: The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union What that actually means
More informationEurostat Yearbook 2006/07 A goldmine of statistical information
25/2007-20 February 2007 Eurostat Yearbook 2006/07 A goldmine of statistical information What percentage of the population is overweight or obese? How many foreign languages are learnt by pupils in the
More informationThe Changing Relationship between Fertility and Economic Development: Evidence from 256 Sub-National European Regions Between 1996 to 2010
The Changing Relationship between Fertility and Economic Development: Evidence from 256 Sub-National European Regions Between 996 to 2 Authors: Jonathan Fox, Freie Universitaet; Sebastian Klüsener MPIDR;
More informationGALLERY 5: TURNING TABLES INTO GRAPHS
CSSS 569 Visualizing Data GALLERY 5: TURNING TABLES INTO GRAPHS Christopher Adolph Department of Political Science and Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences University of Washington, Seattle CENTER
More informationEuropean Parliament Elections: Turnout trends,
European Parliament Elections: Turnout trends, 1979-2009 Standard Note: SN06865 Last updated: 03 April 2014 Author: Section Steven Ayres Social & General Statistics Section As time has passed and the EU
More informationSecond EU Immigrants and Minorities, Integration and Discrimination Survey: Main results
Second EU Immigrants and Minorities, Integration and Discrimination Survey: Main results Questions & Answers on the survey methodology This is a brief overview of how the Agency s Second European Union
More informationThe United Kingdom in the European context top-line reflections from the European Social Survey
The United Kingdom in the European context top-line reflections from the European Social Survey Rory Fitzgerald and Elissa Sibley 1 With the forthcoming referendum on Britain s membership of the European
More informationA2 Economics. Standard of Living and Economic Progress. tutor2u Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students. Economics Revision Focus: 2004
Supporting Teachers: Inspiring Students Economics Revision Focus: 2004 A2 Economics Standard of Living and Economic Progress tutor2u (www.tutor2u.net) is the leading free online resource for Economics,
More informationFlash Eurobarometer 429. Summary. The euro area
LOGO CE_Vertical_EN_NEG_quadri rouge Summary Survey requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs and co-ordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication
More informationProposal for a new repartition key
EUROPEAN UNION OF MEDICAL SPECIALISTS Kroonlaan 20 Avenue de la Couronne tel: +32-2-649.51.64 B-1050 - BRUSSELS fax: +32-2-640.37.30 www.uems.net uems@skynet.be D 0505 en Proposal for a new repartition
More informationConvergence: a narrative for Europe. 12 June 2018
Convergence: a narrative for Europe 12 June 218 1.Our economies 2 Luxembourg Ireland Denmark Sweden Netherlands Austria Finland Germany Belgium United Kingdom France Italy Spain Malta Cyprus Slovenia Portugal
More informationMigration, Mobility and Integration in the European Labour Market. Lorenzo Corsini
Migration, Mobility and Integration in the European Labour Market Lorenzo Corsini Content of the lecture We provide some insight on -The degree of differentials on some key labourmarket variables across
More informationEUROPEAN ECONOMY VS THE TRAP OF THE EUROPE 2020 STRATEGY
EUROPEAN ECONOMY VS THE TRAP OF THE EUROPE 2020 STRATEGY Romeo-Victor IONESCU * Abstract: The paper deals to the analysis of Europe 2020 Strategy goals viability under the new global socio-economic context.
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationPublic consultation on a European Labour Authority and a European Social Security Number
Public consultation on a European Labour Authority and a European Social Security Number 1. About you You are replying: As an individual In your professional capacity (including self-employed) or on behalf
More informationREFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS, THE CRISIS IN EUROPE AND THE FUTURE OF POLICY
REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS, THE CRISIS IN EUROPE AND THE FUTURE OF POLICY Tim Hatton University of Essex (UK) and Australian National University Noise from America Firenze 11-12 June 2016 Introduction
More informationSpecial Eurobarometer 461. Report. Designing Europe s future:
Designing Europe s future: Trust in institutions Globalisation Support for the euro, opinions about free trade and solidarity Fieldwork Survey requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General
More informationBelgium s foreign trade
Belgium s FIRST 9 months Belgium s BELGIAN FOREIGN TRADE AFTER THE FIRST 9 MONTHS OF Analysis of the figures for (first 9 months) (Source: eurostat - community concept*) After the first nine months of,
More informationTHE VALUE HETEROGENEITY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES POPULATION: TYPOLOGY BASED ON RONALD INGLEHART S INDICATORS
INSTITUTE OF SOCIOLOGY RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE VALUE HETEROGENEITY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES POPULATION: TYPOLOGY BASED ON RONALD INGLEHART S INDICATORS Vladimir Magun (maghome@yandex.ru) Maksim
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationIntellectual Property Rights Intensive Industries and Economic Performance in the European Union
Intellectual Property Rights Intensive Industries and Economic Performance in the European Union Paul Maier Director, European Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights Presentation
More informationStatistical Modeling of Migration Attractiveness of the EU Member States
Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods Volume 14 Issue 2 Article 19 11-1-2015 Statistical Modeling of Migration Attractiveness of the EU Member States Tatiana Tikhomirova Plekhanov Russian University
More information2. The table in the Annex outlines the declarations received by the General Secretariat of the Council and their status to date.
