Grade Seven History and Social Science: United States History, 1865 to the Present

Transcription

1 Grade Seven History and Social Science: United States History, 1865 to the Present Grade 7 Curriculum for Loudoun County Public Schools Dr. Edgar B. Hatrick, Superintendent Sharon D. Ackerman, Assistant Superintendent for Instruction Eric Stewart, Director of Curriculum & Instruction William F. Brazier, Instructional Supervisor for Social Science

2 This curriculum document Social Science is organized to help teachers plan and carry out their instruction conceptually, so that students can see patterns and connections among and between ideas and points of information. In this document, each unit s learning outcomes or objectives are listed first, followed by a conceptual mind map connecting the content. Following the mind map in each unit is a more linear and traditional textual outline with references to points of content that students must learn in US History, 1865 to the Present. Each section of the unit outline is framed by important conceptual questions that serve as a foundation for the teaching and learning of that section. All conceptual questions appear in italics. There are five units in the curriculum. Since the foundations of the units are conceptual, they take in and call for the study of more than just the Virginia SOLs for US History, 1865 to the Present. SOL connections are listed in red on the Objectives page, and appear also in the branches of each unit s mind map. This means that when teachers focus on the objectives, and the concepts organized in the mind maps, they will include instruction in these particular SOLs in addition to the more complete concepts and world regions described and indicated. It does not mean that instruction in only those particular SOLs listed will adequately prepare students to understand the relevant concepts, ideas, or regions required by our curriculum. In this curriculum, Unit I is meant to last 7 weeks. Teachers should emphasize the impact of geography on the settlement of the west, the challenges of Reconstruction in the south, and the growth of industry in the north. Substantial time should be spent on the Progressive Movement as it changed the role of government in the lives of everyday citizens. In framing Unit II, teachers should focus on reasons for American imperialism and how these reasons ultimately led the United States into World War I. Teachers should also stress how American involvement in World War I changed our role in the world and on the home front. Unit II should last approximately 4 weeks. In Unit III, teachers should highlight the social, political, and economic changes of the 1920s and 1930s. Special attention should be given to the Harlem Renaissance, causes of the Great Depression, and the impact of the New Deal. Unit III should last approximately 7 weeks. Unit IV, lasting 6 weeks, focuses on the United States? role in World War II and the Cold War. Teachers should emphasize reasons why the United States entered World War II, its impact on the home front, and major turning points. Special consideration should been placed on the Holocaust, so that students can learn from this horrific episode. The role the United States in defending democracy during the Cold War should be explored through an analysis of change on the home front and our involvement in conflicts around the world. Lastly, Unit V will last 8 weeks. In this Unit, teachers should stress the goals of both the Civil Rights and Women?s Rights Movements and evaluate the extent to which these goals have been achieved. Teachers should conclude this course of study with an analysis of the impact of technology on American society as well as an investigation of current day global issues. Within each of these units, recommendations are made for teachers to focus on particular academic skills. We hope teachers find that the concepts contained and explained in this document serve as a productive mental framework for students and for themselves. This instructional layout and approach offers cognitive structures that are essential to the solid comprehension of our curriculum content. Many thanks to Katie Johnson of Eagle Ridge Middle School for her creative work on this curriculum. Ashburn, Virginia

3 General Questions to think about/address for Units I and II: 1. How has geography shaped American history? 2. Can the wounds of war ever be healed? 3. Is imperialism ever justified?

4 United States History, 1865 to the Present, Unit I Reshaping of America: 1865 to 1917 At the end of this unit, students will be able to: 1. Explain, in their own words, how geography and new technologies sparked growth and movement westward in the latter half of the 19 th century. (Includes: USII.2a,c; USII.4a) 2. Describe the impact of westward expansion on American Indians. (Includes USII.4a). 3. Explain and evaluate the positive and negative consequences of Reconstruction. (Includes: USII.3a, b, c; USII.4c) 4. Explain the rise of big business and immigration in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. (Includes: USII.2b: USII.4b, d) 5. Describe the impact of the Progressive Movement on American society (Includes: USII.4e) Suggested skills to emphasize in this unit: SS5: Analyze and evaluate trends in human movement (migration), SS6: Interpret ideas and events from different historical perspectives, SS8: Understand cause and effect relationships in historical events, the economy, government, and individual decision making process, SS10: Understand push-pull factors in U.S. History, US2: Identify specific social and economic problems and address them with possible solutions, CS8: Understand how negative words, suffixes, and prefixes affect sentences

5 UNIT I: UNITED STATES HISTORY, 1865 TO THE PRESENT RESHAPING OF AMERICA: 1865 TO 1917

6 A. WESTWARD GROWTH: HOW DID THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE WEST, NEW OPPORTUNITES, AND THE GROWTH OF TECHONOLOGY ENCOURAGE WESTWARD EXPANSION? HOW DID THIS GROWTH IMPACT NATIVE AMERICANS? GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE WEST USII.2A A.1.1 Cities and States USII.2c OPPORTUNITY AND TECHNOLOGYUSII.4A A.1.2 Changes in Farm Life USII.4d IMPACT ON NATIVE AMERICANS USII.4A B. RECONSTRUCTION: TO WHAT EXTENT WAS RECONSTRUCTION A FAILURE? CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES USII.3A POLICIES USII.3B B.1.1 Problems USII.3b B.1.2 Jim Crow USII.4c KEY LEADERS USII.3C C. INDUSTRIALIZATION: WHY DID THE UNITED STATES INDUSTRIALIZE AFTER THE CIVIL WAR? TO WHAT EXTENT WERE THE UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION POLICIES CONTRADICTORY? HOW DID THE PROGRESSIVE ERA CHANGE LIFE FOR AMERICANS? GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS USII.4D C.1.1 Immigration USII.4b Nativism Growth of Cities

