CRIM7314 Special Topics: Human Trafficking School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Northeastern University

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1 CRIM7314 Special Topics: Human Trafficking School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Northeastern University Meeting Times & Location: Monday 5:45-8:15 Room 301 Churchill Contact Information: Professor Amy Farrell 400 Churchill Hall Office Hours: Monday 3:00-5:00 Wednesday 2:00-3:00 Required Texts: Bales, Kevin (1999). Disposable people: New slavery in the global economy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Bales, Kevin and Ronald Sodalter (2009). The Slave Next Door Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today. Berkely, CA: University of California Press. Shelley, Louise (2010). Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Additional readings will be posted on the Blackboard web page for the course. Course Description: The trafficking of persons for sex or labor through force, fraud or coercion has become an increasingly serious problem in modern society. Human trafficking is a complex problem of migration, economic inequality, crime and human rights. This course provides an overview of the phenomenon of human trafficking as defined in the United Nations Protocol and the United States Victims of Trafficking Violence Prevention Act with emphasis on understanding the experiences and needs of trafficking victims and the methods of operations of traffickers and their networks. Throughout the course, we will examine various forms of human trafficking victimization including sex trafficking, forced labor, bonded labor, domestic servitude and chattel slavery in both the U.S. and international contexts. We will explore the role of the state, media, culture and criminal networks in both creating the conditions under which human trafficking exist and eradicating the problem of trafficking. 1

2 Throughout the course, students will: Locate modern forms of slavery within their historical contexts; Become familiar with the internationally-agreed upon definitions of human trafficking and the key factors that separate it from related phenomena such as smuggling; Understand the role of interest groups and the media in defining human trafficking as an emerging social problem both internationally and domestically; Understand the challenges associated with identifying and measuring the prevalence of human trafficking; Understand the causes and consequences of human trafficking; Identify and assess the challenges of combating human trafficking in a global society; Critically assess legal and policy responses to the problem of human trafficking in the United States and internationally. Class Requirements Critical film review students will watch a feature length film/documentary about human trafficking and write a 3-5 page critical review. The review should be similar to an academic book review. Students should briefly summarize the film/documentary and provide a critical review of the depiction of human trafficking. The review should identify how human trafficking has been framed in the film or documentary and critically examine how the portrayal of trafficking may influence public perceptions of the problem and expectations about the responses of the state and civil society. (15 percent) Due February 10 th. Academic book review students will write a 3-5 page review of a monograph about human trafficking that is approved by the instructor. Your review should incorporate material from the class materials and discussion. Academic book reviews are excepted to follow the format of similar reviews published in peer reviewed journals. For example, see the book review sections of Crime, Law and Social Change and International Criminal Justice Review as examples. (15 percent) Due March 24 th. County/state assessment paper and presentation students will select a county or state in the U.S. and complete analytic paper examining: 1) how the problem of human trafficking is defined in the local context; 2) risk factors for trafficking importation of exportation; 3) state/country government responses to the problem; 4) non-governmental responses to the problem; and 5) recommended responses to the problem in the specific county/state. This paper should use original research on the local context of the country or state. The paper should analyze the trafficking situation beyond what is described in the U.S. State Department s Trafficking in Persons Report. A formal presentation of the assessment paper will be made at the end of the semester (40 percent) Reading reflection journal. To facilitate discussion of course materials, students will be asked to keep a journal with your reflections on the assigned readings and course materials each week. This course has a significant reading load. Your journals are not intended to review each article or chapter, but rather to critically discuss a theme or issue that resonates with you across the readings. The journal should reflect how your changing understanding of human trafficking throughout the semester. Journals will be turned in to the instructor for review at three time points throughout the semester. (20 percent). 2

