Deconstructing Structural Unemployment

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Deconstructing Structural Unemployment"

Transcription

1 Deconstructing Structural Unemployment John Schmitt and Kris Warner March 2011 Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 400 Washington, D.C

2 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment i Contents Executive Summary...1 Introduction...3 Construction Workers...4 Housing Lock...7 Lack of Demand...10 Conclusion...11 Appendix...12 References...13 About the Author John Schmitt is a Senior Economist at the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington, D.C. Kris Warner is a Program Assistant at CEPR. Acknowledgments The authors thank the Ford Foundation and Public Welfare Foundation for generous financial support and Dean Baker, Eileen Appelbaum, and Nicole Woo for helpful comments.

3 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 1 Executive Summary Some economic observers argue structural unemployment has increased in the wake of the Great Recession. Structural unemployment refers to unemployment that reflects supply constraints in the economy: workers whose skills or geographic location don t match with employers desires. Structural unemployment differs from cyclical unemployment, which is associated with fluctuations in aggregate demand related to swings in the business cycle. The distinction between structural and cyclical unemployment has crucial implications for economic policy. If unemployment is structural then government policy that seeks to increase demand low interest rates or fiscal stimulus, for example will have little or no effect on the national unemployment rate and could even make matters worse by igniting inflation. If unemployment is cyclical, however, then expansionary macroeconomic policy can lower unemployment substantially with little or no risk of inflation. We find little support for either of two arguments that suggest that structural unemployment has been on the rise. The first argument focuses on the large increase in unemployment among construction workers. According to this view, the large supply of unemployed construction workers will never find work in construction again and lack the skills needed to find new jobs in other sectors of the economy. Based on data from the January 2010 Displaced Workers Survey (DWS), the experience of construction workers, however, is remarkably similar to workers displaced from other sectors. Slightly more construction workers (56.3 percent) than non-construction workers (55.5 percent) found a new job at some point between the time they were displaced and the time they were interviewed for the DWS. On average, construction workers also held slightly more jobs since being displaced (0.80) than non-construction workers (0.71). Construction workers also appear to be more geographically mobile than non-construction workers. About one-in-ten construction workers had moved to a different city or county after being displaced (10.3 percent), compared to only about one-in-twelve nonconstruction workers (8.5 percent). Construction workers were also more likely to move to look for work or to take a different job (6.1 percent) than workers displaced from other sectors (5.1 percent). Displaced construction workers were only slightly less likely to be employed at the time of the DWS interview (46.7 percent) than displaced workers from other sectors (47.9 percent).

4 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 2 Displaced construction workers also appear to be as willing to accept pay cuts as workers displaced from other sectors. Exactly the same share of displaced, formerly full-time construction and non-construction workers (38.2 percent) who were re-employed at the time of the DWS interview had taken a pay cut of more than 20 percent at their new job. Roughly comparable shares of both groups of workers took a pay cut of between zero and 20 percent (23.2 percent for construction, 27.3 for non-construction). A second argument suggesting that structural unemployment has increased is that falling house prices have reduced the mobility of unemployed workers. This situation has created housing lock where unemployed workers, who would otherwise relocate to regions with jobs, are stuck in high unemployment areas. The DWS data do suggest that house prices have had some impact on displaced workers likelihood to move. Displaced workers in states where the house price index was unchanged or positive were less likely to stay (84.8 percent) than were workers who lost their jobs in states with house-price declines (87.6 percent in the case of small declines; 87.2 percent in the case of large house-price declines). Using data from the DWS on the unemployment experience of movers and non-movers, these differences in the staying rate across states by house-price changes suggest that the overall effect of housing lock is likely to be small increasing the total number of unemployed by about two percent. To put these effects into perspective, at an unemployment rate of 10 percent, for example, increasing the total pool of unemployed by two percent would raise the unemployment rate to about 10.2 percent.

5 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 3 [T]he Fed does not have a means to transform construction workers into manufacturing workers. Narayana Kocherlakota, President, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, August 17, You can t change the carpenter into a nurse easily... Monetary policy can t retrain people. Monetary policy can t fix those problems. Charles Plosser, President, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, February 14, Introduction In 2006, the U.S. housing bubble peaked and home prices began to fall in most real-estate markets across the country. 3 In response, employment in the construction sector dropped sharply, with job losses eventually totaling more than two million. 4 These initial job losses in construction reduced demand in the economy, generating further job losses in other sectors. But, the decline in house prices has done the most damage. The $6 trillion fall in housing equity since the peak has led households to cut spending sharply, reducing GDP by about 2.5 percent relative to pre-crash levels. 5 Some economic observers argue that two particular features of the Great Recession both rooted in the downturn s origins in residential housing have led to an increase in structural unemployment. Economists have long distinguished between structural and cyclical unemployment. Cyclical unemployment refers to unemployment in response to temporary declines in demand (consumption, investment, government spending, or exports) associated with the business cycle. Structural unemployment refers to unemployment that reflects supply constraints in the economy: workers whose skills or geographic location don t match with employers desires. 6 The distinction has crucial implications for economic policy. If unemployment is structural then government policy that seeks to increase demand low interest rates or fiscal stimulus, for example will have little or no effect on the national unemployment rate and could even make matters worse by igniting inflation. If unemployment is cyclical, however, then expansionary macroeconomic policy can lower unemployment substantially with little or no risk of inflation. 1 See 2 Mary Anastasia O Grady, The Fed s Easy Money Skeptic, The Wall Street Journal, February 14, 2011, 3 According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, the recession began in December 2007, about nine months before the crisis in financial markets reached its peak in the fall of For a discussion of the origins of the Great Recession, see Baker (2008). 4 Employment in construction peaked at about 7.7 million at the beginning of 2007, and fell more or less continually until January of 2011, for a total loss of more than 2 million jobs. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics, 5 Economists believe that households typically spend about six cents for every dollar increase in housing wealth and cut about the same for every dollar decline in housing wealth. Given the $6 trillion decline in housing wealth, this wealth effect would translate to an annual decline in spending of roughly $360 billion. With GDP at roughly $14 trillion before the crash, this $360 billion decline in consumption represents about 2.5 percent of GDP. The subsequent stock-market crash further reduced household wealth. But, stock ownership is more heavily concentrated in upper-income households whose consumption is less sensitive to changes in their wealth. The typical estimate of wealth effects on changes in stock prices is about three cents on the dollar. At this rate, the $6 trillion decline in share prices further lowered consumption about $180 billion, just over one percent of GDP. 6 Structural unemployment can also result from other factors including overly generous unemployment benefits that discourage the unemployed from looking for or accepting jobs.