7 C.1.2 Progressive Movement USII.4e Organized Labor Workplace Reforms Women's Suffrage Temperance Movement NATURAL RESOURCES, TRANSPORTATION, AND MANUFACTURING USII.2B

8 Skills and SOLs Included in this Unit of Study: Skill Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 SS5: Analyze and evaluate trends in human movement. (Migration) Suggested Topics: Westward migration, U.S. immigration. SS6: Interpret ideas and events from different historical perspectives. Suggested Topics: DuBois/Washington, Sioux Indians/U.S. Government, Nativism, Captain of Industry/Robber Baron, Factory owner/worker. SS8: Understand cause and effect relationships in historical events, the economy, government, and individual decision-making processes. Suggested Topics: Westward Expansion, Immigration, Industrialization, Urbanization SS10: Understand push-pull factors in U.S. History. Suggested Topics: Westward Expansion and Immigration US2: Identify specific social and economic problems and address them with possible solutions. Suggested Topics: Urbanization, immigration issues, segregation, Jim Crow, Progressive Movement, Labor Movement, Great Depression, Worldwide Depression CS8: Understand how negative words, suffixes, and prefixes affect sentences. Suggested Topics: Progressives, Anti- Semitism(WWII), Civil Rights Identify facts which would illustrate large-scale human migrations from one region to another. Identify multiple points of view regarding an issue or topic under study. Be able to predict possible consequences of actions in personal life. Define the terms, push factor and pull factor. Students will be able to identify socio-economic phenomena as potential problems. Identify negative words, suffixes and prefixes in sentences. Brainstorm lists of reasons (economic, social, political) for why people might leave one region, and why they might settle in another. Summarize each point of view in your own words, and identify historical or experiential factors that might contribute to each point of view. Given a historical event, be able to identify specific consequences that could result from it, and define these events and consequences in terms of cause and effect. Given a historical event, categorize it as a push factor or a pull factor. Students will explain why a set of conditions create a problem. Determine what the negative word, suffix or prefix means. Based on specific evidence, explain why large groups of people might leave one area and settle in another. Evaluate each point of view including your own--for bias or perspective, and develop possible reasons for why bias might exist. Be able to identify cause and effect in historical events, government decisions, and the economy. Given a historical event (Westward Expansion, Immigration) be able to identify multiple push and pull factors. Students will be able to independently develop realistic solutions to problems identified. Be able to rewrite or reword sentences without using negative words, suffixes, and prefixes to modify the meaning of the sentence.

9 Standards for Unit I USII.2a The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables for a) explaining how physical features and climate influenced the movement of people westward During the nineteenth century, people s perceptions and use of the Great Plains changed. Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments. Physical features and climate of the Great Plains Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west Land eroded by wind and water Low rainfall Frequent dust storms Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a treeless wasteland but as a vast area to be settled. Inventions and adaptations Barbed wire Steel plows Dry farming Sod houses Beef cattle raising Wheat farming Windmills Railroads USII.2b The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables for b) explaining relationships among natural resources, transportation, and industrial development after Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets. Manufacturing areas were clustered near centers of population. Transportation resources Moving natural resources (e.g., copper, lead) to eastern factories Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills (e.g., Pittsburgh) Transporting finished products to national markets Examples of manufacturing areas Textile industry: New England Automobile industry: Detroit Steel industry: Pittsburgh

10 USII.2c The student will use maps, globes, photographs, pictures, or tables for c) locating the 50 states and the cities most significant to the historical development of the United States. A state is an example of a political region. States may be grouped as part of different regions, depending upon the criteria used. Cities serve as centers of trade and have political, economic, and/or cultural significance. States grouped by region Northeast: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania Southeast: Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas Midwest: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota Southwest: Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona Rocky Mountains: Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho Pacific: Washington, Oregon, California Noncontiguous: Alaska, Hawaii Cities Northeast: New York, Boston, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia Southeast: Washington, D.C., Atlanta, New Orleans Midwest: Chicago, St. Louis, Detroit Southwest: San Antonio, Santa Fe Western (Rocky Mountains): Denver, Salt Lake City Pacific: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle Noncontiguous: Juneau, Honolulu USII.3a The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of Reconstruction on American life by a) analyzing the impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America address the issues of slavery and guarantee equal protection under the law for all citizens. Basic provisions of the Amendments The 13th Amendment bans slavery in the United States and all of its territories. The 14th Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States and guarantees them equal protection under the law. The 15th Amendment ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. These three amendments guarantee equal protection under the law for all citizens.

