Aboriginal Communities in Profile: Quinte, Kingston, Rideau Building healthy and vibrant communities

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1 Aboriginal Communities in Profile: Quinte, Kingston, Rideau Building healthy and vibrant communities The Ontario Trillium Foundation is an agency of the Government of Ontario.

2 Métis Elder photo courtesy of Métis Nation of Ontario Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 2

3 Table of Contents Introduction... 5 Ontario Trillium Foundation Granting Areas Map... 7 Highlights of Aboriginal Communities in Profile: Quinte, Kingston, Rideau... 8 Quinte, Kingston, Rideau Region Map Demographics Overview Aboriginal groups Age Groups On-reserve and off-reserve Urban and Rural Mobility Languages Aboriginal languages Mother Tongue At Home Language Education Aboriginal people 15 years and over Aboriginal people 25 to 64 years old Undergraduate and graduate degrees Major Fields of Study Labour Force Employment Unemployment Work Activity Place of Work Industry Occupation Income Low-Income Children under six Seniors 65 years and over First Nations Communities in QKR Geographic Context for Quinte, Kingston, Rideau Methodology and Data Sources Concepts and Definitions Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 3

4 List of Charts Chart 1 Aboriginal Population 2001 and Chart 2 Aboriginal Groups in QKR Chart 3 Child, Youth, and Adult Age Groups Chart 4 Age Pyramid for QKR Chart 5 Area of Residence for Aboriginal Groups Chart 6 Mother Tongue by Aboriginal Group Chart 7 Mother Tongue by Age Group Chart 8 Home Language Spoken by Aboriginal Population Chart 9 Highest Educational Attainment 15 Years and Over Chart 10 Highest Educational Attainment 25 to 64 Years Chart 11 Population 25 to 64 Years with at Least a Bachelor s Degree by Aboriginal Group Chart 12 Major Field of Study for Population 15 Years and Over Chart 13 Labour Force Activity for Aboriginal Groups Chart 14 Labour Force Activity by Gender for Aboriginal Population Chart 15 Work Activity for Total and Aboriginal Population Chart 16 Place of Work for Aboriginal Population 15 Years and over Chart 17 Top Five Occupations for Aboriginal Population Chart 18 Average Before-tax Income by Gender for Aboriginal Groups Chart 19 Average Before-tax Income by Location for Aboriginal Population Chart 20 Average and Median Before-tax Income for Aboriginal Population Chart 21 Prevalence of Low-Income for Aboriginal Population by Location Chart 22 Prevalence of Low-Income for Aboriginal Children Under Six Years Chart 23 Prevalence of Low-Income for Aboriginal Seniors (65 Years and Over) List of Tables Table 1 Aboriginal Population by Gender Table 2 Major Field of Study for Population 15 years and over Table 3 Ten Industries of Employment Table 4 Land Area in square kilometres Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 4

5 Aboriginal Communities in Profile: Quinte, Kingston, Rideau Introduction Vibrant and complex, the Aboriginal community in Ontario is comprised of First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples three distinct and diverse groups with unique heritages, languages, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs. The well-being and success of the Aboriginal community is of great importance to the Ontario Trillium Foundation (OTF) and we feel that sharing recent and pertinent information is beneficial to all of Ontario s people and communities. To better understand the trends in Aboriginal communities in Ontario, we have asked Statistics Canada to use the most recent census information to prepare five profiles of Aboriginal communities: one for the Province overall, and one for each of four OTF regions that, for reasons of size, growth, proportion, or other distinct features, invited deeper analysis. The four OTF regions are: Algoma, Cochrane, Manitoulin and Sudbury (ACMS) Champlain 1 Northwestern Quinte, Kingston, Rideau (QKR) OTF appreciates the work of Statistics Canada in analyzing the data and helping to produce these reports. Aboriginal Communities in Profile: Quinte, Kingston, Rideau has been customized to reflect Aboriginal peoples unique circumstances, regional characteristics and trends. For convenience, a glossary has also been included to provide definitions for the technical terms used in this document. A note about terminology This report on Aboriginal people in Quinte, Kingston, Rideau relies on the information collected by Statistics Canada in the 2001 and 2006 Censuses, where people selfidentify with at least one of Canada s three Aboriginal groups 2. Throughout this report, the terms Aboriginal people or Aboriginal population are used when referring to all people who identified with at least one Aboriginal group as part of the census. 1 Located in Eastern Ontario, Champlain encompasses the City of Ottawa and the counties of Renfrew; Prescott and Russell; and Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. 2 For more details see Methodology and Data Sources section Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 5

6 A note about the Census Each census is a snapshot of the people who took part in the survey on Census Day in that year. Some First Nations groups chose not to participate in the census or enumeration was interrupted before completion 3. Over the past 10 years Statistics Canada has made a consistent effort to improve enumeration with direct outreach to First Nations communities. Greater outreach, and a greater openness among Aboriginal people to self-identify as part of the survey, means that the information from the 2006 Census is the most robust and accurate census to date to better understand the demographic trends among Aboriginal communities in Ontario. 3 See Geographic Context for QKR section for more information Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 6

