Topic A: Improving Security for Peacekeeping Personnel

Transcription

1 Security Council Introduction Topic A: Improving Security for Peacekeeping Personnel In 1948, the United Nations (UN) Security Council authorized the deployment of the first UN military observers to the Middle East, launching peacekeeping operations on a global scale.1 Since then, there have been a total of 71 peacekeeping missions operating worldwide and offering support and safe shelter to millions of civilians in need.2 Guided by three basic principles: consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate, UN peacekeeping operations have long served as one of the most effective tools for the UN to fulfill its obligation to maintain international peace and security, as stipulated in Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations (1946).3 Peacekeeping is an international activity with high risks.4 Many factors, including acts of violence, severely jeopardize the security of peacekeeping personnel and casualties can occur even if the necessary preventive measures are put in place.5 Modern peacekeeping missions now operate in an increasingly complex and risky global environment.6 Armed conflicts, criminality, civil disorder, and transnational terrorism pose growing threats to peacekeeping personnel.7 Most missions, accounting for nearly 70% of peacekeeping personnel, operate in high-risk conflict regions where local and regional vulnerabilities including ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, and political tensions increase the likelihood of violence.8 The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) has reported that from the first peacekeeping operation until 2015, more than 3,300 personnel lost their lives in service.9 Only two years later, in 2017, the death toll increased to more than 3,500, with 943 of them due to acts of violence.10 This has drawn the attention of the international community and triggered the establishment of the Improving Security Peacekeeping Project, a field-focused initiative of the Secretariat to improve the security of UN peacekeeping personnel.11 From 2015 to 2017, hostilities towards peacekeeping personnel showed an increasing trend of 100% each year.12 Under the current international security scenario, the cessation of UN peacekeeping operations is unlikely to happen, which means that the UN and Troop and Police Contributing Countries (TCCs and PCCs) need to face the challenging task of improving the security of UN peacekeeping personnel.13 International and Regional Framework Concerned by the growing number of causalities resulting from attacks against UN and associated personnel, on 9 December 1994 the Office of Legal Affairs Codification Division of the International Law Commission established the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel.14 The convention aims to guarantee the safety of UN peacekeeping personnel by highlighting that the effectiveness and safety of UN operations are better achieved with the full cooperation of the Member State in which the UN peacekeeping mission is deployed, known as the host state.15 On 19 December 2000, the General Assembly adopted resolution 55/175 on the Safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel. 16 In that resolution, Member States condemned any act aimed at obstructing UN personnel from performing their duties or being subjected to menace or physical attacks.17 It also urged all parties involved in armed conflicts, in compliance with the provisions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, to ensure the safety and protection of UN personnel, to refrain from abducting or detaining