11 USII.3b The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of Reconstruction on American life by b) describing the impact of Reconstruction policies on the South and North. The Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that former enslaved African Americans had achieved. Reconstruction policies and problems Southern military leaders could not hold office. African Americans could hold public office. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which also authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement. Northern soldiers supervised the South. The Freedmen s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African Americans in the South. Southerners resented Northern carpetbaggers, who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction. Southern states adopted Black Codes to limit the economic and physical freedom of former slaves. End of Reconstruction Reconstruction ended in 1877 as a result of a compromise over the outcome of the election of Federal troops were removed from the South. Rights that African Americans had gained were lost through Jim Crow laws. USII.3c The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of Reconstruction on American life by c) describing the legacies of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass. The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass created lasting impacts. Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction plan calling for reconciliation Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South Robert E. Lee Urged Southerners to reconcile with Northerners at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight Became president of Washington College, which is now known as Washington and Lee University Frederick Douglass Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights Was a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties USII.4a The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by a) identifying the reasons for westward expansion, including its impact on American Indians. New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.

12 Reasons for increase westward expansion Opportunities for land ownership Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad Possibility of obtaining wealth, created by the discovery of gold and silver Desire for adventure Desire for a new beginning for former enslaved African Americans Impact on American Indians Opposition by American Indians to westward expansion (Battle of Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull, Geronimo) Forced relocation from traditional lands to reservations (Chief Joseph, Nez Percé) Reduced population through warfare and disease (Battle of Wounded Knee) Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes (e.g., reduction of buffalo population) Reduced their homelands through treaties that were broken USII.4b The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by b) explaining the reasons for the increase in immigration, growth of cities, and challenges arising from this expansion Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas. Reasons for the increase in immigration Hope for better opportunities Desire for religious freedom Escape from oppressive governments Desire for adventure Reasons why cities grew and developed Specialized industries, including steel (Pittsburgh) and meat packing (Chicago) Immigration to America from other countries Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements. Efforts to solve immigration problems Settlement houses, such as Hull House founded by Jane Addams Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (e.g., jobs, housing) Discrimination against immigrants Chinese

13 Irish Challenges faced by cities Tenements and ghettos Political corruption (political machines) USII.4c The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by c) describing racial segregation, the rise of Jim Crow, and other constraints faced by African Americans and other groups in the post-reconstruction South. Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction. Jim Crow laws institutionalized a system of legal segregation. African Americans differed in their responses to discrimination and Jim Crow. Racial segregation Based upon race Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups also were kept segregated American Indians were not considered citizens until Jim Crow laws Passed to discriminate against African Americans Made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government African American responses Booker T. Washington: Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social segregation W.E.B. DuBois: Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans. USII.4d The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by d) explaining the impact of new inventions, the rise of big business, the growth of industry, and life on American farms. Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation. Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society Inventions that contributed to great change and industrial growth Electric lighting and mechanical uses of electricity (Thomas Edison) Telephone service (Alexander Graham Bell) Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business National markets created by transportation advances Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel; Cornelius Vanderbilt, shipping and railroads) Advertising

14 Lower-cost production Factors that resulted in growth of industry Access to raw materials and energy Availability of work force due to immigration Inventions Financial resources Examples of big business Railroads Oil Steel Postwar changes in farm and city life Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) reduced farm labor needs and increased production. Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs. Industrialization provided new access to consumer goods (e.g., mail order). USII.4e The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by e) describing the impact of the Progressive Movement on child labor, working conditions, the rise of organized labor, women s suffrage, and the temperance movement. The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and important workplace reforms. Negative effects of industrialization Child labor Low wages, long hours Unsafe working conditions Rise of organized labor Formation of unions: Growth of American Federation of Labor Strikes: Aftermath of Homestead Strike Progressive Movement workplace reforms Improved safety conditions Reduced work hours Placed restrictions on child labor Women s suffrage Increased educational opportunities Attained voting rights

15 Women gained the right to vote with passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women s suffrage. Temperance movement Composed of groups opposed to the making and consuming of alcohol Supported the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages

16 United States History, 1865 to the Present, Unit II From Isolation to Involvement: At the end of this unit, students will be able to: 1. Determine the reasons for American Imperialism throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. (Includes: USII.5) 2. Evaluate the causes and effects of the Spanish American War. (Includes: USII.5a) 3. Describe Theodore Roosevelt s foreign policies and determine their impact on future foreign policy initiatives. (Includes USII.5b). 4. Explain the causes and effects of United States involvement in World War I. (Includes: USII.5c) 5. Evaluate America s new leadership role in the world following World War I. (Includes USII.5c) Suggested skills to emphasize in this unit: SS1: Evaluate and debate issues orally and in writing, using pro and con arguments, SS7: understand and use basic vocabulary, SS8: understand cause and effect relationships in world events, the economy, government, and individual decision making process, USH1: analyze and interpret political cartoons, patriotic slogans, pictures, and excerpts from notable speeches and documents to understand the message being presented, CS4: compare and Contrast ideas presented in words and images.