3 Class discussion and participation. This is a graduate seminar course. As a result students will be expected to come to each class meeting prepared to discuss the assigned materials. Attendance in class is but the first step in active class participation. (10 percent). Class Themes and Schedule The phenomenon of human trafficking This section of the course will provide a general introduction to human trafficking. We will examine what human trafficking is and what acts the definitions of human trafficking cover. We will examine legal definitions of human trafficking as separate from related phenomena such as smuggling and commercial sex work. Root causes of trafficking such as poverty, gender inequality, economic insecurity and displacement through war and conflict will be discussed. We will also discuss evidence (or lack thereof) of the link between human trafficking and organized crime. January 6 th The historical context of slavery and introduction to human trafficking Bales, Chapter 1 The new slavery Disposable People. Bales and Soodalter, Chapter 1 The old slavery and the new The Slave Next Door. Patterson, Orlando (1982). Chapter 2 Authority, alienation and social death in Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Blackboard) January 13 th Causes of human trafficking Shelley, Chapter 1 Why has human trafficking flourished? Human Trafficking: Global Perspectives. Bales, Chapter 3 Mauritania: Old times there are not forgotten Disposable People. Bales and Soodalter, Chapters 2 and 3 House slave and Slaves in the pastures of plenty The Slave Next Door. January 20 th Martin Luther King Jr. Birthday Observed - No class Shelley, Chapter 3, Human trafficking as organized crime Human Trafficking: Global Perspectives. Turner, Jackie and Liz Kelly (2009). Trade Secrets: Intersections between diasporas and crime groups in the constitution of the human trafficking chain. British Journal of Criminology 49: (Blackboard) January 27 th The financial side of human trafficking ** Peter DiMarzio Homeland Security Investigations Myths of Human Trafficking 11:45-1:25 3

4 ** Human trafficking awareness month at Northeastern University Screening of Not My Life and panel discussion 3:15-5:15, 240 Dockser Hall, NU Law School Shelley, Chapter 4 The business of human trafficking Human Trafficking: Global Perspectives. Bales and Soodalter, Chapter 4 and 5 Supply and demand and The new business model The Slave Next Door. Kara, Siddharth (2009). Chapter 1 Sex trafficking: An overview in Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. New York City: Columbia University Press. *** Slaveryfootprint.org exercise in advance of class*** *** First journal due **** *** One page description of final project due*** Measuring the prevalence of human trafficking This section of the course will examine the scope and dimensions of human trafficking in the U.S. and internationally. We will critically explore the challenges of measuring human trafficking victimization. February 3 rd Estimating the prevalence and patterns of human trafficking International Labour Office (2012). ILO minimum estimate of forced labor: Results and methodology. Geneva: International Labour Office. Laczko, Frank, and Gramegna, Marco (2003). Developing better indicators of human trafficking, Brown Journal of World Affairs, 10: (Blackboard) Tyldum, Guri and Anette Brunovskis (2005). Describing the unobserved: Methodological challenges in empirical studies on human trafficking. International Migration, 43: (Blackboard) Albanese, Jay (2007). A criminal network approach to understanding and measuring trafficking in human beings in Savona, Ernesto and Sonia Stefanizzi (eds). Measuring human trafficking: Complexities and pitfalls, Springer. (Blackboard) Steinfatt, Thomas (2011). Sex trafficking in Cambodia: Fabricated numbers versus empirical evidence. Crime, Law and Social Change, 56: (Blackboard) Framing the problem of human trafficking We will examine the key actors responsible for framing the human trafficking problem and developing anti-trafficking responses. We will look at the role of the media in raising awareness about human trafficking and explore public opinion about human trafficking problems. February 10 th Framing the problem and alternative frames 4

5 Sanghera, Jyoti (2005). Unpacking the trafficking discourse in Kempadoo, Kamala, Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Migration, Sex Work and Human Rights. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press. (Blackboard) Stolz, Barbara (2007). Interpreting the U.S. human trafficking debate through the lens of symbolic politics. Law and Policy 29: (Blackboard) Farrell, Amy and Fahy, Stephanie (2009). The problem of human trafficking in the U.S.: public frames and policy responses. Journal of Criminal Justice 37: (Blackboard) Jahic, Galma and James Finckenauer (2005). Representations and misrepresentations of human trafficking. Trends in Organized Crime 8: (Blackboard) Weitzer, Ronald (2007). The social construction of sex trafficking: Ideology and institutionalization of a moral crusade. Politics and Society 35: (Blackboard) *** Critical film review due *** Anti-trafficking legal and policy frameworks This section of the course examines the types of laws that have been passed and policies enacted to prevent human trafficking, prosecute perpetrators and protect victims. We will look at the role of the state in combatting trafficking. February 17 th President s Day No class International human trafficking frameworks Doezema, Jo (2002). Who gets to choose? Coercion, consent and the UN trafficking protocol. Gender and Development, 10, Shelly, Chapter 6 and 7 Trafficking in Eurasia and Eastern Europe and Trafficking in Europe Human Trafficking: Global Perspectives. February 24 th U.S. human trafficking frameworks The TVPA and State Law Shelly, Chapter 8 Human trafficking in the United States Human Trafficking: Global Perspectives. Bales and Soodalter, Chapter 8, States of confusion The Slave Next Door. Chapkis, Wendy (2003). Trafficking migration and the Law: Protecting innocents, punishing immigrants. Gender and Society, 17: Stolz, Barbara (2007). Interest groups and the development of the U.S. Congress's response to human trafficking. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 31:

