CHAPTER II LOCATION, TRENDS, PATTERN AND GROWTH OF SLUMS IN DELHI

Transcription

1 CHAPTER II LOCATION, TRENDS, PATTERN AND GROWTH OF SLUMS IN DELHI

2 INTRODUCTION Delhi is one of the fastest growing metropolises in India. Along with Delhi's urban growth there is a simultaneous growth and expansion of the slum population and its slum areas. Soon, Delhi has acquired the dubious distinction of being rated as the fastest growing slum city in the world. This Chapter study's about the characteristics of the slums and its socio economic condition based on the secondary data. To define slums various government as well as the non governmental organization provides the definition about the slums, here only governmental institutions are given below: 2.1 DEFINITION OF SLUMS The concept of slums and its definition vary from country to country depending upon the socio-economic condition of each society, irrespective of location, whether in the core of the city in the form of sqatterring slums. Operational Definition of Slums by Census of India The definition of the slums is given statutory position under the slum (improvement and clearance) act of According to the slum areas (improvement and clearance) act 1956, slums are area where buildings area:- In any respect unfit for the habitation; and are by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements of streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health and morals. According to census 2001 population of slums in India is around 40.6 million, which includes the following:- }) All specified areas notified as 'Slum' by State/Local Government and UT Administration under any Act; 2) All areas recognized as 'slum' by state/local government and UT administration, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act; 3) A compact area of at least 300 populations or about households of poorly built congested tenements in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. i (COl, Delhi) 59

3 NSSO Definition Similarly the NSSO defined 'slum' in its 58th round slums survey as "A slum is a compact area with a collected of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic condition" 11 UNDP Definition of Slums At its January 2002 meeting in New York, the UN-Inter-Agency Development Group (UNDG) on MDGs expressed concerns that tenure and sanitation did not adequately constitute a complete response to the target of 'improving the lives of 100 million slum dwellers'. UN-HABIT AT therefore also proposed to develop a definition and an operational measurement of slum improvement in order to respond more directly to Target 11. An Expert Group Meeting was held in Nairobi in November 2002 on 'Defining Slums and Secure Tenure'. Experts agreed on the following generic definition of slums: A slum is a contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing and basic services. A slum is often not recognised and addressed by the public authorities as an integral or equal part of the city. The Expert Group Meeting recommended that the adequate monitoring of Target 11 be undertaken through five components, reflecting conditions that characterize slums: 1. Insecure residential status; 2. Inadequate access to safe water; 3. Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure; 4. Poor structural quality of housing; 5. Overcrowding. 2.2 TYPOLOGY OF SLUMS AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS Slums in Delhi are observed to be located on plain areas owned by the government, and vacant private lands (Basu, 1988; Srirangan, 1997). They are "spread over the length and breadth of the city staring the conscientious urban planners in the face" (Ali, 1990:15). Large concentrations of squatters are seen in Trans Yamuna/East Delhi and South Delhi. 60

4 In Delhi, Slums areas are usually found located on: Public lands (Sundaram and Gambhir, 1991; Benjamin, 1991 :3); Gardens, open spaces near railway tracks, beneath bridges and planned public housing sites (Benjamin, 1991 :3); Amidst surrounding residential areas (Misra and Gupta, 1981 ); Near old and new industrial and commercial complexes, fruit and vegetable markets, within unauthorised colonies, and resettlement colonies (DDA, 1983); and Open spaces left out in resettlement colonies where previous squatter households had been rehabilitated and who even complain that the basic services made available to them are inadequate (Ali, 1990). These squatter settlements are mostly made of huts constructed out of mud, brick, straw, bamboo, wood and such other sundry materials (Misra and Gupta, 1981 ). However, some well-established squatter units are made out of improvised materials without any infrastructure provisions (Sundaram and Gambhir, 1991 ). About 80% of them are of square meter area and 88% seem to be single room units (Basu, 1988:138). Squatters are mostly engaged in manual labour in the industrial areas, in domestic work and in construction, and factors such as distance of workplace and transportation costs encourage them to stay in these settlements which are centrally located (Srirangan, 1997). It is believed that some of them are doing petty trading and also engaged in selfemployed home hawker trades. Researchers observed that most squatters are rural migrants of utterly poor and poverty-stricken labour class households who move to the city in search of better wages (DDA, 1983; Basu, 1988: 138; Srirangan, 1997). Their household income seems to be very low and it is observed that they do not manage to save anything from their daily wages (SPA, 1994 ). Delhi's Urbanisation: Past and Present Delhi's population increases much faster than the national average rate. Delhi grows by almost 5 per cent annually, adding 400,000 people per year to the current 61