17 UNIT II: UNITED STATES HISTORY, 1865 TO THE PRESENT - FROM ISOLATION TO INVOLVEMENT: 1898 TO 1919

18 A. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR: WHY DID AMERICA IMPERIALIZE? WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE SPANISH AMERICA WAR? A.1 CAUSES USII.5A A.2 EFFECTS USII.5A B. U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: TO WHAT EXTENT DID THEODORE ROOSEVELT SHAPE UNITED STATES FORGEIGN POLICY, BOTH PAST AND PRESENT? B.1 ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE USII.5B B.2 BIG STICK DIPLOMACY USII.5B C. WORLD WAR I: WHY DID THE UNITED STATES ENTER WORLD WAR I? HOW DID IT CHANGE THE WAR S OUTCOME? C.1 CAUSES USII.5C C.1.1 Allied Powers USII.5c C.1.2 Central Powers USII.5c C.2 EFFECTS USII.5C C.2.1 Fourteen Points and U.S. Leadership USII.5c C.2.2 Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations USII.5c

19 Skills and SOLs Included in this Unit of Study: Skill Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 SS1: Evaluate and debate issues orally and in writing, using pro and con arguments. Suggested Topics: Sp-Am War: imperialist-anti-imp., WWI, Prohibition, WWII: atomic bombs, Holocaust, internment camps, Marshall Plan, Vietnam SS7: Understand and use basic social science vocabulary. Throughout the curriculum. SS8: Understand cause and effect relationships in historical events, the economy, government, and individual decision making,all major wars US1: Analyze and interpret political cartoons, patriotic slogans, pictures, and excerpts from notable speeches and documents to understand the message being presented. Suggested Topics: Spanish American War, Yellow Journalism, Big Stick, (Propaganda posters) WWI CS4: Compare and Contrast ideas presented in words and images. Suggested Topics: Pro-Imperialist/ Anti- Imperialists Articulate a personal opinion about a selected issue Identify key social science terms in context. e.g. imperialism Be able to predict possible consequences of actions in personal life. Identify characters, symbols, actions, and words used in cartoons, etc. Recognize words and images that signal contrasting ideas. Use facts and references to validate arguments Define key social studies terms. Given a historical event, be able to identify specific consequences that could result from it, and define these events and consequences in terms of cause and effect. During a guided discussion or written assignment, explain the idea being conveyed by characters, symbols, etc. Recognize words and images that signal similar ideas. Write or express orally pro and con statements on a topic, and support it with facts in an attempt to advance a point of view Apply key social science terms in writing, presentation, and discussion. Be able to identify cause and effect in historical events, government decisions, and the economy. Articulate the point being made in a cartoon, advertisement, picture, or graphic representation. Construct a graphic organizer that presents similarities and differences accurately.

20 Standards for Unit II USII.5a The student will demonstrate knowledge of the changing role of the United States from the late nineteenth century through World War I by a) explaining the reasons for and results of the Spanish American War. The United States emerged as a world power as a result of victory over Spain in the Spanish American War. Economic interests and public opinion often influence United States involvement in international affairs. Reasons for the Spanish American War Protection of American business interests in Cuba American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence from Spain Rising tensions between Spain and the United States as a result of the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor Exaggerated news reports of events (yellow journalism) Results of the Spanish American War The United States emerged as a world power. Cuba gained independence from Spain. The United States gained possession of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. USII.5b The student will demonstrate knowledge of the changing role of the United States from the late nineteenth century through World War I by b) describing Theodore Roosevelt s impact on the foreign policy of the United States. Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine as a way to prevent European involvement in the affairs of Latin American countries. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine asserted the United States right to interfere in the economic matters of other nations in the Americas claimed the United States right to exercise international police power advocated Big Stick Diplomacy (building the Panama Canal) USII.5c The student will demonstrate knowledge of the changing role of the United States from the late nineteenth century through World War I by c) explaining the reasons for the United States involvement in World War I and its international leadership role at the conclusion of the war. The United States involvement in World War I ended a long tradition of avoiding involvement in European conflicts and set the stage for the United States to emerge as a global superpower later in the twentieth century. There were disagreements about the extent to which the United States should participate in world affairs.

21 Reasons for United States involvement in World War I Inability to remain neutral German submarine warfare: Sinking of the Lusitania United States economic and political ties to Great Britain The Zimmermann Telegram Major Allied Powers British Empire France Russia Serbia Belgium United States Central Powers German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire Bulgaria Ottoman Empire United States leadership as the war ended At the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson prepared a peace plan known as the Fourteen Points that called for the formation of the League of Nations, a peacekeeping organization. The United States decided not to join the League of Nations because the United States Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

22 General Questions to think about/address for Units III, IV and V: 1. How do people react to change? 2. Did the New Deal effectively end the Great Depression? 3. To what extent was World War II inevitable? 4. What lessons can be learned from World War I and World War II? 5. What is a just society? 6. Have the goals of the Civil Rights Movement and the Women s Right Movement effectively been achieved? 7. How has technology forever changed American society?

23 United States History, 1865 to the Present, Unit III- Turmoil and Change: the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and the New Deal At the end of this unit, students will be able to: 1. Explain how new technologies changed life in the early twentieth century.(includes: USII.6a) 2. Describe the social and economic changes in the 1920s, including Prohibition and the Great Migration. (Includes USII.6b). 3. Examine art, literature, and music of the 1920s and 1930s, including the Harlem Renaissance. (Includes: USII.6c) 4. Examine the causes of the Great Depression and the effects of the Great Depression on the lives of ordinary Americans. (Includes USII.6d) 5. Explain the key features of the F.D.R. s New Deal and evaluate their impact on American life today. (Includes USII.6d). Suggested skills to emphasize in this unit: SS1: Evaluate and debate issues orally and in writing, using pro and con arguments, sources to gather information about a topic, SS4: Use maps, diagrams, tables, charts, graphs, to interpret information, US3: Analyze events in history for their impact on the student and the world, CS12: Organize and manage information to solve problems or respond to questions.

