FRAMEWORK CONTRACT COMMISSION

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1 FRAMEWORK CONTRACT COMMISSION 2007 Lot nr 4 Contract Nr 2009/ TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO A STUDY ON THE CURRENT ACTIONS AND INITIATIVES IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL PROTECTION IN THE CARIBBEAN IN ORDER TO PROMOTE, ENHANCE AND REINFORCE THE REGIONAL COOPERATION MECHANISMS Final Report 14 th May 2010 Experts: Claude DE VILLE DE GOYET Giovanni CREMA Carlos Pedro LECAROS ZAVALA Linda ZILBERT SOTO This project is funded by the European Union A project implemented by The contents of this publication is the sole responsibility of Soges S.p.A and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union

2 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Executive summary The global objective of this study is to assess the actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean, in order to promote, enhance and reinforce regional cooperation between European Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), Outermost Regions (ORs) and the countries from the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) that make up CARIFORUM, as well as with other donors. For this report, civil protection is defined as all the civil actions intended to anticipate and respond to emergencies via the provision of assistance to a population adversely affected by natural disasters or disasters of human origin. It involves several phases including risk prevention, disaster preparedness, crisis management, the reaction to the consequences of disaster and the return to normality. Background The small size of the Caribbean countries makes them particularly vulnerable to natural disasters: from the seasonal cyclones and floods to the rare but devastating earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Climatic as well as economic changes are particularly felt due their small islands status. Few, if any, have adequate resources to provide, alone, assistance to their population even in case of a moderate disaster. Mutual assistance between ACP, OCTs and ORs and coordination among the institutional players are a necessity recognized by all. The earthquake in Haiti, although once in a century occurrence, reinforced the need for coordination. This initiative should be seen in the broader context of the EU evolving relationship with its OCT and Outer Regions and a decision to foster their integration into their environment. This civil protection initiative is not an end in itself but a pilot project towards this broader goal of furthering ACP, OCT and OR collaboration. The endorsement by the EU of the global Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategy and the development of an European civil protection mechanism, in particular it s Monitoring Information Centre, MIC, now attached to the DG ECHO, place this study and the initiative into a global perspective. Methodology A team of four experts with experience in international disaster management ranging from 11 to 40 years was selected for this complex mission in a complex region. The first step was to clarify some concepts as the terminology used in European civil protection differs from that adopted in the Caribbean or global forum. Prevention in the present context is focusing on protective measures adopted when a warning or alert is issued and does not include development oriented measures such as land use management and building codes development. FINAL REPORT ii

3 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Return to normalcy is understood to cover early recovery and the Linkage of Relief, Rehabilitation to Development (LRRD), not the reconstruction or interim rehabilitation phase. The methodology consisted in: 1. Interviews with EC and the three Member States with territories or regions in the Caribbean: France, Netherlands and United Kingdom. 48 persons were met and interviewed; 2. Field visits to each ACP, OCT and OR with the exception of Haiti due to logistic and security reasons. 28 countries were visited, each by one expert for a total of 210 interviews; 3. Review of literature and project documents: this ongoing activity resulted into the review of 234 documents and consultation of an undetermined number of websites, the most relevant being listed in annex 8.8. An important part of the mission is an inventory of all relevant initiatives in the Caribbean. Criteria for selecting what is relevant changed significantly overtime as the team realized that some projects terminated long ago left a permanent acquis that the EC should consider in deciding the best course of action. Limitations: There were some severe constraints potentially affecting the quality of the product. In order of importance, they are: a) Lack of time: An average of two working days for each of the 28 Caribbean countries to be visited did not allow a broad range of interviews considering that in the Caribbean 30 to 50% of the time is spent on travel. Some contacts had to be made by telephone or palliated through extensive internet dialogue and searches. b) Lack of access to projects documentation: This was particularly the case for the ongoing or anticipated projects. Some interlocutors did not follow up on their promise to the supporting evidence, in spite of having been reminded. c) The distinct disaster terminology used in the terms of reference was not merely a matter of semantics. Its use in promoting the initiative had caused prior misunderstanding by the Caribbean representatives, leading to some concern about the Platform and consequently this mission. This has been overcome through dialogue. d) Finally, the earthquake in Haiti sensitized interlocutors on the timeliness of this EU initiative but has limited or delayed availability of some key contacts. For instance, US most senior disaster officials could not be interviewed. Findings The findings will be divided in two groups: the general state of play and the diagnosis by broad technical areas (8) indicating possible gaps or duplications. FINAL REPORT iii

4 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Indeed the Caribbean is exposed to somewhat common hazards. However, this exposure is not as homogeneous as believed. It is difficult to find a major hazard which is on the priority list of all ACP, OCT and OR. When the concept of vulnerability is introduced, (the higher the impact is likely be for a given risk, the more vulnerable you are) diversity increases significantly. The diversity observed in economic status and development is magnified in terms of disaster vulnerability. (Section 4.1.1) The actors A National Disaster Management Agency with full time professional staff exists in every country with one exception (Bermuda, the most affluent country). Those agencies have a mandate often broader than civil protection in Europe by including risk reduction and rehabilitation. They are the key interlocutors and should become the owners of this European initiative. They feel now somewhat disfranchised. (See 4.1.2) There are many Caribbean institutions and international or bilateral players which are strongly committed to disaster risk management and should hold influence on the future EC plans. (4.1.3). At Caribbean level: CARIFORUM Task Force on Disaster Management created in 2005 is on the point of having its first meeting. The Association of Caribbean States Special Committee on Natural Disasters, established in 1999, is credited for several achievements and meetings. Both high level mechanisms are perceived to be necessary and useful political forum but not effective to generate or implement collaborative initiatives or projects, be they technical or operational. The Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA, formerly CDERA) was established in September 1991 by an Agreement of the Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM. It is responsible for disaster management. There are presently 18 Participating States including Haiti and Dominican Republic 1. In the nearly two decades of its existence, CDEMA has been instrumental in the remarkable progresses in the English speaking Caribbean. It is highly respected by its ACP members. However, UK OCT express some reservation regarding the allocation of external resources while Dutch territories do question the potential interest of their joining. The issue is not for consideration in the OR due to the highly centralized nature of Security and Protection in France, a regalien State prerogative which is not delegable to regions. One additional Caribbean disaster management mechanism needs mentioning: The Caribbean Disaster Response Unit (CDRU). The concept behind CDRU is close to the EU vision of a Caribbean response capacity. However, it is a virtual unit as it consists of a stand by list of 20 volunteers from Police or armed forces across the English Speaking Caribbean and has no resources or logistical capacity of its own. It is overseen by CDEMA. 1 Anguilla, Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands. FINAL REPORT iv

5 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Other agencies such as the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), the Caribbean Meteorological Organization (CMO), the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH), the Regional Security Services (RSS) and the soon to be created Caribbean Regional Public Health Agency have each a specialized and critical role to play and a contribution to offer. There is also an effective presence of key international organizations in the field of disaster management: the main ones are the International federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies (and some European and American societies), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) with its Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Many donors offer a direct technical guidance and support in addition to their funding. The one with more seniority is the US Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) who is directly managing a program of disaster preparedness sustained for over 30 years in the Caribbean. DFID, CIDA, ECHO all have a clear and shared vision of the disaster management needs and a profound understanding of the Caribbean. Finally, three financial institutions are present: The World Bank and its Global facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR) that finances disaster management capacity building in several countries; the Inter American Development Bank (IADB) with similar priorities and the Caribbean Development Bank that tends to focus on building large infrastructure (levees, etc...). In brief, there is large number of counterparts and interlocutors agencies. Donor coordination is a difficult challenge that the UN is attempting to provide through its disaster management Donors Groups. The projects and initiatives For the period , a total of 128 projects with potential relevance have been identified, 46 at inter-country level and a surprising higher number at country level (82). The statistical analysis of those projects and initiatives (4.1.4) bring some interesting observations: Out of a total of M 322.3, 76% (245.5 MM ) are for single-country projects. This latter amount may be misleading as 15 country projects totaling over 193 M are in fact loans for infrastructure reconstruction leaving only around 52 M for pre-disaster civil protection activities. The total for the 46 inter-country projects is 76.9M 2. This amount does not include the substantial contribution from the US Government estimated at around USD 4M in Fiscal Year and others which may have been overlooked by the consultants. These regional projects are exclusively for prevention and preparedness. 2 The CCRIF, the Risk Insurance Facility, is not included in the analysis or the totals but it is listed in the inventory in annex as it is a model of collective venture. The budget is USD 50M. 3 USOFDA and SouthCom were not available due to their involvement in the Haiti response. No satisfactory documentation was available for the Caribbean. FINAL REPORT v

6 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Therefore, an estimated combined amount of 130M was allocated for prevention and preparedness over an average period of 5 Y. It may appear very important but it is negligible compared to the relief assistance provided to the Caribbean during this period: in 2008, USD 148M and in 2010 (Haiti earthquake) near USD 2.5 billion. Who is benefitting most from the regional projects? CDEMA Member Countries (ACP and 4 OCTs) are first, followed by the French ORs. Dutch OCTs are benefitting in a very modest extent. This provides some support to the concern of those OCT to be somewhat overlooked by the international donors. What do the projects do? The regional and national projects focus more frequently on general capacity building, a catch all concept, which is a dominant feature in many projects titles. From the regional projects, 10 are exclusively offering capacity building without evidence of a technically more focused area of interest (Other technical areas are risk or vulnerability assessment, public awareness, early warning systems, logistics, planning, emergency response, recovery). Logistic support, the most needed and expensive component is almost totally overlooked. Of concern is the finding that a significant number of regional projects not only attempt serving up to 18 countries (CDEMA members) or even 29 (the whole Caribbean) but are also attending 4 or 5 of the technical fields. It is a fine spraying of resource unlikely to have a substantive impact. Initiatives of special interest: A few successful initiatives merit special mention for their relevance to the objectives of the mission: a) INTERREG IV with its focus on the regions and the new COM (communities d outre mer); b) DIPECHO, the disaster preparedness arm of DG ECHO established in 1996 with its considerable knowledge of weakness and strength in disaster management in the Caribbean; c) US/OFDA and South Com programs for their decades long support to Emergency Operations centres, the training of search and rescue and CDRU teams and the capacity building for disaster coordination and information management; d) The R31project funded by EC has for prime objective to address the risk and exposure of the small island OCTs by developing in the OCTs the capacity, knowledge and tools on which a comprehensive disaster management (CDM) cycle can be founded 4. It is one of the few cross sector opportunities for Netherlands OCT to interface with others 5 ; e) The Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) 6 launched by UNDP in 2004 to build capacity across the Caribbean region for the management of climate-related risk. It 4 From the project document. As noted in this document, the comprehensive disaster management (CDM) cycle includes planning and preparing for, responding to, recovering from and mitigating against hazards of all kinds. It is worthwhile noting the adoption of Caribbean terminology in an EC project of the overall strategy towards the integration of OCT and ORs in the Caribbean. 5 Netherlands OCT are also participating to projects implemented by IFRC and PAHO. 6 Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) FINAL REPORT vi