7 Ontario Trillium Foundation Granting Areas Map Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 7

8 Highlights of Aboriginal Communities in Profile: Quinte, Kingston, Rideau The Aboriginal Community in QKR: Rapid growth the Aboriginal community in QKR grew by nearly 50% between 2001 and 2006 Very young four out of ten Aboriginal people are less than 25 years old Educational gap one-quarter of working-age Aboriginal people have no diploma or certificate Growth Across QKR and Ontario overall, the Aboriginal population is growing at a much faster rate when compared to the overall population. Between 2001 and 2006, the Aboriginal community in QKR grew by 49.7% while the regional population increased by 3.2%. Composition and Distribution First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples are the Aboriginal community. In 2006, there were 13,405 Aboriginal people in QKR. One in twenty Aboriginal people in Ontario live in QKR. First Nations is the largest Aboriginal group in QKR. Métis people in QKR are a larger share of the Aboriginal population (35.6%) than in Ontario overall (30.4%). While Ontario overall has a relatively small Inuit population about 2,000 people 10% of all Inuit people in the province live in QKR. The Aboriginal community is younger compared to the overall population four in ten Aboriginal people in QKR are under the age of 25 years. Education, Employment and Income There are gaps in educational attainment for Aboriginal peoples in QKR though three-quarters have completed high school or higher levels of education, the schooling completion rate is 10% lower than the total QKR population. Unemployment is higher. In 2006 the unemployment rate in the Aboriginal community in was 10.1% four percentage points higher than in the overall population. There is an $8,700 average income gap between Aboriginal people and non- Aboriginal people in QKR. Unlike other areas across the province, few First Nations people in QKR have an Aboriginal language mother tongue or use Aboriginal languages at home. Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 8

9 Responding to trends in the area Findings like these help provide valuable insight into the Aboriginal community within QKR, offering communities, volunteers and not-for-profit organizations direction on priority areas where there is need for additional programs and services. OTF is proud to have supported initiatives that help address these priorities and strengthen Aboriginal communities across the province. Here are a few examples of how OTF funding has supported local organizations in QKR: Providing health and wellness resources and services to rural residents is often a challenge in many parts of Ontario. The Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte east of Belleville have responded to the need by establishing a community and fitness resource centre for use by all members of Tyendinaga Territory. The group worked with several youth, diabetes and seniors program partners and the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte Recreational Department to introduce wellness initiatives to the centre. Given that less than one percent of Aboriginal people in QKR report an Aboriginal language as their mother tongue, the Kanyen keha Language Nest is a unique pilot project to help revitalize the Mohawk language on the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory. The Language Nest is an immersion program for children from birth to age six. Babies, young children and their parents have the opportunity to hear, learn and speak Mohawk five days a week with a fluent instructor and parent volunteers. Local libraries continue to play an integral role in helping small Ontario communities stay connected, thrive and flourish. The Kanhiote Public Library houses a substantial collection of local history documents. It provides a wide range of programming to residents of the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, including a new web-based catalogue system, an early literacy computer station and books and DVD featuring First Nations history and traditions. Language Awareness Week and Language Hero Day are two of the many ways the Tsi Kionhnheht ne Onkwawenna Language Circle helps promote, preserve and revitalize the Kenyen kehaka (Mohawk) language on the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory. Programs to encourage residents to hear, practice and celebrate their language include summer immersion programs, language courses and workshops. The organization launched a full-time two-year post secondary Mohawk Language Immersion diploma program in partnership with Trent University and the First Nations Technical Institute. Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 9

10 Quinte, Kingston, Rideau Region Map Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 10

11 Demographics Overview The Aboriginal community in Quinte, Kingston, Rideau (QKR) First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples totalled 13,405 in While Aboriginal people in QKR are 2.6% of the area s total population, they are 5.5% of all Aboriginal people in Ontario. Chart 1. Aboriginal community in QKR is growing very quickly Between 2001 and 2006, the Aboriginal community in QKR grew significantly far outpacing the growth of the total population (49.7% vs. 3.2%). The growth was even faster than the growth of the total Aboriginal population in Ontario (28.8%) in the same time period. There are several factors that contribute to this strong growth rate including high birth rates, a greater number of individuals identifying themselves as Aboriginal, and a reduction in the number of incompletely enumerated First Nations Reserves since the 2001 census. Most Aboriginal people in QKR live in Hastings or Frontenac About six out of ten (61.2%) Aboriginal people in QKR live in Hastings or Frontenac. While all areas within QKR experienced very strong population growth from 2001 to 2006, the areas with the most increase were Lennox and Addington (89%), Lanark (70%), Prince Edward County (65%), and Leeds and Grenville (63%). Chart 1 Chart 1 Aboriginal Population 2001 and ,000 13,405 Number 10,000 5, ,955 Quinte Kingston, Rideau (QKR) 2,395 3,360 3,445 4, ,575 1,150 1,755 Frontenac Hastings Lanark Leeds and Grenville 670 1,265 Lennox and Addington Prince Edward Population 2001 Population 2006 Source: Statistics Canada, Census of population, 2001 and 2006 Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 11