24 UNIT III: UNITED STATES HISTORY, 1865 TO THE PRESENT - TURMOIL AND CHANGE: THE ROARING TWENTIES, THE GREAT DEPRESSION, AND THE NEW DEAL

25 A. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE USII.6A: HOW DID NEW TECHNOLOGIES CHANGE AMERICAN LIFE IN THE 1920S AND 1930S? A.1 IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION A.1.1 Mechanization and the Assembly Line Growth of industry Creation of Jobs A.1.2 Automobile Greater Mobility Suburbanization A.1.3 Airplane A.2 COMMUNICATION AND ENTERTAINMENT A.2.1 Telephone A.2.2 Radio A.2.3 Movies A.3 ELECTRIC LIGHTING A.4 LABOR-SAVING PRODUCTS A.4.1 Washing machines A.4.2 Stoves A.4.3 Water pumps

26 B. SOCIAL CHANGE USII.6B: TO WHAT EXTENT WAS PROHIBITION SUCCESSFUL? WHY DID AFRICAN AMERICANS MIGRATE NORTH AFTER WORLD WAR AND HOW WERE THEY RECEIVED? B.1 PROHIBITION B th Amendment B.1.2 Speakeasies and Bootlegging B st Amendment B.2 GREAT MIGRATION B.2.1 Job Creation B.2.2 Discrimination and Violence C. CULTURAL CHANGE USII.6C: HOW DID ARTISTS, WRITERS, AND MUSICIANS CONTRIBUTE TO AMERICAN CULTURE DURING THE 1920S AND 1930S? WHY IS THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE SIGNIFICANT? C.1 HARLEM RENAISSANCE C.1.1 Art: Jacob Lawrence C.1.2 Literature: Langston Hughes C.1.3 Music: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith C.2 CULTURAL CLIMATE C.2.1 Art: Georgia O'Keefe C.2.2 Literature: F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck C.2.3 Music: Aaron Copland and George Gershwin

27 D. ECONOMIC CHANGE USII.6D; WHAT CAUSED THE GREAT DEPRESSION? WAS THE NEW DEAL EFFECTIVE? WHAT IS THE LEGACY OF THE NEW DEAL? D.1 GREAT DEPRESSION D.1.1 Causes D.1.2 Impact on Americans D.2 NEW DEAL D.2.1 Social Security D.2.2 Federal Work Programs D.2.3 Farm Assistance D.2.4 Labor Rights

28 Skills and SOLs Included in this Unit of Study: Skill Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 SS1: Evaluate and debate issues orally and in writing, using pro and con arguments. Suggested Topics: WWI, Prohibition SS2: Use reference sources to gather information about a topic. Suggested Topics: throughout curriculum, including conflicts, legislation, and personalities. Example: artists of Jazz Age SS4: Use maps, diagrams, tables, charts, graphs, to interpret information. Suggested Topics: Wars, U.S. immigration, economic data of Great Depression. US3: Analyze events in history for their impact on the student and the world. Suggested Topics: 18 th amendment, 19 th amendment, Harlem Renaissance, Dust Bowl, Great Depression, Social Security, CS12: Organize and manage information to solve problems or respond to questions. Suggested Topics: Causes of WWI Articulate a personal opinion about a selected issue Identify valid primary and secondary reference sources Identify maps, diagrams, tables, graphs, based on the definition of each. Correctly identify certain historical events as significant. Re-state the problem or question in your own words. Use facts and references to validate arguments Cite valid primary and secondary reference sources according to rules of citation (MLA) Analyze maps, diagrams, tables, graphs, and be able to extract pieces of information. List and explain some potential consequences of significant events. Select relevant information to address the problem or question. Write or express orally pro and con statements on a topic, and support it with facts in an attempt to advance a point of view Extract the main points from reference sources and put these points into your own words. Independently analyze the information given in maps, diagrams, tables, graphs, and make an interpretive statement about them. Explain how certain consequences of events might impact the student, the nation, and the world. Assemble information to make a coherent response.

29 Standards for this Unit USII.6a The student will demonstrate knowledge of the social, economic, and technological changes of the early twentieth century by a) Explaining how developments in factory and labor productivity, transportation (including the use of the automobile), communication, and rural electrification changed American life and standard of living. Technology extended progress into all areas of American life, including neglected rural areas. Results of improved transportation brought about by affordable automobiles Greater mobility Creation of jobs Growth of transportation-related industries (road construction, oil, steel, automobile) Movement to suburban areas Invention of the airplane The Wright brothers Use of the assembly line Henry Ford, automobile Rise of mechanization Communication changes Increased availability of telephones Development of the radio and broadcast industry Development of the movies Ways electrification changed American life Labor-saving products (e.g., washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps) Electric lighting Entertainment (e.g., radio) Improved communications USII.6b The student will demonstrate knowledge of the social, economic, and technological changes of the early twentieth century by b) Describing the social and economic changes that took place, including prohibition and the Great Migration north and west. Reforms in the early twentieth century could not legislate how all people behaved. Economic conditions and violence led to the migration of people. Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional amendment that made itillegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages.

