Curriculum Vitae. Prof. Layachi Anser. P.O. Box Sharjah. UAE

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1 Curriculum Vitae Prof. Layachi Anser P.O. Box Sharjah. UAE L_anser@yahoo.fr Lanser0252@gmail.com Languages: Arabic, English, French Personal Data Status: Married Nationality: Canadian. Address: Toronto, ON. M9B 6L9, Canada. Values: Responsible, stable and serious Leadership style: Innovator, consolidator and stabiliser Work ethics: Loyal, punctual and discreet. Known for: Efficiency, organization & leadership qualities. 1- Areas of Academic Interest: Sociological Theory, Research Methods, Development and Social Policy, Globalization and Identity Conflict, Family, Women and Gender. Labour and Migration, Civil Society and Social Movements. Narrow Specialistion: Sociology of Work and Organization 2- Degrees: PhD. Sociology of Work and Organizations, 1992 University of Leicester, England, UK. M.A. Sociology of Development, University of Leicester. UK 1980 BSC. Sociology of Work and Industry University of Constantine, Algeria. 3- Academic Positions Held: 1

2 Consultant for Research & Studies, Strategic & Security Studies Center, MOI, Qatar Director for Research & Development, Qatar Foundation for Protection & social Rehabilitation, Doha, Qatar Professor of sociology, Qatar University Professor of sociology, UAE University, UAE Professor of sociology, University of Annaba, Algeria Associate Professor of sociology, University of Annaba Assistant Professor of sociology, University of Annaba Lecturer, University of Annaba, Algeria Consultant, Human Resources, the Higher Institute for Management, Annaba. Algeria Head, Research Dept. Sociology of Work and Organizations Centre de Recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle, CRASC- Algeria Membership of Scientific Associations and Journals Member of the International Sociological Association Member of the American Sociological Association Member of the Arab Association for Sociology Membership of the Arab Council Social Sciences, Editorial committee of The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences. CGPublishers, Australia Editorial committee of the International Journal for Knowledge, Culture and change Management. CGPublishers, Australia. Editorial Committee of International Journal of Arab Culture, Management and Sustainable Development, Italy Editorial committee of Arab World Insights Today Magazine Editorial Committee of The Algerian Journal of Sociology, Member of the Scientific Committee of The Algerian Journal of Anthropology and Social Sciences, Insaniyat, CRASC. Member of the Scientific Council of the Centre for Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology, (CRASC), Algeria. Member of the National Committee for Programming and Evaluating Research Projects. Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research- Algeria. Editorial Committee of the Review; Perspectives in Sociology, University of Annaba- Algeria Member of Scientific Committee, Sociology Dept University of Annaba.- Algeria Editorial Committee of The Journal of Sociology University of Annaba- Algeria. 5- Administrative Positions Held: 2

3 Head, Department of Social Sciences, Qatar University Member of the Ministerial Committee for Scientific Research, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Algeria. Chair of Research Unit in the National Center for Social & Cultural Anthropology, (CRASC) Oran, Algeria Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs, College Arts & Social Sciences, University of Annaba, Algeria. Assistant Director Research Unit, Sociology Dept University of Annaba- Algeria. Department Chair, Sociology Department, University of Annaba, Algeria. 6- Teaching Experience: 6.1- Undergraduate Level (sample of courses) Sociology of Work, Sociology of Organization, Industrial Sociology Industrial Organization, Sociology of Enterprise, Sociology of Development, Management of Human Resources, Organizational Behaviour. Introduction to Sociology, Political Sociology, Contemporary Social Issues,, Pioneers of Sociological Thought. Sociological Theories, Research Methods, Research Design, Techniques of Data Collection and Analysis. Sociology of the Family, Gender studies Sociology of Developing Countries, Economic Sociology, Migration Studies, Gulf Societies, Culture & Society, Human Rights Graduate level (sample) Modern Sociological Theories, Advanced Research Methods. Industrial Relations, Sociology of Organization. Social Movements, Sociology of the Professions. Social Institutions and Organizations, Social Aspects of Work Legislation. Sociology of the Enterprise, Management of Human Resources Dissertations & Theses: BSc Graduation Projects.( over 45 ) Master Dissertations ( 10 ) PhD Theses ( 05 ) 7- Research Grants and Sponsorship: 1- Social Impact Assessment of Intensive Development: High-rise Life in Contemporary Qatar, NPRP Grant, Qatar National fund for Research: Grant: QR Status, Research Contributor. 3