7 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms facilitates knowledge networking and south-south cooperation in the wider Caribbean region and is implemented in the English, French and Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Gaps and duplications First, there is little room for major duplication. At regional level, CDEMA maintains a very tight coordination of projects implemented by other agencies and at national level, all projects are channelled or overseen by the national disaster coordinators. The need for support is such that donors and agencies have little difficulty to avoid overlapping. The problem would, in the contrary, a tendency to dispersion whereby not enough resources are assigned long enough to make a sustainable difference. The report is analysing in depth the technical gaps which may attract EU interest. The result can be summarized as follows: 1. Risk and vulnerability assessment: All countries have developed capacity for basic risk mapping. The problems are first the resolution of the maps (from a basic national map to detailed high resolution neighbourhood maps) and second the culture to use those maps to guide decisions. At technical level, all countries have basic Geographic Information systems (GIS). However, compatibility is an issue as the Dutch, English and OR cannot exchange data. 2. Public awareness is, as noted in the analysis, a very popular objective. It is however not the most effective topic to foster coordination between national governments. It is a topic which is best addressed locally. 3. Early Warning Systems: On the hydrologic and climatologic side, a great step has taken with the EU funding of four weather radars but much remain to be done to reach a Caribbean wide EWS. This is an area, highly technical, of potential interest for EU involvement. EWS is not limited to cyclones and hydrological hazards. A topic of actuality is the tsunami alert network. Significant funding has been approved and spent on the scientific side. What to do once a tsunami alert is issued by scientists remains undetermined, especially for a Caribbean earthquake with around half an hour of lead time. 4. Contingency planning: For the last two decades, the Caribbean has been encouraged to produce a large number of written plans. Their effectiveness is still doubtful when it is not the end result of a capacity building exercise. Enough attention is given to this issue. 5. Logistic support: If there is major weakness in the Caribbean, it is not in the human resources but in the logistic support for the response. This is not addressed in any significant scale by donors. Developing a transport and warehouse capacity exclusively for emergencies would be warmly received but it is a very expensive and probably not cost-effective use of limited resources. 6. Emergency response: It includes improving coordination skill, post disaster needs assessment and development of information systems (based on the same principle than the MIC). These activities have been developed by US/OFDA and the US military up to a modest level. There is a need for further strengthening the emergency operations centres at country level and transforming the CDRU in a real capacity for rapid response. As indicated, it is presently a virtual facility without resources. Search & Recue and FINAL REPORT vii

8 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms coordinated medical response are two areas of emergency response preparedness where a need and opportunity have been identified to further the objectives of the EU initiative. In all, four technical projects are outlined in annex Finally the return to normality is receiving a significant attention, although never to the level of the needs. A major initiative in early recovery would bring little benefit for the integration of the OR/OCT. Conclusions The Caribbean is a complex environment. The assumed similarities in risk and vulnerability are just appearances. Fostering coordination and cooperation for their own sake is not a practical alternative. Our interlocutors repeatedly indicated that additional coordination meetings are not welcome unless they are focused and the result of a program addressing their preoccupations. The point is that preoccupations and priorities of national disaster coordinators do differ much from country to country or better said from sub region to sub region. Existing coordination mechanisms in ACS and CARIFORUM are not regarded as being more than forum, useful but with limited potential for improving concretely the capacity of the members. That is not to say that there is no coordination in the Caribbean. There is but at sub regional level. CDEMA coordination effort is outstanding in spite of this agency s many shortcomings. It is limited strictly to and for its members. Coordination within Netherlands territories is done in some extent by Netherlands while the ORs are definitely part of a hierarchical vertical structure. There is not much communication between those groups. When there is dialogue, like in St Martin/St Maarten, it does not translate into joint planning and operations. The proposed platform itself has been received by CDEMA members with a melange of scepticism and apprehension: Scepticism for the undefined but ambitious sounding description of the initiative and apprehension that, indeed, a larger platform or perhaps agency may ultimately weaken their organization. The difference of terminology (civil protection on one side and comprehensive disaster management on the other) contributed to this misperception. From the many interviews, it is clear that a Caribbean-wide coordination is desirable and feasible. However, coordination will only take place at the operational level of national disaster programs if there is an added value, a concrete benefit for their activities, in skills, knowledge or capacity. There is a disillusion about grand schemes and international meetings. The cooperation has to start with and crystallize around a few technical assistance areas perceived by most as in their immediate and long term interest; five thematic areas have been identified: 1) Search and rescue capacity; 2) Medical and public health coordination and support; 3) Development of the EOCs with input from the MIC; 4) Operational strengthening of the CDRU; and 5) Integration of EWS at regional level. FINAL REPORT viii

9 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms The countries and more precisely their disaster offices have to be the owners... but who should be the implementers and recipient of the EC funding? The consultants believe that CDEMA is not ready to assume, in the short term, a Pan-Caribbean responsibility. It first should change its structure and procedures and culture to serve more than their present mostly English speaking members. The addition of Haiti and Suriname in CDEMA membership is providing some impetus and experience in this regard. ACS and CARIFORUM have a role of oversight, preferably jointly to avoid conflicting messages but not in the implementation of a program. Both mechanisms (task force and committee) are not operating as effectively as could be expected. However, their role should not be overlooked. EU should, within the framework of a program, provide support to ensure that this high level of dialogue continue to take place. Ultimately, the cooperation cannot and should not be limited to the topics selected among the five suggested by the consultants. The consultants see the need for a small pilot project to test the limits and assess the nature of the obstacles towards an operational coordination among OR, OCT (across cultural and linguistic barriers). The structure of a program with four pillars is summarized in the box below. A programme for a Caribbean Disaster Management Coordination should consist of four pillars: I. Selected thematic medium term interventions aiming to concretely demonstrate the feasibility and tangible benefits of a Caribbean coordination in specific topics such as Search and rescue, Medical and public health preparedness, strengthening of EOCs and/or of the CDRU or integration of Early Warning Systems; II. Political and material support to and accompaniment of CDEMA, should they decide to transform into a truly Caribbean wide institution; III. Material support to both the CARIFORUM and ACS to use more effectively and convene more regularly their respective taskforce or committee; IV. A pilot project in St Martin/St Maarten and Anguilla to promote an operational coordination/integration and test its institutional limits. The implementation responsibility of all those components or pillars of a programme should be divided among the agencies with mandate and competence according to the topic(s) selected. Some suggestions are offered in the report. The overall management and coordination should ideally remain in the hands of the EC on the model of the DIPECHO program with a strong field technical presence and support, located in Barbados. FINAL REPORT ix

10 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Recommendations Based on those findings and conclusions, the consultants offer the following recommendations: General Recommendations The European Union should recognize that, although Caribbean countries share many factors in common, there is a considerable diversity of not only culture, language and economy but also in terms of hazards exposure and vulnerability that the Caribbean platform will need to address. The Platform should address the perceived needs and concerns of the key Caribbean interlocutors: namely the National Disaster Coordinators in charge of the counterpart agency to the civil protection in Europe. To address those needs, the EC should convene a technical level meeting of all disaster coordinators, where this report, in whole or in part, accompanied by a draft work plan, is debated and amended accordingly. The EC should adjust the scope of the platform to a realistic estimation of the potential resources available over a sustained period of time. The platform should focus on few thematic areas of general interest rather than replicating the dispersed approach observed in many ongoing initiatives. The EC should recognize the collective progress made in the Caribbean, in particular through the CDM developed by the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA), as well as the many successful initiatives by other main donors. The Platform should build on those achievements through consultation and involvement of all key donors and agencies. Programmatic Recommendations The EC should consider a sustained programme comprising four main pillars: 1. A technical pillar to provide technical and concrete services demonstrating to the national disaster coordinators and the high level authorities the benefit of a more comprehensive platform; 2. Technical and political support to transform CDEMA into a genuinely Pan Caribbean Agency, should they wish so; 3. Support to ACS and CARIFORUM specialized disaster forum to clarify and fulfil their role, avoiding duplications; 4. A smaller pilot project to test the limits of integrating civil protection capacities in St Martin/St Maarten and Anguilla. The EC should select one or more technical areas where it can provide a significant, concrete and visible contribution and assume a leadership among the following: 1. Developing a collective mid weight urban search and rescue capacity; 2. Improving the Caribbean medical and public health response capacity to disasters; 3. Strengthening further the Emergency Operations Centres in all countries in particular in the field of information management; FINAL REPORT x

11 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 4. Strengthening the Caribbean Disaster Response Unit and expanding its scope and geographical coverage; 5. Developing an integrated EWS at Regional level, strengthening the Coordination between National Hydro-Meteorological Services and the civil protection. The EC should carefully assess the applicability to the Caribbean of the lessons learned by establishing the European Monitoring Information centre (MIC) as this successful initiative cannot be transposed easily in this region, at the present stage. Policy Recommendations The EC should encourage CDEMA Council to change progressively the agency by-laws, structure and culture to enable it to ultimately serve as the prime disaster agency for the entire Caribbean. Meanwhile, the implementing responsibility for the technical projects of the platform should be entrusted to partners with the mandate and experience. EC support to CDEMA (pillar 2) should be included in the programme. The EC should provide encouragement and support to the CARIFORUM Task Force on Disaster Management and the OECS Special Committee on Natural disasters to meet and fulfil their role as high level forum. A joint meeting of both mechanisms should be considered to ensure complementarities and reach a common approach to disaster risk reduction and ownership of the Platform initiative. Administrative Recommendations The EC should ensure that the various funds and mechanisms likely to be used are supporting the platform in a coherent, homogenous and coordinated manner. The diversity of rules, regulations and eligibility should contribute to a unique programme for all ACP, OCT and OR. The EC should regard the establishment of a civil protection Platform in the Caribbean as a long term commitment and establish a sustainable programme to promote and support this initiative. The EC should select implementing technical partners based on their geographical mandate and experience in the selected topic. However, EC should maintain close technical and managerial supervision and coordination of all pillars and thematic projects. For this purpose, it should establish a small coordinating / management unit based in Barbados. Operating rules and procedures should be as flexible as possible on the model of those actually adopted by DG ECHO. FINAL REPORT xi