12 Population by Gender In 2006, the Aboriginal community in QKR had slightly more women than men 51.7% compared to 48.3% similar to the proportion for all Aboriginal people across Ontario. Leeds and Grenville was the one area in QKR where men slightly outnumbered women. Table 1. Table 1 Aboriginal Population by Gender Region Males Females QKR 6,485 6,930 Frontenac 1,675 1,690 Hastings 2,245 2,595 Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Prince Edward Aboriginal groups Of the three Aboriginal peoples, First Nations is the largest group. In QKR, just more than half of all Aboriginal people are First Nations (55.8) 4. This proportion is different from Ontario overall, where two out of three Aboriginal people are First Nations (65.3%). Chart 2. Large proportion of Métis in QKR With 4,775 people, the Métis are the second largest Aboriginal group (35.6%). In fact, QKR has proportionately more Métis people than the province overall (30.4%). About 6.5% of all Métis people in Ontario live in QKR. Chart 2. There are relatively few Inuit people in Ontario (2,040 people) and about 10% (210) live in QKR 5. Additionally, there is an Others group that includes 930 individuals 6 and represents 6.9% of all Aboriginal people in QKR. Chart 2. 4 QKR has one reserve, Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, which was incompletely enumerated in the 2006 census so no population counts are available for this area. See Geographic Context section for more information. 5 Due to the small population of Inuit people, no details other than some population counts are included in this report. 6 Others includes 200 people self-identifying with more than one Aboriginal group and 730 people who self-identified as Aboriginal but did not specify the group. Others will be included in charts where feasible Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 12

13 Chart 2 Aboriginal Groups in QKR First Nations 55.8% (7,485) Métis 35.6% (4,775) Others 6.9% (930) Inuit 1.6% (210) Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 13

14 Age Groups A younger population The Aboriginal community in Ontario and QKR is younger in comparison to the overall population meaning there is a higher proportion of people under 25 years of age. Though most Aboriginal people in QKR are in the 25 to 64 year age range, children and youth are a large segment of the total (39.8%) much higher than in QKR overall where children and youth are 29.7% of the total. Chart 3. In contrast, seniors (65 years and over) make up a much smaller portion of all Aboriginal people (6.3%) in QKR than in the total population (16.0%). Chart 3. Majority of Inuit people in QKR are under 25 years old The Inuit community is particularly young when compared with other Aboriginal peoples or the general QKR population. In 2006, about 62% of Inuit people in QKR were under the age of 25 years. Youth (13 to 24 years old) were the largest age group in the Inuit community (33.3%). Chart 3. Chart 3 Child, Youth, and Adult Age Groups Percentage Aboriginal Population First Nations Métis Inuit Others Total population 0 to 12 years 13 to 24 years 25 to 64 years 65 years and over Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 14

15 The age pyramid for QKR illustrates in more detail the differences between the Aboriginal community and the overall QKR population in terms of age distribution. Unlike the total population, there are proportionately more Aboriginal people in all age categories under 25 years of age and proportionately fewer in the older categories. The pyramid also shows there are more males than females in age groups 10 to 24 years. Chart 4. Chart 4 Age Pyramid for QKR 85 years and over 80 to 84 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 15 to 19 years 10 to 14 years 5 to 9 years 0 to 4 years Male Female 12% 6% 0% 6% 12% Aboriginal population Total population Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 15

16 On-reserve and off-reserve Only First Nations people have reserves therefore this section is about this group alone. Within First Nations communities in Ontario in 2006, three out of ten people (29.7%) lived on-reserve while seven in ten (70.3%) lived off-reserve 7. QKR has one reserve, Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, which was incompletely enumerated in the 2006 census so no population counts are available for this area 8. Urban and Rural Equally likely to live in rural or urban areas Métis, Inuit and off-reserve First Nations people in QKR are equally likely to live in an urban (49.1%) or rural (50.9%) area unlike Ontario overall where the majority live in urban (77.2%) areas 9 Another difference in QKR is the degree of urbanization; urban Aboriginal people there are more likely to live in smaller centres while for the Province overall most urban Aboriginal people live in large centres. Chart 5. Chart 5 Area of Residence for Aboriginal Groups Percentage Aboriginal Population - QKR First Nations offreserve Métis Others Aboriginal population - Ontario Small urban centre Large urban centre Total urban Rural 7 Includes both registered and non-registered First Nations people 8 See Geographic Context for QKR section for more information. 9 Refer to Census Concepts and Definitions section Urban Areas for more details. Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 16