2 them in violation of their immunity under relevant conventions and applicable international humanitarian law. 18 Furthermore, General Assembly resolution 60/1 of 16 September 2005 on 2005 World Summit Outcome highlighted the need for Member States to negotiate the scope of the legal protection of UN and associated personnel, and it called upon all Member States to sign the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel.19 Recalling this convention, on 8 December 2005, the General Assembly adopted resolution 60/42 on Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, in which Member States agreed upon the implementation of specific applications, such as the extension of the scope of the protection of UN personnel and peacekeeping operations.20 The UN Security Council has undertaken several efforts to ensure the cooperation between the host state and UN peacekeepers in conflict zones.21 On 29 September 1993, the Security Council urged host states to take steps to ensure the safety and security of UN peacekeeping personnel through Security Council resolution In 1999, the Council adopted resolution 1265 on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, which emphasized the importance of the entry in force of the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, and the need to hold attackers accountable for the use of force against UN and associated personnel.23 Role of the International System In order analyze the peacekeeping system and make comprehensive suggestions for improving peacekeeping operations, in 2000 UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan established the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations.24 The result of the panel, the Brahimi Report, emphasized that peacekeeping operations should be equipped with proper resources, follow current peacekeeping mandates to avoid major casualties, and ensure the security of UN personnel.25 This report addressed the importance of well-trained and wellequipped military staff and civilian police.26 It therefore recommended the establishment of a supervision team to start a training program for peacekeepers and to verify the existence of the necessary equipment for peacekeeping operations.27 The report also suggested the improvement of the missions planning processes by including full-time officers in charge of drafting political and military analysis for missions deployment.28 Moreover, the Brahimi Report encouraged the involvement of peacekeeping officers in mission planning to learn from their field experience and identify flaws.29 The UN Department of Safety and Security (DSS) established the United Nations Security Management System (UNSMS) and is responsible for providing support to UNSMS including the development of leadership strategies, and the enhancement of decision-making processes for policy and operational issues.30 DSS closely cooperates with the Office of the United Nations Security Coordinator to deliver coordination for crisis response and promotes cooperation with host states in security training and security learning programs, reinforcing their capacity to fulfill their obligations as they are primarily responsible for the security of peacekeeping personnel.31 In 2011, the UNSMS developed the Security Level System framework.32 This framework assigns different levels of security situations to UN operations areas, ranging from 1 (minimal) to 6 (extreme).33 The security analysis delivered by the Security Level System assists DSS in improving peacekeeping operations safety and stability.34 As a result of the information provided by this framework, DSS has recommended, for instance, that all peacekeeping missions areas have crisis management teams, information flowcharts, disaster and casualty incident evacuation plans, and information technology disaster recovery plans.35

3 As the principal UN organ responsible for maintaining international peace and security, the Security Council is responsible for authorizing DPKO to plan, prepare, and conduct peacekeeping missions.36 In 2009, A New Partnership Agenda: Charting a New Horizon for United Nations Peacekeeping, was released by DPKO and the Department of Field Support (DFS).37 The New Partnership Agenda is a guideline that provides information about the future direction of UN peacekeeping operations and the many ways in which this important tool can continue to serve the international community in achieving peace and security.38 In the light of this document, the New Horizon Initiative was developed to bolster the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations and to reinforce partnerships among its many supporters.39 This initiative put forward four major developments for UN peacekeeping missions: policy and capacity development, field support, planning, and oversight. These developments aimed at strengthening the security and safety of peacekeeping personnel by improving the capacity of peacekeepers, enhancing preoperation intelligence, and reporting on military and political analysis to improve the implementation of peacekeeping missions.40 In 2014, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon established the High-level Independent Panel on UN Peacekeeping Operations to conduct a comprehensive assessment of UN peacekeeping operations and assist them in adapting to a changing security environment.41 The High-level Independent Panel recognized that the current international security scenario is risky, complex, and in constant change.42 It recommended implementation of a mechanism to confirm that all training material based on specific missions and developed by the UN was fully delivered.43 High quality leadership ensures low-risk orders are given during field operations and effective training guarantees the ability to confront emergency situations safely.44 Likewise, high quality pre-deployment training plays a vital role in minimizing fatalities as it can improve the skills of appointed personnel.45 Pre-deployment trainings must be organized according to geographical consequences and should include the roles of command and leadership.46 It is important to execute regular drills to put into place well-established action plans that correspond to the geographical consequences of the conflict zone.47 More recently, DPKO and DFS launched the Improving Security Peacekeeping Project comprised of two phases.48 Phase 1 reports on peacekeeping fatalities and injuries due to hostile acts and provides recommendations for future peacekeeping missions.49 Following the submission of this report, Phase 2 consists of high-impact projects to implement the recommendations addressed in Phase 1.50 Based on the recommendations outlined in Phase 1, DPKO developed an action plan focused on changing mindsets, improving capacity, achieving a threat sensitive mission footprint, and enhancing accountability from the field level to the headquarter level.51 Both changing mindsets and improving capacity ensure well-trained peacekeeping personnel that are fully-prepared for peacekeeping operations.52 Additionally, a threat sensitive mission footprint minimizes the possibility of missions exposure to threat and leads to the prevention of fatalities and injuries.53 Lastly, enhancing accountability guarantees that personnel and staff can live up to their responsibility of minimizing casualties.54 Prevention Threat mitigation is one key factor when addressing prevention.55 Former UN peacekeeping officer Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz states that vehicle movements such as convoys, patrols, and escorts show the highest fatalities numbers (97) from 2013 to Long, slow-moving convoys increase the risks of exposure and potential ambushes, especially during long-distance missions.57 In response to this, the Combat