6 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 4 The first argument in favor of structural unemployment focuses on construction workers. According to this view, the bursting of the housing bubble left behind a large supply of construction workers who will never find work in construction again and who also lack the skills needed to find new jobs in other sectors of the economy. The second argument is that falling house prices have reduced the mobility of unemployed workers. Many of those who lost their jobs are also underwater on their mortgages, that is, what they can reasonably expect to get for their house is less than the unpaid balance on their mortgage. This situation has created housing lock where unemployed workers, who would otherwise relocate to regions with jobs, are stuck in high unemployment areas. 7 In this report, we use data from the Census Bureau s Displaced Workers Survey (DWS) to examine evidence on both of these links between the housing market and structural unemployment. 8 The DWS is a biennial survey, conducted as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), that studies the experience of long-tenured displaced workers. As defined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), displaced workers are persons 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. Following the BLS, we focus on long-tenured displaced workers, who are those who worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement. 9 The DWS is particularly well-suited to the analysis of economic restructuring because it tracks workers who lost relatively long-standing jobs for specific reasons beyond their control. Construction Workers The DWS data show a sharp increase in job displacement during the Great Recession (see Figure 1). In the three years from 2007 through 2009, about one of every twenty workers was displaced from their job, by the fairly strict definition of displacement used by the BLS. That is, in those three years, 5.1 percent of workers lost a job that they had held for at least three years because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. 10 The three-year displacement rates immediately preceding the 2010 survey were well above the three-year rates for earlier surveys (1994, 2002, and 2004) that also included recession years (1991 and 2001). 7 Weidner and Williamson (2011) give a succinct summary of both of these arguments: Another...explanation is that the degree of mismatch between job seekers and potential employers has increased. The construction, finance, and real estate sectors have shrunk after the bursting of the housing bubble and the subsequent financial crisis. The skills of workers who used to be employed in those sectors may not be easily transferable to growing sectors such as education and health care... Similarly, the housing bust has left millions of homeowners underwater on their mortgages, which locks them into their homes and may make it more difficult for them to move to higher growth areas. These sectoral and geographic mismatches between workers and job openings may be making it harder for employers to fill vacancies. 8 For other recent evidence against a significant increase in structural unemployment, see Daly, Hobijn, and Valetta (2011), Weidner and Williams (2011), Lawrence, Shierholz, and Edwards (2010), and Jayadev and Konczal (2010). 9 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Displaced Workers Summary, August 26, 2010, p. 1, 10 The denominator here is total employees in employment as of January 2010 plus all displaced workers who were not working as of the survey date. This measure understates the true displacement rate because the denominator includes all workers, not just those who have been with the same employer for three years or more.

7 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 5 FIGURE 1 Three-year Displacement Rate, All Workers, Percent of workforce Source: Authors analysis of CPS DWS Construction workers did make up a larger share of displaced workers in than was the case in earlier years. Of the workers displaced in the three years before the 2010 survey, 13.7 percent were displaced from construction jobs. This share is twice the average for construction workers in the 1994 through 2008 surveys (see Figure 2). FIGURE 2 Construction Workers as Share of Displaced, Percent of all displaced workers Source: Authors analysis of CPS DWS

8 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 6 But, a higher share of construction workers in the overall pool of displaced workers does not, on its own, make a case for an increase in structural unemployment. For the greater supply of construction workers to be raising the structural unemployment rate, at a minimum, they must be facing greater labor-market difficulties than other kinds of workers. Table 1 uses data from the most recent DWS to compare labor-market outcomes of workers displaced from construction jobs with workers displaced from jobs in all other sectors. The DWS data only examine the experience of construction workers who lost jobs that they had held for at least three years and report losing their job because their company closed, their particular position was abolished, or due to lack of demand. The DWS excludes all voluntary job separations or changes and all job losses where the worker was with the company for less than three years. Arguably, the experience of these long-tenured displaced workers is more informative about economic restructuring than the experience of workers with shorter attachments to their employers who change jobs, often voluntarily and for a host of economic and non-economic reasons. TABLE 1 Labor-market Outcomes of Workers Displaced in , as of January 2010 Construction Non-construction Since being displaced... Have worked (%) Average number of jobs held Have moved (%) Have moved for economic reasons (%) Among those displaced from a full-time job, at time of interview... Employed (%) Unemployed (%) Left labor force (%) Among those displaced from a full-time job, and now employed, weekly pay at new job, relative to lost job... (%) 20% or more below % below % above % or more above Source: Authors analysis of DWS data. Based on the DWS data, the experience of construction workers is remarkably similar to workers displaced from other sectors. Slightly more construction workers (56.3 percent) than nonconstruction workers (55.5 percent) found a new job at some point between the time they were displaced and the time they were interviewed for the DWS. On average, construction workers also held slightly more jobs since being displaced (0.80) than non-construction workers (0.71).

9 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 7 Construction workers also appear to be more geographically mobile than non-construction workers. About one-in-ten construction workers had moved to a different city or county after being displaced (10.3 percent), compared to only about one-in-twelve non-construction workers (8.5 percent). Construction workers were also more likely to move to look for work or to take a different job (6.1 percent) than workers displaced from other sectors (5.1 percent). Displaced construction workers were only slightly less likely to be employed at the time of the DWS interview (46.7 percent) than displaced workers from other sectors (47.9 percent). Part of the reason for the small difference was a higher share of construction workers in unemployment at the time of the interview (42.3 percent) than non-construction workers (38.4 percent). But, construction workers were also less likely to have left the labor force (11.1 percent) than non-construction workers (13.7 percent). For understanding structural change in the economy, the employment comparisons are more important than the unemployment and not-in-the-labor force comparisons. Employment rates reflect the suitability of displaced construction workers for existing jobs. By this measure, displaced construction workers look a lot like displaced workers from other sectors. The split of the rest of displaced workers likely reflects institutional features of the unemployment insurance system. Construction workers are more likely to be male and have above average earnings given their age and education level, which makes them more likely to qualify for unemployment insurance and therefore more likely to remain attached to the labor force (to continue to search for work) than to leave the labor force altogether. Displaced construction workers also appear to be as willing to accept pay cuts as workers displaced from other sectors. Exactly the same share of displaced, formerly full-time construction and nonconstruction workers (38.2 percent) who were re-employed at the time of the DWS interview had taken a pay cut of more than 20 percent at their new job. Roughly comparable shares of both groups of workers took a pay cut of between zero and 20 percent (23.2 percent for construction, 27.3 for non-construction). And a slightly higher share of construction workers than non-construction workers earned more or substantially more at their new job. These re-employment wage distributions aren t definitive, but they suggest both that construction workers are not stubbornly resisting pay cuts in the face of economic reality and that many construction workers have skills that pay even better outside the construction sector. Housing Lock A second way that the collapse of the housing market may have created structural unemployment is by reducing the geographic mobility of unemployed workers. The large declines in house prices experienced in many parts of the country left many households underwater on their mortgages. If they were to sell their homes, the price that they would receive would not cover the outstanding value of the mortgage and the generally sizable transaction costs associated with selling a house. This situation may have induced housing lock where unemployed workers, who would otherwise relocate to regions with more jobs, must remain in their homes in high unemployment areas. To gauge the potential size of this housing lock effect, we examine DWS data on whether displaced workers moved from their city or county after being displaced. First, we grouped states

