TEACHER CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE COMPETENCY 1.0 UNDERSTAND NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF NORTH AMERICA...

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1 Table of Contents SUBAREA I. U.S. HISTORY COMPETENCY 1.0 UNDERSTAND NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES AND THE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF NORTH AMERICA...1 Skill 1.1 Skill 1.2 Skill 1.3 Skill 1.4 Skill 1.5 Skill 1.6 Demonstrate knowledge of how early Native American cultures developed in North America, analyze why Native American groups occupied the areas they did, and demonstrate familiarity with basic features of different Native American cultures...1 Demonstrate knowledge of reasons for and obstacles to European exploration and settlement of North America...2 Recognize the goals and accomplishments of major Spanish, French, and English explorations led by John Cabot, Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Juan Ponce de León, Christopher Columbus, Henry Hudson, and Jacques Cartier...4 Identify key events in the foundation of different European settlements...5 Examine interactions among different groups of Europeans and Native Americans and recognizing how early European settlers adapted or failed to adapt to the physical environments in which they lived and traveled...6 Compare and contrasting life in the New England, mid-atlantic, and Southern colonies, including the experiences of landowners, farmers, artisans, women, indentured servants, and slaves, and analyze how the physical geography of each colony helped determine the economic activities that were practiced there...8 i

2 COMPETENCY 2.0 UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES, EVENTS, AND OUTCOMES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION...11 Skill 2.1 Skill 2.2 Skill 2.3 Skill 2.4 Skill 2.5 Skill 2.6 Recognize major causes of conflict between the colonies and the British government...11 Demonstrate knowledge of key events and important figures of the American Revolution and analyze the military, diplomatic, and geographic factors leading to colonial victory and British defeat...18 Identify important intellectual sources of the Declaration of Independence and analyze the fundamental concepts contained in the Declaration...20 Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and recognizing major issues in the debate over the Constitution...21 Identify major principles, features, and functions of the government created by the U.S. Constitution...24 Analyze the role of the Bill of Rights in protecting individual liberties and demonstrate knowledge of the rights and responsibilities of U.S. citizenship...26 ii

3 COMPETENCY 3.0 UNDERSTAND THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 1800 THROUGH THE CIVIL WAR...28 Skill 3.1 Skill 3.2 Skill 3.3 Skill 3.4 Skill 3.5 Skill 3.6 Skill 3.7 Recognize the causes, major events and consequences of the War of Locate major physical and human features of the United States, recognizing physical barriers that hindered and physical gateways that facilitated territorial expansion, demonstrate knowledge of major territorial acquisitions and analyze the causes and effects of westward expansion...29 Demonstrate knowledge of the Middle Passage and the institution of slavery in the United States...32 Analyze the effects of technological developments on life in the United States...35 Demonstrate knowledge of the major reform movements of the first half of the nineteenth century, identifying key reform figures, and analyze the effects of reform movements on U.S. society...36 Analyze the growth of sectionalism, examine efforts to resolve North-South divisions, and demonstrate knowledge of the immediate causes of the Civil War...39 Recognize major events, key figures and important developments of the Civil War and analyze the effects of the war on the North and the South...44 iii

4 COMPETENCY 4.0 UNDERSTAND THE GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION OF U.S. SOCIETY FROM RECONSTRUCTION THROUGH THE 1920S...47 Skill 4.1 Skill 4.2 Skill 4.3 Skill 4.4 Skill 4.5 Skill 4.6 Skill 4.7 Identify and analyze major challenges, events, and outcomes of the Reconstruction period...47 Recognize the expansion of settlement in the trans-mississippi West after the Civil War and analyze the causes and effects of westward expansion on settlers, Native American peoples, and U.S. society...51 Recognize the causes and effects of immigration from 1870 to 1910; Demonstrate knowledge of the growth of industry and the evolving roles of business, labor, banking, and government in the U.S. economy; and use the basic economic concepts of opportunity cost, price incentives, specialization, voluntary exchange, productivity, and trade to analyze historical events of the period...53 Demonstrate knowledge of the woman-suffrage movement culminating in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment...55 Recognize how William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt expanded the role of the United States in the world through involvement in the Spanish-American War and the construction of the Panama Canal...57 Analyze the causes, domestic effects, and consequences of U.S. involvement in World War I...58 Demonstrate knowledge of major cultural developments and individual contributions of the 1920s and analyze their effects on U.S. society...60 iv

