International emigration and the labour market outcomes of women staying behind in Morocco

Transcription

1 International emigration and the labour market outcomes of women staying behind in Morocco Anda David DIAL, Université Paris Dauphine Audrey Lenoël School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol 1 / 20

2 Context Gender equality matters for development Productivity gains Improved outcomes for the next generation More representative decision making Gender disparities persist Unequal access to economic opportunities MENA paradox 2 / 20

3 Moroccan context The share of 6-12 years old girls in school increased from 57% to 88% between 1997 to 2008 New Family Code in towards gender equality Women s labor market participation rate decreased from 28% in 2000 to 25.9% in / 20

4 Moroccan context WDI 2012 Source: 4 / 20

5 Research questions What drives women s labor market participation in Morocco? What is the role of migration and remittances? Are traditional assumption on women s labor market participation still valid in the case of Morocco? Few micro founded research articles on migration and labor market in Morocco 5 / 20

6 Literature 6 / 20

7 Literature But... A rather rigid gender division of labor (Binzel Assaad, 2011) Persistant cultural norms (Louhichi, 1997; Menjivar Agadjanian, 2007) De Haas and Van Rooij (2010) - workload decrease for women in households with international migrants in the Todgha valley 7 / 20

8 Data Morocco Living Standards Measurement Survey (HCP) and qualitative interviews Around households and individuals Around women between 15 and 65 years old Household s migration status Type 1 - No migrants and no remittances Type 2 - Migrants but no remittances Type 3 - Migrants and remittances 8 / 20

9 Descriptive statistics Men Women Mean diff Age Literacy 75% 45% 0.29*** Labour market participation 84% 38% 0.46*** Wage work 60% 36% 0.23*** Having a production unit 12% 2% 0.10*** Total wage *** 9 / 20

10 Descriptive statistics Type 1 households Type 2 households Type 3 households Literacy *** Age ** 8.91*** Living with mother in law *** -0.07*** Household type (generations) One generation *** Two generations *** Three generations *** Household structure Living alone *** 0.04*** Childless couple Single headed nuclear household *** Complete nuclear *** -0.11*** Nuclear household with isolated persons Complex household *** Having a Production unit ** Labour market participation *** -0.13*** Occupational status Unemployed (never worked) *** Wage work *** Self employed *** 0.04* Family worker *** Inactive *** 0.13*** 10 / 20

11 Model LM_part i,j,k = α+βmigration j +γremittances j +ηx i +δy j +µ k +ɛ i,j,k LM_part i,j,k : Labor market participation (0/1) for woman i in household j in region k. Migration j : Dummy variable indicating whether the household j has an international migrant. Remittances j : Dummy variable indicating whether the household j receives remittances from abroad. X i : vector of woman i characteristics. Y j : vector of household j characteristics. µ k : region fixed effects. ɛ i,j,k : error term. 11 / 20

12 Endogeneity issues Migration Instrument: Migration share at province level Remittances Instrument: Amount of remittances received at the locality level. 12 / 20

13 Labor market participation (1/3) Probit OLS IV 2nd stage International migrant -0.18*** -0.05*** Remittances ** Woman s characteristics Age 0.13*** 0.04*** 0.04*** Age squared -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** Dummy married -0.66*** -0.22*** -0.21*** Dummy divorced Dummy widow -0.57*** -0.19*** -0.19*** Education Pre-school -0.38* -0.10* -0.11* Coranic school Primary 1st cycle 0.08** 0.02* 0.02** Primary 2nd cycle Secondary 0.21*** 0.06*** 0.06*** Higher education 0.70*** 0.23*** 0.22*** (Ref. No education) Lives with parents in law -0.17*** -0.05*** -0.05*** 13 / 20

14 Labor market participation (2/3) Probit OLS 2nd stage Household s characteristics Rural 0.26*** 0.08*** 0.09*** Household has an internal migrant Number of children under 6 years living in the household Number of children under 15 years living in the household -0.03** -0.01*** -0.01*** Number of elderly Type of household Living alone 0.66*** -0.25** 0.20*** Childless couple *** Single headed nuclear household 0.29*** -0.37*** 0.10*** Complete nuclear household -0.06* -0.49*** -0.03*** Nuclear HH with isolated persons 0.63*** -0.25** 0.20*** Only siblings 0.35** -0.34*** 0.11** Unrelated household 1.70*** 0.44*** Complex household -0.47*** Household owns land 0.24*** 0.08*** 0.09*** Household has livestock 0.81*** 0.28*** 0.27*** Household has a production unit 2.01*** 0.57*** 0.57*** Amount of transfers from Moroccan HH or individuals * Amount of remittances from foreign administration * -0.00* Household expenditure per capita ** 14 / 20

15 Labor market participation (3/3) Probit OLS 2nd stage Province characteristics Unemployement rate -8.31*** -1.59*** Poverty rate -0.95** -0.31** -0.37** Vulnerability rate Region dummy Yes Yes Yes Constant -1.99*** *** Observations 12,656 12,656 12,656 R-squared / 20

16 First stage International migrant Remittances Migration share 1.99*** 10,438.36*** Remittances locality level 0.00*** 0.00*** Woman s characteristics Yes Yes Household s characteristics Yes Yes Province characteristics Yes Yes Region dummy Yes Yes Constant Observations 12,656 12,656 R-squared F-stat 45,5 26,9 16 / 20

17 Labor market participation (1/3) Rural Urban Only HH with remittances International migrant Remittances -0.00* Woman s characteristics Age 0.02*** 0.05*** 0.04*** Age squared -0.00*** -0.00*** -0.00*** Dummy married -0.06** -0.31*** -0.21*** Dummy divorced Dummy widow -0.10** -0.24*** -0.19*** Education Pre-school Coranic school Primary 1st cycle *** 0.02 Primary 2nd cycle -0.10*** 0.05*** 0.07 Secondary -0.19*** 0.09*** 0.11** Higher education *** 0.20*** (Ref. No education) Lives with parents in law -0.08*** -0.05** / 20

18 Labor market participation (2/3) Rural Urban Only HH with remittances Household s characteristics Rural 0.07 Household has an internal migrant Number of children under 6 years living in the household Number of children under 15 years living in the household *** Number of elderly -0.04*** 0.02*** 0.01 Household type Living alone *** 0.06 Childless couple Single headed nuclear household 0.13*** 0.05** Complete nuclear household *** -0.16** Nuclear HH with isolated persons *** 0.04 Only siblings Unrelated household 0.73*** 0.42*** HH owns land 0.10*** 0.04* 0.15** HH has livestock 0.29*** 0.13*** 0.23*** Household has a production unit 0.47*** 0.60*** 0.57*** Amount of transfers from Moroccan HH or individuals Amount of remittances from foreign administration * 0.00 Household expenditure per capita 0.00** / 20

19 Labor market participation (3/3) Rural Urban Only HH with remittances Province characteristics Unemployement rate -4.39*** -1.27** 0.00 Poverty rate -0.76*** 0.80** Vulnerability rate * Region dummy Yes Yes Yes Constant 0.46*** -0.41*** Observations 5,194 7,462 1,106 R-squared / 20

20 Conclusion Family structure has a significant impact on women s labor market participation Migration impacts women s labor market participation through an income effect Receiving remittances lowers women s labor market participation 20 / 20