5 estimated 13.5 million (United Nations 1995). In 1971, the population was barely 3.6 million, but in 1991 it was 8.4 million (Census of India 1971 and Census of India 1991 ). In 2015, the urban area of Delhi is expected to contain 17.6 million people (Ansari and Von Einsiedel 1998, p. 3). The expansion of the city strongly influences the villages in terms of land use and population, both physically and in a socio-economic sense. Its influence stretches far beyond the immediately adjacent area. This study concentrates on the livelihood of the migrants residing in Delhi. The notion of livelihood is narrowed down here to reflect social and economic household variables; of these, especially the occupational characteristics are studied thoroughly. The traditionally dominant agricultural activities are under increasing pressure, although new chances are emerging for market-oriented industrlization. There are great differences in access to resources and opportunities among villagers, leading to interesting new patterns of livelihood. For non-agricultural occupations, the villagers' options are enhanced by their proximity to the expanding city. Land use and occupational trends are highly interrelated. For example, Brookfield et a!. (1991) found that in Kuala Lumpur's fringe, as "educated children leave home to seek wage employment, leaving an increasingly elderly population in the kampung; the land acquires an aspect of neglect." Other sources emphasised the stimulating effects on urbanization (e.g. Mulay and Ray 1973). A number of other consequences of urbanisation - namely environmental problems, land use pattern, and planning for basic amenities the city's expansion- are also treated in this study. Although Delhi is a relatively fast grower in the club of Indian metropolitan cities (Delhi Development Authority 1992), the issues examined here are certainly not limited to Delhi. Some of its circumstances are obviously unique. Delhi nonetheless forms a suitable case, since it shows numerous similarities with other (metropolitan) cities as well. Like many other cities in Asia, Delhi is expanding fast. Moreover, it too is surrounded by a populous rural area with productive agricultural land. These are common features of the developing world in general and Asia in particular (e.g. McGee 1991 ). Such conditions give rise to many conflicts between rural and urban economies, traditions, and people. However, they can also generate mutually beneficial complementarities in the rural and urban spheres. The net outcome is highly selective for different groups and different 62

6 locations. The empirical results of this study are on occasion compared with other cases gleaned from the available literature. Delhi Includes Eleven Census Towns namely: New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) M. CL, Delhi Cantonment CB, Delhi Municipal Corporation (DMC), Bhakswa Jahangir Pur (C.T), Sahibabad Daulat Pur (C.T), Pooth Kalan (C.T), Sultan Pur Majra (C.T), Jaffrabad (C.T), Gharonda Neemka Bangar alias Patpar Ganj (C.T), Dalla Pura (C.T), Nanga! Dewat (C.T), Sambhalka (C.T), Tigri (C.T), Pul Pehlad (C.T). The total population of Delhi urban agglomeration is about 1.8 crores. The majority of Delhi population lives in the DMC, these two areas contribute to the sum of 90 percent of the total urban population. TABLE 2.1 Total Population and Slum Population in Delhi Towns (2001) Towns New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) Delhi Cantonment CB Delhi Municipal Corporation (MCD) Bhakswa Jahangir Pur (C.T) Sahibabad Daulat Pur (C.T) Pooth Kalan (C.T) Sultan Pur Majra (C.T) Jaffrabad (C.T) Gharonda Neemka Hangar alias Patpar Ganj (C.T) Dallo Pura (C.T) Nangal Dewat (C.T) Sambhalka (C.T) Tigri (C.T) Put Pehlad (C.T) Total Population Total Slum Pop Abbr.: M.CL. : Municipal Councils, CB: Cantonment Board, CT: Census Town. Note: Delhi Includes Eleven Census Towns. Source: Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2807, dated

7 Type of Settlements in Delhi As per Economic Survey of Delhi ( ), there are Eight types of settlements in Delhi: 1. Jhuggi- Jhompri Clusters (JJ clusters) 2. Slum designated areas 3. Unauthorised colonies 4. Resettlement colonies 5. Rural villages 6. Regularised- Unauthorised colonies 7. Urban villages 8. Planned colonies The first two categories account for the bulk of slum population in Delhi. Legally notified slums are those which have been designated as slums under the Slum Areas Improvement and Clearance Act (1956). The legally notified slums are mainly in the walled city areas with a population of about 2 million. It has been noted that no slums have been legally notified in the last 30 years.(economic Survey Of Delhi, ). JJ clusters on the other hand are illegal occupants or squatters on public or private land. In a survey carried out in Delhi in 1990, 2.59 lakhs households were estimated in such squatters. As per Delhi Development Authority (2000), 38% of the growth of population in Delhi during the last decade was due to in- migration. Although the relative contribution of in- migration to this growth has declined over the years, however in absolute terms the numbers of slums have increased to 1180(2001) from 929 slums in According to Economic Survey of Delhi (2002), the Slum Wing of MCD estimates about 1100 JJ clusters with 6 Lakh households and an approximate population of 21 Lakh. Unlike cities such as Kolkata or Mumbai, Delhi does not have slum settlements in certain specified areas instead they are scattered throughout the cities in small settlements near railway tracks, roads, river banks, parks and other vacant lands. The number of households in a settlement is I 00 or below in slightly more than 50% of the slum settlements while another quarter has a size of more than 100 but less 64

8 than 300 households (Slum Wing of DDA, 1990 as given in Ali, 1998). These settlements are generally formed along lines of regional, linguistic and caste affiliations, though there are many clusters that are also heterogeneous in composition. Resettlement Colonies in Delhi Resettlement colonies were the first initiative by the government to provide better living conditions to people living in slums. The first such resettlement was in This was as per the provisions of the 1961 Mater Plan of Delhi that recommended 'squatters be relocated in various parts of the urban area' (Dewan, 2002). The Plan sought to integrate the slum dwellers into the city and avoid 'ghettoisation' of the poor; For instance, the document stresses that "It is of utmost importance that physical plans should avoid stratification on income or occupation basis". During another massive resettlement programme was initiated by DDA, an estimated 1.97 Lakh JJ clusters were resettled in 26 new JJ colonies. In another scheme was initiated that sought to provide and improve basic civic amenities in 44 resettlement colonies. In , resettlement colonies were transferred from DDA to MCD with the assurance that the Government of Delhi will provide the maintenance expenditure to MCD under non-plan expenditure. Since 1979 to 2002 an estimated Rs crore under plan expenditure and Rs crore under non-plan expenditure has released by the Delhi Government for maintenance of the resettled colonies. (Economic Survey of Delhi, ) Because of certain minimal provisions that the government has to provide in resettlement colonies, evidence suggests that resettlement colonies are generally better placed than slums (NCAER, 2002). For instance, Location near a Nallah or an industry heightens the risk posed to health on account of the pollution (either human or industrial) while location near a highway/ road/ railway line exposes residents to vehicular pollution apart from increased risks of accidents faced especially by children. All such resettlement colonies (as shown in the table below) are located near highways/ roads. Slums on the other hand have mixed locational profile. A quarter of the slums are located near highways/ roads, another 20% near Nallah and railway track each. 65

9 The better location of resettlement colonies is because these colonies have been settled in a 'plan' manner. Resettlement colonies comprise of JJ clusters households that have been 'resettled'. The total population in resettlement colonies is estimated to be 18 lakhs (2000) in 46 resettlement colonies. The magnitude of JJ clusters prior to 1970 was within manageable limits; so most such households ( 43, 000) were resettled. After 1970, migration speeded up and so did the growth of JJ clusters and resettlement was not able to keep pace with it (Government of Delhi, 2002). Location near, Railway track I River/ Nallah Highway/ Road Table 2.2 Location of Slums and Resettlement Colonies Slum Resettlement Colonies All Construction site Industry Religious/Public place Other 6.3! Source NCAER (2002) Page No In addition to the above settlement types, many slums also fall under 'unauthorised' colonies and to be regularised-unauthorised' colonies, which are later regularised; though the exact proportion is not known? The Slum and JJ wing of DDA has a more elaborate classification of slums in Delhi; slums have been put into 7 categories, including those mentioned above (Sabir Ali, 2003). Legally Notified Slum Areas Jhuggi- Jhompri Clusters (JJ Clusters) Unauthorised Colonies and Harijan Bastis 66

10 Urban vi llages Pavement Dwellers Resettlement Colonies Regularised Unauthorised Colonies 2.3 LOCATION OF SLUMS In 200 l census, the total population of Delhi was around 13 8 lakh means 27 lakh household lived in slums, Out of these around one fourth of the families are living in the authorized colonies rest three fourth of the population lives in the slums, unauthorized colonies or resettlement colonies. Apart from that a small fraction of population lives in the urban villages and rest are houseless people living in open. MAPN02.1 W ARDWISE CONCENTRATION OF SLUMS IN DELHI Map not to scale 67

11 The numbers of Slums and the unauthorised colonies are growing at a great pace and in the last fifty years its growth was unprecedented. In 195 I around 64,000 people living in the JJ clusters but today there population has reached around 32 lakhs. Fifty years back, the places having only 200 households; today they have around 1160 household's lives(status report of Delhi, 2001), but as we look in to the data the population of slums in 197 I and I 98 I they reduced drastically but after the short span of time it again starts growing with good pace. Around 1.75 lakh slum populations are resettled in to the resettlement colonies. (Status report of Delhi, 2001) As we look at total population of the slums, there is no such drastic change as we compare the total population and house holds of slums of Delhi; in I 97 I only I 124 settlements only 3 Lakh populations were residing but in 2001 out of I 160 settlements 32 Lakh population was residing in the slums. As we see from th.e data the settlement's not growing at the very fast pace but the population residing on the slums are growing at a very fast speed. (Due to large scale migration) (Pernia 2001) Table 2.3 Population living in different types of livelihoods Types Population % J.J clusters Resettlement Colonies Unauthorised Colonies Urban Villages 4.47 Notified Slum Areas 7.08 House less 0.44 ~ Authorised Colonies Source: Delhi Municipal Corporation, 1994; SocioEconomic Profile of Delhi, , Delhi Government Status report for Delhi21, Government of India, 200 I In to there is big jump in the population of Delhi, Much of this is caused by the migration from Pakistan and the ministry of rehabilitation was set up to specially to settle the refugees Between , the actual growth was 13% higher then anticipated by the master plan and 24% more the notified; but this growth takes place largely because of the 68

12 Asiad games, which was not the part of master plan. It was estimated that almost 10 Lakh people were brought to the city for construction work for games. Is there Enough Land in the City for so Many People? Theoretically, the planners should have provided for at least for the population of 128 lakhs and the DDA has demanded for the more land in 1985 and 1998.until 1998 DDA has use only 55% of the residential land given in 1961, 26% had its land use changed. Table 2.4 Total population of slums in Delhi ( ) Year Population (in lakhs) ~~. v ~-~".~c~.~=< --~,_.~~ = ~ Source: Delhi Municipal Corporation. 200 I Use Table 2.5 Land (in acres) Developed and Disposed by DDA Land Developed Up to 1983 ~ 1 o To Total Land Developed L3nd Developed Up to 1994 %To Total Land Developed Residential (i)plots/tlats (57) (69) (ii)cooperative housing group ( 19) ( 15) (iii) Slum and squatter relocations (24) ( 16) Commercial & institutions I Industrial Horticulture & green IS Balance/vacant II Total * Source: Compiled trom DDA records and adopted from Srirangan ( 1997) 69

13 Table 2.5 shows that about acres of land had been developed by august this took the form of specific housing ("residential") schemes executed by DDA and housing developments executed as part of integrated development schemes ("sub-city projects" or "integrated developments"), commercial and industrial complexes/estates, and green areas. The DDA's land and property developments can be broadly categorised into two groups such as residential and non-residential while only 12% was allotted for the urban poor; mean while urban poor living in Delhi has increased from 4.4% in 1957 to 25% in 1981 to 40% in 1998, while the land allotted for the lags far behind; this explains why the urban poor have been forced to live in substandard settlements.which is treated as 'encroachments' 98.5% of the JJ clusters are within the urban area and provide cheap and affordable labour to the city. Similarly 72% of the unauthorised colonies lie outside the urban areas. Each JJ Cluster can be seen to occupy less than 0.36 hectares. The majority (65%) is on DDA land but occupy only 47% of the land. This is less than 1% of the land given to the DDA in 1961 for residence purposes, while 23% of the total population lives in JJ Clusters. TABLE 2.6 TYPES OF SETTLEMENT NUMBERS AND TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS Types Total number Lakh households Slums I, Unauthorised I, Resettlement Urban village Footpath Total Source NCPRB Table 2.6 denotes the type of settlement number and total household in urban slums. The largest share is contributed by slums and unauthorised colonies. Origin of Slums and Their Development Since Independence, the city of Delhi has been growing quite rapidly, especially the informal sector. Industrialization has advanced, commercialization has increased and a great deal of infrastructure building has taken place in the past 50 years; the number of 70

14 commercial activities and the industrial units rose from 26,000 in 1971 to 1,3 7,000 in 1999 providing jobs to more than 14 Lakh workers. Only 25,000 units out of the total of 1.37 lakhs are functioning in the conforming industrial zones. Rests are in the non conforming areas (NCPRB, 1999) means informal settlements act as catalyst for urbanization. The population of the city has also increased dramatically. From a small city of 4.1 lakh people in 191 1, Delhi has today become a giant metropolis of over 13 million people.after 1951 the population of the city has grown by over 50% per decade, migration counts for the much of the population. For example, in almost 50% of the population the migration has taken place from neighboring states of Uttar Pradesh ( %), Haryana (11.82%), Rajasthan(6.17%), Punjab(5.43%), and far off backward states like Bihar( % )(NCPRB, 1999). Reasons for the Development of Slums As we search for the reasons; the mam reason was Rapid urbanisation and distorted development patterns has brought about migration of rural population to urban settings in search of food and job Prevailing high disparity between rich and poor has forced this migrant population to settle in the small groups in unauthorised colonies called J.J.Clusters. Year Source: Slum Wing. MCD 2003 Table: 2.7 GROWTH OF JHUGGIES IN DELHI Jhuggies households in Delhi JJ Clusters II 00 71

