Unit 8 The Cold War and a New World Review Guide Chs. 28, 29, 30 AP European History. Key Terms and People

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1 Unit 8 The Cold War and a New World Review Guide Chs. 28, 29, 30 AP European History This is a list of key terms, people, artistic and literary works and other important issues relevant to the political, economic, and social developments of the last half of the 20 th century. As you prepare for both the unit exam and for the AP test in May, use this list to guide you toward an understanding of the important information and issues of the period. Work to understand the who, what, when, where, why, and how of each particular item. Also, try to recognize relationships between these events, developments and people. In other words, try to connect these terms to the larger questions and issues posed in the syllabus (which you should consider as integral to your preparations). Continue to look for historical points or developments that represent the convergence of these movements. However, be aware of new forces that influenced developments and events in Europe in the late 20 th century. Key Terms and People CHAPTER 28 COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD, I. Confrontation of the Superpowers A. Disagreement over Eastern Europe 1. United States and Britain championed self-determination and democracy 2. Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe 3. Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary B. Truman Doctrine, March 12, Civil war in Greece and Turkey C. Marshall Plan, June 1947, European Recovery Program 1. $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe 2. Soviet view D. The American Policy of Containment E. Contention over Germany 1. Soviets dismantle and remove factories 2. Blockade of Berlin, Germany separated, 1949 a. West German Federal Republic, September b. German Democratic Republic, October F. New Military Alliances 1. Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Warsaw Pact, 1955 II. Globalization of the Cold War A. The Korean War 1. North Koreans invaded the south, Chinese intervene when UN troops approach the border 3. Uneasy truce, 1953 B. Escalation of the Cold War 1. Policy of massive retaliation 2. Central Treaty Organization 3. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization C. Another Berlin Crisis 1. Vulnerability of Berlin 2. ICBM missile and Sputnik I launched 3. Summit meeting in Vienna 4. Berlin Wall, 1961 III. The Cuban Missile Crisis A. Fidel Castro (b. 1927) 1. Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, Established a communist regime B. Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 C. Discovery by US of missile bases being built D. President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba E. Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy s promise not to invade Cuba IV. The Vietnam War A. President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965 B. Domino Theory 1. If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations inn Asia would fall to communism C. President Richard Nixon ( ) vows to bring an honorable end D. Begins withdrawing troops E. Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops V. Decolonization A. Africa: The Struggle for Independence 1. Kwame Nkrumah; Convention People s Party 2. Jomo Kenyatta; Kenya African National Union 3. French in North Africa a. Granted full independence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1956 b. Guerrilla war in Algeria 4. South Africa a. African National Congress b. Apartheid c. Nelson Mandela 5. Ghana was the first to gain independence, Others followed a. Portuguese gave up Angola and Mozambique, 1975 VI. Conflict in the Middle East A. Emergence of new independent states

2 B. Arab League, 1945 C. The Question of Palestine 1. Zionists wanted Palestine for a homeland 2. After World War II sympathy grew for the Jews 3. President Truman approves the idea of an independent Jewish state within Palestine 4. Israel proclaimed a state, May 14, The move angers the Arab states D. Nasser and Pan-Arabism 1. Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser ( ) seized control of Egyptian government in Suez conflict 3. Pan-Arabism and the United Arab Republic E. The Arab-Israeli Dispute 1. Palestine Liberation Organization formed in Yasir Arafat ( ) 3. June 5, 1967, the Six Day War begins 4. Yom Kippur, 1973: Egypt attacks Israel VII. Asia: Nationalism and Communism A. Philippines granted independence, 1946 B. India 1. Muslims and Hindus 2. Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan 3. Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30, 1948 C. British grant independence to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) D. French efforts to keep Vietnam VIII. China Under Communism A. Chiang Kai-shek ( ) B. Mao Zedong ( ) 1. Victory in Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of Taiwan 3. Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, Great Leap Forward, Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a. Red Guards IX. Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries A. Newly independent nations caught in U.S. Soviet conflict B. Jawaharlal Nehru and Nonalignment C. Indonesia 1. Sukarno and Suharto X. The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev A. Stalin s Policies 1. Stalin s method for the recovery of the Soviet Union 2. By 1947 the Soviet Union had attained pre-war levels of industrial production 3. Very few consumer goods produced 4. Stalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953 B. Nikita Khrushchev ( ) 1. Ends the forced labor camps 2. Condemns Stalinist programs 3. There seem to be a loosening of restraint 4. Encourages rebellion in satellite nations a. Rebellions will be crushed 5. Agricultural setbacks 6. Industrial decline XI. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain A Soviet Union occupied all of the Balkans B. Communist governments were under the control of the Soviet Union C. Albania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions 1. Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more and more independent 2. Josip Broz, Tito, took control of Yugoslavia D. Eastern European countries followed the Soviet pattern 1. Five year plans 2. Farm collectivization E. Upheaval in Eastern Europe 1. Khrushchev interferes less with the satellite countries 2. Rebellion in Poland a. Wladyslaw Gomulka, 1956, elected first secretary b. Poland follows its own socialist plan XII. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain: Hungary & Czechoslovakia A. Hungary, This time dissent was directed at communism as well 2. Dissatisfaction and economic problems creates tense situation 3. Imry Nagy ( ) declares Hungary free, November 1, Promises free elections 5. Soviet Union attacks Budapest, November 6. Janos Kadar ( ) replaced Nagy B. Czechoslovakia, Antonin Novotny ( ) 2. Alexander Dubcek ( ), socialism with a human face 3. Initiated reforms 4. Reform crushed by the Warsaw Pact XIII. Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy A. Europe recovered rapidly from World War II B. Marshall Plan money was important to the recovery C. France: The Domination of De Gaulle 1. Charles de Gaulle ( ) a. Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of France 2. Algerian crisis 3. Defeat in Indochina 4. Fifth Republic, 1958 a. Powers of the President enhanced

3 5. Invested heavily in the nuclear arms race 6. Economic growth 7. Student riots, May Resignation of de Gaulle, April 1969 XIV. Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy A. West Germany: A Reconceived Nation 1. Konrad Adenauer ( ) 2. Reconciliation with France 3. Resurrection of the economy 4. Adenauer succeed by Ludwig Erhard. B. Great Britain: The Welfare State 1. Clement Atlee ( ) a. British Welfare State b. Meant dismantling of the British Empire 2. Continued economic problems C. Italy: Weak Coalition Government 1. Postwar reconstruction 2. Alcide de Gaspari (prime minister, ) 3. Unstable political coalitions 4. Italy s economic miracle XV. Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity A. European Coal and Steel Community B. European Economic Community (Common Market) XVI. American Politics and Society in the 1950s A. Influence of the New Deal 1. New Deal influence continued by Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson B. Prosperity of the 1950 s C. McCarthyism and the Red Scare XVII.Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960 s A. Johnson and the Great Society 1. War on Poverty 2. Job Corps 3. Department of Housing and Urban Development B. Civil Rights Movement 1. Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Martin Luther King, Jr. ( ) a. Southern Christian Leadership Conference b. Assassinated, Malcolm X 5. Summer of 1965 C. Antiwar Protests 1. Kent State University, 1970 XVIII. The Development of Canada A. Economic Development B. Military Concerns 1. Supports the United Nations 2. NORAD XIX. The Emergence of a New Society A. The Structure of European Society 1. Middle class joined by new group of white collar workers 2. Further urbanization 3. Rising income 4. Mass tourism XX. Creation of the Welfare State A. History of Social Welfare Policies B. Extension of old benefits and creation of new ones C. Removal of class barriers D. Increase in state spending on social services E. Gender Issues 1. Work, motherhood, and individual rights XXI. Women in the Postwar Western World A. Participation in the workforce declines until end of 1950s B. Baby Boom 1. Birth control C. Increased employment in the 1960s D. Feminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation 1. Right to vote 2. Simone de Beauvoir ( ) a. The Second Sex, Betty Friedan (b. 1921) a. The Feminine Mystique b. National Organization for Women (NOW) XXII. Social Revolutions A. The Permissive Society 1. Sexual revolution 2. Breakdown of the traditional family 3. Drug culture B. Education and Student Revolt 1. Higher education becoming more widespread 2. Problems a. Overcrowding b. Professors who paid too little attention to students c. Authoritative administrators d. Seemingly irrelevant education 3. Student strikes in France, Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam XXIII. Postwar Art and Literature A. Art 1. Jean Dubuffet 2. Abstract Impressionism a Jackson Pollock ( ) 3. Pop Art b. Andy Warhol ( ) A. Literature 1. Theater of the Absurd a. Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot b. Günter Grass, The Tin Drum XXIV.The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism A. Existentialism 1. Jean-Paul Sartre ( ) 2. Albert Camus ( ) B. The Revival of Religion 1. Karl Barth ( ) 2. Karl Rahner ( ) 3. Vatican II XXV. The Explosion of Popular Culture A. Culture as a Consumer Commodity 1. Link between mass culture and mass consumer society B. The Americanization of the World

4 Ch. 29: Protest and Stagnation: the Western World, I. A Culture of Protest A. Revolt in Sexual Mores 1. The Permissive Society 2. Sexual revolution 3. Breakdown of the traditional family B. Youth Protest and Student Revolt 1. Drug culture 2. Higher education becoming more widespread 3. Problems a. Overcrowding b. Professors who paid too little attention to students c. Authoritative administrators d. Seemingly irrelevant education 4. Student strikes in France, Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam C. Renewed Interest: The Feminist Movement 1. Women s liberation movement 2. Betty Friedan (b. 1921) a. The Feminine Mystique b. National Organization for Women (NOW) D. Antiwar Protests 1. European demonstrations against Vietnam 2. Kent State University, 1970 II. Stagnation in the Soviet Union A. The Brezhnev Years 1. The Brezhnev Doctrine 2. Détente 3. Economic emphasis on heavy industry 4. Patronage system 5. By the early 1980s, the Soviet Union was in poor shape III. Conformity Eastern Europe A. Poland 1. Solidarity 2. Lech Walesa (b. 1943) B. Hungary 1. János Kádár in power for more than 30 years 2. Moves slowly toward legalizing small private enterprises C. Czechoslovakia 1. Rejection of Antonin Novotny ( ) 2. Influences of Vaclav Havel (b. 1936) 3. January 1968, Alexander Dubček ( ) elected secretary of state 3. Old order brought back, Gustav Husák ( ) D. Repression in East Germany and Romania 1. Faithful satellite under Walter Ulbricht 2. Unrest due to economic problems 3. Stability and repression with Erich Honecker ( ) E. Romania 1. Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu established dictatorial regime IV. Western Europe: The Winds of Change A. West Germany 1. Willy Brandt ( ), Ostpolitik, opening toward the east a. Treaty with East Germany, Helmut Schmide (b. 1918) a. Technocrat; concerned with economic conditions 4. Helmut Kohl (b. 1930) a. Problems of union B.Great Britain: Thatcher and Thatcherism 1. Thatcherism a. Problems of Northern Ireland b. Direct rule from London, Conservatives gain political power, Foreign Policy C. Uncertainties in France 1. François Mitterrand ( ), a. Economic difficulties b. Socialistic policies c. Economic weaknesses of the 1990s 2. Move to conservatism, Jacques Chirac elected 1995 D. Confusion in Italy 1. Coalition Politics 2. Eurocommunism 3. Economic recession in the 1970s, economic growth in the 1980s 4. Political Corruption V. The European Community A. 1973: European Economic Community (EEC) becomes European Community (EC) when Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark join VI. The United States: Turmoil and Tranquility A. Richard Nixon ( ) elected in Ends Vietnam war, Watergate scandal 3. Resignation, August 9, 1974 B. Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), Stagflation high inflation and unemployment 2. Oil embargo, hostages held by Iran C. Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), Reverses the welfare state 2. Military buildup 3. Supply-side economics VII. Canada A. Pierre Trudeau ( ), elected in 1968 B. Brian Mulroney (b. 1939), elected in 1984