17 Mobility Aboriginal people move between and within communities more frequently than the overall population Many Aboriginal people move back and forth between urban and rural communities as well as reserve communities for some First Nations people. Factors that may contribute to higher mobility within this community include: being younger, and being concentrated in more remote rural areas 10, as well as the need for access to post-secondary schooling, employment or health services, and housing affordability. Between 2001 and , about 44.7% of Aboriginal people in QKR had moved from where they had lived five years before more than in the general QKR population where 38.5% had changed address. Slightly more people moved to a different community 12 (21.3%) than moved within the same community (20.4%). Very few Aboriginal people came into QKR from a different province, territory or country (about 3.0% in total). 10 Report on the Demographic Situation in Canada 2006 and Statistics Canada XIE 11 The census counts people where they are living on one particular day for the 2006 Census this was May 16, Community in this context refers to Census subdivision (CSD). This may be a reserve, a rural area or a municipality Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 17

18 Languages Aboriginal languages Decline in use and knowledge of Aboriginal languages in Ontario The use and knowledge of Aboriginal languages within the Aboriginal community has declined between 2001 and In 2006, 9.8% of all Aboriginal people in Ontario reported that their mother tongue was an Aboriginal language, down from 11.5% in Part of this decrease can be attributed to the growing tendency on the part of the individual to identify themselves as Aboriginal especially among those of Métis heritage, where only a small portion report being able to speak an Aboriginal language. Other factors influencing the erosion of intergenerational transmission of languages 14 include the prevalence of English and French in daily life; linguistic intermarriage; increased migration between Aboriginal communities as well as to and from cities and reserves; and the legacy of the residential school system. Mother Tongue Few First Nations people in QKR have an Aboriginal language mother tongue Almost all people who have an Aboriginal language as their mother tongue are either First Nations or Inuit. In QKR, only a small proportion of First Nations people (less than 1%) say that their mother tongue is an Aboriginal language. In contrast, in Ontario overall, 14.0% of First Nations people say they have an Aboriginal mother tongue. Chart 6. Chart 6 Mother Tongue by Aboriginal Group Aboriginal population First Nations Métis Others Aboriginal languages English French Other responses 13 From the 2001 Census Aboriginal Population Profiles 14 Adapted from Aboriginal languages in Canada: Emerging trends and perspectives on second language acquisition. Mary Jane Norris. Stats Canada Canadian Social Trends Catalogue No XIE Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 18

19 English mother tongue most common in QKR Nearly all Aboriginal people in QKR (95.6%) no matter which Aboriginal group they are part of have English as their mother tongue. Younger people are more likely to say this than are older people; nearly all Aboriginal people under 15 years old (99.4%) state this compared to 88.1% for seniors. Charts 6 and 7. Seniors are the age group most likely to say their mother tongue is French (9.5%). The Métis are most likely of the three Aboriginal peoples to have French as their mother tongue. While 5.4% of all Métis people in QKR say their mother tongue is French, the proportion (11.9%) is greatest among seniors. Chart 7. Chart 7 Mother Tongue by Age Group English French Aboriginal languages Other responses 4,2 9,5 5,9 2,1 0,5 0,6 1,2 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 1,8 0,7 1,4 0,3 94,5 88,1 92,5 97,0 99,4 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 Percentage Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 64 years 65 years and over All age groups Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 19

20 At Home Language Almost all Aboriginal people in QKR speak English at home English is by far the most frequently spoken language at home for Aboriginal people in QKR regardless of which age group is considered. Chart 8. Chart 8 Home Language Spoken by Aboriginal Population English French Aboriginal languages Other responses Percentage Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 64 years 65 years and over Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 20

21 Education The Education section profiles the highest level of schooling that has been attained by Aboriginal people in QKR. While the overarching picture of educational attainment for Aboriginal people is that fewer complete high school or beyond than the general population, there are some differences in attainment depending upon a person s age group or which Aboriginal group they identify with. In the sections below, the educational attainment for two broad age groups all people 15 years and over, and people who are aged 25 to 64 years (the working age group) is presented. Across both age groups, Aboriginal people are more at risk of having no certificate, diploma or degree. However, Aboriginal people in QKR are completing high school, apprenticeship, trades, college and other non-university certificates at rates by and large comparable to the overall population though fewer complete university. Métis people as a group are more likely to complete apprenticeship and trades certificates than Aboriginal people overall or the general population in QKR. Aboriginal people 15 years and over About one out of three (34.3%) Aboriginal people in QKR in this age group have no certificate, diploma or degree this is 11 percentage points above that of the overall QKR population (23.3%). This may not adequately reflect educational accomplishment as a large proportion of this group may still be students, and because a high proportion of Aboriginal people age 65 years and over are without a certificate, diploma or degree. Chart 9. Chart 9 Highest Educational Attainment 15 Years and Over Percentage Aboriginal Population First Nations Métis Total population No certificate, diploma or degree High school certificate or equivalent Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma University certificate, diploma or degree Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 21