30 Results of prohibition Speakeasies were created as places for people to drink alcoholic beverages. Bootleggers made and smuggled alcohol illegally and promoted organized crime. Repealed by the 21st Amendment. Great Migration north and west Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying. African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South. African Americans moved to cities in the North and Midwest in search of better employment opportunities. African Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North and Midwest. USII.6c The student will demonstrate knowledge of the social, economic, and technological changes of the early twentieth century by c) examining art, literature, and music from the 1920s and 1930s, with emphasis on Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, Georgia O Keeffe, and the Harlem Renaissance. The 1920s and 1930s were important decades for American art, literature, and music. The leaders of the Harlem Renaissance drew upon the heritage of African American culture to establish themselves as powerful forces for cultural change. Cultural climate of the 1920s and 1930s Art: Georgia O Keeffe, an artist known for urban scenes and, later, paintings of the Southwest Literature: F. Scott Fitzgerald, a novelist who wrote about the Jazz Age of the 1920s; John Steinbeck, a novelist who portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers during the 1930s Music: Aaron Copland and George Gershwin, composers who wrote uniquely American music Harlem Renaissance African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealed the freshness and variety of African American culture. Art: Jacob Lawrence, a painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration through art Literature: Langston Hughes, a poet who combined the experiences of African and American cultural roots Music: Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, jazz musicians; Bessie Smith, a blues singer The popularity of these artists spread beyond Harlem to the rest of society. USII.6d The student will demonstrate knowledge of the social, economic, and technological changes of the early twentieth century by d) identifying the causes of the Great Depression, its impact on Americans, and the major features of Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal The optimism of the 1920s concealed problems in the American economic system and attitudes about the role of government in controlling the economy. The Great Depression had a widespread and severe impact on American life. Franklin Roosevelt s New Deal used government programs to help the nation recover from the Depression.

31 Causes of the Great Depression People overspeculated on stocks, using borrowed money that they could not repay when stock prices crashed. The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system. High tariffs discouraged international trade. Impact on Americans A large number of banks and other businesses failed. One-fourth of workers were without jobs. Large numbers of people were hungry and homeless. Farmers incomes fell to low levels. Major features of the New Deal Social Security Federal work programs Environmental improvement programs Farm assistance programs Increased rights for labor

32 United States History, 1865 to the Present, Unit IV- The United States as a World Superpower: Present At the end of this unit, students will be able to: 1. Explain the major causes and effects of American involvement in World War II. (Includes: USII.7a) 2. Describe the major turning points of World War II, in both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters. (Includes USII.7b). 3. Explain the lessons learned from the Holocaust. (Includes USII.7b) 4. Determine the social, political, and economic impacts of World War II on the American home front, both during and after the war. (Includes: USII.7c, USII.8b, USII.8d) 5. Evaluate America s role as a major superpower in the Cold War following World War II. (Includes USII.8a,USII.8c). Suggested skills to emphasize in this unit: SS6: Interpret ideas and events from different historical perspectives., SS8: Understand cause and effect relationships in historical events, the economy, government, and individual decision making processes, US1: Analyze and interpret political cartoons, patriotic slogans, pictures, and excerpts from notable speeches and documents to understand the message being presented, US2: Identify specific social and economic problems and address them with possible solutions,, CS4: Compare and Contrast ideas presented in words and images, CS8: Understand how negative words, suffixes, and prefixes affect sentences.

33 UNIT IV: THE UNITED STATES, 1865 TO THE PRESENT- THE UNITED STATES AS A WORLD SUPERPOWER: PRESENT

34 A. WORLD WAR II: WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II? WHY DID THE UNITED STATES BECOME INVOLVED IN WORLD WAR II? WHAT WERE THE MAJOR TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR? A.1 CAUSES USII.7A A.1.1 Political Instability A.1.2 Fascism A.2 AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT USII.7A A.2.1 Foreign Policy Shift A.2.2 War in the Pacific Japanese Aggression Pearl Harbor Turning Points USII.7b A.2.3 War in Europe Turning Points USII.7b Holocaust USII.7b: What lessons can society learn from this tragedy? Reasons/ Tactics Liberation A.3 HOME FRONT USII.7C: HOW DID THE WAR CHANGE THE AMERICAN HOME FRONT? A.3.1 Rationing and Industry After World War II USII.8b Labor Unions USII.8b A.3.2 Women's Roles After World War II USII.8b

35 A.3.3 Breakdown of Racial Barriers A.3.4 Japanese Internment Camps A.4 OUTCOMES USII.8D A.4.1 Strong Economy A.4.2 Baby Boom A.4.3 Human Rights A.4.4 African American Quest for Equality A.4.5 G.I. Bill B. COLD WAR: HOW AND WHY DID THE COLD WAR BEGIN? HOW WAS IT DIFFERENT FROM PREVIOUS CONFLICTS? WHAT WERE ITS LASTING EFFECTS? B.1 REBUILDING OF EUROPE USII.8A B.1.1 Marshall Plan B.1.2 Partition of Germany B.1.3 Occupation of Japan B.1.4 United Nations B.2 ORIGINS USII.8C B.2.1 Ideological Differences B.2.2 Warsaw Pact vs. NATO B.2.3 Containment B.3 MAJOR CONFLICTS USII.8C B.3.1 Korea B.3.2 Cuban Missile Crisis