5 VIII. Cold War: Move to Détente A. The Second Vietnam War 1. U.S. President Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, Domino Theory a. If the communists succeed in Vietnam, other nations in Asia would fall to communism 3. President Richard Nixon ( ) vows to bring an honorable end 4. Begins withdrawing troops 5. Peace treaty signed January 1973 calls for removal of all US troops B. China and the Cold War 1. Mao and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a. Red Guards 2. U.S.-China Relations a. Nixon and the strategic relationship C. The Practice of Détente 1. Antiballistic Missile Treaty , Helsinki Agreements D. The Limits of Détente 1. Afghanistan 2. President Reagan s evil empire and star wars IX. The World of Science and Technology A. Military-Industrial Complex 1. German rockets; jets 2. British work in computers 3. J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb B. Computers C. Dangers of science and technology D. New conceptions of the Universe X. The Environment and the Green Movements A. Problems in the environment B. Chernobyl, 1986 C. Green Parties XI. Western Culture Today A. Postmodern Thought 1. Ferdinand de Saussure ( ) 2. Jacques Derrida ( ) B. Art 1. Rejection of object-based artworks 2. Postmodernism 3. Photorealism C. Literature 1. Gabriel Garcia Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude 2. Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being D. Music 1. Serialism 2. Minimalism XII. Popular Culture: Image and Globalization A. Music 1. Punk 2. Music videos 3. Rap B. The Growth of Mass Sports C. Globalization of Popular Culture Ch. 30: After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (since 1985) I. Toward a New Western Order A. The Gorbachev Era 1. Problems of rigid and centralized planning 2. Perestroika (restructuring) 3. Glasnost (openness) 4. Political reforms a. Call for a new Soviet parliament, 1988 b. Congress of People s Deputies elected nationalist movements erupt 6. Lithuania declares independence, 1990 B. The End of the Soviet Union 1. Gorbachev arrested, August 19, 1991; coup fails 2. Ukraine votes for independence, December 1991, others follow 3. December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigns and turns power over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia a. Committed to free market economy b. economic inequity and corruption 4. Vladimir Putin replaced Yeltsin when he resigned a. Vows to return breakaway state of Chechnya b. In 2001 launches reforms including unrestricted sale and purchase of land c. Reform did not resolve Russia s economic problems II. Eastern Europe A. Poland 1. Lech Walesa chosen as new president, December 1990 B. Hungary 1. March 1990, new coalition government C. Czechoslovakia 1. December 1989, Communist government collapsed 2. Vaclav Havel (b. 1936) new president D. Romania 1. A more violent transition to remove dictator Nicolae Ceausescu 2. Demonstrations and ruthless repression a. eventually led to execution of Ceausescu 3. National Salvation Front established, December 1989 E. Varying degrees of success in moving toward democracy 1. Poland and Czech Republic 2. NATO and the European Union III. Reunification of Germany A. Mass demonstrations and flight of refugees

6 B. Communist government gave in to pressure and opened boarder 1. November 9, 1989 C. March 1990, first free elections in East Germany D. October 1990, political unification of East and West Germany IV. The Disintegration of Yugoslavia A. Death of Tito in 1980 B. League of Communists C. In 1990 republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Macedonia worked toward a federal structure D. Slobodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minorities E. Slovenia and Croatia declare independence 1. Yugoslavian army sent to attach Croatia 2. Army becoming more and more a Serbian Army F Serbs turn on Bosnia- Herzegovina 1. Ethnic cleansing 2. NATO strikes back V. War in Kosovo A. War erupted in 1999 B. Ethnic Albanians C. Stripped of autonomous status in 1989 D. Kosovo Liberation Army E. US and NATO intervene F. Milosevic refused to sign agreement and NATO resumes air strikes G. Milosovic ousted from office in fall elections, Brought to trial by an international tribunal for war crimes against humanity H. NATO remained to help with uneasy peace I. By 2006, the former Yugoslavia became 6 independent nations VI. Western Europe and the Search for Unity A. Germany Restored 1. Christian Democrats and Helmut Kohl bring success 2. Revitalizing eastern Germany costly a. exposed Stasi 3. Christian Democrats lost support 4. Social Democrats gain power for a time a. Gerhard Schroeder (b. 1944) 5. Angela