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1 Resident Coordinator Country Profile 1 Country: Syria 2 Duty Station: a) Location: Damascus b) Classification: B c) Family or Non-family: Family 3 Required Language(s): English and Arabic 4 Languages that would be an asset: French 5 Country Situation: Stable (even if the country has witnessed recently some dramatic events which are still unfolding). a. Syria has been ruled by the Arab Socialist Party (Ba'ath Party) since 1963 following a period of coups and turmoil that engulfed the country after its independence in In November 1970, then Minister of Defense Hafiz al-assad ousted the civilian party leadership in a bloodless intra-party coup, and assumed the role of Prime Minister. He then became President in March 1971 and ruled until his death in June While the Baath party maintains a strong grip on power the country has a very diverse sectarian and ethnic structure (Sunni Muslims (74%), Alawis (12%), Christians (10%), Druze (3%); Kurds, who are Sunnis, represent 9 % of the population who is at 90% Arab, with small minorities of Armenians, Circassians and Turkomans). Emergency Law has been in effect since b. A series of popular protests demanding freedom and reform emerged in March and April While these demonstrations remain localized, the death toll has been significant: as of 4 April over 70 deaths have been reported, mostly in the cities of Deraa and Latakia. On 29 March, the government resigned and on 3 April President Assad appointed as Prime Minister Adel Safar, the agricultural minister in the former government. On 30 March, Assad defied expectations on lifting Syria's decades-old emergency law in his first public speech since the beginning of the protests, but he announced the establishment of a commission to address the emergency law and the political party system. He also established a commission to investigate deaths. The Syrian Government blames the wave of protests on a foreign plot.

2 c. Following President Hafiz al-assad s death in June 2000, his son Bashar al-assad inherited control of the Ba athist regime. The Syrian parliament lowered the minimum age of the president from 40 to 34 to allow Bashar to become president through referendum. He was reconfirmed as President for another 7-year term in May d. President Bashar al-assad s coming to power ushered in a process of limited political reform. However, in 2001, citing national security concerns, the Government moved to suppress the Damascus Spring movement which had demanded the repeal of the state of emergency, the abolishment of martial law and special courts, and the introduction of comprehensive political reforms. e. On the economic front, President Bashar al-assad s rise to power was accompanied with a pledge to eradicate corruption, which is said to remain systemic in Syria and as elsewhere in the Arab world, corruption is seen as a source of deep disaffection among ordinary Syrians. Another main concern is the rising unemployment, for which estimates vary from 11 percent to 25 percent mostly among the youth (60% of Syrians are estimated to be below the age of 25). f. President Assad also recognized the socio-economic problems of the country that fuel popular discontent, and the Syrian government announced in January an increase in the heating oil allowance for public workers by 72%, a move that would cost the state $326 million, and promised more political reforms. Further steps included the handout of US $250 million in financial aid to about 420,000 low-income families (this could reach as much as 10 percent of the country s population). This social safety-net programme is supported by UNDP and the EU. Taxes on basic foodstuffs have been reduced. The authorities also released a number of political prisoners. g. There is no organized developed political opposition in the country, and non-governmental organizations, although growing in numbers, are still limited. A new law for NGOs has been elaborated and is under review. h. Although Syria participated in 1990 in the U.S.-led coalition against Saddam Hussein and in the multilateral Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid in 1991, the Israeli-Syrian direct negotiations have not resumed since the end of 1990s. The Turkish mediated Israeli-Syrian talks in 2008 did not produce results and were suspended by Syria in response to Israel s military operation in Gaza in December 2008 January Syria's relations with Western countries have been rather cool in past years, especially following the assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Hariri in February 2004, though there have been mutual attempts to re-engage with France and the US since Syria has reportedly allied closer with Iran. Syria is home to part of the political leadership of Hamas and supports Hezbollah in Lebanon. Since 2004, the US maintains exports and financial sanctions against Syria. The US withdrew their ambassador in 2005, but President Obama appointed Robert Ford as Ambassador to Syria in January Syria continues to reportedly play an important role in Lebanese politics, even after it withdrew its troops in April 2005, as requested by Security Council resolution They had been stationed there since Syria's intervention in Lebanon's civil war in Lebanon and Syria have both now appointed an Ambassador in Damascus and Beirut, which constituted an important move. Relationships have also substantially improved with Saudi Arabia and a strategic multi-sectoral partnership is now in place with Turkey, although both relations have been weakened due to the recent unrest in the country.

3 6 Will there be additional coordination functions, e.g. Humanitarian Coordinator? Depending on the evolution of the situation in the country and the region, the RC may be required to carry out humanitarian coordination functions or be designated as Humanitarian Coordinator in case of large-scale refugee influx, internal displacement, social unrest, drought or other humanitarian emergency in the country or in neighbouring countries. 7 Is RC also the Director of UNIC? No but UNIC maintains an active office in Beirut which collaborates with the RC and UNDP. 8 Is there an SRSG or other Special Envoy of the SG assigned to the country? No, although the RC is often involved in their sensitive visits to Syria. Two SRSGs/Special Envoys are of particular importance for Syria namely the Middle East Peace Process Special Envoy based in Jerusalem and the Special Coordinator for Lebanon based in Beirut. Both come on regular basis to Damascus. Also, Syria hosts a large DPKO operation (UNDOF), based normally in the Quneitra Governorate close to the Golan, but with most of its staff and dependents residing in Damascus. The General, Head of UNDOF, attends usually the SMT. 9 List all represented UN Funds, Programmes and Agencies (incl. Regional bodies): UNDP; UNDOF; UNTSO; UNICEF; UNFPA; UNHCR; UNRWA; WFP; WHO; FAO; as well as IOM. UNV and UNIFEM maintain officers attached to UNDP. 10 Inter-Agency Task Forces and/or UN Theme Groups operational in the Country: Under the Thematic Groups the following are active: HIV/AIDS, YOUTH & ADOLESCENCE, Iraqi Refugee Assistance, and Community Empowerment/ MDG Up-scaling. Inter agency task forces: OPERATIONS; UN COMMUNICATIONS, AVIAN INFLUENZA, UNDAF TASK FORCE. 11 Status of Development Planning Instruments:

4 a) Country Strategy Note (CSN): NA b) Common Country Assessment (CCA): Country Assessment finalized in December 2010 c) Harmonization of Programme Cycles: 2007 d) United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF): Draft finalized in February 2011; under review by the Government 12 Key political and socio -economical Issues significant for UN System Development Assistance: Internal socio-economic reforms are the major issue of the day in Syria. Regional tensions and political are issues of considerable concern. 13 Highlights of Collaborative UN Assistance: -UNCT meets regularly on monthly basis to discuss ongoing and upcoming issues, such as the Common Country Programming Process (starting with the UNDAF and presently the Country Programming Action Plan). Other joint efforts include the Avian Influenza, Contingency Planning, youth and adolescent development, community development and empowerment, and Iraqi refugee assistance. During the Lebanon crisis of July/August 2006, the UNCT met on a biweekly basis, to jointly plan the UN s response to the crisis at hand, including preparing Syria s component in the Lebanon Flash Appeal. 14 Key Elements of Current Year s RC Work Plan: I. Coordination for emergency preparedness and relief Preparedness Relief II. Coordination for emergency preparedness and relief Preparedness Relief III. UN advocacy and resource mobilization Advocacy and communication Resource mobilization IV. Security management

5 V. Non-resident UN agencies 15 Status of Common Premises: The office space situation in Damascus is tight and very limiting. This has a major impact on staff morale. UN agencies cannot afford to rent one place due to non-availability of sufficient office space and the exorbitant cost to the UN should we think of buying or building our own office space. Discussion for the construction of a UN Green House within the large premises of UNRWA is underway and an architect was hired to do the designs. 16 Status of Common Services: The Operations Management Team is active with a few common agreements established and reviewed frequently;this includes: Courier Service, Travel Agency, Clearance Agency, Security Guards Company and a 24/7 Radio Operation Room. cc. Bureau Programme Manager Bureau Business Advisor

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