22 Aboriginal people 25 to 64 years old One in four has no certificate, diploma or degree In QKR, about one out of four (25.4%) Aboriginal people between 25 and 64 years has no certificate, diploma or degree again, close to 11 percentage points higher than in the total QKR population (14.6%). Chart 10. Aboriginal people in this age group complete high school and college at rates similar to the total population. As previously noted, fewer have a university certificate, degree or diploma (8.7% vs. 20.2%). Chart 10. More likely to have apprenticeship or trades certificates or diplomas Aboriginal people, and Métis people in particular, are more likely to have an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma than people in the general QKR population. Chart 10. Chart 10 Highest Educational Attainment 25 to 64 Years 4 Percentage Aboriginal Population First Nations Métis Total population No certificate, diploma or degree High school certificate or equivalent Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma University certificate, diploma or degree Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 22

23 Undergraduate and graduate degrees Fewer Aboriginal people obtain undergraduate or graduate degrees than in the general population. In QKR, 6.3% of Aboriginal people ages 25 to 64 years have an undergraduate or a graduate degree less than all Aboriginal people for Ontario overall (9.0%) or the total QKR population (17.3%). Of the Aboriginal peoples in QKR, the Métis had the highest proportion of people with at least a bachelor s degree. Chart 11. Chart 11 Population 25 to 64 Years with at Least a Bachelor s Degree by Aboriginal Group Percentage Aboriginal Population First Nations Métis 0.4 Percentage of population with bachelor's level or above Bachelor's degree University certificate or diploma above bachelor level Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry Master's degree Earned doctorate More women graduates In QKR as well as across Ontario, Aboriginal women are slightly more likely to have an undergraduate or graduate degree than are Aboriginal men. About 6.6% of Aboriginal women in QKR held undergraduate or graduate degrees in 2006 compared to 5.8% of Aboriginal men, though men were slightly more likely than women to have a masters degree. In QKR 5.6% of First Nations women and 8.2% of Métis women have at least a bachelor s degree. Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 23

24 Major Fields of Study About six out of ten (63.1%) Aboriginal students pursuing post-secondary education reported three major fields of study: architecture, engineering, and related technologies; business, management and public administration; and health, parks, recreation and fitness. This is similar to the ranking of study fields for the general QKR population. Compared to the general population, a higher proportion of Aboriginal students pursue studies in personal, protective and transportation services and in health, parks, recreation and fitness; proportionately fewer pursue studies in the fields of education, or physical and life sciences and technologies. Chart 12 and Table 2. Chart 12 Major Field of Study for Population 15 Years and Over Architecture, engineering, and related technologies Business, management and public administration Health, parks, recreation and fitness Personal, protective and transportation services Social and behavioural sciences and law Education Humanities Mathematics, computer and information sciences Agriculture, natural resources and conservation Visual and performing arts,and communications technologies Physical and life sciences and technologies Percentage Total population Aboriginal population Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 24

25 Table 2 Major Field of Study for Population 15 years and over Field of Study Aboriginal Population Total Population Architecture, engineering, and related technologies ,050 Business, management and public administration ,850 Health, parks, recreation and fitness ,530 Personal, protective and transportation services ,415 Social and behavioural sciences and law ,470 Education ,460 Humanities 145 9,845 Mathematics, computer and information sciences 140 6,940 Agriculture, natural resources and conservation 90 4,475 Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies 70 5,185 Physical and life sciences and technologies 55 6,450 Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 25

26 Labour Force Labour force information in this section refers to the period of time preceding the May 2006 Census. Since that time there have been significant changes in the state of the economy in Ontario including increased unemployment rates, loss of full time jobs, and a downturn in the automotive and related manufacturing sector. Information in this section is only for the population 15 years of age and over who were either employed or looking for work during the week prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006). Aboriginal people in Ontario experience lower employment, higher unemployment and fewer full-time jobs than in the general population factors that may contribute to lower income levels and impact community well-being overall. Similar to other trends in this report, people who are First Nations experience this to a greater degree than Métis people. Employment Slightly lower employment for the Aboriginal community in QKR In 2006 in QKR, Aboriginal people were slightly less employed than the overall population (57.6% compared to 59.3%) though by group, First Nations people (59.2%) had similar employment. Chart 13. Chart 13 Labour Force Activity for Aboriginal Groups Percentage Employment rate Unemployment rate Aboriginal Population First Nations Métis Total population Unemployment In 2006, 10.1% of the Aboriginal community in QKR was unemployed four percentage points more than the overall QKR population (6.1%). In Ontario overall, unemployment among Aboriginal people was 12.3%. For First Nations people in QKR, unemployment was 10.9% in 2006 less than the overall provincial rate for First Nations people (13.8%). Chart 13. Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 26

27 More unemployment among Aboriginal men A slightly larger proportion of Aboriginal men in QKR were employed compared to women (59.5% vs %). As well, unemployment was slightly higher for Aboriginal men (10.5% compared to 9.6% for women). Chart 14. Chart 14 Labour Force Activity by Gender for Aboriginal Population Percentage Employment rate Unemployment rate Male and Female Male Female Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 27