4 2- Civil Society in the Arab Countries: Challenges and Prospects. (Symposium) The Doha International Institute for Family Studies and Development, Qatar Foundation, Qatar, Period of symposium: 2-3 Nov Grant: US$ Unskilled Migrant labour in Qatar; Working & Living conditions Middle East initiative, US State Department Period of Research: Grant US$ Women Empowerment in Qatar: Realities and Barriers. Qatar National Fund for Research, Project No. UREP Period of research: Grant: US$ The Qatari Penitentiary System and its Effects on Family Life. Human Rights Administration, the Ministry of Interior, Project No. 01/2006 Period of research: Grant: QR (US& 35000). 5- Career and Work Attitudes among the UAE Youth. UAE University- Research Office Project No. UAEU/ RO/200/2004 Period of research: Grant: AED (US$ 10000). 6- Executives in Industry: the Formation of New Social Elite. National Agency for Scientific Research Project No. ANRS/ PNR-120/2000 Period of research: Grant: AD (US$ 4500). 7- Human rights in secondary education Curricula. The Arab institute for Human rights (Tunis) Project No. IADH/200/ 1998 Period of research; Grant: US$ Industrial Development and Social Change: a Case Study of Local Communities in Annaba. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Algeria, Project No. MESRS /30/25/ Period of research Grant: US$ International Conferences & Seminars: 1- Pursuit of the Lost Future: Algerian Students migration paper presented to the 6 th. Annual Social Sciences Conference, Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies, Doha, March,

5 2- Dialectic of Globalization and Extremism: exploring an ambiguous relationship paper presented to the International Conference: Understanding Globalization and Extremism, Social Sciences Department, Qatar University, March 9-10 th Why Sociology Has Failed to Predict Arab Spring? paper presented to the International Conference on Arab Sociologists Facing Current Transformations, CRASC & Arab Sociological Association, Oran, Algeria Feb Child welfare policies in Qatar: Reality and Aspirations Presented to the international Conference on Strategies for Family Cohesion and Women Empowerment, Supreme Council for Family Affairs, Doha, April The family's role in protecting the rights of persons with disabilities Presented to the International Conference on How to Integrate The Rights of Persons with Disabilities in National Development, Organised by National Human Rights Committee and Supreme Council for Family Affairs, Doha, December Digital Generation: Youth and Social Media in Arab Societies presented to the conference on: Generations and Social change in Algeria, CRASC, Oran December Moist Tobacco Use among the Youth in Qatar, presented to the Conference on Complex addictive Substances, The Social Rehabilitation Centre, March 2012, Doha, Qatar. 8- Problematic Use of Internet in Qatar paper to the Conference on Promoting Online Safety and Cyber Ethics in the Middle East, organized by FOSI & ICTQ, 6-7 March, 2012, Doha, Qatar 9- Suicide: a Sociological Approach, presentation to The Workshop -International Day for Prevention Against Suicide, The Social Rehabilitation Centre, Doha, 21 Sept, Divorce in Qatar: Social & Cultural Dimensions Experts Gathering, The Supreme Council for Family Affairs, Doha, Qatar, April 20-22, Digital Technologies and the Globalization of Solidarity, International Conference on New Forms of Solidarity, Tunisian Sociological Association, Sfax, Tunisia, November, Digital Technologies and the Globalization of Solidarity, International Conference on New Forms of Solidarity, Tunisian Sociological Association, Sfax, Tunisia, November, Women in the Public Sphere: the changing status of Qatari women, presented to the XVII Sociology World Congress, the International Sociological Association, Gothenburg July Divorce in the Gulf Societies: a Major Challenge for Marriage and Family, International Colloquium on Marriage and Family, Malta, 6-7 Oct "Good Governance in Arab Countries: The Dynamics of Failed Development", 7 Th International Conference on New Directions in The Humanities, Beijing 5-7 June