4 Convoy Battalion has been deployed as a special unit to ensure the safety of convoy missions.58 Albeit its best efforts, the battalion has failed to provide immediate relief to the current situation due to insufficient human resources.59 Cruz s report also highlights that, after guns, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are the second most dangerous weapons threatening the security of peacekeeping personnel.60 Therefore, the UN Mine Actions Service (UNMAS) has put in place several IED mitigation measures, such as the deployment of Search and Deter Teams that are equipped with detection devices and trained personnel to detect IEDs and avoid explosions.61 Another aspect under consideration is intelligence, as it largely contributes to threat mitigation.62 Peacekeepers conduct their operations with minimal information about the threats they might face.63 This increases the vulnerability of peacekeeping personnel.64 Additionally, the intelligence gathered by peacekeeping personnel during field missions is not taken into account when executing actions to decrease the risks of potential attacks.65 The continued emphasis on using internet technology to collect intelligence has resulted in a low-prevalence of the intelligence system in less developed Member States where internet access is limited or not available at all.66 As a result, DPKO and DFS approved the Peacekeeping Intelligence Policy in to guide UN peacekeeping operations to acquire, analyze, and utilize peacekeeping intelligence to support missions and reduce fatalities.67 Nevertheless, no concrete improvements have resulted from this initiative.68 Other serious concerns of the international community when addressing prevention are accountability and impunity, as both are relevant factors that encourage reiterated acts of violence against peacekeeping personnel.69 According to Cruz s report, the lack of deterrence, meaning that under the current situation only few suspects who are responsible for conducting hostile acts against peacekeeping personnel are put under arrest, has resulted in growing violence against peacekeepers.70 Although, the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the UN Security Council share core values, such as peace and justice, both organizations utilize different mechanisms to advance them.71 For this reason, in-depth cooperation between the ICC and UN peacekeeping operations is currently lacking.72 Aware of the latter, the President of the ICC, Judge Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi, has showed a willingness to change the situation by publicly stating that intentional attacks on peacekeeping personnel are recognized as war crimes under Article 5 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998).73 Gurmendi also underlined the importance of agreeing on specific legal protection to peacekeepers under the Rome Statute.74 Conclusion Our peacekeepers are vulnerable, and they are targeted for attack, said UN Secretary- General Antonio Guterres, when delivering a speech during a Security Council session on 28 March Mr. Guterres statement succinctly reflects the current situation of modern peacekeeping operations: their personnel are suffering from increasingly hostile acts and their security is no longer guaranteed.76 In an increasingly risky international environment, improving the security of peacekeeping personnel would also guarantee the successful implementation of their missions.77 However, the lack of threat prevention measures and the deficiency in threat response capacity have resulted in the spike of fatalities in recent years.78 Albeit the numerous efforts undertaken by several UN agencies and other international organizations to strengthen the capacity of both host states and peacekeepers, the lack of financial and human resources remain obstacles to achieve this goal.79 While the severity of the situation has been widely recognized by the UN system, more in-depth