28 Work Activity Aboriginal people in QKR are less likely to be employed full year, full time In 2006, fewer Aboriginal people in QKR worked full year, full time (30.4%) than did people in QKR overall (35.3%) or all Aboriginal people in Ontario (31.5%). Chart 15. Aboriginal people in QKR were more likely to work part year or part time (31.5%) compared to all people in QKR (28.1%). Chart 15. Chart 15 Work Activity for Total and Aboriginal Population 5 Percentage Aboriginal population - QKR Aboriginal population - Ontario Total population - QKR Worked full year, full time Worked part year or part time Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 28

29 Place of Work A large proportion of the Aboriginal workforce works and lives in different communities In QKR in 2006, four out of ten (42.1%) Aboriginal people 15 worked in a different community 16 from where they lived. A similar proportion (40.4%) worked in the same community that they lived in. This is unlike Ontario overall where 28.4% of Aboriginal workers work and live in different communities and 53.4% work and live in the same community. Aboriginal workers in Frontenac were much more likely to live and work in the same community than were workers in other areas in QKR. In Lanark, Leeds and Grenville, and Lennox and Addington, most people worked in a different community from where they lived. Aboriginal workers in Leeds and Grenville were least likely to work at home or have no fixed workplace address 17 compared to people in the other areas. Chart 16. Chart 16 Place of Work for Aboriginal Population 15 Years and over Percentage QKR Frontenac Hastings Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Prince Edward Same community Different community At home No fixed workplace address 15 Of the employed labour force 15 years of age and over 16 Community in this context refers to Census subdivision (CSD). This may be a reserve, a rural area or a municipality 17 No fixed workplace address includes building and landscape contractors, travelling salespersons, independent truck drivers, etc. (Statistics Canada Census Dictionary 2005) Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 29

30 Industry Retail trade was the top industry for employment for Aboriginal people In QKR in 2006, nearly one out of four Aboriginal people were employed in service industries including retail trade, and accommodation and food services. Following closely was public administration, manufacturing, and health care and social assistance. The profile for employed Aboriginal people by industry is not the same as the profile for the total population. Aboriginal people in QKR were more likely to be employed in the industries of accommodation and food services, and administrative and support, waste management and remediation services. They were less likely to be employed in educational services, and professional, scientific and technical services. Table 3. Table 3 Ten Industries of EmploymentError! Not a valid link.source: Statistics Canada, Census of population, 2006 Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 30

31 Occupation Sales and service was the most frequently reported occupation in QKR Approximately 50% of the Aboriginal labour force in QKR was employed either in sales and service, or trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations. There were some variations regionally: in Frontenac, Aboriginal people were more likely to be employed in occupations related to social sciences, education, government service and religion, while in Hastings, and Lennox and Addington, a higher proportion worked in occupations unique to processing, manufacturing and utilities. In Prince Edward, more Aboriginal people worked in the primary industries which includes farming and nursery/greenhouse operations amongst other occupations. Chart 17. Chart 17 Top Five Occupations for Aboriginal Population Sales and service occupations 32.6 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 19.7 Business, finance and administrative occupations 14.4 Occupations unique to processing, manufacturing and utilities Occupations in social science, education, government service and religion Percentage Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 31

32 Income The Income section compares and highlights differences in income levels between the Aboriginal and non-aboriginal population; among Aboriginal groups; by gender, and finally, across geographic areas. Overall, Aboriginal people in QKR have lower income levels compared to the non- Aboriginal population on average about 35% less. Unlike Ontario overall and other areas of the province, the average income for First Nations or Métis people in QKR was similar. There is less of a gap in income level between Aboriginal men and women than in the non-aboriginal population which may be influenced by factors such as greater unemployment among Aboriginal men than women; more women with higher educational attainment; and substantially lower income levels for Aboriginal men compared to non-aboriginal men. In 2005, Aboriginal people in QKR had slightly lower average incomes 18 compared with Aboriginal people for Ontario overall. While the average income for Aboriginal people in QKR was $24,895, in Ontario it was about $1,000 more. $8,700 average income gap There is a substantial income gap between Aboriginal people and non-aboriginal people. In 2005 the average annual income of Aboriginal people in QKR was $24,895 about $8,700 less than that report by the non-aboriginal population ($33,600). Chart 18. Chart 18 Average Before-tax Income by Gender for Aboriginal Groups Aboriginal population 21,554 24,895 28,585 First Nations 21,636 24,800 28,665 Métis 20,815 24,869 28,542 Non-Aboriginal population 27,144 33,600 40,450 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 ($) Male and Female Male Female 18 Refers to 2005 before-tax annual income levels as reported in the 2006 Census Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 32