Council of the European Union Brussels, 10 June 2016 (OR. en) 9603/16 COPEN 184 EUROJUST 69 EJN 36 NOTE From: To: Subject: General Secretariat of the Council Delegations Council Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA
More informationBritain s Population Exceptionalism within the European Union
Britain s Population Exceptionalism within the European Union Introduction The United Kingdom s rate of population growth far exceeds that of most other European countries. This is particularly problematic
More informationREFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS, THE CRISIS IN EUROPE AND THE FUTURE OF POLICY
REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS, THE CRISIS IN EUROPE AND THE FUTURE OF POLICY Tim Hatton University of Essex (UK) and Australian National University International Migration Institute 13 January 2016 Forced
More informationComparative Economic Geography
Comparative Economic Geography 1 WORLD POPULATION gross world product (GWP) The GWP Global GDP In 2012: GWP totalled approximately US $83.12 trillion in terms of PPP while the per capita GWP was approx.
More informationEastern Europe: Economic Developments and Outlook. Miroslav Singer
Eastern Europe: Economic Developments and Outlook Miroslav Singer Governor, Czech National Bank Distinguished Speakers Seminar European Economics & Financial Centre London, 22 July 2014 Miroslav Význam
More informationEUROPEANS, THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CRISIS
Standard Eurobarometer 80 Autumn 2013 EUROPEANS, THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CRISIS REPORT Fieldwork: November 2013 This survey has been requested and co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General
More information2014 BELGIAN FOREIGN TRADE
2014 BELGIAN FOREIGN TRADE 2 3 01 \\ EXPORTS 6 1.1 Geographical developments 1.2 Sectoral developments 02 \\ IMPORTS 14 2.1 Geographical developments 2.2 Sectoral developments 03 \\ GEOGRAPHICAL TRADE
More informationThe diversity of Agricultural Advisory Services in Europe
ARIMNet2 International Conference on Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems (AKIS) in the Mediterranean 12-13 October 2016, Antalya, Turkey The diversity of Agricultural Advisory Services in Europe
More information* * * * * * States. The data have been made, but the current administration divisionsfor the member
Revista Română de Geografie Politică Year XIII, no. 2, November 2011, pp. 198-209 ISSN 1454-2749, E-ISSN 2065-1619 Article no. 132107-229 ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR OF EUROPEAN ELECTORS IN THE EUROPEAN ELECTIONS
More informationEuro area unemployment rate at 9.9% EU27 at 9.4%
STAT/11/76 April 2011 Euro area unemployment rate at 9.9% EU27 at 9.4% The euro area 1 (EA17) seasonally-adjusted 2 unemployment rate 3 was 9.9% in April 2011, unchanged compared with March 4. It was.2%
More informationThrough the Financial Crisis
Comments on: How Latvia Came Through the Financial Crisis Mark Griffiths (mgriffiths@imf.org) European Department International Monetary Fund Outline 1. Economic performance under the program Program succeeded
More informationEUROPEAN UNION CURRENCY/MONEY
EUROPEAN UNION S6E8 ANALYZE THE BENEFITS OF AND BARRIERS TO VOLUNTARY TRADE IN EUROPE D. DESCRIBE THE PURPOSE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEMBER NATIONS. VOCABULARY European Union
More informationFlash Eurobarometer 430. Summary. European Union Citizenship
European Union Citizenship Survey requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers and co-ordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication This document does not
More informationThe Impact of Social Factors on Economic Growth: Empirical. Evidence for Romania and European Union Countries ABSTRACT
Romanian Journal of Fiscal Policy Volume 3, Issue 2, July-December 2012 (5), Pages 1-16 The Impact of Social Factors on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for Romania and European Union Countries Ana-Maria
More informationReference Title Dates Organiser(s) 00/2007 Train the Trainers Learning Seminar Step February 2007 Portugal 01/2007 Crime, Police and Justice in
Reference Title Dates Organiser(s) 00/2007 Train the Trainers Learning Seminar Step 1 5 7 February 2007 Portugal 01/2007 Crime, Police and Justice in the 21st Century Conference 4 6 June 2007 Portugal
More informationEconomic Effects in Slovenia within Integration in European Union
Journal of Empirical Research in Accounting & Auditing ISSN (2384-4787) J. Emp. Res. Acc. Aud. 2, No. 2 (Oct. -2015) Economic Effects in Slovenia within Integration in European Union Amir Imeri AMA International
More informationIntroduction: The State of Europe s Population, 2003
Introduction: The State of Europe s Population, 2003 Changes in the size, growth and composition of the population are of key importance to policy-makers in practically all domains of life. To provide
More informationSpecial Eurobarometer 464b. Report
Europeans attitudes towards security Survey requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs and co-ordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication This document
More informationDirectorate General for Communication Direction C - Relations avec les citoyens PUBLIC OPINION MONITORING UNIT 27 March 2009