15 Poverty, sub-human conditions, poor quality of life and lack of medical facilities has resulted in higher incidence of disease of poverty and thus high mortality, morbidity and birth rate pattern can be seen in the group of population. Today about 35% of Delhi population is living in the J.J.Clusters and unauthorised colonies. Civic bodies are not able to do provide required civic amenities as they are all settled in the area labeled as unauthorised by civic authorities themselves Zone Wise Distribution of Slums in Delhi All the 1301 slums clusters are grouped into 929 slums and squatters settlements. The zone wise distribution of slums and squatters shows that the south has the highest share of the settlements (30.3) percent, followed by north zone with 24.4 percent and west zone 22 percent. In the east zone and the central zone contributes the lowest percentage of the slums and squatters, and 10 percent respectively. The availability of large open spaces, employment opportunities in industries and post independence colonies and construction sites, resulted in the mushrooming of the slums and squatters settlements in south Delhi Table 2.8 Spatial Distribution of Squatter Settlements (JJ Clusters) IN Delhi Zone Number OF Number of Squatter Population Number of Clusters in.jhuggies in Clusters in in 1994 EAST ZONE CENTRAL ZONE NORTH ZONE WEST ZONE SOUTH ZONE Total Source: Adapted from Srirangan ( 1997). TABLE 2.9 Zone Wise Distribution of Slums in Delhi Zone Settlements No. of Slum Clusters %of Slums Clusters No of Slum Percentage of Slums Settlements EAST ZONE CENTRAL ZONE 139 I I 0.01 NORTH ZONE WEST ZONE SOliTH ZONE TOTAL 1301 roo Source DDA slum wing.i99:z 72

16 As Per table 2.1 0, the Slum Settlement Sizes Is Concerned, the smaller settlements contributes larger share of the total slum settlements. Which includes less then the 50 jhuggies contributes 31 percent of the total jhuggies. Less then 300 jhuggies contributes to more then the 75 percent of the total slum settlements. More then 500 to 1000 jhuggies, I 000 -I500 jhuggies and more then I500 jhuggies contribute to the meager share of 6 percent and 3.I2 percent respectively. Table 2,10 Distribution of Slum Settlements into Various Sizes Settlement size No of Settlements Percentage : Less then : More than 1500 Source: DDA slum wing Reasons for Emergence of Slums and Squatter Settlements Many reasons have been suggested as having encouraged squatter settlements in spite of the operation of large-scale public land allocation and housing in Delhi to provide crosssubsidised low income housing opportunities (Basu, I988; Sundaram and Gambhir, I99I; Parashar, I994; Payne, 1977; DDA, 1983; Ali, 1990; SPA, 1994; Srirangan, 1997): 1. On-affordable standards of government-built legal housing; 2. Acute housing shortage for low and lowest income groups who are mostly inmigrants who are not eligible for public land allocation (I 0 year residency requirements) and/or find it difficult to afford the costs of public housing; 3. Inability of government to allocate adequate land and housing for poor and to check the resale of resettlement plots that have encouraged re-squatting; 73

17 4. Resettlement of squatter families on legal plots located on peripheral locations seems to driven them to illegally sell their land and move nearer to their places of employment; 5. Lack of opportunities to build a home progressively according to their own values of space and amenity, and thus regulate housing/shelter expenditure within their limit; and 6. Political patronage that considered to be motivating a large number of squatting. Year/ period 1961 (Prior to large-scale public land 110 Table2.11 Growth of unauthorised colonies in Delhi ' ~' No. of Colonies Number Ur Families (Million) Population (Million) Prime Locations 0.2 Shahdara, Area (acres) development policy) West Delhi, North Delhi (after large-scale, public , Shahdara, 7,413 la':jd de~el()pment) West Delhi Source: Adapted from Srirangan ( 1997) Note: Blank cells indicate the non-availability of reliable data 7,500 11,120 Researchers suggest that unauthorised land developments and housing have been growing steadily in Delhi (Mitra, 1987; Basu, 1988; Payne, 1988; Hardoy and Satterthwaite, 1989; Ali, 1990, 1995; Srirangan, 1997). These colonies grew from 110 in 1961 (before the enforcement of large-scale public land development and allocation) to 471 in 1975, to 750 in 1983 and about 900 in Table 2 shows the spatial and time series growth of unauthorised colonies in Delhi since It is noted from the literature that unauthorised colonies were present in East Delhi (Shahdara), West Delhi and North Delhi before the enforcement of large-scale public land development and allocation. It is recently observed that they have mushroomed all around peripheries of Delhi Capital Territory after the commencement of public land development. 74