12 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Table of Contents Executive summary...ii Table of Contents... xii Acronyms... xiv 1 Introduction Political / institutional framework Background of the initiative EU context The birth of Disaster Management in the Caribbean Methodology Understanding the ToR and use of terminology General mission organization Meetings with EC and member states Review of literature and projects documents Field Visits Limitations of the assignment Findings State of Play Caribbean vulnerability Existing national institutions Caribbean institutions or mechanisms International institutions or mechanisms Analysis of projects Major regional initiatives and projects Strengths and weaknesses or gaps / duplications Hazard and Risk Assessment Public Awareness Early Warning Systems (EWS) Contingency Planning Logistic / transport capacity Emergency Response FINAL REPORT xii

13 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Recovery return to normalcy General capacity building and training Conclusions The Caribbean approach to disaster management Caribbean diversity Comprehensive disaster management Present Coordination efforts The contribution of Cuba The platform perception in the Caribbean The international assistance Projects Donors A pragmatic approach Caribbean partners NON Caribbean organizations Requirements for successful implementation Recommendations General Recommendations Programmatic Recommendations Policy Recommendations Administrative Recommendations Acknowledgments Annexes FINAL REPORT xiii

14 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Acronyms ACP ACS AECID AWS BCPR BRGM CARICOM CARPHA CBRN CCCCC CCDRMF CDEMA CDM CDRU CECIS CIDA CP CRED CRMI DANA DCS DFID DG DIREN DRR EC ECDGDM ECHO EDF EOC EPA ERDF EWS FEDER FTS GFDRR GIS GOES GPRS GSM IADB IFRC African Caribbean Pacific countries Association of Caribbean States Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para Desarrollo (Spanish Development Cooperation Agency) Automatic Weather Stations Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery Bureau de Recherche Géologique et Minière (Fr) Caribbean Community Caribbean Regional Public Health Agency Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (incidents) Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre Canada Caribbean Disaster Risk Management Fund Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (formerly CDERA) Comprehensive Disaster Management CARICOM Disaster Response Unit Common Emergency Communication and Information System Canadian International Development Agency Civil Protection Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels Caribbean Risk Management Initiative Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis Data Collection System Department for International Development (UK) Direction General (EC) Direction Régionale de l Environnement (Fr) Disaster Risk Reduction European Commission Eastern Caribbean Donor Group on Disaster Management DG on Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection European Development Fund Emergency Operations Centre Environmental Protection Agency European Regional Development Fund (FEDER in French) Early Warning Systems See ERDF Financial Tracking System (OCHA) Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (World Bank) Geographic Information System Geostationary Operation Environmental Satellite(s) General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile Inter American Development Bank International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies FINAL REPORT xiv

15 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms INSARAG IPGP ISDR JICA LRRD MIC NESDIS NMHS NMS NOAA OCHA OCT OECS OR OVSG - M PAE PAHO PCDPP PDNA RA RSS UNDP UNESCO UNICEF UNISDR US/OFDA UWI WB WFP International Search and Rescue Advisory Group Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction Japan International Cooperation Agency Links between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Monitoring Information Centre (European civil protection mechanism) National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service National Hydro - Meteorological Services National Meteorological Services National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration UN Office for coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Overseas Country and Territories (PTOM in French) Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Outermost Regions (RUP in French) Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique (Guadeloupe Martinique) Public Awareness and Education (Thematic area) Pan American Health Organization Pan Caribbean Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Programme Post Disaster Needs Assessment Risk (and Vulnerability) Assessment (Thematic Area) Regional Security System United Nations Development Programme United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization United Nations Children s Fund United Nations. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction United States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance University of West Indies The World Bank World Food Programme FINAL REPORT xv

16 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 1 Introduction 1.1 Political / institutional framework Background of the initiative On 9 June 2008, France organised a ministerial meeting bringing together the six Member States that have OCTs or ORs (FR, NL, DK, the U.K, ES and PT) and the respective European Commissioners. According to the conclusions of this meeting, a pilot project will be launched to promote regional cooperation OCT/OR/CP in the Caribbean. The establishment of a regional platform for civil protection was chosen for this pilot project because it concerns all African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) and Outermost Regions (ORs) in the Caribbean and presents a major challenge in terms of coordination in view of the broad range of existing initiatives and the different actors involved in the field of civil protection in this region. 7 The objective of the platform is to develop better coordination between the existing initiatives and the different actors involved in civil protection in the Caribbean and builds on the actions carried out under the European Mechanism of civil protection. In addition, the platform will help to identify current gaps to determine additional measures needed, in particular: 1. Develop detailed knowledge of the exposure to the disasters and the current response capacities in the region; 2. Strengthen the existing measures of disaster prevention and preparation at national and local level; 3. Improve the response capacities of the actors concerned, to render them more coordinated, effective and efficient; 4. Improve awareness-raising and information to the population regarding the exposure to risks, prevention, preparation and the response in the event of disaster; 5. Strengthen collaboration between key actors involved in civil protection; and 6. Inform the ACP States, OCTs, and ORs on the European Mechanism of civil protection in order to allow a more regular exchange of information and a closer cooperation among themselves in the event of disaster. At a meeting held on 14 May 2009, around 50 representatives from Caribbean countries, overseas countries territories and outermost regions in the Caribbean met in Barbados for the 7 The Caribbean ACP countries are the following: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. The Caribbean OCTs are the following: Anguilla, Aruba, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands and the Netherlands Antilles consisting of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Eustatius and St. Maarten. The Caribbean Outermost Regions are the following: French Guyana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Bartholomew and St. Martin. FINAL REPORT 1

17 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms first time to explore such possibilities. The conclusions and a draft declaration were presented at the Regional Symposium on Services convened by CARICOM in Antigua on 18 July EU context This initiative should be seen in the broader context of the evolving relationship between the EU and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT), the global Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategy and the development of a European civil protection mechanism. The future relationship between the OCTs has been the subject of intense debate where a more balanced and distinct approach based on mutual benefit rather than the traditional provision of development aid is being debated. A Green Paper sparked a broad public discussion on a number of essential questions regarding any substantial modernisation of the OCT-EC association, so that the Commission will eventually be able to determine the appropriate policy response on best possible informed basis, with the objective of defining a new long-term strategy for the association of the OCTs with the Community, which will fully or partly replace the current one when the present Overseas Association Decision expires on 31 December The global concept of Disaster Risk Reduction resulting from the Hyogo Framework for Action adopted in the World Conference in 2005 defines DRR as: "Actions taken to reduce the risk of disasters and the adverse impacts of natural hazards, through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causes of disasters, including through avoidance of hazards, reduced social and economic vulnerability to hazards, and improved preparedness for adverse events". This approach has been formally endorsed by the EU as its own strategy for developing countries. 9 The Community Mechanism for Civil protection was established by the Council Decision of 23 October A Recast of this Council Decision was adopted on 8 November Its mission is to facilitate co-operation in civil protection assistance interventions in the event of major emergencies which may require urgent response actions within as well as outside the EU Member States. It has several tools considered of interest for the objectives of this study: The Monitoring and Information Centre (MIC) is the operational heart of the Mechanism. It is accessible 24 hours a day. It gives countries access to a platform, to a one-stop-shop of means available amongst all the participating states. Any country inside or outside the Union affected by a major disaster can make an appeal for assistance through the MIC. It also provides useful and updated information on the actual status of an ongoing emergency. Last but not least, the MIC plays a co-ordination role by matching offers of assistance put forward by participating states to the needs of the disaster-stricken country. 8 COM(2008) 383 final GREEN PAPER: Future relations between the EU and the Overseas Countries and Territories. 9 DRR in EU docs COM(2009) 84 final EU STRATEGY FOR SUPPORTING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FINAL REPORT 2

18 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms The Common Emergency and Information System (CECIS) is a reliable web-based alert and notification application created with the intention of facilitating emergency communication among the participating states. Its access is restricted for security reasons. Finally, on 27 and 28 November 2008, the Council adopted a series of conclusions concerning civil protection. The purpose of these conclusions was to strengthen relations between the European Union and the United Nations concerning the capacity to respond to disasters, to introduce European training in disaster management, and to enhance civil protection capabilities by means of a European mutual assistance system building on a modular approach to civil protection The birth of Disaster Management in the Caribbean The three-decade history of international efforts towards disaster management in the Caribbean may offer valuable lessons for a pilot project of civil protection between ACP, OCT and OR. In 1979, an international workshop was convened in Saint Lucia to review the status of disaster preparedness in the Pan-Caribbean (a concept with the same geographical coverage as the present initiative). The dismal diagnosis led the international community to launch, one year later, the Pan Caribbean Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Project. Its objectives were to provide technical support and services in preparedness and prevention; to demonstrate the benefits of those activities; to stimulate commitment from the participating countries or territories, and incite the creation of a formal Caribbean Organization. Its Management Committee included countries (on a rotating basis) and the donors, among them the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), the European Economic Mission, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the United States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (USOFDA), the League (now International Federation) of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), the United Nations and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) 10. As early as in 1984, the Management Committee included A Permanent Regional Disaster Preparedness Mechanism as an item of its agenda. In 1990, with CARICOM progress towards the establishment of this mechanism, the Management Committee terminated this project. In 1991, CARICOM established the Caribbean Disaster Response Agency (CDERA) for its member States. In summary, twelve years of joint interagency efforts were required and instrumental to institutionalize coordinated disaster management in the cohesive environment of CARICOM. 10 All these agencies remain leading actors in this field today. FINAL REPORT 3

