Current Trends in Juvenile Incarceration. Presented by Barry Krisberg April 25, 2012

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1 Current Trends in Juvenile Incarceration Presented by Barry Krisberg April 25, 2012

2 NATIONAL TRENDS

3 Youth in Residential Placement, Counts, by Gender, ,000 80,000 77,015 89,720 90,771 92,985 89,115 81,975 78,998 75,017 Male Female 60,000 57,679 64,424 72,611 61,358 40,000 57,078 20,000 17,192 14,243 15,667 19,035 16,717 17,917 14,284 14,508 15,104 14,556 13,723 11,797 9, Numbers of youth in residential placement, both male and female, have declined steadily for at least 10 years. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: (for ) Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20 year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for )

4 120, ,000 80,000 Youth in Residential Placement, Total Counts, ,270 71,922 80,091 91, , , , ,219 93,732 96,531 92,721 86,814 70,792 60,000 40,000 20, Total numbers of youth in residential placement are now lower than they have been for 35 years. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011). "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: (for ) Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20 year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for )

5 States with the Largest Declines in Residential Placement, between 1997 and 2010 Rank State % Change 1 Tennessee - 63% 2 Louisiana - 63% 3 Connecticut - 54% 4 Mississippi - 53% 5 New Jersey - 48% 6 Michigan - 46% 7 Wisconsin - 45% 8 New York - 43% 9 California - 42% 10 Arizona - 42% Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available:

6 Youth in Residential Placement, Rates, Rates of youth in residential placement have declined since 1995 and are lower now than 35 years ago. Sources: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. Online. Available: (for ) Smith, B. (1999). Children in custody: 20 year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency, (44)526. (for )

7 Youth in Detention Centers, Counts, ,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 24,367 29,324 31,320 24,260 25,771 24,691 Male Female 20,312 15,000 10,000 5,000 4,690 5,516 7,421 5,495 5,158 4,927 3, Numbers of youth in detention centers, were lower in 2010 than any year since Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available:

8 Youth in Residential Placement, Counts by Race*, 1997 and % 2% White 1% 4% 18% 38% Black 22% 32% Hispanic 40% Asian Other 41% The portion of white youth in residential placement was lower in 2010 than in 1997, while the portion of youth of color was higher. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: * Other includes Native American, and Pacific Islander, as well as others.

9 Youth in Residential Placement, Counts by Age, 1997 and % 12% 2% 5% 11% 20% 12 or younger % 14% 1% 3% 8% 18% 27% to 20 28% Youth in residential placement were slightly older in 2010 than in 1997; there were more youth 16 and over. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available:

10 Youth in Residential Placement, Counts by Age, 1997 and to 20 9,931 12, ,990 24, ,540 28, ,604 21, ,955 11, ,079 4, or younger 693 2, ,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30, Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C. (2011). "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Available:

11 10% 9% 12% % Youth in Residential Placement, Most Serious Offense, Counts, 1997 and % 33% Person offenses Property offenses Drug offenses Public order offenses Technical violations Status offenses 12% 16% 7% 2010 The portion of youth in residential placement for person offenses increased from 1997 to 2010, while the portion for property, drugs, and status offenses declined. 4% 24% 37% Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available:

12 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,360,895 Juvenile Arrest Trends, Counts, Total Male Female 1,000, , , , , , ,657 1,040, , , Juvenile arrests for both boys and girls have declined steadily for at least 10 years. Source: FBI, Crime in the United States , Table 33: Ten Year Arrest Trends. Note: includes all 29 offenses for which the FBI collects data (i.e., all Part I and II crimes).