36 B.3.3 Vietnam B.4 END OF THE COLD WAR USII.8C B.4.1 Fall of the Berlin Wall B.4.2 Collapse of Soviet Union B.4.3 New Challenges United States Military Intervention Environmental Challenges Global Issues

37 Skills and SOLs Included in this Unit of Study: Skill Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 SS6: Interpret ideas and events from different historical perspectives. Suggested Topics:, Allies/Central Powers, Allies/Axis Powers, Japanese American Internment, Atomic bomb, effectiveness of containment policy SS8: Understand cause and effect relationships in historical events, the economy, government, and individual decision-making processes. Suggested Topics: all major wars US1: Analyze and interpret political cartoons, patriotic slogans, pictures, and excerpts from notable speeches and documents to understand the message being presented. Suggested Topics: WWII US2: Identify specific social and economic problems and address them with possible solutions. Suggested Topics: Great Depression, Worldwide Depression CS4: Compare and Contrast ideas presented in words and images. Suggested Topics: Communism and Democracy CS8: Understand how negative words, suffixes, and prefixes affect sentences. Suggested Topics: Anti-Semitism(WWII) Identify multiple points of view regarding an issue or topic under study. Be able to predict possible consequences of actions in personal life. Identify characters, symbols, actions, and words used in cartoons, etc. Students will be able to identify socio-economic phenomena as potential problems. Recognize words and images that signal contrasting ideas. Identify negative words, suffixes and prefixes in sentences. Summarize each point of view in your own words, and identify historical or experiential factors that might contribute to each point of view. Given a historical event, be able to identify specific consequences that could result from it, and define these events and consequences in terms of cause and effect. During a guided discussion or written assignment, explain the idea being conveyed by characters, symbols, etc. Students will explain why a set of conditions create a problem. Recognize words and images that signal similar ideas. Determine what the negative word, suffix or prefix means. Evaluate each point of view including your own--for bias or perspective, and develop possible reasons for why bias might exist. Be able to identify cause and effect in historical events, government decisions, and the economy. Articulate the point being made in a cartoon, advertisement, picture, or graphic representation. Students will be able to independently develop realistic solutions to problems identified. Construct a graphic organizer that presents similarities and differences accurately. Be able to rewrite or reword sentences without using negative words, suffixes, and prefixes to modify the meaning of the sentence.

38 Standards for this Unit USII.7a The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major causes and effects of American involvement in World War II by a) identifying the causes and events that led to American involvement in the war, including the attack on Pearl Harbor. Political and economic conditions in Europe following World War I led to the rise of fascism and to World War II. The rise of fascism threatened peace in Europe and Asia. Causes of World War II Political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting from World War I: Worldwide depression High war debt owed by Germany High inflation Massive unemployment Rise of Fascism: Fascism is political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator, individual freedoms are denied, and nationalism and, often, racism are emphasized. Fascist dictators included Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Hideki Tojo (Japan). These dictators led the countries that became known as the Axis Powers. The Allies Democratic nations (the United States, Great Britain, Canada) were known as the Allies. The Soviet Union joined the Allies after being invaded by Germany. Allied leaders included Franklin D. Roosevelt and, later, Harry S. Truman (United States), Winston Churchill (Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union). Gradual change in American policy from neutrality to direct involvement Isolationism (Great Depression, legacy of World War I) Economic aid to Allies Direct involvement in the war War in the Pacific Rising tension developed between the United States and Japan because of Japanese aggression in East Asia. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor without warning. The United States declared war on Japan. Germany declared war on the United States. USII.7b The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major causes and effects of American involvement in World War II by b) locating and describing the major events and turning points of the war in Europe and the Pacific.

39 Despite initial Axis success in both Europe and the Pacific, the Allies persevered and ultimately defeated Germany and Japan. The Holocaust is an example of prejudice and discrimination taken to the extreme. Major events and turning points of World War II Germany invaded Poland, setting off war in Europe. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic nations. Germany invaded France and captured Paris. Germany bombed London, and the Battle of Britain began. The United States gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean (Lend Lease). Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Germany declared war on the United States. The United States declared war on Japan and Germany. The United States was victorious over Japan in the Battle of Midway. This victory was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union defeated Germany at Stalingrad, marking the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe. American and other Allied troops landed in Normandy, France, on D-Day to begin the liberation of Western Europe. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) in 1945, forcing Japan to surrender and ending World War II. The Holocaust Anti-Semitism Aryan supremacy Systematic attempt to rid Europe of all Jews Tactics: Boycott of Jewish stores Threats Segregation Imprisonment and killing of Jews and others in concentration camps and death camps Liberation by Allied forces of Jews and others who survived in concentration camps USII.7c The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major causes and effects of American involvement in World War II by c) describing the impact of the war on the home front. World War II affected every aspect of American life. American involvement in World War II brought an end to the Great Depression. Factories and workers were needed to produce goods to win the war. Thousands of American women took jobs in defense plants during the war (e.g., Rosie the Riveter). Americans at home supported the war by conserving and rationing resources. The need for workers temporarily broke down some racial barriers (e.g., hiring in defense plants), although discrimination against African Americans continued. While many Japanese Americans served in the armed forces, others were treated with distrust and prejudice, and many were forced into internment camps.