5 COMPETENCY 5.0 UNDERSTAND THE EXPERIENCE OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR II...64 Skill 5.1 Skill 5.2 Analyze the causes and consequences of the Great Depression...64 Demonstrate knowledge of the New Deal response to the Great Depression and recognizing important environmental and social developments of the 1930s...66 Skill 5.3 Recognize the origins of U.S. involvement in World War II...69 Skill 5.4 Skill 5.5 Skill 5.6 Recognize major wartime events and developments and identifying prominent wartime figures...70 Demonstrate knowledge of the contributions of diverse groups to the military effort and the domestic effects of World War II and examine Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan...73 Recognize U.S. postwar aims and the role of the United States in the formation of the United Nations...76 v

6 COMPETENCY 6.0 UNDERSTAND THE EMERGENCE OF THE COLD WAR AND THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1945 TO THE PRESENT Skill 6.1 Skill 6.2 Skill 6.3 Skill 6.4 Skill 6.5 Skill 6.6 Analyze the causes of the Cold War, demonstrate knowledge of major Cold War developments and recognizing the domestic effects of the Cold War on U.S. politics and society...77 Identify important figures in the civil rights movement, demonstrate knowledge of major events and accomplishments, and analyze the consequences of the civil rights movement for the United States...78 Recognize the effects on U.S. society of major political developments from 1960 to the present...84 Recognize important changes in U.S. immigration policy and analyze the changing nature of immigration to the United States and its effects...87 Analyze the growing influence of technology on U.S. society and demonstrate knowledge of changes to the U.S. economy...90 Recognize major foreign policy issues and developments affecting the United States and analyze the effects of these developments on the United States and its place in the global community...93 vi

7 SUBAREA II. WORLD REGIONS COMPETENCY 7.0 UNDERSTAND MAJOR HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM...97 Skill 7.1 Skill 7.2 Skill 7.3 Skill 7.4 Skill 7.5 Skill 7.6 Skill 7.7 Skill 7.8 Demonstrate knowledge of the location and characteristics of the major physical and political features of Latin America...97 Identify the major ethnic groups of Latin America, including indigenous groups and peoples from other regions of the world, and demonstrate knowledge of their areas of settlement, religions, customs, and traditions Demonstrate knowledge of the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations; the colonization of Latin America by European nations; the effects of European diseases on the indigenous peoples of Latin America; important features of colonial life; Latin American independence movements; and major issues in Latin America during the twentieth century Recognize the effects of location, climate, physical characteristics, the distribution of natural resources, and population size on the development of Latin America Recognize the effects of human-environment interaction on the development of Latin America and the approaches Latin American countries have taken to address these and other environmental problems Demonstrate knowledge of the basic structure of national governments in Latin America Identify major features of the different types of economic systems found in Latin America, recognizing the involvement of Latin America in international trade, and analyze factors that have encouraged and discouraged economic growth in the region Demonstrate familiarity with major literary, artistic, and musical forms of the peoples of Latin America vii