10 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 8 according to the percent change in the state s home price index 11 following two different approaches. In one, we divided the 51 states (including the District of Columbia) into five groups of ten (with the middle group containing eleven) from largest decline to the largest increase in the state house price index. For the other approach, we divided states into three groups: those states that saw their house price index fall more than 10 percent; those that saw a decline of up to 10 percent; and those that saw any increase in the house price index. Next, we compared the staying rate that is, the share of displaced workers who did not move out of their city or county after being displaced across states by the size of the change in their house price index. If housing lock is causing structural unemployment, we would expect staying rates to be higher where house-price declines were steepest. The DWS data do suggest that house prices have some impact on displaced workers likelihood to move. Displaced workers in states where the house price index was unchanged or positive were less likely to stay (84.8 percent) than was the case for displaced workers who lost their jobs in states with small house-prices declines (87.6 percent) or large house-price declines (87.2 percent) (see Figure 3). The same is true when we divide states into five groups by the change in the house price index. States in the bottom three fifths of price changes had almost identical staying rates (86.8 to 87.9 percent), but displaced workers in the top fifth of states were somewhat less likely to stay after being displaced (84.1 percent) (see Figure 4). FIGURE 3 Displaced Workers Probability of Staying, by Change in State-wide Housing Price Index More than 10% decline Up to 10% decline No change or increase Source: Author s analysis of CPS DWS and Federal Housing Finance Agency data. 11 Federal Housing Finance Agency, Seasonally Adjusted Purchase Only Index for States:

11 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 9 FIGURE 4 Displaced Workers Probability of Not Moving, by Change in State-wide Housing Price Index, by Quintiles Worst fifth Second fifth Middle fifth Fourth fifth Best fifth Source: Author s analysis of CPS DWS and Federal Housing Finance Agency data. These differences in geographic mobility seem small, but it is possible to use other information from the DWS to estimate the economic magnitude of these observed effects. Among all workers in the 2010 DWS who were displaced from a full-time job, and subsequently moved, the share who were unemployed at the time of the DWS interview was 31.9 percent. For workers in the same circumstances, but who did not move, 38.8 percent were unemployed at the time of the interview. So, if the housing market in the bottom four-fifths of states had behaved like the housing market in the top fifth of states, and this improved performance in the housing market raised the moving rate in those states to the level observed in the top fifth of states, we would expect the share of displaced workers who were unemployed at the time of the interview to have been only about 0.8 percentage points lower than it was. 12 Since 38.4 percent of formerly full-time displaced workers were unemployed at the time of the DWS interview, this means that housing lock might have raised the total unemployment share for displaced workers by, at most, about two percent (0.8/38.4=0.021). While it is difficult to translate these figures from displaced workers to the overall unemployment rate, these numbers suggest that the overall effect of housing lock is likely to be small. At an unemployment rate of 10 percent, for example, increasing the total pool of unemployed by two percent would raise the unemployment rate to about 10.2 percent The change in the share of displaced workers who are unemployed at the time of the survey is: ΔU = (S h - S l )*(U m - U s ), where U is the share of all displaced (full-time) unemployed workers who are unemployed at the time of the interview; S is the moving rate; h and l refer to high-performing and low-performing state real estate markets; and m and s refer to movers and stayers. Using the numbers from Figure 4, and treating the bottom four quintiles as the low-performing group, the calculation is: = ( ) * ( ), or 0.2 percentage points. Because this calculation applies to each of the four lower-performing quintiles separately, the total effect is four times the figure. 13 Note that these estimates are likely to overstate the effect, because displaced workers, having held their lost jobs for at least three years, are more likely to be homeowners than the unemployed overall.

12 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 10 Even if housing lock were a more serious problem, it might still be possible to address it using expansionary macroeconomic policy. Unemployment related to housing lock may be structural in some sense, but the structural barrier is in the housing market, not the labor or product markets. The overall economy is not contracting in some areas and expanding in others for reasons reflecting changes across regions in tastes, technology, or trade (and independent of the housing market). Structural changes motivated by these kinds of factors arguably might suggest relocating labor across regions. What is happening in the current business cycle, instead, appears to be that some regional markets have experienced local declines in demand that are related to the collapse in the housing market. A resurgence of demand at the national level, as would happen with expansionary macroeconomic policies, would potentially restore demand in depressed regions without requiring workers to relocate and without creating inflationary pressures. Lack of Demand The DWS data provide little support for the view that features of the Great Recession have produced a significant rise in structural unemployment. Additional evidence from the DWS reinforces this conclusion and suggests that the main problem facing the labor market is a sharp decline in aggregate demand. Figure 5 shows the main reason for job displacement reported in each of the Displaced Worker Surveys between 1994 and The most striking feature of graph is the large increase in 2010, relative to every earlier survey, in the share of workers displaced because of insufficient work, a category that is arguably most closely consistent with a demand-side explanation for current high levels of unemployment. 15 The DWS data, however, are not definitive in this respect: at the firm level, where workers experience displacement, insufficient demand might reflect a decline in aggregate demand or a structural shift in demand. What is interesting about the 2010 survey is the large jump in the share of workers citing insufficient demand relative to earlier recessions. 14 Workers are classified as displaced only if they report one of these three reasons for losing the job they held for at least three years. Other reported reasons, which the BLS excludes from the displaced classification are: seasonal job ended ; self-operated business ended; and other. 15 The DWS data are consistent with more detailed data from the regular monthly survey of small businesses conducted by National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), which has shown a large increase since the recession began in the share of small businesses that report poor sales as the single most important problem facing their business. The same survey also shows a substantial decline in the share of businesses that report quality of labor as their biggest problem. For a recent analysis, see Sairah Husain, Structural Unemployment: The Data Just Doesn t Match Up, CEPR Blog, March 2, 2011,

13 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 11 FIGURE 5 Reason for Displacement, All Workers, Percent of all displaced workers Plant closing Position abolished Insufficient work Source: Authors analysis of CPS DWS Conclusion The DWS data suggest that the bursting of the housing bubble the central cause of the economic downturn and the ensuing financial crisis has not generated any noticeable increase in structural unemployment. Construction workers have indeed suffered disproportionately in the downturn, but they have also been at least as successful in coping with the hostile labor market of recent years as workers displaced from other sectors. Construction workers skills are at least as well matched to the available jobs as workers displaced elsewhere in the economy. The downturn in the housing market also appears to have slightly lowered the geographical mobility of displaced workers, but the economic effects are small, raising the pool of the unemployed by only a few percent (and the unemployment rate, by a much smaller amount).