6 16- "Corporate Identity, Role and Strategies", paper presented to The 8 th International conference on Knowledge, Culture and Management, held at Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, 5-8 August Work and Social identity: How Managers Represent Their Universe. Paper Presented to the American Sociological Association 103. Annual Conference, Boston, 1-4 August "Arab Family: Prospects of Change from Patriarchy to Partnership" paper presented to The International Congress of Arab Sociologists, Organized by the University of Sanaa, Yemen, Jan "Arab Women in the Political Arena: Rising Hopes and Shifting Barriers": paper presented to The Arab Regional Conference on Arab Women and Legislation, Centre of Arab women for Training and Research (CAWTAR), Tunis Dec "Gulf Women: Integration and Participation?" paper presented to the International Conference: Arab Youth and the Challenges of the Twenty First Century, Sociology Dept. University of Sharjah, UAE, 6-7 Nov "Critique of Naturalist Conception of Sociology: A Constructionist Alternative" paper presented to The Second International Conference on Social Sciences, University of Granada, Spain, July "Violence at Home: Beaten wives in the Arab world"; paper presented to the conference on Family Problems in the UAE, organized by Emirates Sociological Society, Sharjah, December, 21 st, The Weak Circle: Violence Against Children, presented to the conference on Violence: Causes and Consequences, organized by Emirates Sociological Society, Sharjah, December, 15 th, The Convention on the Rights of the Child and How to Teach it for Children, presented to the workshop on Childhood and globalization, The Emirates Sociological Society, Sharjah, October, 08 th Human Rights in the Curricula and Text Books for secondary Education: the case of Algeria, presented to The International Conference on The Status of Human Rights in Curricula and Text Books for Secondary Education, The Arab Institute for Human Rights, Beirut 27 Feb - 01 March Socialization and Family Partnership in a changing society: the case of UAE, presented to the workshop on Family, Socialization and Development of the Emirati Society, Sociology Dept. Sharjah University, 29 March The Technical Elite: a Case Study of Steel Workers. Presented to the International Conference on Elites and Society in The Arab World: the case of Egypt and Algeria, Centre for Applied Economy and Development-Algiers & Arab and African Research Centre- Cairo, Timimoun: March Managerial Strategies and Types of Managers, presented to the workshop on Managing Competencies: Leadership and Communication in the Enterprise, CRASC & University of Annaba, 8-9 May The problematic Nature of civil society in Algeria, presented to the International Conference on Nationalist Project and Civil Society in the Arab World, University of Damascus, 7-12 May

7 30- Executives in Industry: Itineraries and Representations, presented to the National Conference on Executives in Industry CRASC & University of Annaba, April The Process of Democratization in Algeria, presented to the International Conference on The Transition to Democracy in The Arab World, Al-Albeit University & The Jordanian Institute for Diplomacy, Amman, Dec Executives in Industry: a Profile of an Emerging Social Elite. Presented to the International Conference on The Future of Anthropology in Algeria, CRASC, Timimoun Nov Employees Participation in Management: a Future Challenge for Algerian enterprises, presented to the workshop on Cites and Enterprises Tomorrow, CRASC, Oran Dec The Local Trade Unionist Elite: Structures and Representations, presented to the conference on The Algerian Society and Sociological Practices University of Algiers, Nov The Union of Maghreb States: Hopes and Challenges, presented to The International Conference on The Arab Common Market and the Future of Arab Economies, Centre for Prospective Studies, Assiot, Egypt, Dec Biographical Notes on a Research Project, presented to the seminar on Socioanthropological Approaches to Social Research Centre for Research on Social and Cultural Anthropology (CRASC) and University Constantine, Apr Industrial Relation in the Market Economy: the Algerian Case presented to the Conference on Economic Reforms and Human Resources Management, University of Constantine May Is there a Future for Sociology in Algeria? Presented to the conference on The University and Society in Algeria Today, Centre for Research In Social and Cultural Anthropology (CRASC), 4-6 May Limits of Naturalist Tendencies in Sociology, presented to the conference on Epistemology and Social Sciences University of Constantine, April Experimenting Democracy in Algeria: Challenges & Opportunities ; presented to the international conference on The Failure of Democratization in the Arab World, Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, Cairo 28 Feb- 03 March Executives in the Public Enterprises: Social Identity and Aspirations, presented to the conference on Development and National Cultures, UNESCO & CRASC, Algiers 6-8 May Participative Management: Strategies and Challenges, presented to the conference on Strategic Management in Public Corporations university of Annaba Jan Epistemology and Social Sciences: Rethinking Social Research Methods, presented to the conference on Research Methods in the Social Sciences, University of Constantine Apr