19 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 2 Methodology 2.1 Understanding the ToR and use of terminology As clearly established by the ToR, the general objective of the study is to... assess the actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in order to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement in the coordination between OCT, the ORs and the ACP countries making up CARIFORUM, as well as with other donors. Of the same importance is the ultimate specific objective: to give recommendations on how to strengthen the capacity of relevant actors in the field of civil protection and on how to improve the coordination mechanisms and structures in the region. Under this statement, the experts (as well as any interlocutor they would meet) understand that the EU intends to contribute to address some of the gaps to be identified while avoiding duplications with recent or ongoing projects or programmes. A key point is terminology : What does civil protection cover in the context of the Caribbean? Most of the EC documents dealing with non-eu countries refer usually to terms such as risk reduction, disaster management, prevention, and preparedness rather than civil protection. How broad is the concept of prevention in the context of the ToR? For this mission, it does not cover development oriented measures such as land use management and building codes development, areas traditionally included in the term. It is limited to protective measures adopted when a warning or alert is issued. Another concept is return to normalcy which for this mission is understood to cover early recovery and the linkage of relief and rehabilitation to development, not the reconstruction or interim phase. In order to avoid possible misunderstanding, the team adopts the global United Nations Disaster Reduction Strategy (UNISDR) Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction (2009) 11, as the common vocabulary also used while conducting the interviews with reference spokespersons in the countries. For convenience of the readers, the selected glossary of terms is attached in annex 7.2. Since the term civil protection as such was not included in the above UNISDR terminology, the definition given in the ToR is therefore adopted as all the civil actions intended to anticipate and respond to emergencies via the provision of assistance to a population adversely affected by natural disasters or disasters of human origin. Figure 1 illustrates the comparative scope of civil protection within the traditional cycle of disaster management or risk reduction. The UN agency responsible for each phase is indicated in brackets. In real life, the borders between phases are grey and considerable overlapping may take 11 FINAL REPORT 4

20 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms place between humanitarian relief and early recovery and between early recovery and reconstruction. Figure 1 Disaster Cycle IMPACT and RELIEF (OCHA) Preparedness- early warning (UNDP) Early Recovery (UNDP) Prevention (UNDP) Reconstruction (World Bank) Under this definition, fully shared by the Consultants Team, actions and initiatives involve several phases, from risk prevention, disaster preparedness, crisis management, the reaction to the consequences of disaster and the return to normality, and the planning of the various actions concerned. All these issues project by project were analyzed and assessed, up to the possible extent, while examining the strengths and weaknesses of existing (i.e. ongoing and planned) initiatives and capacities in the field of civil protection and identifying (among others) gaps of coverage in the area of disaster prevention, preparedness and response capacity (ToR, 2.3). 2.2 General mission organization The team of experts was constituted by four experts with experience in international disaster management ranging from 11 to 40 years. The team offers a broad range of backgrounds from a health professional with extensive cross sector experience, an environmental professional with economic and business credentials, a statistician with a post graduate in philosophy and an architect specialized in risk reduction. The assignment has taken place in three subsequent phases: a) Preliminary phase, starting approximately on 25 January 2010 and ending on 15 February. It included meetings in Brussels with EC members; meetings with member states (France, United Kingdom and Netherlands); initial collection and review of documents (obtained from EC, member states or searching the web); preparation and submission of the Inception Report and the preparation of field missions meetings. FINAL REPORT 5

21 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms b) Field visits, from 16 February to 14 March, with a few days of fluctuation for the single consultants, as a consequence of available flights, local holidays and availability of key interlocutors. Country visits were distributed as follows: Consultant N 1 Dr. Claude de Ville de Goyet (Team Leader.): Barbados, Martinique, St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe, Cuba; Consultant N 2 Dr. Gianni Crema: Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, BVI, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Belize; Consultant N 3: Dr. Carlos Lecaros Zavala: St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, French Guyana, Dominica; Consultant N 4: Dr. Linda Zilbert Soto: Anguilla, Netherland Antilles; Aruba, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos; Bahamas, Bermuda. During the field missions, the Interim Report was prepared and submitted to the EC according to ToR s schedule. c) Final stage (16 31 March), for the analysis of the data and results, discussions among consultants and preparation of the present Final Report. 258 interviews were held by the consultant team in 32 countries, 36 in Europe and 222 in the Caribbean. The table 1 shows the distribution of the persons interviewed by agency. Table 1 Persons interviewed Type of interlocutors Number EC (HQ or field) or Officials in Member States 48 ACP, OCT or OR s national Officials 116 Representatives of agencies and donors 94 TOTAL 258 The full list (annex 7.7) indicates that most of them were top-level officials (with no exception in the case of civil protection agencies). This is reflecting the high expectations (and occasionally apprehension) of the interlocutors regarding this EU pilot project. 128 projects were selected for inclusion in the inventory and review. This capillary work allowed a widespread view of the in-country organization, distribution of competences, level of cooperation at Regional or sub-regional level, relations with Regional Authorities like CARICOM or CDEMA, perception of existing gaps to be filled, and so forth. FINAL REPORT 6

22 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 2.3 Meetings with EC and member states Meetings with EC member States were held during the last week of January for Netherlands (Carlos Lecaros and Linda Zilberg), first week of February for France (Claude de Ville de Goyet) and during the second week of February for the UK (Gianni Crema). Reports on meetings were annexed to the Inception Report. The interviews were of essential help for the consultants to have an initial knowledge of local realities (mainly focused but not limited to OTC / OR), understand the actual level of integration in the overall Caribbean Region, the difference in policies for civil protection or disaster management CP / DM and (as far as possible) further actions envisaged by any of the member states and each of the territories directly or indirectly under their influence. 2.4 Review of literature and projects documents The project required the review of or at least the acquaintance with a large number of documents, of general or specific contents, sourced by the EC, the web or directly endorsed by local representatives of visited institutions. The annex 7.8 lists the most important documents consulted by the consultants (received or downloaded from the Internet). All together, the collected relevant literature (234 documents) may easily add up to a few thousands of pages that were impossible to review in depth or even individually analyze by the consultant team in the allotted time. An attentive screening was however performed over the majority of received or retrieved documents, to understand their importance and where necessary extract / compare / process the basic information. The consultants are aware that this part of the work remains inadequate, and part of even important elements may have been omitted because of time constraints. Special treatment was given to projects documents. Restrictive criteria were initially developed for the eligibility of the projects in our review. Rapidly, the criteria have been broadened to include land marking initiatives terminated few years ago but leaving a permanent asset in the countries. Criteria for selection and analysis are listed in annex Projects factsheets Annex Field Visits The organization of field visits was already reported in the above paragraph. We now wish to emphasize the following key elements: Travelling in the Caribbean has taken close to half the time assigned to the field visits. Some islands are particularly difficult to access from the rest of the Caribbean (Bermuda, Cuba among others). Arranging meetings in 28 countries / territories has been a time consuming undertaking. Following a difficult identification process of who is who in every country and FINAL REPORT 7

23 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms organization, more than one month before the actual visits, notice was sent to Focal Points (representatives / coordinators of emergency offices) in each country / territory explaining the purpose of the visit with a tentative agenda to be discussed. In spite of past misperceptions regarding the proposed platform by some Caribbean officials, the EC mission was received positively, although occasionally in the last minute, under the common understanding by interviewees that EC was preparing a new (and welcome) investment plan in the area. That a study was carried out before the decision making was highly appreciated. Due to time constraints, interviews in larger countries were unfortunately limited to only part of the actors playing directly or indirectly a role in the fields subjects of the study. Priority was given, in all cases, to EU local delegations including ECHO, Caribbean agencies such as CDEMA, CARICOM, ACS and others, civil protection / disaster management agencies; relief or humanitarian organizations like the Red Cross or a few NGOs; the UN agencies active for the coordination of important projects such as UNDP or PAHO and technical institutions actually or potentially active for the preparedness / prevention of natural disasters such as the National Meteorological Offices. Visits were also paid to alternative funding agencies also active in this field such as the international financial institutions or bilateral cooperation offices such as CIDA, the French, UK or Dutch cooperation and others. Little spare time was available for contacts with scientific and academic institutions such as the University of West Indies or the Université des Antilles et de la Guyane where interesting projects and initiatives are carried out. Not all stakeholders could be available in the precise dates assigned for every country. All the interviews were conducted using a semi-structured approach (check list of points to discuss allowing shifting to other issues of interest according to the interlocutor). Although it is not a formal evaluation, the principle of triangulation (triple checking everything of significance) was applied in the extent possible. 2.6 Limitations of the assignment The major constraint for the present assignment was the shortness of time allowed for the overall study, and as a consequence to each one of the Caribbean countries, regions or territories visited by the consultant team. As indicated, a significant part of the time was on travel status. Scheduling travel between two neighbouring islands is more complex than between distant European capitals. There was little margin for surprises and delays (fortunately a manageable occurrence in this mission). Official stay in any country ranged from a few hours to 3.5 working days. As a result, interviews focused on national or international governmental agencies at the expense of the civil society and community level. The preparation of meetings, fixing the appointments with high level interlocutors (with almost zero flexibility from the consultant s side) and logistic were definitely a challenge which has been actually met. FINAL REPORT 8

24 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Terminology issues were not a mere problem of semantic. Translating the European concept of civil protection into the Caribbean framework of Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) or the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) was the source of possible misunderstandings and miscommunications with our interlocutors. The very broad scope of the study prevented in depth focus. Although the Civil Protection working definition is narrower than the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) approach, it still required a very comprehensive multi-sector range of contacts in agencies involved with risk assessment and vulnerability mapping, hazards monitoring and forecast capacity to humanitarian aids or from health programmes to the availability of advanced remote sensing or communication systems. Not all bilateral donors or NGOs actually or potentially involved in CP type activities were met every time in every country and assessment of the true relevance of projects (most of which of potential importance) was not conducted at optimal level. The lack of documentary evidence was an additional constraint in the inventorying of projects and initiatives. Full project document with progress or final reports were not often made available. The occurrences when information on a project was verbally communicated and documents promised the next day by are too many to tally. Although a significant number of interlocutors ultimately shared their data after some follow up reminders (mostly donor agencies, European authorities, UNDP and PAHO), many failed to deliver forcing the consultants to fill in the gaps form alternate sources when possible. The shortcoming might be more critical in projects or initiatives still in the negotiating stage, a domain where transparency was at its lowest. Finally, the earthquake in Haiti had a significant but manageable impact on the study. On the one hand, it sensitized most of the interlocutors to shortcoming of coordination and the potential contribution of the EU initiative. Interlocutors provided us with a valuable insight on the problems faced by the Caribbean or international response and guided us towards some of the conclusions and recommendations in this report. On the other hand, some of the key bilateral actors and their regional offices were unavailable for meetings or even telephone briefings (USOFDA for instance in Costa Rica) as they were constantly in Haiti or dealing with the response. Information on the sustained US efforts in civil protection in the Caribbean and in particular Search and Rescue was obtained from local OFDA employees, indirect sources or the web. The longstanding familiarity of the team leader with US assistance content and strategy was also valuable. The draft report was shared with OFDA regional office offering an opportunity for reaction and comments. Regarding other relief actors, the earthquake in Haiti has been not affected significantly the fact finding. The conclusions reached and the corresponding recommendations, although based on imperfect documentation, reflect many hours of conversation with knowledgeable and dedicated Caribbean nationals and representatives from the international community. They represent to the consultant s opinion an important reference for the future actions of the EC. FINAL REPORT 9