14 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 12 Appendix The DWS is a survey of job displacement administered every other year since 1984, in January or February, as part of the Bureau of the Census Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly survey of 50,000 to 60,000 households (used for, among other purposes, to calculate the official unemployment rate). In the DWS, since 1994, all participants in the CPS age 20 and older were asked if they had any experience of job displacement during the preceding three years (before the 1994 survey, respondents were asked about any experience of job displacement during the preceding five years). Workers who reported that they had experienced job loss due to plant closing, slack demand, or position or shift abolished were then asked a series of detailed follow-up questions about the lost job, their post-displacement experience, and their current economic situation. This report uses the versions of the survey, for , which cover job losses during the period 1991 to The main focus here is on the survey for 2010, which covers the period Changes in the recall period for the survey make comparisons before and after 1992 difficult. (See Farber, 2003, for an attempt to create a consistent series of job displacement across the change in the DWS.) The survey underwent additional, though minor, changes between 1994 and 1996, and has been essentially identical since Using the BLS s definition of displacement, the annual breakdown of the sample size of displaced workers is: 1994: 2,303; 1996: 1,677; 1998: 1,496; 2000: 1,322; 2002: 1,831; 2004: 2,207; 2006: 1,606; 2008: 1,481; 2010: 2,751. The manufacturing sector includes a small portion of workers in mining. The service sector includes transportation, communications, and utilities. All data and programs used are available for download at

15 CEPR Deconstructing Structural Unemployment 13 References Baker, Dean The Housing Bubble and the Financial Crisis. Real World Economics Review, No. 46, pp Baker, Dean The Housing Crash Recession and the Case for a Third Stimulus. Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research. Daly, Mary, Bart Hobijn, and Rob Valletta The Recent Evolution of the Natural Rate of Unemployment. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Farber, Henry S Job Loss in the United States, Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University, Working Paper No Jayadev, Arjun and Mike Konczal The Stagnating Labor Market. New York: The Roosevelt Institute. Mishel, Lawrence, Heidi Shierholz, and Kathryn Edwards Reasons for Skepticism about Structural Unemployment. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute. Weidner, Justin and John C. Williams What is the New Normal Unemployment Rate? Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, February 14.

Deconstructing Structural Unemployment

Deconstructing Structural Unemployment Deconstructing Structural Unemployment John Schmitt and Kris Warner March 2011 Corrected Version May 24, 2011 Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 400 Washington,

More information

Job Displacement Over the Business Cycle,

Job Displacement Over the Business Cycle, cepr CENTER FOR ECONOMIC AND POLICY RESEARCH Briefing Paper Job Displacement Over the Business Cycle, 1991-2001 John Schmitt 1 June 2004 CENTER FOR ECONOMIC AND POLICY RESEARCH 1611 CONNECTICUT AVE., NW,

More information

Recent Job Loss Hits the African- American Middle Class Hard

Recent Job Loss Hits the African- American Middle Class Hard cepr CENTER FOR ECONOMIC AND POLICY RESEARCH Briefing Paper Recent Job Loss Hits the African- American Middle Class Hard John Schmitt 1 October 2004 CENTER FOR ECONOMIC AND POLICY RESEARCH 1611 CONNECTICUT

More information

FRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER

FRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER FRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER 212-1 April 2, 212 Why Has Wage Growth Stayed Strong? BY MARY DALY, BART HOBIJN, AND BRIAN LUCKING Despite a severe recession and modest recovery, real wage growth has stayed relatively

More information

The Changing Face of Labor,

The Changing Face of Labor, The Changing Face of Labor, 1983-28 John Schmitt and Kris Warner November 29 Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 4 Washington, D.C. 29 22-293-538 www.cepr.net CEPR

More information

Is the recession over in New York?

Is the recession over in New York? By James A. Parrott May 10, 2010 Job numbers are up, unemployment is down. Consumer confidence is up. Gross domestic product has increased for three quarters. It sounds like the is behind us and we re

More information

Globalization: It Doesn t Just Happen

Globalization: It Doesn t Just Happen Conference Presentation November 2007 Globalization: It Doesn t Just Happen BY DEAN BAKER* Progressives will not be able to tackle the problems associated with globalization until they first understand

More information

THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2011: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1

THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2011: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2011: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 Lauren D. Appelbaum UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment 2 Ben Zipperer University

More information

Macro CH 21 sample questions

Macro CH 21 sample questions Class: Date: Macro CH 21 sample questions Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following conducts the Current Population Survey?

More information

FISCAL POLICY INSTITUTE

FISCAL POLICY INSTITUTE FISCAL POLICY INSTITUTE Learning from the 90s How poor public choices contributed to income erosion in New York City, and what we can do to chart an effective course out of the current downturn Labor Day,

More information

Update ,000 Missing Jobs: Wisconsin s Lagging Sectors

Update ,000 Missing Jobs: Wisconsin s Lagging Sectors The State of Working Wisconsin 33,000 Missing Jobs: Wisconsin s Lagging Sectors Painfully Slow: Wisconsin s Recovery Weaker than even the National Recovery The 2007 recession, the Great Recession, is now

More information

Policy brief ARE WE RECOVERING YET? JOBS AND WAGES IN CALIFORNIA OVER THE PERIOD ARINDRAJIT DUBE, PH.D. Executive Summary AUGUST 31, 2005

Policy brief ARE WE RECOVERING YET? JOBS AND WAGES IN CALIFORNIA OVER THE PERIOD ARINDRAJIT DUBE, PH.D. Executive Summary AUGUST 31, 2005 Policy brief ARE WE RECOVERING YET? JOBS AND WAGES IN CALIFORNIA OVER THE 2000-2005 PERIOD ARINDRAJIT DUBE, PH.D. AUGUST 31, 2005 Executive Summary This study uses household survey data and payroll data

More information

BLS Spotlight on Statistics: Union Membership In The United States

BLS Spotlight on Statistics: Union Membership In The United States Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents 9-2016 BLS : Union Membership In The United States Megan Dunn Bureau of Labor Statistics James Walker Bureau

More information

Executive Summary. Figures provided by the U.S. Census Bureau 1 demonstrate that teen employment prospects are dismal:

Executive Summary. Figures provided by the U.S. Census Bureau 1 demonstrate that teen employment prospects are dismal: Executive Summary As the Great Recession persists, unemployment remains a key concern in Montana and the nation as a whole. Although the jobs situation in Montana is somewhat better than the national average,

More information

Government data show that since 2000 all of the net gain in the number of working-age (16 to 65) people

Government data show that since 2000 all of the net gain in the number of working-age (16 to 65) people CENTER FOR IMMIGRATION STUDIES June All Employment Growth Since Went to Immigrants of U.S.-born not working grew by 17 million By Steven A. Camarota and Karen Zeigler Government data show that since all

More information

Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2017

Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2017 Sarah A. Donovan Analyst in Labor Policy David H. Bradley Specialist in Labor Economics March 15, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45090 Summary Wage earnings are the largest source