8 COMPETENCY 8.0 UNDERSTAND MAJOR HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN CANADA AND THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM Skill 8.1 Skill 8.2 Skill 8.3 Demonstrate knowledge of the location and characteristics of the major physical and political features of Canada Identify the major ethnic groups of Canada, including Inuit and other indigenous groups and peoples from other regions of the world, and demonstrate knowledge of their areas of settlement, religions, customs, and traditions Demonstrate knowledge of the development of Canada from its colonization by France and Great Britain, important features of colonial life, and key events in Canada's becoming an independent nation Skill 8.4 Analyze major issues in Canada during the twentieth century Skill 8.5 Skill 8.6 Skill 8.7 Skill 8.8 Recognize the effects of location, climate, physical characteristics, the distribution of natural resources, and population size on the development of Canada Recognize the effects of human-environment interaction on the development of Canada and the approaches Canada has taken to address these and other environmental problems Demonstrate knowledge of the basic structure of national government in Canada and Canada's relationship to the United Kingdom Identify major features of the Canadian economic system, recognizing the involvement of Canada in international trade, and analyze factors that have encouraged and discouraged economic growth in the region viii

9 COMPETENCY 9.0 UNDERSTAND MAJOR HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE SINCE THE RENAISSANCE AND THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM Skill 9.1 Skill 9.2 Skill 9.3 Skill 9.4 Skill 9.5 Skill 9.6 Skill 9.7 Skill 9.8 Demonstrate knowledge of the location and characteristics of the major physical and political features of Europe and analyze the geographic and cultural boundaries of Europe Recognize the diversity of cultures in Europe, including differences and similarities in religion, customs, and traditions, and compare the political, social, and economic structures of eastern and western Europe Recognize the causes, major figures, and consequences of the Renaissance, Reformation, scientific revolution, and Age of Discovery; examine the significance of the Enlightenment in European history and the influence of Enlightenment ideas on Europe and the world; demonstrate knowledge of the Industrial Revolution and examine its effects on European life and society; and analyze major political and economic developments in Europe during the twentieth century Recognize the effects of location, climate, physical characteristics, the distribution of natural resources, and population size on the development of Europe Recognize the effects of human-environment interaction on the development of Europe and the approaches European countries have taken to address these and other environmental problems Demonstrate knowledge of the basic structure of European governments and examine the transition of central European countries from authoritarian systems to democratic systems Identify major features of the different types of economic systems found in Europe, recognizing the involvement of Europe in international trade, and analyze factors that have influenced economic growth in various regions of Europe Demonstrate familiarity with major literary, artistic, and musical forms of the peoples of Europe ix

10 COMPETENCY 10.0 UNDERSTAND MAJOR HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM Skill 10.1 Skill 10.2 Skill 10.3 Skill 10.4 Skill 10.5 Skill 10.6 Skill 10.7 Skill 10.8 Demonstrate knowledge of the location and characteristics of the major physical and political features of Sub-Saharan Africa Identify the major ethnic groups of Sub-Saharan Africa, including indigenous groups and peoples from other regions of the world, and demonstrate knowledge of their areas of settlement, religions, customs, and traditions Identify major characteristics of early Sub-Saharan African empires and demonstrate knowledge of the effects of the colonial period on the development of Sub-Saharan Africa, important features of colonial life in Sub-Saharan Africa, Sub-Saharan African independence movements, major challenges faced by Sub- Saharan African nations since independence, and efforts by Sub- Saharan African nations and individuals to address these challenges Recognize the effects of location, climate, physical characteristics, the distribution of natural resources, and population size on the development of Sub-Saharan Africa Recognize the effects of human-environment interaction on the development of Sub-Saharan Africa and the approaches Sub- Saharan African countries have taken to address these and other environmental problems Demonstrate knowledge of the basic structure of Sub-Saharan African governments and analyze the effects of ethnic conflicts and civil wars on Sub-Saharan African governments Identify major features of the different types of economic systems found in Sub-Saharan Africa, recognizing the involvement of Sub- Saharan Africa in international trade, and analyze factors that have influenced economic growth in various parts of the region Demonstrate familiarity with major literary, artistic, and musical forms of the peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa x

11 COMPETENCY 11.0 UNDERSTAND MAJOR HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN NORTH AFRICA/SOUTHWEST ASIA (THE MIDDLE EAST) AND THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM Skill 11.1 Skill 11.2 Skill 11.3 Skill 11.4 Skill 11.5 Skill 11.6 Skill 11.7 Skill 11.8 Demonstrate knowledge of the location and characteristics of the major physical and political features of North Africa/Southwest Asia Identify the major ethnic groups of North Africa/Southwest Asia, including indigenous groups and peoples from other regions of the world, and demonstrate knowledge of their areas of settlement, religions, customs, and traditions Demonstrate knowledge of the historical development of the three major religions that originated in the Middle East, the importance of the Ottoman Empire to North Africa/Southwest Asia, the effects of the colonial period on the development of North Africa/Southwest Asia, independence movements in the region, major challenges in Southwest Asia during the twentieth century and efforts by North African/Southwest Asian nations and individuals to address these challenges Recognize the effects of location, climate, physical characteristics, the distribution of natural resources, and population size on the development of North Africa/Southwest Asia Recognize the effects of human-environment interaction on the development of North Africa/Southwest Asia and the approaches North African/Southwest Asian countries have taken to address these and other environmental problems Demonstrate knowledge of the basic structure of North African/Southwest Asian governments and analyze the effects of ethnic conflicts and civil wars on North African/Southwest Asian governments Identify major features of the different types of economic systems found in North Africa/Southwest Asia, recognizing the involvement of North Africa/Southwest Asia in international trade, and analyze factors that have influenced economic growth in various parts of the region Demonstrate familiarity with major literary, artistic, and musical forms of the peoples of North Africa/Southwest Asia xi

12 COMPETENCY 12.0 UNDERSTAND MAJOR HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHERN AND EASTERN ASIA AND THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM Skill 12.1 Skill 12.2 Skill 12.3 Skill 12.4 Skill 12.5 Skill 12.6 Skill 12.7 Skill 12.8 Demonstrate knowledge of the location and characteristics of the major physical and political features of southern and eastern Asia Identify the major ethnic groups of southern and eastern Asia, including indigenous groups and peoples from other regions of the world, and demonstrate knowledge of their areas of settlement, religions, customs, and traditions Demonstrate knowledge of the origins and spread of Hinduism and Buddhism, important trade and technological developments in China, why China ceased to trade with other parts of the world in the fifteenth century and Chinese reaction to later European efforts to force relations with China, European colonialism in southern and eastern Asia, and major developments in southern and eastern Asia during the twentieth century Recognize the effects of location, climate, physical characteristics, the distribution of natural resources, and population size on the development of southern and eastern Asia Recognize the effects of human-environment interaction on the development of southern and eastern Asia and the approaches the countries of southern and eastern Asia have taken to address these and other environmental problems Demonstrate knowledge of the basic structure of the governments of southern and eastern Asia Identify major features of the different types of economic systems found in southern and eastern Asia, recognizing the involvement of these regions in international trade and the importance of the Pacific Rim in trade and economic development, and analyze factors that have influenced economic growth in various parts of these regions Demonstrate familiarity with major literary, artistic, and musical forms of the peoples of southern and eastern Asia xii

13 COMPETENCY 13.0 UNDERSTAND MAJOR HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA AND THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM Skill 13.1 Skill 13.2 Skill 13.3 Skill 13.4 Skill 13.5 Skill 13.6 Skill 13.7 Skill 13.8 Demonstrate knowledge of the location and characteristics of the major physical and political features of Australia and Oceania Identify the major ethnic groups of Australia and Oceania, including indigenous groups and peoples from other regions of the world, and Demonstrate knowledge of their areas of settlement, religions, customs, and traditions Demonstrate knowledge of the reasons for British colonization of Australia, the effects of European diseases on the indigenous peoples of Australia and Oceania, and major developments in Australia and Oceania during the twentieth century Recognize the effects of location, climate, physical characteristics, the distribution of natural resources, and population size on the development of Australia and Oceania Recognize the effects of human-environment interaction on the development of Australia and Oceania and the approaches the countries of Australia and Oceania have taken to address these and other environmental problems Demonstrate knowledge of the basic structure of the governments of Australia and Oceania and Australia's relationship to the United Kingdom Identify major features of the different types of economic systems found in Australia and Oceania, recognizing the involvement of the region in international trade and the importance of the Pacific Rim in trade and economic development, and analyze factors that have influenced economic growth in various parts of the region Demonstrate familiarity with major literary, artistic, and musical forms of the peoples of Australia and Oceania xiii

14 SUBAREA III. GEORGIA STUDIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE SKILLS COMPETENCY 14.0 UNDERSTAND MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN GEORGIA HISTORY AND GEORGIA'S ROLE IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Skill 14.1 Skill 14.2 Skill 14.3 Skill 14.4 Skill 14.5 Skill 14.6 Skill 14.7 Skill 14.8 Skill 14.9 Locate major physical regions and features of Georgia and recognizing the effects of climate and geography on the development of Georgia Demonstrate knowledge of Native American cultures of the southeastern United States and analyze the effects of European exploration and settlement on native groups in Georgia Identify major events of the colonial period of Georgia history, demonstrate knowledge of Georgia's role in the American Revolution, analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Georgia Constitution of 1777, and demonstrate knowledge of Georgia's role in the framing and adoption of the U.S. Constitution Recognize major social, religious, economic, and political developments in Georgia between 1789 and Demonstrate knowledge of Georgia's role in the Civil War and the effects of Reconstruction on Georgia Demonstrate knowledge of important political, economic, and social changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and Demonstrate knowledge of the effects of World Wars I and II in Georgia and the major economic and political developments of the interwar period Analyze major political and economic developments in Georgia since World War II Analyze major political developments in Georgia since World War II xiv

15 COMPETENCY 15.0 UNDERSTAND THE GEORGIA STATE CONSTITUTION, THE STRUCTURE OF GEORGIA STATE GOVERNMENT, AND THE ROLE OF CITIZENS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN GEORGIA Skill 15.1 Skill 15.2 Skill 15.3 Skill 15.4 Skill 15.5 Skill 15.6 Skill 15.7 Skill 15.8 Demonstrate knowledge of the basic structure and principles of the Georgia state constitution Recognize the rights and responsibilities of Georgia citizens, demonstrate knowledge of voting requirements and the electoral process in Georgia, and examine the role of political parties in Georgia government Explain the origins, functions, purposes, and differences of county and city governments in Georgia Recognize the qualifications, terms, election, and duties of members of the General Assembly, the governor, and the lieutenant governor Describe the organization of the General Assembly and the executive branch with emphasis on major policy areas of state Programs Recognize the steps in the legislative process by which a bill becomes law in Georgia Demonstrate knowledge of the court system in Georgia and how judges are selected Compare the juvenile justice system to the adult justice system in Georgia xv

16 COMPETENCY 16.0 UNDERSTAND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESOURCES, TOOLS, AND RESEARCH PROCEDURES Skill 16.1 Skill 16.2 Skill 16.3 Skill 16.4 Recognize the characteristics and uses of various social-science reference resources Distinguish between primary and secondary sources and analyze the advantages and limitations of each Demonstrate knowledge of basic map characteristics, characteristics of different map projections, the problem of cartographic distortion, and the advantages and disadvantages of various standard map projections Apply research skills and procedures used in the social sciences COMPETENCY 17.0 UNDERSTAND THE INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION RELATED TO SOCIAL SCIENCE TOPICS Skill 17.1 Skill 17.2 Skill 17.3 Interpret social science evidence and information Use maps to analyze various geographic and other social science phenomena Interpret graphic presentations of social science materials and evaluate the appropriateness of alternative graphic formats for conveying social science information Bibliography Sample Test Essay Sample Test Answer Key Rationales for Sample Questions xvi