8 44- The State of Social Research at the University, presented to the conference on North African Societies and Sociological Practices, University of Algiers, 13-15, Nov Algerian Workers and Representations of Social Differentiation, presented to the conference on Economic Development and Corporate Culture Institute of research on Social and cultural Anthropology, 9-11 Nov The State of Sociology in Algeria Today, presented to the conference on Sociology in Algeria: Realities and Perspectives University of Constantine, Oct Class consciousness and action among Algerian workers, paper presented to the annual conference of The British Middle East Studies Society, University of Exeter, England , March, Most Recent Workshops and Seminars: 1. Social Research Strategies, Lecture in the Dept. of Social Sciences, University of Telemçan, 22 Feb Social Research Strategies, Lecture in the Dept. of Social Sciences, University of Tippaza, Algeria, 17 Feb Social Research Strategies, Lecture in the Dept. of Social Sciences, University of Algiers, 16 Feb Reckless Driving among the Youth in Qatar SikKids International Hospital, Canada & HMC, Doha, 5 th November Dipping Tobacco among Adolescents in Qatar, presented to the Conference: No Tobacco World Day, Smoking Clinic, Hamad Health Corporation, 31 st March 2013, Doha, Qatar. 6. Harmonizing Women s Domestic and Occupational Responsibilities, Third Expert Meeting The Supreme Council for Family Affairs,15, April 2013, Doha, Qatar. 7. Workshop on Cultural Intergenerational Differences, Ministry of Interior, 10 March 2013, Doha, Qatar. 8. Workshop on SPSS use in Social research, SRC, 9-13 Dec. 2012, Doha, Qatar. 9. Jury Member for the 4 th. National Student Research Fair, Supreme Council for Education, April, Member of the National Committee for Internet Safety, , ICTQatar, Doha, Qatar. 11. Jury Member, Research Competition, Social Development Centre, Nov. 2012, Doha, Qatar. 12. Workshop Facilitator, Research design and implementation, Child Cultural Centre, 17 July 2012, Doha, Qatar. 8

9 13. Jury Member for Research Projects, Social Development Centre, 6 Feb. 2012, Doha, Qatar. 14. New Challenges to Family Cohesion Presentation to 2 nd Expert Meeting on Family Counseling in Qatar: Vision and Challenges, The Supreme Council for Family Affairs, April/2012, Doha, Qatar. 15. Jury Member, Research Competition, Child Cultural Centre, March 2012, Doha, Qatar. 16. Workshop Facilitator on Research Club, Child Cultural Centre, Dec. 2011, Doha Qatar. 17. Reporter for the conference on Islamists and the Arab Revolutions: challenges of democratic transformation & state building Aljazeera Centre for Strategic Studies, Set. 2011, Doha, Qatar. 18. Marriage and Divorce: Major Social Policy Issues, Presentation to 1 st, Expert Meeting on Family Counseling in Qatar: social Policy Orientations, The Supreme Council for Family Affairs, 21/04/2011, Doha, Qatar 19. Methodologies and Strategies in Social Research, given in a workshop on Social Research, The Social Rehabilitation Centre, 09/05/2012, Doha, Qatar, 20. Ibn Rushed: Reflections on the Failed Modernity in the Islamic World, College of Arts & Science, QU. 30 th May The Limits of Naturalist Sociology, Social Sciences Dept. QU, Oct. 22 nd Domestic Violence: Beaten wives, Social Sciences Dept. QU, April, 16th Good Governance: Principles and Application to Arab world. College of Arts & Sciences, QU, 11 th, April Ibn Khaldoun, the Legacy of Six Centuries, College of Arts & Science, QU, 22 nd Mai Alternative Paradigms in Social Research, Social Sciences Dept. QU, 13 th, Nov Using IT to Enhance Teaching, Qatar University 8-9 th, April, How to Prepare your Teaching Portfolio, Qatar University, Nov Competing Models in Social Research, Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research. Abu Dhabi, 22 March Academic Publications 1- Books 1. The Algerian Crisis as perceived by Intellectuals, (under Press), Dar Ibn El Nadim,, Algiers & Beirut, Bullying in Qatar s School Community, (in Arabic), Principal Author, SRC Publication