More information

Inequality in the Labor Market for Native American Women and the Great Recession

Inequality in the Labor Market for Native American Women and the Great Recession Inequality in the Labor Market for Native American Women and the Great Recession Jeffrey D. Burnette Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Sociology and Anthropology Co-Director, Native American

More information

Part 1: Focus on Income. Inequality. EMBARGOED until 5/28/14. indicator definitions and Rankings

Part 1: Focus on Income. Inequality. EMBARGOED until 5/28/14. indicator definitions and Rankings Part 1: Focus on Income indicator definitions and Rankings Inequality STATE OF NEW YORK CITY S HOUSING & NEIGHBORHOODS IN 2013 7 Focus on Income Inequality New York City has seen rising levels of income

More information

Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA. Ben Zipperer University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA. Ben Zipperer University of Massachusetts, Amherst THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2013 A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA Ben Zipperer

More information

Union Byte By Cherrie Bucknor and John Schmitt* January 2015

Union Byte By Cherrie Bucknor and John Schmitt* January 2015 January 21 Union Byte 21 By Cherrie Bucknor and John Schmitt* Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Ave. NW Suite 4 Washington, DC 29 tel: 22-293-38 fax: 22-88-136 www.cepr.net Cherrie

More information

A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE

A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE A Report from the Office of the University Economist July 2009 Dennis Hoffman, Ph.D. Professor of Economics, University Economist, and Director, L.

More information

Latino Workers in the Ongoing Recession: 2007 to 2008

Latino Workers in the Ongoing Recession: 2007 to 2008 Report December 15, 2008 Latino Workers in the Ongoing Recession: 2007 to 2008 Rakesh Kochhar Associate Director for Research, Pew Hispanic Center The Pew Hispanic Center is a nonpartisan research organization

More information

The Decline in African-American Representation in Unions and Auto Manufacturing,

The Decline in African-American Representation in Unions and Auto Manufacturing, BRIEFING PAPER January 2006 The Decline in African-American Representation in Unions and Auto Manufacturing, 1979-2004 BY JOHN SCHMITT AND BEN ZIPPERER Summary Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611

More information

Meanwhile, the foreign-born population accounted for the remaining 39 percent of the decline in household growth in

Meanwhile, the foreign-born population accounted for the remaining 39 percent of the decline in household growth in 3 Demographic Drivers Since the Great Recession, fewer young adults are forming new households and fewer immigrants are coming to the United States. As a result, the pace of household growth is unusually

More information

Chapter 5. Residential Mobility in the United States and the Great Recession: A Shift to Local Moves

Chapter 5. Residential Mobility in the United States and the Great Recession: A Shift to Local Moves Chapter 5 Residential Mobility in the United States and the Great Recession: A Shift to Local Moves Michael A. Stoll A mericans are very mobile. Over the last three decades, the share of Americans who

More information

The State of the Nation s Housing 2010

The State of the Nation s Housing 2010 3 Demographic drivers With the nation hammered by a fierce housing downturn and a severe recession, household growth slowed in the second half of the 2s led primarily by a retreat in immigration. But even

More information

NEW DECADE OF GROWTH. According to the Mortgage Bankers Association s national delinquency survey, 4.4 percent of all home mortgages

NEW DECADE OF GROWTH. According to the Mortgage Bankers Association s national delinquency survey, 4.4 percent of all home mortgages 5A NEW DECADE OF GROWTH The new remodeling decade is unlikely to produce the unusual highs and lows witnessed in the 2s. As the economy moves toward a sustainable recovery, house prices should stabilize

More information

Poverty data should be a Louisiana wake-up call

Poverty data should be a Louisiana wake-up call Poverty data should be a Louisiana wake-up call While the national economy continues to gain momentum, far too many families in Louisiana continue to be left behind. Data released this week by the U.S.

More information

In class, we have framed poverty in four different ways: poverty in terms of

In class, we have framed poverty in four different ways: poverty in terms of Sandra Yu In class, we have framed poverty in four different ways: poverty in terms of deviance, dependence, economic growth and capability, and political disenfranchisement. In this paper, I will focus

More information

RESEARCH BRIEF: The State of Black Workers before the Great Recession By Sylvia Allegretto and Steven Pitts 1

RESEARCH BRIEF: The State of Black Workers before the Great Recession By Sylvia Allegretto and Steven Pitts 1 July 23, 2010 Introduction RESEARCH BRIEF: The State of Black Workers before the Great Recession By Sylvia Allegretto and Steven Pitts 1 When first inaugurated, President Barack Obama worked to end the

More information

The Wealth of Hispanic Households: 1996 to 2002

The Wealth of Hispanic Households: 1996 to 2002 by Rakesh Kochhar October 2004 1919 M Street NW Suite 460 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 202-452-1702 Fax: 202-785-8282 www.pewhispanic.org CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Median Net Worth

More information

Backgrounder. This report finds that immigrants have been hit somewhat harder by the current recession than have nativeborn

Backgrounder. This report finds that immigrants have been hit somewhat harder by the current recession than have nativeborn Backgrounder Center for Immigration Studies May 2009 Trends in Immigrant and Native Employment By Steven A. Camarota and Karen Jensenius This report finds that immigrants have been hit somewhat harder

More information

THE STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA

THE STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA 1 THE STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA 2 LABOR DAY SEPTEMBER 3, 2012 THE STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA 2012 by BERNARDO OSEGUERA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to Emily Eisenhauer and Alayne Unterberger who reviewed

More information

5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry. Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano

5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry. Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano 5A.1 Introduction 5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano Over the past 2 years, wage inequality in the U.S. economy has increased rapidly. In this chapter,

More information

EPI BRIEFING PAPER. Immigration and Wages Methodological advancements confirm modest gains for native workers. Executive summary

EPI BRIEFING PAPER. Immigration and Wages Methodological advancements confirm modest gains for native workers. Executive summary EPI BRIEFING PAPER Economic Policy Institute February 4, 2010 Briefing Paper #255 Immigration and Wages Methodological advancements confirm modest gains for native workers By Heidi Shierholz Executive

More information

Leveling the Playing Field

Leveling the Playing Field AP Photo/Erik S. Lesser Leveling the Playing Field How to Ensure Minorities Share Equitably in the Economic Recovery and Beyond Christian E. Weller and Amanda Logan September 2009 www.americanprogress.org

More information

The Great Recession and its aftermath: What role do structural changes play?