Merkel (b. 1954), a Christian Democrat a. first female chancellor, 2005 B. Post-Thatcher Britain 1. Anti-tax riots force Thatcher to resign, November Replaced by John Major of the Conservative Party 3. By May 1997, Labour Party back with Tony Blair (b. 1953) a. centrist policies b. supported the U.S. against terrorism c. eventually lost support in Britain because of this 4. June 2007, Gordon Brown of the Labour Party becomes prime minister C. France Moves to the Right 1. Economy continues to decline in Mitterrand s second term , conservative parties win 80% of seats in National Assembly 3. Growing anti-immigrant sentiment under president Jacques Chirac a. tensions grow, 2005 riots break out in Parisian suburbs 4. Nicholas Sarkozy (b. 1955) elected president in 2007 D. Corruption on Italy 1. politicians and business leaders under investigation , Italy turned to a centerleft coalition VII. Unification of Europe: the European Community A. 2000: EC contains 370 million people B. 1994: EC renames itself European Union (EU) and focuses on political unification C. 2002: Introduction of common currency (euro) D. Problems E. Toward a United Europe: May 2004: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Cyprus join EU VIII. The United States: Move to the Center A. George H. Bush (b. 1924), Economic downturn B. Bill Clinton elected Favored fiscal responsibility 2. Misconduct C. George W. Bush 1. Terrorism 2. Economic policies 3. Environmentalism IX. Contemporary Canada A. Jean Chrétien 1. Liberal leader with conservative fiscal policies B. Quebec 1. René Lévesque 2. Parti Québécois X. The End of the Cold War A. During the late 1980s, US and Soviet Union move to slow down arms race B : Political upheaval in Eastern Europe upset postwar status quo C. The Gulf War D. New territorial ambitions: Asia, Africa, Balkans, Middle East XI. An Age of Terrorism? A. Terrorist methods B. Munich Olympic Games, 1972 C. Left and right wing terrorist groups D. Militant nationalism E. Terrorist Attack on the United States

7 1. September 11, Al-Qaida 3. Osama bin Laden 4. Afghanistan F. War in Iraq 1. U.S. accusation of Saddam Hussain 2. Led to a largely American-led invasion of Iraq, March Increased violence and little stability as war continues XII. The West and Islam A. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict fueled anti-american sentiment in the Muslim world B. Rise of Islamic governments in Iran and elsewhere C. Impact of the Persian Gulf War D. Impact of the Iraq War XIII. New Directions and New Problems in Western Society A. Transformation in Women s Lives 1. Decline in the birthrate 2. Rise in the work force B. The Women s Movement 1. Abortion 2. Women s studies 3. Anti-nuclear movement/ecology 4. International women s conferences XIV. Guest Workers and Immigrants A. Europe experienced a severe labor shortage in the 1950s and 1960s B. Guest Workers C. Backlash against foreign workers D. 1980s: Influx of refugees E. Impact of immigrants on social services F. New limits on immigration G. Growing presence of Muslims throughout Europe XV. Religion, Art and Music A. Varieties of Religious Life 1. Fundamentalism 2. The growth of Islam 3. Pope John Paul II, B. Visual Arts 1. Neo-Expressionism a. Anselm Kiefer (b. 1945) b. Jean-Michel Basquiat ( ) 2. Andres Serrano (b. 1950) and Robert Mapplethorpe ( ) C. Music 1. grunge music 2. Hip-hop 3. gangsta rap XVI. The Digital Age A. Technology 1. , the internet, cellular phones, ipods B. Music and Art 1. changes in sound and production of Music a. Bill Viola (b. 1951) 2. Matthew Barney (b. 1967) C. Video Games D. Film 1. Fantasy and epics and computer animation E. The body and identity 1. the Western and non-western world F. Multiculturalism in Literature 1. Jhumpa Lahiri (b. 1967) XVII. Toward a Global Civilization A. Global Economy 1. World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 2. Multinational corporation/transnational corporation 3. Free-Trade a. World Trade Organization (est. 1995) B. Globalization and the Environmental Crisis 1. Population growth a. Hunger b. Consumption 2. Global Warming a. Greenhouse effect C. Social Challenges 1. Migration 2. Immigration backlash 3. Growing gap between rich and poor 4. Civil Wars: Darfur XVIII. New Global Movements and New Hopes A. Problems are global not just national B. Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) C. Interdependency Chs Chronology: Berlin blockade Start of the Korean War Revolt in Hungary Cuban Missile Crisis Berlin Wall was built Formation of European Coal and Steel Community Prague Spring Margaret Thatcher came to power in Great Britain Fall of the Soviet Union Creation of European Union