5 research concerning actions to improve the security of peacekeeping personnel should be conducted.80 Questions to consider from your government s perspective on this issue include the following: What are the key factors jeopardizing the implementation of previous UN actions towards improving the security of UN personnel? How can the capacity of peacekeeping personnel to prevent violent attacks be effectively improved? Can the efforts of the UN system, Member States, and other organizations be more efficiently integrated? What can the Security Council do to improve the current situation of UN peacekeeping personnel? Are the current security frameworks enough to ensure the security of UN and associated personnel? What role does the private security sector play in improving the safety of UN peacekeepers? Endnotes 1 UN DPKO & UN DPI, UN Peacekeeping Background Note, 2014, pp Ibid. 3 UN DPKO & UN DFS, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines, 2008, p Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p Ibid. 6 UN General Assembly, Safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel: Report of the Secretary-General (A/72/490), 2017, p Ibid. 8 Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p High-Level Independent Panel on UN Peace Operations, Uniting Our Strengths for Peace - Politics, Partnership and People., 2015, p Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, UN DPKO & UN DFS, Summary of the Action Plan to Implement the Report on Improving Security of Peacekeepers. 12 Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, pp Ibid., p UN General Assembly, Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel (A/RES/49/59), 1994, p UN General Assembly, Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel (A/RES/49/59), 1994, Art. 1, 7-9; Arsanjani, Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, 2009, p UN General Assembly, Safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel (A/RES/55/175), 2001, p Ibid., p Ibid., p UN General Assembly, 2005 World Summit Outcome (A/RES/60/1), 2005, p UN General Assembly, Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel: Optional Protocol (A/RES/60/42), 2005, pp. 1-4.

6 21 UN Security Council, Resolution 868 (S/RES/868 (1993)), 1993, p Ibid., p UN Security Council, Resolution 1265 (S/RES/1265 (1999)), 1999, p UN General Assembly & UN Security Council, Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects (A/55/305 S/2000/809), 2000, p Ibid., p Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid. 30 UN DSS, United Nations Security Management System: Security Policy Manual, 2017, pp Ibid., p Wilmot et al., Safety and Security Challenges in UN Peace Operations, 2015, p Ibid. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid., p UN DPKO & UN DFS, Policy: United Nations Police in Peacekeeping Operations and Special Political Missions, p UN DPKO & UN DFS, The New Horizon Initiative: Progress Report No. 1, 2010, p Ibid. 39 Ibid., p Ibid., p UN DPI, Secretary-General Appoints High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (SG/SM/16301-SG/A PKO/451), High-Level Independent Panel on UN Peace Operations, Uniting Our Strengths for Peace - Politics, Partnership and People., 2015, p Ibid., p Ibid., pp UN DPKO & UN DFS, Peacekeeping Resource Hub, UN DPKO & UN DFS, Training: A Strategic Investment in UN Peacekeeping, p Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p UN DPKO & UN DFS, Summary of the Action Plan to Implement the Report on Improving Security of Peacekeepers. 52 Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p Ibid. 54 Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., pp Ibid. 60 Ibid., p. 26; UN Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, The Strategy of the United Nations on Mine Action , 2012, p UN Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, The Strategy of the United Nations on Mine Action , 2012, p Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p UN DPKO & UN DFS, Policy: Peacekeeping Intelligence, Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p. 28.

7 65 Ibid. 66 Ibid. 67 UN DPKO & UN DFS, Policy: Peacekeeping Intelligence, Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p Ibid., p Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p ICC, Speech by President of the International Criminal Court Judge Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi on New Models of Peacekeeping: Security and Protection of Human Rights. The Role of the UN and Regional Organizations on 12 May 2017, in Rome., 2017, p Ibid. 73 Ibid. 74 Ibid., p. 5; Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998, Art UN DPI, Unrealistic demands on UN peacekeeping costing lives and credibility - Guterres, Ibid. 77 Cruz et al., Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers, 2017, p UN General Assembly & UN Security Council, Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects (A/55/305 S/2000/809), 2000, pp. 23, High-Level Independent Panel on UN Peace Operations, Uniting Our Strengths for Peace - Politics, Partnership and People., 2015, p UN General Assembly & UN Security Council, Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects (A/55/305 S/2000/809), 2000, pp Annotated Bibliography Cruz, C., et al. (2017). Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers: We need to change the way we are doing business. Retrieved 29 May 2018 from: ekeepers_report.pdf This is a Secretary-General directed report, which focuses on possible solutions to improve the security of peacekeeping personnel. Former peacekeeping officer, Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz, was authorized to conduct research based on internal data, and interviews to peacekeepers all over the world. The report analyzes the cause of rising fatalities, and based on the interviews, conclude that there are four major aspects where the UN should implement changes: changing mindset, improving capacity, achieving a threat sensitive mission footprint, and enhancing accountability. Meanwhile, this report also provides short and long-term recommendations based on the current menaces to the security of peacekeeping personnel. This source will assist delegates in analyzing potential solutions to the security situation of UN missions, and new mechanisms to address the issue. High-Level Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. (2015. Uniting Our Strengths for Peace - Politics, Partnership and People [Report]. Retrieved 3 June from: This report was elaborated by the High-level Independent Panel on Peacekeeping Operations on 16 June 2015, emphasizing on several peacekeeping issues ranging from politics to partnership. The report highlights the fact that UN peacekeeping missions work in