The Great Recession and its aftermath: What role do structural changes play? Washington Center for Equitable Growth The Great Recession and its aftermath: What role do structural changes play? By Jesse Rothstein June 2015 Overview The last seven years have been disastrous for many

More information

The State of. Working Wisconsin. Update September Center on Wisconsin Strategy

The State of. Working Wisconsin. Update September Center on Wisconsin Strategy The State of Working Wisconsin Update 2005 September 2005 Center on Wisconsin Strategy About COWS The Center on Wisconsin Strategy (COWS), based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, is a research center

More information

1. Define GDP. The market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period

1. Define GDP. The market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period Economics 1. Define GDP. The market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period 2. GDP represents the aggregate or the whole economy. 3. List the 4 components

More information

LEFT BEHIND: WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES IN A CHANGING LOS ANGELES. Revised September 27, A Publication of the California Budget Project

LEFT BEHIND: WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES IN A CHANGING LOS ANGELES. Revised September 27, A Publication of the California Budget Project S P E C I A L R E P O R T LEFT BEHIND: WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES IN A CHANGING LOS ANGELES Revised September 27, 2006 A Publication of the Budget Project Acknowledgments Alissa Anderson Garcia prepared

More information

Wage Gap Widens as Wages Fail to Keep Pace with Productivity

Wage Gap Widens as Wages Fail to Keep Pace with Productivity Index: 2000 = 100 Wage Gap Widens as Wages Fail to Keep Pace with Productivity Michael Renner January 30, 2013 T he economic crisis in 2008 was one of the harsher signs that economic globalization has

More information

3Demographic Drivers. The State of the Nation s Housing 2007

3Demographic Drivers. The State of the Nation s Housing 2007 3Demographic Drivers The demographic underpinnings of long-run housing demand remain solid. Net household growth should climb from an average 1.26 million annual pace in 1995 25 to 1.46 million in 25 215.

More information

Inequality in Labor Market Outcomes: Contrasting the 1980s and Earlier Decades

Inequality in Labor Market Outcomes: Contrasting the 1980s and Earlier Decades Inequality in Labor Market Outcomes: Contrasting the 1980s and Earlier Decades Chinhui Juhn and Kevin M. Murphy* The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect

More information

Unemployment Rises Sharply Among Latino Immigrants in 2008

Unemployment Rises Sharply Among Latino Immigrants in 2008 Report February 12, 2009 Unemployment Rises Sharply Among Latino Immigrants in 2008 Rakesh Kochhar Associate Director for Research, Pew Hispanic Center The Pew Hispanic Center is a nonpartisan research

More information

This analysis confirms other recent research showing a dramatic increase in the education level of newly

This analysis confirms other recent research showing a dramatic increase in the education level of newly CENTER FOR IMMIGRATION STUDIES April 2018 Better Educated, but Not Better Off A look at the education level and socioeconomic success of recent immigrants, to By Steven A. Camarota and Karen Zeigler This

More information

Looking at the future potential labor supply through the first release of labor underutilization indicators

Looking at the future potential labor supply through the first release of labor underutilization indicators Mizuho Economic Outlook & Analysis June 21, 2018 Looking at the future potential labor supply through the first release of labor underutilization indicators < Summary > Japan s Ministry of Internal Affairs

More information

Dominicans in New York City

Dominicans in New York City Center for Latin American, Caribbean & Latino Studies Graduate Center City University of New York 365 Fifth Avenue Room 5419 New York, New York 10016 212-817-8438 clacls@gc.cuny.edu http://web.gc.cuny.edu/lastudies

More information

VENEZUELA: Oil, Inflation and Prospects for Long-Term Growth

VENEZUELA: Oil, Inflation and Prospects for Long-Term Growth VENEZUELA: Oil, Inflation and Prospects for Long-Term Growth Melody Chen and Maggie Gebhard 9 April 2007 BACKGROUND The economic history of Venezuela is unique not only among its neighbors, but also among

More information

Immigrants are playing an increasingly

Immigrants are playing an increasingly Trends in the Low-Wage Immigrant Labor Force, 2000 2005 THE URBAN INSTITUTE March 2007 Randy Capps, Karina Fortuny The Urban Institute Immigrants are playing an increasingly important role in the U.S.

More information

The Hispanic white wage gap has remained wide and relatively steady

The Hispanic white wage gap has remained wide and relatively steady The Hispanic white wage gap has remained wide and relatively steady Examining Hispanic white gaps in wages, unemployment, labor force participation, and education by gender, immigrant status, and other

More information

SUMMARY LABOUR MARKET CONDITIONS !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! POPULATION AND LABOUR FORCE. UNRWA PO Box Sheikh Jarrah East Jerusalem

SUMMARY LABOUR MARKET CONDITIONS !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! POPULATION AND LABOUR FORCE. UNRWA PO Box Sheikh Jarrah East Jerusalem UNRWA PO Box 19149 Sheikh Jarrah East Jerusalem +97225890400 SUMMARY Contrary to media reports of a flourishing West Bank economy, evidence from the second half of 2010 shows deteriorating labour market

More information

A Barometer of the Economic Recovery in Our State

A Barometer of the Economic Recovery in Our State THE WELL-BEING OF NORTH CAROLINA S WORKERS IN 2012: A Barometer of the Economic Recovery in Our State By ALEXANDRA FORTER SIROTA Director, BUDGET & TAX CENTER. a project of the NORTH CAROLINA JUSTICE CENTER

More information

BY Rakesh Kochhar FOR RELEASE MARCH 07, 2019 FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES:

BY Rakesh Kochhar FOR RELEASE MARCH 07, 2019 FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: FOR RELEASE MARCH 07, 2019 BY Rakesh Kochhar FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Rakesh Kochhar, Senior Researcher Jessica Pumphrey, Communications Associate 202.419.4372 RECOMMENDED CITATION Pew Research Center,

More information

How Have Hispanics Fared in the Jobless Recovery?

How Have Hispanics Fared in the Jobless Recovery? How Have Hispanics Fared in the Jobless Recovery? William M. Rodgers III Heldrich Center for Workforce Development Rutgers University and National Poverty Center and Richard B. Freeman Harvard University

More information

8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3

8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3 8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3 F E A T U R E William Kandel, USDA/ERS ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE/USDA Rural s Employment and Residential Trends William Kandel wkandel@ers.usda.gov Constance Newman cnewman@ers.usda.gov

More information

The State of Working Connecticut 2011: Wages, Job Sector Changes, and the Great Recession

The State of Working Connecticut 2011: Wages, Job Sector Changes, and the Great Recession The State of Working Connecticut 2011: Wages, Job Sector Changes, and the Great Recession Sarah Esty Orlando Rodriguez, M.A. December 2011 Produced with the generous support of the Melville Charitable

More information

Vista. The Texas Mexico border is a fast-growing region, a complex blend of U.S. and Mexican cultures, languages and customs.