10 3. Internet Addiction; Problematic Use of Internet in Qatar, (in Arabic), Principal Author, SRC Publication Sociological Discourses in Social Theory, (Translated from French to Arabic), (Dar Almassira, Amman, Jordan, Managing Competencies: leadership and communication in the enterprise. (Editor), CRASC Publications, Contemporary Scientific Issues. UAE University Press, 2005, (co-author, Arabic). 7. Towards a Critical Sociology. Office for University Publications, Algiers, 1999, 2 nd edition (Arabic) 8. Executives in Industry: positions, roles, itineraries and representations. (Editor), CRASC Publications, Oran 2001, (Bilingual). 9. Sociology of Democracy and Rebellion in Algeria. Al-amin Publishers & Arab- African Research Centre, Cairo, (Arabic) 10. The Algerian Crisis: political, economic, social and cultural backgrounds. Centre for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, 1996 ( Co-author, Arabic) 11. The Science of Social Phenomena, Talass for Publication & Distribution, Damascus, 1990 (Arabic ) 2- Refereed Articles 1. Globalization and Extremism: exploring an ambiguous relationship Siyassat Arabiya, Issue No. 21 July Citizenship in The Age of Globalization, Review of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Tippasa Issue No. 22, May, -June, Why Sociology Has Failed to Predict the Arab Springs, Symat, Journal of the Research Council, University of Bahrain (Submitted for Publication). 4. Moroccan Muslim Families in Netherlands: Gender Dynamics and parenthood roles in changing contexts in Muslims and Muslim families in Europe. a collective book ( under press) 5. Divorce in Arab Gulf Countries: a Major Challenge to Family and Society in Contemporary Issues in Family Studies: Global Perspectives on Partnerships, Parenting and Support in a Changing World, First Edition, Edited by Angela Abela and Janet Walker, Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. London. 6. Women s Empowerment: Contexts and Aspects, in Empowering Women in Arab Countries, published by The Doha International Institute for Family Studies and Development, Doha Protest Movements in Algeria Published in Al-Maarifa, site, Al-Jazeera.Net, Feb. 2011, Firs part: 10

11 Second part: 8. Good Governance in the Arab Countries: the Dynamics of Failed Development (accepted for publication). The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, 9. "Muslim Families from Morocco in The Netherlands: Gender dynamics and Fathers Roles in a Context of Change". (Translated to Arabic), in Muslims and Muslim Families in Europe. (Forthcoming collective publication). 10. Corporate Identity, Role and Strategies: the Case of Executives from the Algerian Steel Industry. The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, Volume 8, Issue 4, fall 2008, pp "The Prospects for Change in Arab Family: from patriarchy to partnership". Alem Al-Fikr, Vol. 36, N0. 3, Jan-March pp "Critique of Naturalist Sociology: a Constructivist Alternative" The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Volume 2, Issue 2, Oct pp , 13. "Matrimonial Strategies, Social Reproduction and Integration: a case study of executives from Algeria," Current Sociology, International Sociological Association, Volume 55, Number 5. Sept. 2007, pp , 14. "Silent Ordeal: Beaten wives in Arab Society" in Social Problems in the UAE, Emirates Sociological Society Publications, Sharjah, UAE "The Weak Circle: Violence against Children", in: Violence: Causes and Consequences, published by Emirates Sociological Society, Sharjah, UAE. 2005, pp "Democracy its Conceptions and Practice: a case study from Algeria". Almustaqbal Al-arabi, Centre for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, No.5, May 2005 pp Human Rights in the Programmes of Secondary Education in the Arab World. A critical report on the International Conference held in Beirut, Feb.2003, Almustaqbal Al-arabi No. 299,Beirut Jan 2004, pp "Globalization and the Child Rights: a study of the convention on the rights of the child and how to teach it". in Globalization and The Rights of The Child in The UAE. Emirates Sociological Society Publication, Sharjah, UAE. 2004, pp "Human Rights in Secondary Education Programs: the case of Algeria", in The State of Human Rights in Secondary Education Programs and Text Books in the Arab Countries. The Arab Institute of Human Rights, Tunis "The Industrial Elite in Algeria: a case study of executives in the steel plant of Annaba", in Elites and Society in The Arab World: the case of Algeria and Egypt. Publisher: Le centre de recherche en économie appliquée et développement, (Alger) and Arab-African Research Centre (Cairo), Cairo