8 a changing landscape, and therefore the UN should adapt to these changes. Also, this report reviews the mandate of peacekeeping forces and underlines the importance of counterterrorism missions since terrorism is now affecting both international and regional peace and security. The document is an important source for delegates to obtain a general overview of the problems currently faced by peacekeepers. Field Support. (n.d.). Summary of the Action Plan to Implement the Report on Improving Security of Peacekeepers. Retrieved 29 July 2018 from: _the_report_on_improving_security_of_peacekeepers.pdf The Action Plan to Implement the Report on Improving Security of Peacekeepers is the result of the report on Improving the Security of Peacekeeping Personnel, conducted by former peacekeeping officer, Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz. The action plan shows specific approaches to field level and headquarter level on mechanisms to enhance the safety of peacekeeping personnel in the four aspects mentioned above: changing mindsets, improving capacity, achieving a threat sensitive mission footprint and enhancing accountability. This document also provides specific measures for in-depth coordination between UN and TCCs and PCCs to ensure the security of peacekeeping personnel. Field Support. (2018). Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers: Action Plan for Implementation of Fatalities Report. Retrieved 29 May 2018 from: This revised action plan is based on the first draft of the Action Plan to Implement the Report on Improving Security of Peacekeepers, in response to the recommendations outlined in the Santos Cruz s report. The revised plan includes more suggestions and insights of current peacekeepers from missions in Central African Republic, Mali, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Darfur and South Sudan. This version of the action plan covers details regarding the peacekeeping intelligence policy and includes a gender dimension in the process of improving security of peacekeepers. United Nations, General Assembly, Forty-ninth session. (1994). Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel (A/RES/49/59). Adopted on the report of the Sixth Committee (A/49/742). Retrieved 5 June 2018 from: The Convention describes various aspects of UN peacekeeping operations including its duties, implementation of laws and legislations, criminal offenses against the personnel, prosecution, and suggestions for State Parties to further guarantee the security of peacekeepers. The treaty provides a perspective from which the United Nations urges Member States legislative support to peacekeeping missions. The treaty will serve delegates as an entry guide to UN peacekeeping operations and to the measures undertaken by the international community to guarantee the missions safety. Field Support. (2010) The New Horizon Initiative: Progress Report No.1. Retrieved 6 June 2018 from: Following the report A New Partnership Agenda: Charting a New Horizon for United Nations Peacekeeping, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Field Support initiated a

9 foundation program to reinforce the partnership between UN peacekeeping missions and its supporters. This document summarizes the current steps towards strengthening security for peacekeeping personnel, and addresses the importance of capacity building and planning, reflecting the first efforts of the UN in improving the security of peacekeeping operations. Bibliography Arsanjani, M. (2009). Convention on The Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel: Optional Protocol to The Convention on The Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel. Retrieved 5 June 2018 from: Cruz, C., et al. (2017). Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers: We need to change the way we are doing business. Retrieved 29 May 2018 from: ekeepers_report.pdf High-Level Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. (2015). Uniting Our Strengths for Peace - Politics, Partnership and People [Report]. Retrieved 3 June from: International Criminal Court. (2017, May 12). Speech by President of the International Criminal Court Judge Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi on New Models of Peacekeeping: Security and Protection of Human Rights. The Role of the UN and Regional Organizations on 12 May 2017, in Rome. Retrieved 20 July 2018 from: Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (1998). Retrieved 20 July 2018 from: Field Support. (n.d.). Summary of the Action Plan to Implement the Report on Improving Security of Peacekeepers. Retrieved 29 July 2018 from: _the_report_on_improving_security_of_peacekeepers.pdf Field Support. (n.d.). Training: A Strategic Investment in UN Peacekeeping [Report]. Retrieved 21 July 2018 from: Field Support. (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines [Report]. Retrieved 29 May 2018 from: Field Support. (2010) The New Horizon Initiative: Progress Report No.1. Retrieved 6 June 2018 from:

10 Field Support. (2014). Policy: United Nations Police in Peacekeeping Operations and Special Political Missions [Report]. Retrieved 29 July 2018 from: Field Support. (2017). Policy: Peacekeeping Intelligence [Report]. Retrieved 8 June 2018 from: ce%20policy%20%28final%29.pdf?sequence=4&isallowed=y Field Support. (2018). Improving Security of United Nations Peacekeepers: Action Plan for Implementation of Fatalities Report. Retrieved 29 May 2018 from: Field Support. (2018). Peacekeeping Resource Hub [Website]. Retrieved 21 July 2018 from: Public Information. (2014). UN Peacekeeping Background Note. Retrieved 4 July 2018 from: United Nations, Department of Public Information. (2014, October 31). Secretary-General Appoints High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (SG/SM/16301-SG/A PKO/451) [Press Release]. Retrieved 29 July 2018 from: United Nations, Department of Public Information. (2018, March 28) Unrealistic demands on UN peacekeeping costing lives and credibility Guterres [News Article]. Retrieved 6 June 2018 from: United Nations, Department of Safety and Security. (2017). United Nations Security Management System: Security Policy Manual. Retrieved 9 June 2018 from: _e-book_as_of_29_nov_2017_0.pdf United Nations, General Assembly, Forty-ninth session. (1994). Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel (A/RES/49/59). Adopted on the report of the Sixth Committee (A/49/742). Retrieved 5 June 2018 from: United Nations, General Assembly, Fifty-fifth session. (2001). Safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel (A/RES/55/175) [Resolution]. Adopted without reference to a Main Committee (A/55/L.64 and Add.1). Retrieved 12 June 2018 from: United Nations, General Assembly, Fifty-seventh session. (2003). International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers (A/RES/57/129) [Resolution]. Adopted on the report of the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) (A/57/522). Retrieved 19 May 2018 from:

11 United Nations, General Assembly, Sixtieth session. (2005). Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel: Optional Protocol (A/RES/60/42). Adopted on the report of the Sixth Committee (A/60/518). Retrieved 5 June 2018 from: United Nations, General Assembly, Sixtieth session. (2005) World Summit Outcome (A/RES/60/1) [Resolution]. Adopted without reference to a Main Committee (A/60/L.1). Retrieved 12 June 2018 from: United Nations, General Assembly, Seventy-first session. (2017). Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (A/71/19). Retrieved 29 May 2018 from: United Nations, General Assembly, Seventy-second session. (2017). Implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations: Report of the Secretary-General - Addendum (A/72/573/Add.1). Retrieved 29 May 2018 from: United Nations, General Assembly, Seventy-second session. (2017) Safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel: Report of the Secretary-General (A/72/490). Retrieved 29 July 2018 from: United Nations, General Assembly, Fifty-fifth session & United Nations, Security Council, Fifty-fifth year. (2000). Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects (A /55/305 S/2000/809) [Report]. Retrieved 29 July 2018 from: United Nations Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action. (2012). The Strategy of the United Nations on Mine Action [Report]. Retrieved 20 July 2018 from: United Nations, Security Council, 3283rd meeting (1993). Resolution 868 (S/RES/868 (1993)). Retrieved 4 July 2018 from: United Nations, Security Council, 4046rd meeting (1999). Resolution 1265 (S/RES/1265 (1999)). Retrieved 4 July 2018 from: Wilmot, H., et al. (2015). Safety and Security Challenges in UN Peace Operation. International Peace Institute. Retrieved 20 July 2018 from: Peace-Ops.pdf