18 Interestingly, Srirangan (1997) observed from a systematic field study that the majority of households (more than 55%) living in unauthorised colonies belong to lowincome groups. This indicates that in spite of large-scale public land development and cross-subsidisation for low-income groups still a large number still find shelter in unauthorised land developments and housing areas. This situation is against the conception of the large-scale public land development proposed by the Master Plan for Delhi Sweden, the Netherlands and other countries that have operated similar land development and allocation policies have not experienced this situation. 2.5 SOCIO - ECONOMIC PROFILE OF SLUMS IN DELHI This Chapter deals with the Socio economic status of slums of Delhi. Since the chapter includes all the slums of Delhi, an attempt has been made to compare the status with respect to each characteristic, viz Scheduled Castes Population, Scheduled Tribes Population, Literates. Total Workers, Main Workers (i) Cultivators (ii) Agricultural Labourers, (iii) Household Industry Workers (iv) Other Workers, Marginal Workers (i) Cultivators (ii) Agricultural Labourers, (iii) Household Industry Workers (iv) Other Workers and Non-Workers;. Also their housing conditions and health status have been studied. As per the primary census abstract table 2.1, the slum household population in Delhi is four Lakh fifteen thousand six hundred thirty seven out of twenty five fifty three thousand five hundred seventy nine households. In Delhi, Out of 1.29 crore of the total urban population around 21 Lakh population lives in the urban slums. The total male population is higher in the slums, which is eleven Lakh forty thousand in comparison to the eight Lakh eighty nine thousand populations of the females. The scheduled caste population constitutes the lower strata of the society (Bhende 1999) and remains are the marginal position. There population in the total slum population is very less, out of the total 21 Lakh 54 thousand of the total scheduled caste population, only 5.5 Lakh lives in the urban slums. The proportion of male and female is also show small variation and male dominate the total population contributing more the 55 percent of the total household. 75

19 Tahle 2.12 SLUM AND TOTAL URBAN AREAS IN DELHI (2001) Sex Slum Urban Total Households Person ~"Tota"l Populatron (Including Institutional and Houseless Population) Person Male Female Person Male Female Scheduled Castes Population Person Male Female Literates Person Male Female Total Workers Person Male Female Main Workers Person Male Female Household Industry Workers Person Male 196~2 I Female Other Workers Person Male Female Marginal Workers Person Male Female Household Industry Workers Person Male Female Non" Workers Person Male Female Source: Census of India. Primary census abstract for slum and total urban areas in Delhi 76

20 l The position of the literate population to the total population is very bad and only more than l 0 percent of the total population is literate which is living in the urban slums. Out of the total ninety Lakh literate populations living in the urban areas only 11 Lakh literates' lives in the urban slums. The main reason for poor literacy is the low income and poverty prevailing in these areas Graph 2.1 WORKFORCESTRUCTUREINSLUMS Main Workers Other Worker flklrgin'!l Workers Non-Workers slum urban Graph 2.2 NON WORKERS IN SLUMS AND URBAN AREAS Person Male Ferrale slum urban 77

21 As the workers in the slum areas are concerned out of four categories of main workers namely cultivators, agricultural workers, household industry workers and other workers. Cultivators and agricultural labourers contribute less then l percent of the total workers so they are not taken for the study. The figure 2.A shows highest share is contributes by non workers,. Only 2 percent is contributed by other household workers. In terms of the total marginal workers of the slum is concerned, the position remain same as the main worker population and here also the total marginal workers are dominated by the other workers and the cultivators, agricultural workers and other industry workers contribute very less percentage of the total workers. Graph 2.3 TOWN-WISE TOTAL POPULATION AND SLUM POPULATION IN DELHI (2001} New Delhi M.micipal Council (NDrv'C) Delhi Cantonrrent C8 Delhi M.micipal Corporation (IVCD) others Total Population Total Slum Pop The proportion of the slum non workers to the total non working urban population is 1.3 lakhs Figure 2 B. The non workers include old people, females and the children' s. The percentage of females as non workers is very high in the urban slums as compare to the urban settlements Socio-Economic Profile of Slum (Households) in Delhi Socio economic profile of Delhi JJ clusters is calculated on the basis of the several parameters namely no of house holds, Size of House, Size of Household, Types of 78

22 Occupation, Self-employment, Wage Employment, Skilled, Unskilled, Household Income, Literacy Rate, Percentage of Children, Migrated from, Major Diseases, Male/Female Sex Ratio, Working Women and Average Saving per month. Scheduled Caste Population in Delhi, Ward Wise Analysis Scheduled castes (SCs) are Indian communities that are accorded special status by the Constitution of India. These communities were considered "outcastes". These communities had traditionally been relegated to the most menial labour with no possibility of upward mobility, and subject to extensive social disadvantage and exclusion, in comparison to the wider community. The scheduled-caste peoples are also known as Dalits. Gandhi used the terms Harijan and Girijan respectively. Map no 2.2 WARDWISE DISTRIBUTION OF SCHEDULE CASTE POPULATION IN DELHI (2001) + SC Populat:lon (In per cent:) Lc ss than Mor c than80 To examine the dominance of lower castes in slums, I considered the proportion of scheduled caste population in the slums to the total slum population and compared it with the same ratio for the city as a whole. Next, we examined the proportion of scheduled caste population in the slums to the total scheduled caste population in the city. Though the 79

23 percentage of scheduled caste population in the slums turned out to be higher than that in the city as a whole for all the four metropolitan cities of Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi and Madras, the incidence of scheduled caste population in the slums did not turn out to be exceedingly high, particularly in the slums of Bombay and Calcutta ( and per cent respectively). Even in the slums of Delhi and Madras nearly 65 and 60 per cent of the slum population were non-scheduled caste. As regards the proportion of scheduled caste population in the slums to the total scheduled caste population in the city it was noted that except in Delhi and Madras it was these figures were not very high. Around 67 per cent of the scheduled caste population in the city of Delhi resided in the slums, and in Madras the corresponding figure was more than 90 per cent. However, in Bombay and Delhi slums their prominent presence was not visible (23 and 34 per cent respectively). One may still hold that it was actually difficult for them to find an entry to secure accommodation in slums and, hence, they might have been residing in other unhygienic localities - not even suited to be called as slums and pavements. But even in such a situation. The converse of the statement, i.e. most of the slum dwellers are from lower castes is certainly not correct. The disadvantaged classes have migrated to the cities from the rural areas either recently or decades back through caste, kinship and village networks, but the existence of other castes in slums due to the shortage of housing, i.e., the phenomenon of downward social mobility, certainly can not be overlooked.(mitra 2001) As we look into the ward wise distribution of slums of Delhi, map no 2.3 clearly provides the real picture of the proliferation of the slums. Figure states that only one slum has scheduled caste population more then the 7 percent which is ward number 1, termed as very concentration of slums, which lies in the central Delhi. Mitra stated in his study on slums that the central parts of the city have large because of the services they have to provide. The second group belongs to the areas which are peripheral to the largest number of the scheduled caste population. These are the areas west of the largest concentration of scheduled caste in Delhi. The Map no 2.2 denotes the high concentration of scheduled caste in the range of 4.75 percent to 7.75 percent in west Delhi. This is area near to the western side of the Yamuna River includes the New Delhi municipal corporation area. Another concentration which is left to the largest concentration is in ward number two. 80

24 Medium concentration of scheduled caste population is largely concentrated in the western Delhi comprise ofward no 33, 34 41, 42, 39and wards no 17 to 26. The low concentration of the scheduled caste population termed as low concentration is agglomerated in the areas outside the territory of New Delhi municipal corporation and army cantonment. Majority of the low scheduled caste concentration is located in the areas of the south east Delhi. Rests of Delhi do not have good scheduled caste concentration and all shows below concentration of scheduled caste in Delhi. Population in the Age Group 0-6 Population aged 0-6 years in slums and its percentage to urban child population and total slum population by wards. Map no 2.3 VVARDVVISE DISTRIBUTION OF 0 TO 6 AGE GROUP POPULATION IN DELHI (2001) + Populat:lon In 0 t:o 6 Age Group (In per cent:) L ess than I 0 I 0 - I 5 I 5-20 Morethan20 This data is presented with a view to help planners and administrators for health, hygiene and educational planning of the young. Population living in the slums exposed to environmental and social hazards. This also provides broad proxy indicator of recent fertility in the slum areas of these wards. Map no 2.3 suggests that very high 81

25 concentration of slums is located in the ward areas of all directions. The major concentration of the slums is located in the north, central, eastern and the southern part. The very high concentration is located in the wards namely 101 in north, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 29 in north western wards. In the south western part only 45, 46 and 29 wards have concentration more then the twenty percent of the population. Another major concentration is located in the eastern side of Delhi mainly the yamuna pushta areas of Delhi. Here the larger concentration is located in the small slums The high concentration of the population in the age group of 0-6 is largely concentrated in the central Delhi and in the eastern and south eastern part of Delhi. Here the concentration is in the range of 15 to 20 percent. The wards included are and I Here the population is very but due to large labour force employed here the population in the age group of 0-6 is not very high; but its proportion is high in terms of other wards are concerned. Rest of the wards shows very less percentage of medium concentration of population. It is located in the peripheral areas of the central Delhi in its eastern part. Low and very concentration is concentrated in west, north south but this is a very significant fact that eastern and central areas have low proportion of the 0-6 population in theses areas. Main \Vorkers in Delhi, Wardwise Analysis Main workers were those who had worked for the major part of the year preceding the date of enumeration i.e., those who were engaged in any economically productive activity for 183 days (or six months) or more during the year. As per the main workers of the different wards is concerned, the largest concentration is included in the area of central, eastern and south eastern parts of Delhi shown in Map no 2.4. Map no 2.4 denotes, the proportion is very high in the central, eastern and south eastern areas of Delhi. Here the proportion is around percent of the total workers the very concentration is very much correlated with the major highways moving to other states. The high concentration found in nearby areas of the very high concentration, the ward are 14, 69. The medium concentration is located in the areas in between central and south Delhi. The ward names are 52, 17 and

26 Rest of the wards shows less then 40 percent of the main workers concentrated in the western, northern and the some parts of south wards. Map no 2.4 WARDWISE DISTRIBUTION OF MAIN WORKER POPULATION IN DELHI (2001) + Main Worker Population (in per cent) D Less than 54 lll s4-86 lll s6-93 Ill More than 93 Marginal Workers in Delhi, Wardwise Analysis Marginal workers were those who worked any time at all in the year preceding the enumeration but did not work for a major part of the year, i.e., those who worked for less than 183 days (or six months). The proportion of the marginal workers is very high in some pockets only shown in map no 2.5. it denotes that the wards,which are located in south central and western part of Delhi The wards are 52 and 17 in south central wards and 91 in the western part. The percentage of the marginal showing high percentage is shown by peripheral areas of 83

27 Map no 2. 5 WARDWISE DISTRIBUTION OF MARGINAL WORKER POPULATION IN DELHI (2001) + ' Marginal Worker Population (in per cent) l_] Less than 12 D 12 _ '\1orethan48 the central, south eastern and western parts of the Delhi wards. Its percentage is more then 13 percent but less then 29 percent. The percentage of the medium size concentration belongs to the southern and western parts respectively. It includes Transyamuna and south Delhi areas. Its range varies from 7-13 percent respectively The low concentration is concentrated in the areas of central and north western part of Delhi. The lowest concentration carry very large proportions of the population have very low marginal workers Non-Workers in Delhi Slums, Wardwise Analysis Non-workers were those who had not worked any time at all in the year preceding the date of enumeration. Main activity of a person who was engaged in more than one activity was reckoned in terms of time disposition. For example, if a person had worked 84

28 as a daily wage labourer for four months, as an agricultural labourer for one month and as a cultivator for two months he was reckoned as daily wage labourer. Since, he had spent more time in this activity than as a cultivator or agricultural labourer. A person who normally worked but had been absent from work during the reference period on account of illness, holiday, temporary closure, strike etc., was treated as engaged in the work he would have otherwise have been doing, but for his temporary absence. Persons under training such as apprentices, with or without stipend or wages were treated as workers. A person, who had merely been offered work but had not actually joined, was not treated as engaged in that work. The proportion of the non workers is very large in some areas of central, south eastern and western parts of Delhi. These areas include mayor Vihar and vasundhara in west, kalkaji, Malviya nagar and Greater kailash in south and in central part it is located in the Anand parbat Karol bagh and its adjoining areas. North also have greater concentration of the non workers. Here the proportion of the non workers is more than 20 percent and less then 25 percent. The higher concentration is reported from the fringe areas of the very high. concentration areas namely south eastern part, central and western part of Delhi. Here the range varies from 15 to 20 percent respectively shown by map no 2.6. The medium level concentration is found in the areas of west, south and central pats respectively but the proportion of the wards is very high in this range as compare to the other classes of the slum wards. Here, the range varies from 10 to 15 percent. The concentration of low and the very low non workers in slums is scattered all over the Delhi. The major concentrations of non workers are located in south eastern, western south central and norihern parts. Here the range varies from 5 to 10 percent. The concentration of very low non worker population is located all parts of Delhi and no area of the Delhi shows that non worker does not live there. There in small concentration largely under in the south western, southern, northern and south central have very low concentration of non worker. 85

29 Map no 2.6 WARDWISE DISTRIBUTION OF NON WORKERS POPULATION IN DELHI (2001) + N Les s than 12 I Morethan48 86

30 ENDNOTES i) census of India, office of registrar general of India, new Delhi,200 1 ii) slums of India, NSSO report no- 486, 2002, New Delhi 87