Vista. The Texas Mexico border is a fast-growing region, a complex blend of U.S. and Mexican cultures, languages and customs. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas San Antonio Branch South Economic Trends and Issues Issue 2, 2005 Cyclical Differences Emerge in Border City Economies S Vista ince the implementation of NAFTA, the South

More information

10/11/2017. Chapter 6. The graph shows that average hourly earnings for employees (and selfemployed people) doubled since 1960

10/11/2017. Chapter 6. The graph shows that average hourly earnings for employees (and selfemployed people) doubled since 1960 Chapter 6 1. Discuss three US labor market trends since 1960 2. Use supply and demand to explain the labor market 3. Use supply and demand to explain employment and real wage trends since 1960 4. Define

More information

Labor Market Dropouts and Trends in the Wages of Black and White Men

Labor Market Dropouts and Trends in the Wages of Black and White Men Industrial & Labor Relations Review Volume 56 Number 4 Article 5 2003 Labor Market Dropouts and Trends in the Wages of Black and White Men Chinhui Juhn University of Houston Recommended Citation Juhn,

More information

Geoff Bascand: Inflation pressures through the lens of the labour market

Geoff Bascand: Inflation pressures through the lens of the labour market Geoff Bascand: Inflation pressures through the lens of the labour market Speech by Mr Geoff Bascand, Deputy Governor and Head of Operations of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, to Otago University, Dunedin,

More information

GDP per capita was lowest in the Czech Republic and the Republic of Korea. For more details, see page 3.

GDP per capita was lowest in the Czech Republic and the Republic of Korea. For more details, see page 3. International Comparisons of GDP per Capita and per Hour, 1960 9 Division of International Labor Comparisons October 21, 2010 Table of Contents Introduction.2 Charts...3 Tables...9 Technical Notes.. 18

More information

THE LITERACY PROFICIENCIES OF THE WORKING-AGE RESIDENTS OF PHILADELPHIA CITY

THE LITERACY PROFICIENCIES OF THE WORKING-AGE RESIDENTS OF PHILADELPHIA CITY THE LITERACY PROFICIENCIES OF THE WORKING-AGE RESIDENTS OF PHILADELPHIA CITY Prepared by: Paul E. Harrington Neeta P. Fogg Alison H. Dickson Center for Labor Market Studies Northeastern University Boston,

More information

RIS 3 Sicily SICILY IN PILLS

RIS 3 Sicily SICILY IN PILLS RIS 3 Sicily 2014-2020 SICILY IN PILLS FARO, Portugal, July 4th 2013 Sicily is the largest Italian region, with a surface of 8,5% of the whole national territory. It is the fourth most populated region

More information

Inclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all

Inclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all Inclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all Statement by Mr Guy Ryder, Director-General International Labour Organization International Monetary and Financial Committee Washington D.C.,

More information

ECON 141 Ch. 2 Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi

ECON 141 Ch. 2 Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi Notes on Chapter 2 POPULATION SURVEY AND LABOR MARKET Dr. Mohammed Alwosabi BUSINESS CYCLE: As mentioned before, we study macroeconomics to describe, analyze, and predict the economic activity. But economic

More information

Librarian Salaries: Have they kept pace with inflation? Denise M. Davis, Director Office for Research & Statistics American Library Association

Librarian Salaries: Have they kept pace with inflation? Denise M. Davis, Director Office for Research & Statistics American Library Association Librarian Salaries: Have they kept pace with inflation? Denise M. Davis, Director Office for Research & Statistics American Library Association July 1, 2005 The American Library Association has collected

More information

Who is poor in the United States? A Hamilton Project

Who is poor in the United States? A Hamilton Project Report Who is poor in the United States? A Hamilton Project annual report Jay Shambaugh, Lauren Bauer, and Audrey Breitwieser Thursday, October 12, 2017 W ho are the millions of people living in poverty

More information

Over the past three decades, the share of middle-skill jobs in the

Over the past three decades, the share of middle-skill jobs in the The Vanishing Middle: Job Polarization and Workers Response to the Decline in Middle-Skill Jobs By Didem Tüzemen and Jonathan Willis Over the past three decades, the share of middle-skill jobs in the United

More information

Suggested Citation: Howell, David R. and Diallo, Mamadou. (2007)

Suggested Citation: Howell, David R. and Diallo, Mamadou. (2007) SCHWARTZ CENTER FOR ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS THE NEW SCHOOL WORKING PAPER 2007-6 Charting U.S. Economic Performance with Alternative Labor Market Indicators: The Importance of Accounting for Job Quality

More information

Report. Poverty and Economic Insecurity: Views from City Hall. Phyllis Furdell Michael Perry Tresa Undem. on The State of America s Cities

Report. Poverty and Economic Insecurity: Views from City Hall. Phyllis Furdell Michael Perry Tresa Undem. on The State of America s Cities Research on The State of America s Cities Poverty and Economic Insecurity: Views from City Hall Phyllis Furdell Michael Perry Tresa Undem For information on these and other research publications, contact:

More information

Volume URL: Chapter Title: Appendix B: Note on the Manpower Estimates in Table 18

Volume URL:   Chapter Title: Appendix B: Note on the Manpower Estimates in Table 18 This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Evidences of Long Swings in Aggregate Construction Since the Civil War Volume Author/Editor:

More information

Dynamics of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Labour Markets

Dynamics of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Labour Markets 1 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS VOLUME 20 NUMBER 1 2017 Dynamics of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Labour Markets Boyd Hunter, (Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research,) The Australian National

More information

The widening income dispersion in Hong Kong :

The widening income dispersion in Hong Kong : Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University Staff Publications Lingnan Staff Publication 3-14-2008 The widening income dispersion in Hong Kong : 1986-2006 Hon Kwong LUI Lingnan University,

More information

The likely scale of underemployment in the UK

The likely scale of underemployment in the UK Employment and Welfare: MW 446 Summary 1. The present record rates of employment are misleading because they take no account of the underemployed those who wish to work more hours but cannot find suitable

More information

What s so Scary about a Recession? A Long-term View of the State of Working Oregon

What s so Scary about a Recession? A Long-term View of the State of Working Oregon Executive Summary 204 N. First St., Suite C PO Box 7 Silverton, OR 97381 www.ocpp.org 503-873-1201 fax 503-873-1947 Labor Day, September 3, 2001 What s so Scary about a Recession? A Long-term View of the

More information

Labor markets in the Tenth District are

Labor markets in the Tenth District are Will Tightness in Tenth District Labor Markets Result in Economic Slowdown? By Ricardo C. Gazel and Chad R. Wilkerson Labor markets in the Tenth District are tighter now than at any time in recent memory.

More information

The State of Working Pennsylvania 2004

The State of Working Pennsylvania 2004 The State of Working Pennsylvania 2004 Howard Wial The Keystone Research Center Harrisburg, Pennsylvania The Keystone Research Center The Keystone Research Center (KRC) was founded in 1996 to broaden public

More information

SPECIAL REPORT. TD Economics ABORIGINAL WOMEN OUTPERFORMING IN LABOUR MARKETS

SPECIAL REPORT. TD Economics ABORIGINAL WOMEN OUTPERFORMING IN LABOUR MARKETS SPECIAL REPORT TD Economics ABORIGINAL WOMEN OUTPERFORMING IN LABOUR MARKETS Highlights Aboriginal women living off-reserve have bucked national trends, with employment rates rising since 2007 alongside

More information

Persistent Inequality

Persistent Inequality Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Ontario December 2018 Persistent Inequality Ontario s Colour-coded Labour Market Sheila Block and Grace-Edward Galabuzi www.policyalternatives.ca RESEARCH ANALYSIS

More information

A Perspective on the Economy and Monetary Policy

A Perspective on the Economy and Monetary Policy A Perspective on the Economy and Monetary Policy Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce Philadelphia, PA January 14, 2015 Charles I. Plosser President and CEO Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia The

More information

University of California Institute for Labor and Employment

University of California Institute for Labor and Employment University of California Institute for Labor and Employment The State of California Labor, 2002 (University of California, Multi-Campus Research Unit) Year 2002 Paper Weir Income Polarization and California

More information

Remittances and the Macroeconomic Impact of the Global Economic Crisis in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan

Remittances and the Macroeconomic Impact of the Global Economic Crisis in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 8, No. 4 (2010), pp. 3-9 Central Asia-Caucasus

More information

Underemployment and the Employment Gap Andrew Levin IMF and Dartmouth College September 2014

Underemployment and the Employment Gap Andrew Levin IMF and Dartmouth College September 2014 Underemployment and the Employment Gap Andrew Levin IMF and Dartmouth College September 2014 The views expressed are solely my own responsibility and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of

More information

THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2009: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1

THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2009: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2009: A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 Lauren D. Appelbaum UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment Ben Zipperer University

More information

Labor Supply Factors and Labor Availability for the Geneva (Fillmore County) Labor Area

Labor Supply Factors and Labor Availability for the Geneva (Fillmore County) Labor Area Labor Supply Factors and Labor Availability for the Geneva (Fillmore County) Labor Area June 2015 Prepared by: Kenneth M. Lemke, Ph.D. Economist Nebraska Public Power District 1414 15 th Street - P.O.

More information

UNEMPLOYMENT IN AUSTRALIA

UNEMPLOYMENT IN AUSTRALIA UNEMPLOYMENT IN AUSTRALIA Professor Sue Richardson President Introduction Unemployment is a scourge in countries at all levels of economic development. It brings poverty and despair and exclusion from

More information

The ten years since the start of the Great Recession have done little to address

The ten years since the start of the Great Recession have done little to address BUDGET & TAX CENTER December 2017 ENJOY READING THESE REPORTS? Please consider making a donation to support the Budget & tax Center at www.ncjustice.org MEDIA CONTACT: PATRICK McHUGH 919/856-2183 patrick.mchugh@ncjustice.org

More information

Online Appendices for Moving to Opportunity

Online Appendices for Moving to Opportunity Online Appendices for Moving to Opportunity Chapter 2 A. Labor mobility costs Table 1: Domestic labor mobility costs with standard errors: 10 sectors Lao PDR Indonesia Vietnam Philippines Agriculture,

More information

Volume Title: Domestic Servants in the United States, Volume URL:

Volume Title: Domestic Servants in the United States, Volume URL: This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Domestic Servants in the United States, 1900-1940 Volume Author/Editor: George J. Stigler

More information

San Francisco Economic Strategy Update: Phase I Findings

San Francisco Economic Strategy Update: Phase I Findings San Francisco Economic Strategy Update: Phase I Findings Ted Egan, Ph.D., Chief Economist Controller's Office of Economic Analysis May 21 th, 2012 1 City and County of San Francisco Introduction Proposition

More information

Uncertainties in Economics and Politics: What matters? And how will the real estate sector be impacted? Joseph E. Stiglitz Munich October 6, 2017

Uncertainties in Economics and Politics: What matters? And how will the real estate sector be impacted? Joseph E. Stiglitz Munich October 6, 2017 Uncertainties in Economics and Politics: What matters? And how will the real estate sector be impacted? Joseph E. Stiglitz Munich October 6, 2017 Unprecedented uncertainties Geo-political Rules based global

More information

Latinos Express Growing Confidence In Personal Finances, Nation s Direction

Latinos Express Growing Confidence In Personal Finances, Nation s Direction November 2, 2012 Latinos Express Growing Confidence In Personal Finances, Nation s Direction Mark Hugo Lopez, Associate Director Seth Motel, Research Assistant FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 1615 L St,

More information

Research Update: The Crisis of Black Male Joblessness in Milwaukee, 2006

Research Update: The Crisis of Black Male Joblessness in Milwaukee, 2006 Research Update: The Crisis of Black Male Joblessness in Milwaukee, 2006 by: Marc V. Levine University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for Economic Development Working Paper October 2007 I. Introduction

More information

Discussion comments on Immigration: trends and macroeconomic implications

Discussion comments on Immigration: trends and macroeconomic implications Discussion comments on Immigration: trends and macroeconomic implications William Wascher I would like to begin by thanking Bill White and his colleagues at the BIS for organising this conference in honour

More information

CLACLS. A Profile of Latino Citizenship in the United States: Demographic, Educational and Economic Trends between 1990 and 2013

CLACLS. A Profile of Latino Citizenship in the United States: Demographic, Educational and Economic Trends between 1990 and 2013 CLACLS Center for Latin American, Caribbean & Latino Studies A Profile of Latino Citizenship in the United States: Demographic, Educational and Economic Trends between 1990 and 2013 Karen Okigbo Sociology

More information

Reflections on Americans Views of the Euro Ex Ante. I am pleased to participate in this session on the 10 th anniversary

Reflections on Americans Views of the Euro Ex Ante. I am pleased to participate in this session on the 10 th anniversary Reflections on Americans Views of the Euro Ex Ante Martin Feldstein I am pleased to participate in this session on the 10 th anniversary of the start of the Euro and the European Economic and Monetary

More information

Monthly Census Bureau data show that the number of less-educated young Hispanic immigrants in the

Monthly Census Bureau data show that the number of less-educated young Hispanic immigrants in the Backgrounder Center for Immigration Studies July 2009 A Shifting Tide Recent Trends in the Illegal Immigrant Population By Steven A. Camarota and Karen Jensenius Monthly Census Bureau data show that the

More information

Recession in Japan Part I

Recession in Japan Part I Recession in Japan Part I Deep-rooted problems by Shima M. Yuko April, 2005 Although economic downturns are universal phenomena in recent years, Japan has been suffering from a severe economic recession

More information

Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution

Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter Organization Introduction The Specific Factors Model International Trade in the Specific Factors Model Income Distribution and the Gains from

More information

"Discouraged Workers"

Discouraged Workers Autumn 1989 (Vol. 1, No. 2) "Discouraged Workers" Ernest B. Akyeampong Discouraged workers are defined in many countries, including Canada, as people who want work and yet are not job-hunting because they

More information