13 9,000 Youth in Local Jails, Average Daily Population, ,000 7,000 6,000 7,615 7,613 7,247 6,869 7,083 6,759 6,104 6,837 7,703 7,560 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, The ADP of youth in local jails reached a low point in 2006 and has increased since then. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series,

14 Youth in State Prison, Counts, ,500 4,000 3,896 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 3,147 3,038 2,741 2,485 2,208 2,390 2,639 2,717 2,779 2,295 1,500 1, The counts of youth in state prisons declined from 2000 to 2006, increased until 2009, and declined again to * Youth are considered those under age 18. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series,

15 Youth in Prisons, Counts by Gender, ,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 3,721 3,010 2,927 2,627 2,375 2,118 2,286 2,523 2,626 2,645 2,217 Male Female 1, Youth in state prisons are mostly male. The number of girls in adult prisons declined from 175 in 2000 to 78 in Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series,

16 Youth in State Prisons, Female Counts, A closer look at the numbers for girls in prison shows a general decline between 2000 and 2010, with fluctuations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear Series,

17 Highest State Rates of Juvenile Incarceration, 2010 Rates of youth per 100,000 in Residential Placement. Rates have been rounded to the nearest multiple of three. State of offense refers to where the juvenile committed the offense for which they are being held. Includes youth ages 10 through the upper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction in each state. Rank State Rate per 100,000 1 South Dakota Wyoming Nebraska Alaska Oregon Pennsylvania West Virginia Colorado Indiana California 271 Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available:

18 24% Youth in Detention Centers, by Most Serious Offense, Counts, 1997 and % 30% Person offenses Property offenses Drug offenses 24% 2% 34% 10% 8% 26% Public order offenses Technical violations Status offenses 12% 6% 22% The portion of youth in detention centers for person offenses increased from 1997 to 2010, while the portion for property, drugs, and public order offenses declined. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available:

19 Youth in Detention Centers, by Race, 1997 & 2010 Other API Hispanic Black White Relative Rate Index In 2010, there were more Black youth in detention than in 1997, relative to White youth. For both periods, of all youth of color, only API youth had an RRI lower than 1. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: & Puzzanchera, C., Sladky, A. and Kang, W. (2011). Easy Access to Juvenile Populations: Online. Available:

20 Youth in Residential Placement, by Race, 1997 & 2010 Other API Hispanic Black White Relative Rate Index In 2010, there were more Other youth in placement than in 1997, relative to White youth. For both periods, of all youth of color, only API youth had an RRI lower than 1. Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., and Puzzanchera, C. (2011) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement." Online. Available: & Puzzanchera, C., Sladky, A. and Kang, W. (2011). Easy Access to Juvenile Populations: Online. Available:

21 THE EXPERIENCES OF JDAI SITES

22 Warren Institute Study of JDAI Impact Commissioned by AECF to evaluate results in JDAI sites compared to their respective states and to the sites that were not part of the JDAI process. Compared site baseline years to 2010 and calculated the percent change. Used data from the JDAI Annual Results Report for the JDAI sites. Used data from the Census for Juveniles in Residential Placement for the states. Examined more than 80 sites in 23 states. Focused on ADP, commitments, and arrests (FBI data). Findings are preliminary, but informative.

23 Aggregate Percent Change in ADP Counts, Baseline Year to % JDAI Sites Non JDAI Sites State Totals 10% 8% 20% 17% 30% 40% 41% 50% Comparing baseline years to 2010, Casey sites saw a drop in their detention populations that was 2.5 times greater than that of the state totals and 5 times greater than that for the non JDAI sites. Sources: Casey Annual Report 2010 (JDAI Sites), Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (States). * Non JDAI Sites were estimated based on a calculation of CJRP state total counts minus JDAI total counts.

24 Aggregate Percent Change in Commitment Counts, Baseline Year to % JDAI Sites Non JDAI Sites State Totals 10% 20% 30% 25% 29% 40% 40% 50% Comparing baseline years to 2010,the Casey sites saw a drop in commitment counts that was 33% greater than that of the state totals and 40% greater than that for the non JDAI Sites. Sources: Casey Annual Report 2010 (JDAI Sites), Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (States). * Non JDAI Sites were estimated based on a calculation of CJRP state total counts minus JDAI total counts.

25 Percentage Change in ADP, State Partners to County Partners, Percentage Change in Commitments, State Partners to County Partners, % State Partners County Partners 0% State Partners County Partners 10% 10% 20% 20% 30% 30% 40% 35% 40% 35% 50% 44% 50% 43% Source: Casey Annual Results Report 2010.

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