33 Gender wage gap is smaller Aboriginal men in QKR had an average income in 2005 that was $7,031 higher than for women. Aboriginal people overall, First Nations and Métis people all had less of a gender-based income gap than did the non-aboriginal population ($13,306). Chart 18. Regional variations in average income In 2005, average incomes varied across the region. In particular, average incomes for Aboriginal people living in Frontenac were higher than for people living in the other areas in QKR, and were also higher than the province average for Aboriginal people. Lanark was the only other area in QKR where average income was higher than the provincial average. Chart 19. Chart 19 Average Before-tax Income by Location for Aboriginal Population QKR Frontenac Hastings Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Prince Edward Ontario 18,202 21,554 28,585 24,895 24,680 30,476 27,355 27,819 22,749 25,701 27,496 26,567 20,555 28,632 24,870 21,774 29,797 25,367 21,505 23,805 22,500 22,430 29,826 25,963 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 ($) Male and Female Male Female Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 33

34 QKR has slightly lower average and median incomes compared to Ontario Overall in QKR in 2005, the median income of Aboriginal people was slightly less than the provincial median ($18,429 compared to $18,808). Hastings had the lowest median income of the QKR areas listed. Chart 20. Chart 20 Average and Median Before-tax Income for Aboriginal Population QKR Frontenac Hastings Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Prince Edward Ontario 18,429 19,600 17,000 22,749 20,589 19,468 19,738 19,654 22,500 18,808 24,895 27,355 26,567 24,870 25,367 25,963 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Average income ($) Median income Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 34

35 Low-Income The next section looks at Aboriginal people 19 living below the low-income cut-off from three perspectives all Aboriginal people, those who are youngest and those who are oldest. The low-income cut-off is one way of expressing a degree of poverty for individuals or families. The cut-off measures which families or unattached individuals spend 20% more on average on food, shelter and clothing than comparable families or individuals. The cut-off in income levels is differentiated by family size and whether people live in urban or rural communities. The information in the charts below is provided in two forms, before and after tax. Aftertax income better reflects what families have available to spend and is more equally distributed than before-tax income since those with higher incomes pay taxes at a higher rate. Living below the low-income cut-off is greater among the Aboriginal community In 2005, 24.3% 20 of the Aboriginal peoples in Ontario were living below the low-income cut-off. By comparison, for the total population in Ontario it was 14.7% 21. In QKR overall, one in five people lived below the cut-off (20.1%), less than the provincial figure (24.3%) for all Aboriginal people. Chart 21. Chart 21 Prevalence of Low-Income for Aboriginal Population by Location 4 Percentage QKR Frontenac Hastings Lanark Leeds and Grenville Prevalence of low-income before tax Lennox and Addington Prince Edward Ontario Prevalence of low-income after tax 19 Persons in private households 20 Before-tax income and persons in private households 21 Source: Statistics Canada catalogue no XCB Persons in private households and before-tax income. Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 35

36 Children under six Aboriginal children more likely to live in low-income In 2005 in Ontario, 36.4% of Aboriginal children under six years of age lived below the low-income cut-off. In contrast, 19.3% of children under six years in the Ontario population were considered low-income. One in four Aboriginal children under six in QKR live in low-income In QKR, about one in four (26.5%) Aboriginal children under six years of age were living below the low-income cut-off less than the provincial figure of 36.4%. All communities in QKR had a lower prevalence of children living in low-income than in the province overall. Chart 22. Chart 22 Prevalence of Low-Income for Aboriginal Children Under Six Years Percentage QKR Frontenac Hastings Lanark Leeds and Grenville Prevalence of low-income before tax Lennox and Addington Prince Edward Ontario Prevalence of low-income after tax Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 36

37 Seniors 65 years and over One in seven Aboriginal seniors in QKR live below the low-income cut-off In 2005 in QKR, one in seven or 14.4% of Aboriginal seniors lived below the low-income cut-off below the provincial figure of 18.1%. The incidence of living below the cut-off was greatest in Hastings (15.7%). When after tax income is considered, QKR is below the provincial figure as well. Chart 23. Chart 23 Prevalence of Low-Income for Aboriginal Seniors (65 Years and Over) 4 3 Percentage QKR Frontenac Hastings Lanark Leeds and Grenville Prevalence of low-income before tax Lennox and Addington Prince Edward Ontario Prevalence of low-income after tax Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 37

38 First Nations Communities in QKR Name of First Nations Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte Tyendinaga Geographic Area County of Hastings Tribal Council / Political Organizations Unaffiliated / Association of Iroquois and Allied Indians (AIAI) Treaty Upper Canada Treaties Area 1 Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 38