40 USII.8a The student will demonstrate knowledge of the economic, social, and political transformation of the United States and the world between the end of World War II and the present by a) describing the rebuilding of Europe and Japan after World War II, the emergence of the United States as a superpower, and the establishment of the United Nations. Learning from the mistakes of the past, the United States accepted its role as a world superpower, helping to rebuild Europe and Japan and taking the leading role in establishing the United Nations. Much of Europe was in ruins following World War II. Soviet forces occupied most of Eastern and Central Europe and the eastern portion of Germany. The United States felt it was in its best interest to help rebuild Europe and prevent political and economic instability. Rebuilding efforts The United States instituted George C. Marshall s plan to rebuild Europe (the Marshall Plan), which provided massive financial aid to rebuild European economies and prevent the spread of communism. Germany was partitioned into East and West Germany. West Germany became democratic and resumed self-government after a few years of American, British, and French occupation. East Germany remained under the domination of the Soviet Union and did not adopt democratic institutions. Following its defeat, Japan was occupied by American forces. It soon adopted a democratic form of government, resumed self-government, and became a strong ally of the United States. Establishment of the United Nations The United Nations was formed near the end of World War II to create a body for the nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars. USII.8b The student will demonstrate knowledge of the economic, social, and political transformation of the United States and the world between the end of World War II and the present by b) describing the conversion from a wartime to a peacetime economy. Following World War II, Americans prospered due to an expanding economy stimulated by America s involvement in the war. Reasons for rapid growth of the American economy following World War II With rationing of consumer goods over, businesses converted from production of war materials to consumer goods. Americans purchased goods on credit. The work force shifted back to men, and most women returned full time to family responsibilities. Labor unions merged and became more powerful; workers gained new benefits and higher salaries. As economic prosperity continued and technology boomed, the next generation of women entered the labor force in large numbers. USII.8c The student will demonstrate knowledge of the economic, social, and political transformation of the United States and the world between the end of World War II and the present by c) identifying the role of America s military and veterans in defending freedom during the Cold War, including the wars in Korea and Vietnam, the Cuban missile crisis, the collapse of communism in Europe, and the rise of new challenges.

41 The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from World War II as world powers, triggering a rivalry over ideology and national security. Since World War II, the United States has been directly involved in various conflicts that reflected the divisions created by Cold War tensions and hostilities. The tension between the free world and the communist world caused divisiveness at home and abroad. The Cold War was the central organizing principle in foreign affairs for 40 years. Terms to know Cold War: The state of tension without actual fighting between the United States and the Soviet Union, which divided the world into two camps Origins of the Cold War Differences in goals and ideologies between the United States and the Soviet Union (the two superpowers). The United States was democratic and capitalist; the Soviet Union was dictatorial and communist. The Soviet Union s domination over Eastern European countries American policy of containment (to stop the spread of communism) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) versus Warsaw Pact Major conflicts in the post-world War II era South Korea and the United States resisted Chinese and North Korean aggression. The conflict ended in a stalemate. The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred when the Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba. The Soviets removed the missiles in response to a U.S. blockade of Cuba. The United States intervened to stop the spread of communism into South Vietnam (Domino Theory). Americans were divided over whether the United States should be involved militarily in Vietnam. The conflict ended in a cease-fire agreement in which U.S. troops withdrew. Collapse of communism in Europe Breakup of the Soviet Union into independent countries Destruction of the Berlin Wall New challenges Role of United States military intervention Environmental challenges Global issues, including trade, jobs, diseases, energy USII.8d The student will demonstrate knowledge of the economic, social, and political transformation of the United States and the world between the end of World War II and the present by d) describing the changing patterns of society, including expanded educational and economic opportunities for military veterans, women, and minorities. Changing patterns in American society since the end of World War II changed the way most Americans lived and worked. Factors leading to changing patterns in United States society Strong economy (healthy job market, increased productivity, increased demand for American products)

42 Greater investment in education The Baby Boom, which led to changing demographics Interstate highway system Evolving role of women (expected to play a supporting role in the family while increasingly working outside the home) Role of Eleanor Roosevelt in expanding human rights African Americans aspirations for equal opportunities Policies and programs expanding educational and employment opportunities G.I. Bill of Rights gave educational, housing, and employment benefits to veterans. Truman desegregated the armed forces. Civil Rights legislation led to increased educational, economic, and political opportunities for women and minorities.

43 United States History, 1865 to the Present, Unit V- A Changing Society: 1945 to the Present At the end of this unit, students will be able to: 1. Describe how globalization has changed American life. (Includes: USII.8e) 2. Examine the causes, effects, and impacts of the Civil Rights Movement and evaluate the extent to which its goals have been achieved. (Includes: USII.9a) 3. Evaluate the changing role of women in post-world War II America. (Includes: USII.9a) 4. Determine the impact of new technologies on American life. (Includes: USII.9b) 5. Identify representative citizens who have influenced American society. (Includes: USII.9c) 6. Examine foreign policy, immigration, global environment, and other emerging issues. (Includes: USII.9d) Suggested skills to emphasize in this unit: SS3: Interpret and make generalizations about documents, SS6: Interpret ideas and events from different historical perspectives, US3: Analyze events in history for their impact on the student and the world, US4: Use documents and other primary and secondary sources to increase understanding of events and life in United States history from 1865 to the present, CS9: Understand and re-word complex and/or compound sentences, CS10: Understand sentences that deal with abstract ideas.