25 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Gaps left behind can be filled with country-by-country or even case-by-case additional investigations that could easily be executed by the EU Delegations with limited Consultant s help. FINAL REPORT 10

26 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 3.1 State of Play Caribbean vulnerability 3 Findings a) Hazards, risk and vulnerability A hazard ( a given threat that has the potential to adversely impact humans and/or the environment 12 ) is an indication of a potential risk, but its effects on population and the economy (i.e. the vulnerability) greatly depend on many factors from the existence of prevention measures (codes, land use zoning, economic level, ) and the country preparedness (including warning systems). Haiti and Bahamas may share the same hazard (cyclone) but certainly not the same vulnerability. Most hazards are natural 13 and keep the Caribbean in a permanent state of vulnerability and risk. They are: Climatic: hurricanes, storms Volcanic: ashes, gases Seismic: earthquakes and tsunami Hydrological: coastal erosion, sea level rise, flood, storm surge, droughts Others such as fires, landslides Technological hazards are not frequent and therefore not particularly well attended. A study by CDERA (now CDEMA) in shows the relationship between hazard type and vulnerable sectors. Two additional points deserve attention: the wide variety of exposure within the Caribbean, the balance between minor and frequent emergency and the rare but real risk of major catastrophe. b) Diversity of risk and vulnerability In general, the whole Caribbean is threatened by the same climatic phenomena but not in the same extent. The threat may be occasional or causing damage more than once a year. Some, as the continental countries and Curacao for instance may not regard cyclones and storms as a major concern. 12 University of Colorado, natural Hazard Risk Assessment for the State of Colorado, Haiti is a notable exception 14 CDERA (December 2003). "Status of Hazards Maps, Vulnerability Assessments and Digital Maps in the Caribbean: Final Report"; pp FINAL REPORT 11

27 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Earthquakes will occur mostly where the faults are located. Again, for some countries, the risk is not regarded as sufficiently credible (and imminent) for political action. Floods are a common risk but the nature of flooding and their consequences will differ greatly: from slow flooding in the Amazons due to a far away excess of precipitations to the flash floods caused by local storms in hilly islands. There is some commonality of risks but the underlying diversity should not be overlooked. Even when risks are shared, vulnerabilities as indicated earlier differ widely. c) Frequency versus intensity What deserve more attention: the small but recurrent disasters or the rare but catastrophic event? Fact is that the cumulative impact of small recurrent disasters over decades has been shown to be greater than that from the one-century event. The position of the countries varies greatly. Most are acknowledging the importance of preparing for the major disasters but are overwhelmed by the demands (preparedness and response) of frequent or seasonal occurrences: such as floods, droughts, fires, landslides, etc. Others, generally economically more advanced will invest in informing and preparing for rare but potentially major disasters, especially earthquakes. There is, in the consultants opinion, an excessive focus on the most frequent (recurrent) threats, minor or major, that is, the hurricanes for which the level of preparedness (and awareness) is very high compared to earthquakes of large intensity. d) Implication on external assistance and the Platform Some interlocutors raised the issue of criteria (and equity in their opinion) in allocation of resources for civil protection like activities. They feel that minor recurrent occurrences should receive the same if not more attention than major disasters. Regarding the Platform, it is conceived as a collective mechanism for Caribbean response, which de facto will be limited to larger occurrences. Should it be focusing on those disasters currently on the top of the list of the National Disaster Programmes (demand based) or in the contrary concentrate on those remote threats which countries do not or cannot address adequately? Existing national institutions The region presents a mosaic of organisms and mechanisms. There are national bodies such as the Civil Defense, Emergency Management Agencies, Bureau of Crisis Management, Office of Disaster Services, Disaster Management Organizations, Fire Corps, Civil Security and Police Services who have responsibility or are commissioned for the task of Disaster Management/Prevention. They are as diverse as the islands that make up the Caribbean. FINAL REPORT 12

28 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms The first and most important feature is that there is a permanent institution, legally established and with full time personal in all countries or territories, except Bermuda 15. This is, in fact a prerequisite for eligibility to apply for CDEMA membership. The existence of a formal agency counterpart to the civil protection in Europe is the most critical factor for success of an intercountry dialogue and cooperation initiative. Those institutions should be closely involved in its design and develop a sense of ownership. Their similarities and differences relate closely with their administrative and cultural assets. The English speaking ACP and in less extent the UK OCT show flexibility and adaptability while remaining under influence of CDEMA guidelines and US approaches, the two Latin countries (Cuba and Dominican Republic) maintain the continental tradition of Civil Defense and close linkage with the military, the Dutch OCT follow the model of Netherlands (especially in fire department) for reasons more pragmatic than administrative while the French agency remains statutorily centralized with limited (and untested) margin for local adaptation. The frequent occurrence of disasters or emergencies ensured that most of those agencies are reporting to the highest level of government, an achievement that is easier in a small country. Ultimately, coordination of a severe disaster will be assumed directly by the Prime Minister or president (and in the case of some of the UK Territories the Governor) when it does not escape entirely from the national authorities. The scope of responsibilities is relatively homogenous. The majority adopted the Comprehensive Disaster Management strategy by covering the full spectrum of disaster reduction activities including overseeing or even policing the developmental prevention measures (building codes, land use management and zoning). This explains why a few interlocutors perceived the approach of the platform somewhat reductionist. The strength and competence of the National programmes is highly variable. Most suffer from a lack of political support (before a crisis, disaster prevention and preparedness are rarely a priority) resulting in limited human resources (precluding high degree of specialized expertise in small countries) and in some cases a rapid turn-over. There are noticeable exceptions in small Islands: for instance, St Lucia has contracted loans with the World Bank dedicated to strengthening the prevention and preparation prior to disasters while BVI stature of the national programme is recognized across the Caribbean. One of the achievements of CDEMA is its strong and sustained support to the National Disaster Coordinator (NDC) by organizing meetings, channeling funding and boosting their status. CDEMA has recognized that close relationship between the persons in charge (NDC) is a pre-requisite for inter country cooperation and coordination. This approach is exemplary and contributes to the strong loyalty of the NDC to their organization. The details of each national institution are available from the country reports in annex Several reasons explain this peculiarity. First, Bermuda is not part of the Caribbean and is not influenced by trends in this region. Its vulnerability is minimal due to location and type of construction, Bermuda s society is well organized. No severe disaster has tested this part time structure under the police Commissioner. FINAL REPORT 13

29 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Caribbean institutions or mechanisms Several Caribbean mechanisms for inter-country coordination or integration (the vision behind the EU initiative for a civil protection platform) have already been established. There are the Caribbean Disaster management Agency (CDEMA), the CARIFORUM thematic Task Force on Disaster Management and the Special Committee on Natural Disasters of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) 16 This regional inter-governmental agency was established in September 1991 by an Agreement of the Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM to be responsible for disaster management. There are presently 18 participating states within CDERA s membership. 17 CDERA s main function is to make an immediate and coordinated response to any disastrous event affecting every participating state, once the state requests such assistance. Other functions include: Securing, collating and channelling to interested governmental and non-governmental organizations, comprehensive and reliable information on disasters affecting the region; Mitigating or eliminating as far as possible, the consequences of disasters affecting participating states. Establishing and maintaining on a sustainable basis, adequate disaster response capabilities among participating states; and Mobilizing and coordinating disaster relief from governmental and non-governmental organizations for affected participating states. CDEMA Council, which is the policy making body, comprised the Heads of Government of the participating states and meets annually to review the work of the Agency, approve its work programme and administrative budget and make any other major policy decisions required. A Board of Directors, comprising the National Disaster Coordinators (the head of each national disaster organisation) serves in a technical advisory capacity. The Coordination Unit (app. 40 staff) at operational level is managing the activities, which are mostly funded through external projects. 16 Formerly Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDERA). The name change stresses the commitment to a concept of risk reduction broader than civil protection. 17 Anguilla, Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands. FINAL REPORT 14

30 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms CARIFORUM Task Force on Disaster Management CARIFORUM (the Caribbean Forum for ACP states) 18 was established in 1993 to serve as the coordination instrument between the CARICOM Members and the European Union in regard to the formulation and selection of projects for funding by the EDF under the framework of the LOME Convention IV. It is headquartered in Guyana. Its Secretary General is the CARICOM Secretary General. At a meeting of the CARIFORUM/OCT/DOM/EC Cooperation Seminar (Clovis Beauregard Seminar) held in Martinique on November 17-18, 2005, CARIFORUM established four thematic Task Forces for structuring improved coordination. Among them is the Task Force on Disaster Management. Contrarily to others three thematic task forces, this Task Force met for the first time in April ACS Special Committee on Natural Disasters The ACS membership is much broader than the group of countries included in the platform study. It includes all Latin American continental states with access to the Caribbean Sea and gives Observer status to the OCTs and France (ORs). The Special Committee on Natural Disasters was established in It can be credited for the impetus given to the development of model building codes, the organization of high level forum on the (last one in Haiti, 2007) and 2 to 4 times a year meetings of the Special Committee 19 or its advisory groups. There are many other Caribbean institutions dedicated in part or in whole to the risk reduction or management in the region: They are the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), The Caribbean Meteorological Organization (CMO), the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CMIH) and the Regional Security System (RSS) and its Caribbean Disaster response Unit (CDRU). In addition, there are five Caribbean Public health centres which are addressing specific health aspects of disaster preparedness and response. Those five centres are in the process of being merged into a new institution, the Caribbean Regional Public Health Agency (CARPHA). 18 CARIFORUM States comprise Antigua and Barbuda, the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the Commonwealth of Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, the Republic of Guyana, the Republic of Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Republic of Suriname and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Although Cuba participates in many sessions, it is not formally a member. 19 Next meeting of the Committee is scheduled for the 4 th week of May in ACS HQ. FINAL REPORT 15

31 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, located in Belmopan, Belize, coordinates the Caribbean region s response to climate change. Officially opened in August 2005, the Centre is the key node for information on climate change issues and on the region s response to managing and adapting to climate change in the Caribbean. Through its role as a Centre of Excellence, the Centre is supporting the Caribbean to address the impact of climate variability, through the provision of timely forecasts and analyses of potentially hazardous impacts of both natural and man-induced climatic changes on the environment, as well as for the development of special programmes with create opportunities for sustainable development. As the official repository and clearing house for regional climate change data, the Centre is recognised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and other international agencies as the focal point for climate change issues in the Caribbean. The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) in tandem with the CARICOM Secretariat has drafted a regional Climate Change Strategic Framework that points the way to building the Region s resilience to the effects of Climate Change, over the next five years. Adopted in 2009, the framework includes disaster risk reduction activities such as developing and implementing public awareness and education programmes and building national and regional capacities to manage adaptation. Caribbean Meteorological Organization (CMO) The Caribbean Meteorological Organization coordinates the joint scientific and technical activities in weather-, climate- and water-related sciences in sixteen (16) English speaking Caribbean countries. It is the key and active player in weather related early warning systems. Two of the CMO activities are relevant to the study: In October 2003, the European Commission approved a 13.2 million Regional Project to construct and install four new digital weather radars in the Caribbean to replace an old and obsolete radar network installed by the CMO in the late sixties and early seventies. The project will link the new radars with others already in place to form a modern network of nine radars as part of the Caribbean Early Warning System for severe weather conditions. The CMO and UNDP collaborated on another project funded through DIPECHO. The objective is to use the radar images provided by the new network, which would then be made available, with appropriate training, to natural disaster preparedness organizations and agencies in the Caribbean. The CMO/UNDP collaboration will start with existing radars in Jamaica and the Dominican Republic, both of which will cover these two countries and Haiti. FINAL REPORT 16

32 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH) The Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH) is a training and research organisation formed by the amalgamation of the Caribbean Meteorological Institute (CMI) and Caribbean Operational Hydrological Institute (COHI). CIMH located in Barbados is carrying out training, research and investigations, and providing other specialised services and advice. Regional Security Systems (RSS) and Caribbean Disaster Relief Unit (CDRU) Created in 1982, the Regional Security Systems (RSS) is a hybrid mechanism comprising both military and police forces of the Eastern Caribbean countries. Its relevance to civil protection is its managerial responsibility for the CARICOM-wide CDRU. Sometimes referred as the CARICOM DRU, the Unit is actually a roster of around 20 volunteers from the police or armed forces throughout the Caribbean. Its main tasks are, in addition to the rapid assessment of the needs, the management of relief supplies, emergency telecommunications support and the provision of appropriate personnel for repairing critical lifeline facilities. A one week training of the 20 standby volunteers is done annually before the major international simulation exercise organized each year by the US Government (FAHUM 20 ). CDRU is intended to be the most operational arm of the response system under CDEMA supervision. Its actual effectiveness is limited by logistic constraints and lack of dedicated personnel or resources. The University of West Indies (UWI) The UWI contributes greatly to the knowledge of civil protection / disaster management through its Disaster Risk Reduction Centre established in It is an institutional mechanism for harnessing the capacity at the UWI and using it to develop and implement training, research, advisory and outreach services to enhance disaster mitigation and management in the Caribbean region. It is supported by various UWI departments: The Caribbean Disaster Information Network (CARDIN) for collecting and dissemination documents on the topic, the Climate Studies Group, the Earthquake Unit, Mona, the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO), the Seismic Research Centre (SRC), the Unit for Disaster Studies (UDS) and the Marine Geology Unit among others. It is cooperating closely with CDEMA and the French University of Antilles and Guyana. 20 Fuerzas Aliadas Humanitarias (FAHUM) is an annual disaster relief field training exercise and command post exercise involving military and civilian agencies in the region. The exercise is typically held before the start of the Atlantic hurricane season and provides a mission rehearsal exercise that tests and improves regional and national disaster response capabilities within Central America and the Caribbean Basin. In 2009, the following countries participated: Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, and the United States. FINAL REPORT 17

33 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Caribbean Regional Public Health Agency (CARPHA) This organization is due to be established in It will combine five regional public health centres, which have played a major role in preparedness and response to emergencies in the past. The new agency to be headquartered in Trinidad 21 will be open to all CARICOM members and associate members (states or territories). One of its five core objectives will be to support the Caribbean Community in preparing for and responding to public health emergencies. To reflect this commitment to sector wide disaster management, the by-laws designate CDEMA and the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) as Observers at CARPHA Council of Ministers. CARPHA development and initial operations are supported by EDF. This fact plus the recognized importance and experience of the sector in disaster management provide an opportunity for influencing the development of the disaster strategy and operations of this new agency International institutions or mechanisms Coordination and functional integration in disaster management in the Caribbean is not the exclusive function of the genuinely Caribbean organizations, most of them having only a partial coverage of the ACP, OCT and RO. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and most of the UN organizations have strong Caribbean sub-offices contributing to inter-country collaboration. IFRC has a very dynamic (and EU supported) programme of institutional preparedness and community awareness. However, their constituency and target for coordination are strictly limited to the national Red Cross Societies making this institution projects and initiatives less directly relevant to the inter-governmental integration sought by the Platform. The most active UN agencies are the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) which carried out longstanding preparedness programmes directed to government counterparts. Both are also funded in part by the EC. UNDP UNDP is responsible for prevention and preparedness technical cooperation within the UN system. It does not coordinate the response but is responsible for the early recovery (return to normalcy in the civil protection terminology used in the ToR). UNDP Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) is currently managing programmes in most of the ACP and OCT, some funded by the EC. Two are particularly relevant to the Platform: The project R31 on Risk Reduction for OCT countries: and the Caribbean Risk Management initiative (CRMI) (See 3.1.5). 21 Trinidad and Tobago has formally committed funds to build the new HQ FINAL REPORT 18

34 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms UNDP played an active role in the return to normalcy (early recovery in ISDR terminology). UNDP also established in Barbados the Eastern Caribbean Donor Group for Disaster Management (ECDGDM). The ECDGDM facilitates an effective, timely and coordinated response operation, in the event of a rapid onset emergency and request from an affected member state and in support of existing regional mechanisms 22. A similar but apparently less dynamic group was established by UNDP/Jamaica for the Western Caribbean. In case of emergency, the Regional Co-ordinator (Eastern and Western) will also be the Humanitarian co-ordinator during a disaster. It will be assisted by UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and assume the responsibility for coordination of international assistance. This assistance is far exceeding the Caribbean aid giving the UN coordinator a much broader scope of responsibility and authority than CDEMA. PAHO Created in 1901, PAHO, a specialized health agency, is also the regional office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO). It established its Emergency Preparedness programme in It is one the funding agencies of the Pan Caribbean Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Programme, the precursor of the CDEMA. In the late-80s, PAHO established a disaster preparedness field office for the Caribbean, based in Barbados, to provide closer support to the different counterparts. It has the mandate to coordinate the international health response in the aftermath of disasters and public health emergencies from all causes. PAHO is the health cluster leader in emergency response operations. PAHO participates in regional coordination forums such as the Eastern Caribbean Disaster Management Group, the expert group for CDM revision, as well as in the internal United Nations coordination mechanisms. It has been working closely with individual countries and multilaterally with institutions in the Caribbean. It has a well-grounded partnership with CARICOM and CDEMA. The Financial Institutions In the Caribbean, three levels of banks are supporting disaster risk reduction: the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and the World Bank (WB). While CDB focus on loans for rehabilitation of essential services and repair to infrastructure following disasters 23, IADB has a few technical assistance projects (grants) focusing directly on capacity building at national or sub regional (OECS) level. The World Bank has financed large projects for disaster management institution building in particular in Haiti In 2007: construction of sea defences in Jamaica; in 2008: three loans to Jamaica, two to Belize, Dominica and Turks and Caicos and one to Grenada; and in 2009: one loan each to Grenada and Anguilla. FINAL REPORT 19

35 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms The WB managed Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR) promotes global and regional partnerships to develop new tools, practical approaches and other instruments for disaster reduction and recovery and facilitate knowledge sharing Analysis of projects a) General observations For the period , a total of 128 projects with potential relevance have been identified in the Caribbean, 46 at inter-country level and a surprising higher number at country level (82). The total amount is M Out of this, MM are for single country projects (76% of total). This latter amount may be misleading as 15 projects totaling over 193 M are in fact loans for infrastructure reconstruction leaving only around 52 M for pre-disaster national civil protection activities. The total for inter country projects is 76.9 M 25. Those projects are not for disaster relief or reconstruction but exclusively for prevention and preparedness. This amount does not include the substantial contribution from the US Government estimated at around USD 4 M in Fiscal Year 2009 (see Project fact sheet R049) and others which may have been overlooked by the consultants The CCRIF, the Risk Insurance Facility, is not included in the analysis or the totals but it is listed in the inventory in annex as it is a model of collective venture. The budget if USD M 50. FINAL REPORT 20

36 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms The table 2 below shows the distribution of projects: Table 2 Distribution of project by country Projects Amounts Description Number % * (Thousand) % of A + B % of B Total number , A. Regional Projects ,900** 23.9 B. Country / Territory Projects , Anguilla Bahamas , Belize 4 3 7, Bermudas Cayman Islands 1 1 4, Cuba , Dominica 2 2 7, Dominican Republic , Grenada , Guyana 3 2 3, Haití , Jamaica , St. Lucia 3 2 9, Suriname 3 2 1, Turks and Caicos Islands * US$, Canadian Dollar and GB have been converted to Euros using current exchange rate on the date of report writing in March, [Source: Exchange-Rates.org ( **Regional amount does not include the US preparedness programmes estimated at around 3.2 M / year. The amount allocated for prevention and preparedness over the last 5 Y (over 130M for both country and regional projects including the estimate for US support) may appear very important but, even if severely underestimated, it is negligible compared to the relief assistance provided to the Caribbean. According to OCHA (Financial Tracking system), in 2008, USD 148M were donated and in 2010 (Haiti earthquake), the amount is near USD 2.5 billion (pledged or spent). Only for the UN Haiti Flash Appeal, USD 718M have been received so far. Finally, the objective of the platform is coordination and integration. Inter-country initiatives are the ones most likely to contribute to this goal. The following section will focus mostly on the regional initiatives and projects. FINAL REPORT 21

37 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms b) The beneficiaries The countries have different vulnerabilities, resources and needs for assistance. They are not receiving the same financial support. Is this distribution reasonable? The distribution of single country projects is easy to identify: On one hand, over half (42/82) are concentrated in five countries with amounts ranging between MM. Cuba has a high number of projects (19 or 15%), it receives proportionally a lesser amount (2.3%). On the other hand, the remaining 40 projects are spread over 10 countries. The lower amount of those projects (less than 10 MM ) is explained by the relative small size and population of those countries. The beneficiaries (identity and number) vary widely for the 46 inter-country projects. Some observations can be made: Projects funded trough CDEMA (half of the total number of 46) are exclusively for part or all of its members (respectively 10 and 13 projects). When for a part of its members, it is more likely to be for ACPs than OCTs; 26 The French OR are benefitting from up to 13 projects, many of them through the INTERREG; The Dutch OCT are only participating in 7 initiatives, 5 of those are officially targeting the entire Caribbean (29 countries). One of the two projects of direct and selective benefit for those OCTs is the R31 funded by EC; UK OCT not member of CDEMA (i.e. Aruba and Cayman Islands) share more or less the situation of the Dutch OCT: they have very limited access to bilateral or international funding (except from their respective EU member). Those findings support the strong perception by all OCT of being be overlooked by the international cooperation. However, it should be noted that many of those OR and OCTs are also among those with a comparatively high GDP in the Caribbean and therefore less pressing needs This is not necessarily a bias from CDEMA but often reflects the fact that donor policies (JICA, USAID and Ausaid for instance) may not allow funding of territories from a developed country. 27 Admittedly, the GDP is not a perfect indicator of poverty and therefore vulnerability. Poverty assessment data are however not fully available or consistent. FINAL REPORT 22

38 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms c) Duration of projects 19 of the 46 inter-country projects have been completed 28 but were nevertheless included in the analysis for their potential lasting impact on coordination and collaboration. Those projects are also important to determine the baseline on which the platform must be built. Eight more will be terminating in The total duration of the projects is perhaps more critical than the actual dates. Building civil protection across several or many countries is a medium term undertaking and requires sustained support. Table 3 shows the distribution of the 46 projects according to their duration. 28 projects (57%) are for 2 years or less. Of those, 6 are very short term (1 year or less). Only six projects have a life span of 4 to 5 years. A couple are listed as ongoing. Table 4 Projected funds available Calendar Year Approx. ( M) < 2M Table 3 Duration of the projects Duration 1 Y or less year 11 2 years 11 >2 up to 4 Y 6 4 or 5 Y 6 Others 5 Number The short term nature of donors commitments has been noted by many evaluations as a major impediment for CDEMA and other agencies sustained work. Translating these data into projected funding available yearly from 2009 to 2012 (based on reported closing date); table 4 shows a rapid decrease in committed funds. Although this finding is not new, it explains in a part why managers are spending a great deal of their time fund raising only to maintain the flow of funds and the level of activities (often by presenting over ambitious proposals and new or reformulated objectives). d) Thematic distribution of inter country projects Knowing what activities the funding is designed to support is essential to determine gaps and possible duplication. Duplication is understood to mean that two projects aimed to provide the same service to the same recipients exceeding the needs. Duplications are less likely at country level where local authorities are exercising a definite filtering function. At regional level, organizations and donors have a freer hand. DRR in 29 countries exposed to many hazards could justify huge amounts of investment, which may not be reasonable or affordable. An average investment of 15 to 20 million Euros/year for a total of 29 countries is unlikely to cause massive duplications. Data confirm this observation: 15 projects targeted one single technical area out of the eight listed by the consultants; 28 Out of the 82 country projects, 14 terminated, 44 remain active and for 24 the closing date was not available from the limited documentation received. Reconstruction projects have a much longer duration (5 years or more). FINAL REPORT 23

39 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Out of the 15, however, 10 of them list the catch all category Capacity Building as their objective without clear indication of a specialized technical area of expertise (for instance EWS in one case or Risk assessment in another one); Indeed, Capacity building is by far the most common thematic objective found in 29 out of 46 projects; Public awareness, emergency coordination and risk assessment are listed around 15 times each; and Logistic support is trailing with 3 projects partly addressing this critical but expensive issue. If there was no evidence of duplication as narrowly defined above, there are examples of comparable initiatives in different places or countries, developing methodologies and formulating standards for distinct constituencies 29. There is no impartial Pan Caribbean coordination mechanism at this effect as all potential candidates for this role do strive themselves on direct implementation of projects. e) Thematic distribution of country projects Capacity building (CB) is the most common technical objective with a frequency of 49 out of 82. In Cuba, 16 of the 19 projects list Capacity Building for objective. 43 of the country projects are for recovery and reconstruction (REC). That includes three (3) in Cuba, four (4) of the eight projects funded in the Dominican Republic; seven out of eight in Grenada, eleven of thirteen in Jamaica and six out of eleven in Haiti. These projects consist in loans funded by WB and IADB in amounts above 10MM / each. Although, many indicate improved disaster management capacity as one of the results or concern, the amount which may be dedicated was unavailable and probably comparatively minute. Both country and region initiatives address a broad range of technical interests (3 or 4 or more technical areas). On one side, at country level, it reflects a strategy of Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) especially at provincial level. On the other side, at regional level for projects covering often 18 CDEMA members or the 29 of the whole Caribbean, this persistent approach of addressing a too broad array of CP activities, may easily turn into a fine spraying of resources with poor results in terms of improved regional Disaster Management capacity Major regional initiatives and projects There are many initiatives or projects that contributed to coordination and exchange in the Caribbean. This report will single out only a few. Among the sustained initiatives are the 29 There is often a rationale that conditions and needs are distinct. The objectives (for instance in rapid assessment of needs) are not identical justifying the need to reinvent a tool. FINAL REPORT 24

40 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms INTERREG mechanism, DIPECHO, the UNDP and PAHO programmes (the latter two are presented in 3.1.4) and at bilateral level the USA, CIDA and DFID. The individual region-wide projects are in addition to the weather radar funding, the R31 (OCT) and CRMI (Caribbean Risk Management Initiative). Many others valuable undertakings could deserve mention. INTERREG IV Caribbean, approved in 2008 is a part of the political cohesion of the European Union and falls within the "European territorial cooperation 2007/2013, which aims to enhance cooperation across borders through joint local and regional initiatives. The specificity of this initiative is its focus on the Regions new overseas communities (COM). It is a strength but also a limitation in regard to the broader geographical scope of the Platform. DIPECHO, the disaster preparedness arm of DG Figure 2 DIPECHO Global Budget in Millions ECHO was established in A Caribbean office was established in 1998 covering 22 ACPs and OT 30. Noteworthy is the increasing financial commitment to preparedness, totalling 186.4M.(See figure). DIPECHO advocacy work towards development services of the European Commission, the European Union Member States, national governments, international financial institutions and other development partners is in line with the EU Strategy supporting Disaster Risk Reduction in developing countries, adopted in February DIPECHO projects have made a difference for the vulnerable communities but are somewhat marginal to the Platform objective of intergovernmental cooperation. Most valuable for the platform are, however, the global or country actions plans based on a comprehensive study of the vulnerabilities of the countries. US/OFDA and South Com initiatives to improve inter-country coordination are particularly effective and appreciated by the beneficiaries. OFDA allocated over USD4M in 2009 to enhance national and regional (ACP and OCT) capacity in response management and coordination. Most critical is the consistency and sustainability over decades of this effort including in thematic areas of interest to the platform. South COM, part of the US Military has provided continuing support to the development of EOC and the training of CDRU volunteers. It organizes every second year a response exercise (Fuerzas humanitarias FAHUM 31 ) for all disaster coordinators of Central America and the ACP (excluding Cuba). US Government does not cover the cost of the UK territories, which have to identify a source of independent funding (own or UK) for their participation. As a result, participation has proved difficult. In 2009, only the 4 OCTs member of In 2009, as a three-staged event, FAHUM combined a command post exercise and field training at multiple simulated disaster site locations that were conducted by civilian and military disaster responders FINAL REPORT 25

41 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms CDEMA did participate (i.e. Anguilla, BVI, Montserrat and Turk and Caicos islands). This 10- day exercise is comprehensive and based on elaborated disaster scenarios (Cost around USD 1M). The R31 project funded by EC has for prime objective to address the risk and exposure of the small island OCTs by developing in the OCTs the capacity, knowledge and tools on which a comprehensive disaster management (CDM) cycle can be founded 32. It is one of the few cross sector opportunities for Netherlands OCT to interface with others 33. CRMI 34 was launched by the UNDP s Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) and Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean (RBLAC) in 2004 as an umbrella programme designed to build capacity across the Caribbean region for the management of climate-related risk. The CRMI is led by the UNDP Country Offices in Cuba and Barbados. It facilitates knowledge networking and south-south cooperation in the wider Caribbean region and is implemented in the English, French and Spanish-speaking Caribbean. 3.2 Strengths and weaknesses or gaps / duplications Hazard and Risk Assessment a) General The concepts of Hazard Assessment, Risk Assessment and Disaster Management (or Comprehensive DM) are often confused and not clearly addressed even by scientific / environmental institutions or Civil Protection / Disaster Management Agencies. In fact, the existence of a hazard ( a given threat that has the potential to adversely impact humans and/or the environment 35 ) is an indication of a potential risk, but its magnitude and the effects on population and the economy (i.e the vulnerability) greatly depend on the overall capacity of the Agency to adequately prevent, prepare and protect populations and properties. It is evident that the same earthquake does not have the same consequences and the same cost in terms of human losses and disrupted economy, if it happens in Japan or in Haiti. Under the above concepts, hazard assessment is usually considered as a component of the more inclusive Risk Assessment. Together, they are the pillars of knowledge or the basic elements 32 From the project document. As noted in this document, the comprehensive disaster management (CDM) cycle includes planning and preparing for, responding to, recovering from and mitigating against hazards of all kinds. It is worthwhile noting the adoption of Caribbean terminology in an EC project of the overall strategy towards the integration of OCT and ORs in the Caribbean. 33 Netherlands OCT are also participating to projects implemented by IFRC and PAHO. 34 Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) 35 University of Colorado, natural Hazard Risk Assessment for the State of Colorado, FINAL REPORT 26

