From Texas to Immigration: Transformations in America from Chapters 13 AP US History

Transcription

1 + From Texas to Immigration: Transformations in America from Chapters 13 AP US History

2 + Learning Objectives: Students will be able to Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. Involvement in international conflicts and the growth of the United States. (NAT 3.0) Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life. (MIG 2.0) Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities; and, analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies. (GEO 1.0) Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America. (WOR 1.0)

3 + Gone to Texas: The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty! America wanted the Florida Territory Spain ceded Florida and any claims to Oregon to America. America abandoned any claims to Texas! In what ways did the American expansion impact new regions? America and Britain would REALLY like to have Texas! Spain wanted to populate Texas In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain! 1823: Stephen Austin contracted with the Mexican government Large piece of land was granted to Austin Austin was required to bring in 300 American families Immigrants MUST be Roman Catholic & were to be Mexicanized These stipulations were mostly ignored! Pioneers were Americans at heart!

4 + What annoyed these settlers? Laws imposed by the foreign government Presence of Mexican soldiers (mostly ex-convicts) By 1835, there were about 30,000 Texan Americans Law-abiding, religious peoples although some were GTT (Gone to Texas) a step ahead of the sheriff! These people were individualists and stubborn Famous adventurers: Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, Sam Houston Friction increased between Mexico and Texas over: Slavery, immigration, and local rights particularly sensitive topic! Mexico had emancipated slaves in Settlers continued to bring slaves despite Mexican law! How does tension further escalate? Stephen Austin travelled to Mexico City to address the differences between the Texan Americans and Mexicans Mexico jailed him for 8 months! 1835: Santa Ana removed ALL local rights and gathered an army to fight the Texans!

5 + The Lone Star Rebellion: 1836: Texas declared independence! The Lone Star flag was raised. Sam Houston was made commander-in-chief. The Alamo Santa Ana trapped 200 Texans in San Antonio. After 13 days, the group was wiped out. Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett died here! Santa Ana ordered all of the bodies burned. Goliad James Fannin was ordered by Sam Houston to retreat from Goliad (3 weeks after the Alamo) Fannin waited 5 days to order the retreat The Texans surrendered and were ordered executed! More than 350 died. What were the battle cries for the Texas army? Remember the Alamo Remember Goliad

6 + How does Texas gain its victory over Santa Ana? Sam Houston retreated toward San Jacinto luring Santa Ana s army away. April 21 st, Houston attacked during siesta capturing Santa Ana. Santa Ana signed TWO treaties! Troops would withdraw from Texas The Rio Grande would become the extreme southern boundary of Texas! Did these treaties last? Not according to Santa Ana who was forced to sign! How does the US government respond? America is in a sticky situation! America had assisted the Texans with men and supplies. Mexico could not attack because of American neutrality The American people overwhelmingly favored Texas. President Jackson s final act in office recognition of the Lone Star Republic What do the majority of Texans desire? Union with the United States! Texas petitioned for annexation in 1837 America would have to think about this one slavery issues/concerns rose up again!

7 + The Election of 1840: Who was nominated? Democrats: Martin van Buren Whigs: William Henry Harrison & John Tyler Tippecanoe and Tyler too Harrison was the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe Tyler was one of the FFV s (First Families of Virginia)! Who won? William Henry Harrison What was the key issue of this election? How to address the economic depression that America was in? Whigs: expand and stimulate the economy Democrats: retrenchment (reducing public spending), an end to adventurous banking and aggressive corporations What does this election reveal? Populist democratic style has won: politicians would be forced to curry favor with the voting masses The Two-Party System has emerged!

8 + The Two-Party System: How did this system differ from earlier politics? Jeffersonians were able to absorb the Federalist policies causing a two-party system to never truly emerge. The Era of Good Feelings did NOT have two parties! Two parties would lead to faction and would be injurious to the body politic! This is a legacy of Jackson and van Buren! What are the two parties in 1840? Democrats and Whigs! What do these parties have in common? Both parties were born out of Jeffersonian Republicanism Both parties are supported by large numbers of Americans. Both parties would see compromises WITHIN the party preventing either from assuming extreme or radical positions. Neither party would experience purely sectional political factions.

9 + What are these party s platforms? Jacksonian Democrats Champion the liberty of individuals. Guard against the privileged in government Advocate for states rights Desire federal restraint in social/economic affairs. Whigs Champion harmony in society and the value of community. Dislike leaders who fostered conflict among individuals, classes, and sections (a.k.a. Jackson). Favor a renewed national bank. Favor protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms (prohibition and abolition of slavery).

10 + Forging the National Economy

11 + The Westward Movement: What single event exemplified westward expansion? The election of Andrew Jackson the first president from beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson What was the populace like in ? Young! The average age was under 30! The populace is restless and energetic always moving westward. What did the pioneer family experience? Poorly fed and clothed, shanties for homes. Perpetual victims of disease, depression, and premature death. Women were often cut off from human contact for days or weeks! Breakdowns and other issues increased hardships! Frontier life was TOUGH and CRUDE!! These peoples were often superstitious, provincial, and fiercely individualistic! People identified with Natty Bumpo (Cooper) and Captain Ahab (Melville)

12 + Shaping the Western Landscape: How did the Westward Movement impact the land? This movement molded the physical environment Pioneers often exhausted the lands In Kentucky, European bluegrass (Kentucky bluegrass) thrived after burning off cane-fields. Pastures for livestock were opened drawing thousands of homesteaders! How else would the west feel the pressures of civilization? American fur trappers were setting trap lines all over the Rocky Mountains. The beaver would all but disappear from the region. Buffalo robes virtually annihilated the massive bison herds. In California, sea otters came near to extinction. Could this be ecological imperialism?

13 + Ironically, Americans during this era revered nature and admired its beauty! The American wilderness was unique in the world. The wild, unspoiled west was a defining attribute of the young nation. The rivers and mountains were unspoiled by humans. Literature and paintings of the era were influenced by this love of untouched nature. Were Americans moved to action during this time? YES! George Catlin painted and studied the Native Americans. Catlin became the FIRST advocate for preservation of nature! Proposing the creation of a national park. Yellowstone Park (1872)

14 + River Bluffs by George Catlin

15 + The March of Millions: In addition to moving west, the population increased rapidly! America s population was doubling about every 25 years. By 1860, thirty-three (33) states were part of the Union. America was the 4 th most populous nation in the western world. Russia, France, and Austria were the top three! What about the growth of cities? Urban growth was explosive! By 1860, forty-three (43) cities had populations above twenty thousand! By 1860, three hundred (300) places claimed populations above five thousand. What problems would we face with rapid urbanization? Slums, street lighting, inadequate policing, impure water, sewage problems, rats, and garbage disposal were a few.

16 + What factors were increasing the population at such a rapid rate? High birthrates and immigration How did immigration change in the 1840s? Before 1840, about six thousand (6,000) immigrants arrived in America each year. By 1840, this number tripled. By 1850, this number quadrupled. Who was immigrating to America? The Irish and the Germans! (~8.8 million from ) Europe was running out of room America would receive roughly 35 million European immigrants from ! Why choose America? While roughly 60 million people left Europe in this period, more than half would choose America. FREEDOM from aristocracy, abundant opportunities, lower taxes, NO compulsory military service, and a healthier diet! The journey took days (as opposed to long 1600s voyages).

17 + Comparing Immigration: As a pair, create a T-Chart like the one below comparing Irish and German immigration to America. Why did they emigrate? Which places were settled? Interactions upon arrival? Impact on America. Irish Immigrants German Immigrants