12 21. Executives in Industry: do they constitute elite? in What Future for Anthropology in Algeria? CRASC Publications, pp What Is Socio-Anthropology? in Socio-Anthropology or How to Rethink Methods? CRASC Publication Biographical Notes on Social Research. in Socio-Anthropology or How to Rethink Methods? CRASC Publication, Oran Civil Society, The Concept and Its Realities: the case of Algeria. The Journal Riwak Arabi, No. 22, 6th year, Cairo 2001, pp School, Ideology and Human Rights: the case of Algeria, Insaniyat, No. 10, spring 2000 (Book Review). 26. The Process of Democratization in Algeria: realities and perspectives. The Journal Riwak Arabi, No.17, 5th year, Cairo 2000, pp Executives in Industry: social identity and aspirations. Arab Studies Review, Nos , Beirut fall 1999, pp The Algerian Presidential Elections: Is democracy in danger. The Journal Riwak Arabi No. 13, Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, winter 1999, pp What Future for Sociology? in The University Today, CRASC Publication, Oran 1998, pp The Trade union Elite in Annaba: its formation and representations, Insaniyat, Algerian Journal of Anthropology and Social Sciences, No. 5, Fall 1998, pp The State and Industrial Relations in Market Economy: the case of Britain, Insaniyat, Algerian Journal for Anthropology and Social Sciences, No.4, spring 1998, pp The Union of Maghreb States: hopes and challenges, in The Arab Common Market and the Future of The Arab Economies. Centre for Futurological Studies, Assiot Egypt The Algerian Democratic Experience: what is at stake? in The Failure of Democratization in The Arab World, The Palestinian Enterprise for Democratic Studies, Ram Allah The Limits of Naturalist Tendencies in Sociology, Arab Studies Review, Nos. 5-6, Beirut spring 1997, pp Colonialism and Class Formation in Algeria. The Arab Journal of Economic Research N.5, Cairo Spring, 1996, pp Sociology of The Present Crisis in Algeria, Al-mustaqbal Al-Arabi, No, 131, Beirut winter 1995, pp Epistemology and Social Sciences: elements for reflection, Arab Studies Review, Nos. 7-8, Beirut Spring 1995, pp Sociological Research in the University, Arab Studies Review, No. 12, Beirut winter 1994, pp

13 39. Industrialization and Working class Formation in Algeria, The Arab Journal of Economic Research, No, 2, Cairo fall 1993, pp Representations of Social Differentiation Among Algerian Industrial Workers, Arab Studies Review, Nos ,, Beirut fall 1993, pp Crisis or Absence of Sociology in Algeria, Al-mustaqbal Al-arabi, No.137, Beirut summer 1990, pp Phenomenological Sociology, Arab Studies Review, No, 11-12, Beirut fall 1989, pp Max Weber s Methodological Problematic: some preliminary remarks, Arab Studies Review, No. 3, Beirut Winter 1986, pp Other Skills: 1. International Computer Driving License: Including various skills such as: Word Processing, Power Point, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, 2. Internet use on various forms. 3. Statistical Program for Social Sciences; SPSS. 11- Professional References: 1- Prof. Kassim A. Shaaban, Department of Linguistics, American University of Beirut, (former Dean, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University). shaaban@aub.edu.lb Tel: Dr. Abdullah Badahdah; professor of Sociology at North Dakota University, USA, Actually Director of Research Division, Doha International Family Institute abadahdah@qf.org.qa Tel; Dr. Andrew M. Gardner, Department of Comparative Sociology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA. gardner@pugetsound.edu, Tel: