The Integration of Immigrants into American Society WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD. Karthick Ramakrishnan
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1 The Integration of Immigrants into American Society WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD Karthick Ramakrishnan Associate Dean, School of Public Policy University of California, Riverside Committee on Population Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
2 Panel Members MARY WATERS (Chair), Department of Sociology, Harvard University RICHARD ALBA, Department of Sociology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York FRANK D. BEAN, Center for Research on Immigration, Population and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine IRENE BLOEMRAAD, Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley MICHAEL FIX, Migration Policy Institute NANCY FONER, Department of Sociology, Hunter College, and Graduate Center of the City University of New York CHARLES HIRSCHMAN, Department of Sociology, University of Washington DANIEL T. LICHTER, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University CECILIA MENJIVAR, Department of Sociology, University of Kansas S. KARTHICK RAMAKRISHNAN, Department of Political Science, University of California, Riverside AUDREY SINGER, Metropolitan Policy Program, The Brookings Institution DAVID T. TAKEUCHI, Boston College School of Social Work KEVIN J.A. THOMAS, Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University STEPHEN TREJO, Department of Economics, University of Texas, Austin RICHARD WRIGHT, Department of Geography, Dartmouth College HIROKAZU YOSHIKAWA, Department of Applied Psychology, New York University DOUGLAS S. MASSEY, Department of Sociology, Princeton University MARISA GERSTEIN PINEAU, Study Director
3 Integration Immigrant groups and host societies come to resemble each other. Two-way exchange Measured across time and intergenerationally Effects on well-being
4 Integration across Dimensions Socioeconomic Education Occupation Income Poverty Political Naturalization Civic Participation Sociocultural Language Crime Religion Attitudes Intermarriage Spatial Familial Health
5 Demographic Change in Context 45,000, ,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000, ,000, Number of immigrants Immigrants as a percentage of the U.S. population 1 st + 2 nd generation = ¼ of US Pop 2016: 13.5% or 43.7 million
6 Recent Shift in Immigrant Flows 59% 51% 55% 51% 53% 53% 46% 44% 42% Latino Arrivals 37% 36% 29% 32% 33% 32% 31% Asian Arrivals 23% 23% 24% 23% 23% 19% Asian: 36% Latino: 31%
7 Undocumented Migration Plateau 14 Number in Millions
8 Effects of Immigration on Society: Demographic Change Asian/Pacific Islander 1% Latino/Hispanic 4.6% Black 11% American Indian/Native Alaskan 0.4% Non-Hispanic White 83% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% Asian 6% Latino/Hispanic 17.1% Black 12.3% American Indian/Native Alaskan 1.7% Non-Hispanic White 62.4% Asian: 6% Latino: 17%
9 Religion Christian 71% 68% Jewish 2% 1% Muslim Buddhist Hindu Other <0.5% 4% 1% 1% <0.5% 4% 2% 2% Native-born Foreign-born Unaffiliated 23% 20%
10 Educational Attainment (age 25+), 2013 Less than High School 10.0% 30.3% High School Graduate 28.9% 22.4% Some College or Associate's Degree 19.0% 31.2% Bechelor's Degree 18.9% 16.4% Graduate or Professional Degree 11.1% 11.8% US Born Foreign Born
11 Education Despite large differences in starting points among the first generation, there is strong intergenerational progress in educational attainment. Second generation members of most contemporary immigrant groups meet or exceed the schooling level of typical third- and higher-generation nativeborn Americans. Among Mexican American men for instance, the first generation has slightly more than 8 years of education, the second generation, 12.5 years.
12 Poverty Poverty rates higher for foreign-born Poverty generally declines over generations, 18% Racial & ethnic disparities are large: First-gen Hispanics highest rates but progress between first & second-gens Rise in black poverty between immigrants and native born Asian poverty is lower than the overall U.S. rate
13 Geographic Dispersal and Spatial Integration
14 Language Diversity 85% of first-generation immigrants speak another language (62% Spanish) But half report speaking English well or very well
15 Language Acquisition Children of immigrants (the second generation) and later generations are acquiring English and losing their ancestors language at roughly the same rates as past immigrant waves; the transition to speaking solely English usually occurs within three generations. Spanish is the one language that persists into the third generation, but the great majority of that generation is English dominant if not monolingual.
16 Declines in Well-Being: Health Health Immigrants have better health outcomes, but less access to health care & insurance Immigrants are less likely to die from cardiovascular disease and all cancers combined. They have better health behaviors, less obesity, depression, alcohol and drug abuse. Over time these advantages decline and their health status converges with the native born. A decline also occurs between the first and second generations.
17 Life Expectancy at Birth (Average Lifetime in Years) by Race/Ethnicity and Immigrant Status Total immigrant population 80.0 Total US-born population 76.6 Non-Hispanic white immigrants US-born non-hispanic whites Black immigrants US-born blacks 71.2 Asian/Pacific Islander immigrants US-born Asian/Pacific Islanders Hispanic immigrants US-born Hispanics Data from the US National Vital Statistics System, (Singh et al., 2013)
18 1. Legal Framework 2. Legal Status 3. Naturalization 4. Participation & Representation 5. Focus on AAPIs
19 Legal Framework 1965: Hart-Cellar 1980: Refugee Act 1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) 1990: Immigration Act 1996: PRWORA and IIRAIRA 2001: USA PATRIOT Act
20 Enforcement Federalism Immigration Federalism From 287(g) to Secure Communities to PEP Resistance to federal detainers (TRUST Acts) but also state laws against sanctuary cities State e-verify laws (loophole in 1986 IRCA) Integration Federalism Adult education and workforce training In-state tuition, state financial aid, drivers licenses, professional licenses, child health insurance State citizenship? NEED MORE RESEARCH ON POLICY EFFECTS
21 1. Legal Framework 2. Legal Status 3. Naturalization 4. Participation & Representation 5. Focus on AAPIs
22 Proportions in each general legal category, 2012 Legal Permanent Residents, 27.4% Undocumented immigrants, 26.3% Naturalized Citizens, 41.8% Temporary and discretionary legal residents, 4.5%
23 Declined to 240,000 by FY2016, expect increased interior enforcement in FY2017
24 Legal Status Key factor in integration trajectory Many statuses are transitional and temporary Disproportionately impacts certain immigrant groups (52% of undocumented are Mexican). Undocumented status slows but does not fully impede integration Variation from state-to-state
25 Mixed-status Families and Consequences for Integration Effects of legal status reverberate beyond the individual to affect family members, even U.S-citizens 5.2 million children lived in mixed-status families, 4.5 million of them are U.S-born 8% of all U.S-born children have one undocumented parent Children of undocumented have lower levels cognitive development in early and middle childhood, greater mental health issues in adolescence and lasting negative effect on adult educational attainment and income.
26 1. Legal Framework 2. Legal Status 3. Naturalization 4. Participation & Representation 5. Focus on AAPIs
27 Naturalization & Citizenship Citizenship rate of working-age immigrants living more than 10 years in US 50% vs. 61% OECD Adjusting for undocumented population, US still well below Canada, Australia, Sweden Major barrier to political integration Most immigrants want to naturalize
28 1. Legal Framework 2. Legal Status 3. Naturalization 4. Participation and Representation 5. Focus on AAPIs
29 Voting By Immigrant Generation 1st 2nd 3rd plus 63% 58% 53% 65% 65% 63% 60% 60% 61% 60% 56% 53% 54% 53% 50%
30 Other Disparities in Participation Nativity and racial gaps get bigger in midterms, local elections While many activities do not require citizenship (contacting officials, boycotting products, expressing political views online), noncitizens are still less likely to participate
31 Volunteerism (Current Population Survey, 2014) 30% 25% 25% 23% 28% 20% 15% 15% 10% 5% 0% Overall First Gen Second Gen 3rd and Higher
32 Citizenship Matters for Volunteerism, too 25% 20% 21% 20% 19% 18% 15% 15% 14% 14% White 10% 11% Black Asian Hispanic 5% 0% Naturalized Non Citizen
33 1. Legal Framework 2. Legal Status 3. Naturalization 4. Participation and Representation 5. Focus on AAPIs
34 What is @aapidata
35 Growing Importance of @aapidata
36 @aapidata
37 @aapidata
38 Growing Share of Foreign Born Source: Pew @aapidata
39 National Important Part of Immigrant Vote California Share of Registered Voters Who Are Foreign Born Source: 2016 Current @aapidata
40 @aapidata
41 @aapidata
42 @aapidata
43 @aapidata
44 @aapidata
45 Thank
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