Directorate General for Communication Direction C - Relations avec les citoyens PUBLIC OPINION MONITORING UNIT 27 March 2009 EUROPEANS AND THE ECONOMIC CRISIS Standard Eurobarometer (EB 71) Population:
More informationStandard Eurobarometer 89 Spring Report. European citizenship
European citizenship Fieldwork March 2018 Survey requested and co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication This document does not represent the point of view of the European
More informationCHANGES OF PRIVATE CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN ROMANIA AND THE EU: EVIDENCE BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE CRISIS
International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom Vol. III, Issue 10, October 2015 http://ijecm.co.uk/ ISSN 2348 0386 CHANGES OF PRIVATE CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN ROMANIA AND THE
More informationEUROPEAN UNION CITIZENSHIP
Flash Eurobarometer EUROPEAN UNION CITIZENSHIP REPORT Fieldwork: November 2012 Publication: February 2013 This survey has been requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General Justice and co-ordinated
More informationGlobalisation and flexicurity
Globalisation and flexicurity Torben M Andersen Department of Economics Aarhus University November 216 Globalization Is it Incompatible with High employment Decent wages (no working poor) Low inequality
More informationWORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS Munich, November 2018 Copyright Allianz 11/19/2018 1 MORE DYNAMIC POST FINANCIAL CRISIS Changes in the global wealth middle classes in millions 1,250
More information8193/11 GL/mkl 1 DG C I
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 25 March 2011 8193/11 AVIATION 70 INFORMATION NOTE From: European Commission To: Council Subject: State of play of ratification by Member States of the aviation
More informationA. The image of the European Union B. The image of the European Parliament... 10
Directorate General for Communication Direction C Relations with citizens PUBLIC OPINION MONITORING UNIT EUROPEAN ELECTIONS 2009 25/05/2009 Pre electoral survey First wave First results: European average
More informationSTATISTICAL REFLECTIONS
World Population Day, 11 July 217 STATISTICAL REFLECTIONS 18 July 217 Contents Introduction...1 World population trends...1 Rearrangement among continents...2 Change in the age structure, ageing world
More informationUNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 9 APRIL 2018, 15:00 HOURS PARIS TIME
TABLE 1: NET OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FROM DAC AND OTHER COUNTRIES IN 2017 DAC countries: 2017 2016 2017 ODA ODA/GNI ODA ODA/GNI ODA Percent change USD million % USD million % USD million (1) 2016
More informationEUROPEANS ATTITUDES TOWARDS SECURITY
Special Eurobarometer 432 EUROPEANS ATTITUDES TOWARDS SECURITY REPORT Fieldwork: March 2015 Publication: April 2015 This survey has been requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Migration
More informationARTICLES. European Union: Innovation Activity and Competitiveness. Realities and Perspectives
ARTICLES European Union: Innovation Activity and Competitiveness. Realities and Perspectives ECATERINA STǍNCULESCU Ph.D., Institute for World Economy Romanian Academy, Bucharest ROMANIA estanculescu@yahoo.com
More informationAmerican International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 4 No. 1; January 2014
Labour Productivity of Transportation Enterprises by Turnover per Person Employed Before and After the Economic Crisis: Economic Crisis Lessons from Europe Dr. Lembo Tanning TTK University of Applied Sciences
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN AUGUST 2015
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN AUGUST 2015 In August 2015, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 512.0 thousand (Annex, Table
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN AUGUST 2016
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN AUGUST 2016 In August 2016, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 590.6 thousand (Annex, Table
More informationERGP REPORT ON CORE INDICATORS FOR MONITORING THE EUROPEAN POSTAL MARKET
ERGP (15) 27 Report on core indicators for monitoring the European postal market ERGP REPORT ON CORE INDICATORS FOR MONITORING THE EUROPEAN POSTAL MARKET 3 December 2015 CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN MARCH 2016
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN MARCH 2016 In March 2016, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 354.7 thousand (Annex, Table
More informationTRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN MAY 2017
TRIPS OF BULGARIAN RESIDENTS ABROAD AND ARRIVALS OF VISITORS FROM ABROAD TO BULGARIA IN MAY 2017 In May 2017, the number of the trips of Bulgarian residents abroad was 653.3 thousand (Annex, Table 1) or
More informationPopulation and Migration Estimates
An Phríomh-Oifig Staidrimh Central Statistics Office 21 September 2010 Components of population growth Population and Migration Estimates April 2010 Natural increase Net migration 80 60 40 20 0 Year ending
More informationRecent demographic trends
Recent demographic trends Jitka Rychtaříková Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science Department of Demography and Geodemography Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic tel.: 420 221 951 420
More information