6 *** Second journal due *** March 3 rd Spring Break No class Forms of trafficking This section of the course takes a look at trafficking occurring in commercial sex markets. We will explore specific risk factors for sex trafficking and the relationship between sex trafficking and prostitution. We will separately examine labor trafficking across a variety of venues and explore the distinctions between exploitive and unfair working conditions and labor trafficking March 10 th Sex trafficking and history of exploitation in commercial sex markets/ Legalization and regulation of commercial sex as a response to human trafficking Bales, Chapter 2 Thailand: Because she looks like a child Disposable People. Hughes, Donna (2001). The "Natasha" Trade: The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking in Women, Washington D.C.: National Institute of Justice. Watanabe, Kazuko (1999). Trafficking in women s bodies, then and now: The issue of military comfort women. Women s Studies Quarterly, 27, Huisman, Wim and Edward Kleemans (2014). The challenges of fighting sex trafficking in the legalized prostitution market of the Netherlands. Crime, Law and Social Change. Online first. March 17 th Labor trafficking and labor exploitation Bales, Chapter 5 and 6 Pakistan: When is a slave not a slave? and India: The ploughman s lunch Disposable People. Bauer, Mary (2007). Close to slavery: Guestworker programs in the U.S. Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center Pier, Carol (2001). Hidden in the home: Abuse of domestic workers with special visas in the U.S. Human Rights Watch. March 24 th Traffickers and their networks Chin, Ko-Lin and James Finckenauer (2011). Chickenheads, agents, mommies, and jockeys: the social organization of transnational commercial sex. Crime, Law and Social Change, 56: Zhang, Sheldon (2009) Women pullers: Pimping and sex trafficking in a Mexican border city. Crime, Law and Social Change, 56: *** Book report due*** 6

7 Consequences of Human Trafficking March 31 st Trauma and survival Guest speaker Jose Hildago, MD, Forensic Psychiatry Fellow, MGH Law and Psychiatry Service Shelley, Chapter 2 The diverse consequences of human trafficking Human Trafficking: Global Perspectives Goodney, Jo (2004). Sex trafficking in women from central and east European countries: Promoting a victim-centered and woman centered approach to criminal justice intervention. Feminist Review, 76, Zimmerman, Cathy et al (2008). The health of trafficked women: A survey of women entering posttrafficking services in Europe. American Journal of Public Health, 98: Institutional responses to human trafficking In this section of the course we examine the role of intergovernmental and non-governmental groups in responding to human trafficking. Particular attention will be paid to critically assessing the institutional response to human trafficking in the U.S. April 7 th Enforcement of anti-trafficking policies Guest speaker Kim Henry, former director of the Massachusetts Interagency Human Trafficking Policy Task Force Bales and Soodalter, Chapter 9 The Feds The Slave Next Door. Farrell, Amy, Colleen Owens and Jack McDevitt (2013). New laws but few cases: Understanding the challenges to the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases. Crime, Law and Social Change, online first, DOI: /s (Blackboard) Farrell, Amy (2011). Improving law enforcement identification and response to human trafficking. In John Winterdyk, Benjamin Perrin and Philip Reichel (eds.) Human trafficking: Exploring the international nature, concerns and complexities. New York: Taylor and Francis, (Blackboard) *** Third journal due *** April 14 th What can be done? The potential harms of anti-trafficking policies Bales, Chapter 7, What can be done Disposable People. 7

8 Gallagher, Anne and Elaine Pearson (2010). The high cost of freedom: A legal and policy analysis of shelter detention for victims of trafficking. Human Rights Quarterly 32: (Blackboard) Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (2007). Collateral Damage: The Impact of Anti-Trafficking Measures on Human Rights Around the World. Bangkok, Thailand. (Blackboard) ***Final projects due*** *** Final project presentations *** Week of April 21 st *** Final project presentations *** 8