39 Geographic Context for Quinte, Kingston, Rideau HHHHQuinte, Kingston, and Rideau include six Census Divisions: County of Hastings, County of Lanark, County of Prince Edward, Management Board of Frontenac, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, and United Counties of Lennox and Addington. The data presented in this report is based on Statistics Canada Census of Population and uses the Standard Geographic Areas from the Census. Some First Nations reserves and settlements did not participate in the Census as enumeration was not permitted, or it was interrupted before completion. In 2006, there were 22 incompletely enumerated First Nations reserves in Canada, compared to 30 in 2001 and 77 in Most of the people living on incompletely enumerated First Nations reserves and settlements have Registered First Nations status. Consequently, the impact of incomplete enumeration will be greatest on data for First Nations people registered under the Indian Act. This area contained one First Nations Reserve which was incompletely enumerated during the 2006 Census. No information is available for this area. The land area of this region was 19,806.1 square kilometres, around 2% of Ontario. Hastings covered 30.2% of the land area which was the largest share of the land area in QKR. Prince Edward covered the smallest area, accounting for 5.3% of the land area. Table 4 Land Area in square kilometres Frontenac Hastings Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Prince Edward QKR Region 3, , , , , , ,806.1 Methodology and Data Sources Throughout this report we refer to Aboriginal people. This information is based on what Statistics Canada refers to as the Aboriginal Identity population, which refers to those people who report identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, that is, North American Indian (First Nation), Métis or Inuit, and/or those who reported being a Treaty Indian or a Registered Indian, as defined by the Indian Act of Canada, and/or those who reported they were members of an Indian band or First Nation. Data Source: Statistics Canada, Census of population, 2001 and Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 39

40 Concepts and Definitions Additional concepts and more detailed definitions may be found in the Statistics Canada Census Dictionary Aboriginal ancestry Refers to those persons who reported at least one Aboriginal ancestry including First Nations, Métis or Inuit to the ethnic origin question. Ethnic origin refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the respondent s ancestors. Aboriginal identity Refers to those persons who reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, that is, First Nations, Métis or Inuit, and/or those who reported being a Treaty or a Registered First Nations person, as defined by the Indian Act of Canada, and/or those who reported they were members of a First Nation. Multiple responses are permitted. After-tax income Refers to total income minus federal, provincial and territorial income taxes paid for calendar year After-tax income is the total income from all sources minus income tax, which better reflects what families have available to spend. After-tax income is also more equally distributed than before-tax income since those with higher incomes pay taxes at a higher rate. Total income refers to income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income and any other money income. Federal, provincial and territorial taxes paid refer to taxes on income, after taking into account exemptions, deductions, non-refundable tax credits and the Quebec abatement. These taxes are obtained from the income tax files for persons who allowed access to their income tax data and from direct responses on the questionnaire for others. Average Income Average income of individuals refers to the weighted mean total income of individuals 15 years of age and over who reported income for Average income is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of a specified group Census division (CD) Census division (CD) is the general term for provincially legislated areas (such as county and regional district) or their equivalents. Census divisions are intermediate geographic areas between the province/territory level and the municipality (census subdivision). Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA) Area consisting of one or more neighbouring municipalities situated around a major urban core. A census metropolitan area must have a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more live in the urban core. A census agglomeration must have an urban core population of at least 10,000. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the central urban area, as measured by commuting flows derived from census place of work data. Census subdivision (CSD) Census subdivision (CSD) is the general term for provincially legislated areas (such as city, town, and township) or their equivalents for statistical reporting purposes (e.g. a reserve or an unorganized territory). Census subdivisions are the lower geographic Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 40

41 areas and are usually part of a Census Division. These areas may also be referred to as municipality, community, and area of residence. Employment rate Refers to the number of persons employed in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006), expressed as a percentage of the total population 15 years of age and over. The employment rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the number of employed persons in that group, expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over, in that group. First Nation (Government) A First Nation is a group of people for whose collective use and benefit lands have been set apart or money is held by the Crown, or declared to be a First Nation for the purposes of the Indian Act. Each First Nation has its own governing council, usually consisting of one chief and several councillors. Community members choose the chief and councillors by election, or sometimes through custom. The members of a First Nation generally share common values, traditions and practices rooted in their ancestral heritage. (Definition from INAC Indian and Northern Affairs Canada) First Nations People First Nations people are one of the three Aboriginal groups recognized in the Canadian Constitution. This term is used to describe the group of all Aboriginal peoples who are not Inuit or Métis. A First Nations member is an individual who is recognized as being a member of a First Nation as defined either by the First Nation itself or the Indian Act. Home Language Refers to the language spoken most often or on a regular basis at home by the individual at the time of the census. Highest certificate, diploma or degree Information indicating the person's most advanced certificate, diploma or degree. This is a derived variable obtained from the educational qualifications questions, which asked for all certificates, diplomas and degrees to be reported. There is an implied hierarchy in this variable (secondary school graduation, registered apprenticeship and trades, college, university) which is loosely tied to the 'in-class' duration of the various types of education. However, at the detailed level a registered apprenticeship graduate may not have completed a secondary school certificate or diploma, nor does an individual with a master s degree necessarily have a certificate or diploma above the bachelor s degree level. Therefore, although the sequence is more or less hierarchical, it is a general rather than an absolute gradient measure of academic achievement. Income collection methodology in 2006 For the first time in 2006, the Census offered respondents the option to have Statistics Canada access their tax records rather than complete the census income questions. Ontario Trillium Foundation Aboriginal Communities in Profile: QKR 41

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