42 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms to set Policies and Action Plans at national/local level. The final target is effectively reducing the negative consequences of disasters through reduced vulnerability (susceptibility of a given population to a specified hazard event) and increased resilience (ability of a given population to withstand and recover from a specified hazard event). Under this perspective, we can identify two broad classes of basic elements : Quasi static elements: including all elements that will not vary or will vary very slowly with the time (e.g. most of geographical, structural, infrastructural, social and unfortunately - institutional aspects); and Dynamic or time variable elements or information, essentially including part of meteorological and (as a consequence) part of environmental/hydrological elements, responsible (especially in the Caribbean area) of a large percentage of natural disasters. A responsiveness risk assessment must keep these parameters under permanent/real-time control through advanced early warning and forecasting system, giving the CP/DM agencies all information they need for a quick decision making and response against disasters. b) The risk assessment situation in the Caribbean region The Caribbean region is highly diversified in terms of risk assessment capacity, as a consequence of the remarkable socio-economic and structural differences existing in the area. In general, almost all countries are quite well progressing for what risk assessment of quasistatic elements is concerned, while still a lot has to be done to develop and improve integration of what we called time variable elements. Key scientific institutions are also actively working in this area. Among these, the Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI See 3.1.5) is presently coordinating a number of initiatives either at country or regional level, to reduce risks causing natural hazards 36. Grenada, BVI, Jamaica and others already dispose of advanced GIS/vector data system 37. Dominican Republic and others are engaged to complete the territory coverage, also creating new institutions to be especially devoted to this effort The following are mentioned as examples of CRMI activity: Resilience Potential: Assessing Jamaica's "Bounce-Back" from Hurricane Dean; Dominican Republic - Lessons learned from the 2008 hurricane season; Cuba - Rehabilitación del hábitat desde una perspectiva de desarrollo sostenible - Lecciones aprendidas y sistematización de buenas prácticas. 37 including DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) at 90m, 50m, 30m and higher accuracies for much of the territory. 38 A new ministry or State Secretariat for geo-morphological studies and activities is envisaged. FINAL REPORT 27

43 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Apart of CRMI, ongoing initiatives in this field are several, and it is not possible to give a comprehensive view of all of them as part of this study. As an example, to assess (among others) the risk of earthquakes and tsunamis, a generalized bathymetry and topography of the Caribbean region is carried out by the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the major Universities in the Caribbean, CDEMA and the CCCCC. Often, risk assessment initiatives are taken as a consequence of disastrous events and not as a preventive action. An example is given by the multiple initiatives conducted in Grenada after Hurricanes Ivan and Emily, funded by multiple donors (among which JICA through the UN Trust Fund for Human Security - UNTFHS) and under UNDP / Barbados coordination. Under the above considerations, it is the consultants opinion that nothing has to be invented in the region in this field, but actions are dispersed and a better coordination is definitely necessary to link all them together until the puzzle is completed. The region has access to most of the necessary professional qualifications, experience and capability to act in this field as an homogenous entity, what is essential if major risks must be assessed and consequence of recurrent natural calamities reduced or (at the extent possible) offset. More advanced countries (most UK OCT territories, French OR, Jamaica, Cuba, Belize through CCCCC, partially DR and maybe others) may lead the team, in conjunction with all actors already playing this role. The final target should be the creation of a common data base, permanently updated by each of the Caribbean Countries and shared among them all. A centralized unit for the processing and the back-up archiving of information may also be envisaged, offering an opportunity for the EU to help the Caribbean region to achieve this goal Public Awareness In all countries visited, the National Disaster Programmes face similar challenges to create a real culture of risk reduction. How to inform and motivate the general public to take action in order to avoid hazards and how to respond effectively? The Caribbean population is affected by many kind of hazards (hurricane, storm, volcanic and seismic activities, coastal erosion, sea level rise, flood, tsunami, drought, fire and possible industrial or terrorist accidents) occurring with different intensity and frequency and requiring a different public response (See 4.1.1). The intensity of personal damage (number of deaths and injured) reflects, in part, the response of Caribbean population to hazards and tells much about the level of community preparedness. This level depends on the economic development and education of the population but also on the technical and financial capacities of the national programme and the political support during comparatively calm periods. FINAL REPORT 28

44 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Among the 128 projects 39, only 30 are classified as addressing public awareness and education (PAE), thereof 15 regional and 15 country / territory initiatives. Red Cross societies in each of the visited country and NGOs are the institutions that focused their actions mainly on PAE, complementing it with building capacities and strengthening organization in communities. A few projects supported through CDEMA are also trickling down to the disaster management agencies. The funding comes from bilateral agencies as CIDA, DFID, USAID/OFDA and JICA, and multilateral as ECHO/DIPECHO. There are several constraints limiting the relevance of PAE for the coordination objective of the civil protection platform. One is the cultural (and risk) specificity of public awareness programmes. Messages and channels have to be tailored to the local communities. The cultural and language barrier, a manageable impediment for highly technical issues such as forecasting or search and rescue, is formidable for public awareness. Finally, Caribbean-wide progresses in public awareness would be slow, costly and difficult to measure in the projected duration of an EU platform programme Early Warning Systems (EWS) a) General Extreme natural events such as hurricanes and tropical storms (to which landslides and floods are often associated), or extraordinary wave sea movements like tsunami represent the major risk for the populations in the Caribbean area. CP agencies need reliable and accurate real-time information about actual environmental conditions, with special reference to meteorology (rain, wind, air temperature, humidity), hydrology (water level in rivers and lakes, river flows, tidal movement, sea waves and currents), and in particular cases limnology (water temperature and quality parameters). The raw data are normally collected by environmental departments including National Hydro-Meteorological Services (NHMS) or Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA). If generated by the use of modern hydro-meteorological and environmental monitoring system, data become information and knowledge. It not only gives a real-time snap-shot of what is occurring either at wide (macro) or local (micro) scale, but allows the elaboration through adequate modeling of more and more reliable forecasts as the observed phenomenon is approaching the observed site. 39 It refers to projects identified for purpose of present study. FINAL REPORT 29

45 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms b) Structure for an effective EWS A few words are necessary to understand the importance and the role of modern Early Warning Systems for the purposes of CP agencies and the preparedness of general public against major meteorological and hydrological disasters. Additional information on this subject are given in Annex 7.5.5, as a general guidance for future interventions. EWS need to receive and process real-time data from different sources, and namely: meteorological satellites, meteorological radars and ground networks of so called Automatic Weather Stations (AWS, including meteorological and hydrological stations, sea movement monitoring stations and others). Data are normally transmitted to main control centers for processing every three hours. Frequency may however increase in case of extreme events. Data processing is the responsibility of National Hydro-Meteorological Services (NHMS - seldom directly of CP), and include ordinary weather forecast as well as the analysis and prediction of extreme hydrological conditions (e.g. river overflows), floods, landslides due to intense raining and other catastrophic events. These services are also responsible for the diffusion of processed data to all concerned specialized agencies (first of all CP and EPAs, but the list is quite long), emission of alarms and diffusion of information to the general public. c) The present situation in the Caribbean Region All the Caribbean countries already access satellite information sourced from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) 40. This information is normally used by the NHMS both for the ordinary weather forecast and for wide-scale tracking of extreme weather / environmental events. Most of meteorological or tsunami alarms are currently based on this information. The region also possesses good meteorological radars coverage, serving most of the area 41. Although the coverage is not without gap and not all radar are reported to operate properly (lack of adequate maintenance is the main reason), this EU-supported system is a very important basis for the future development of a modern EWS at regional level. The region is served by two geo-stationary satellites. They are able to guarantee the transmission of data sourced by AWS and their reception at control centers, wherever they are located. Main limitation is that transmission is one-way only (satellite query is usually not allowed by NOAA). Back up transmission systems are also widely used. 40 See 41 The EU funded in 2003 (IX EDF) a 13.2 M project to install four new Doppler digital radars in Barbados, Belize, Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago. The NL Antilles, Guadalupe, Cuba and the DR also dispose of meteorological radars. FINAL REPORT 30

46 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms d) Remaining gaps To complete the regional EWS, important gaps still remain open: Existing networks of AWS are in most cases - not adequate. Most of the countries still rely on old-fashioned mechanical stations for the hydro-meteorological monitoring and need to improve / expand their network of AWS with real-time transmission of data. Modern technologies need to be introduced, with adequate training, assistance to operation, system maintenance and assistance for the diffusion of sourced information; Data processing, modeling and in-house forecast capacity is also weak. NHMS are able to inform about approaching meteorological events and make (or transmits) wide-scale forecast (from satellite or radars), but are not able to elaborate and diffuse reliable and ontime forecast on local scale, informing populations about what will happen in their own area (e.g. where and when a river will overflow or a flood will occur, winds will pass certain thresholds, and so on); Link between NHMS and CP agencies is not adequate. Presently, NHMS just delivers information to CP but nothing more. These institutions must learn to work together in a very strict cooperation; Selection criteria for the acquisition of new technologies are misunderstood. Too often new systems are acquired based on the cheapest price, paying no attention to reliable transmission and services (assistance to operation and maintenance and others). This waste of money leads to skepticism against these new technologies 42. It is to be emphasized that investments are comparatively limited considering the cost of postdisaster interventions; and National EWS (where existing) are not integrated in a regional system. Exchange of data remains an initiative of the single states. CCCCC, together with other partners (NOAA, CDEMA, Cuba, CMO among several), is endeavoring since years to set-up a project to reach this goal, unfortunately lacking the necessary financial resources. e) Conclusions The region does not have an adequate modern early warning system yet. Existing hydro-meteorological monitoring capacity and EWSs is not adequate. Links between NHMS / NMS and CP are not fully effective, producing important gaps in CP activity and delay of action, that become critical under stress conditions; This situation is widely recognized by most of NHMS, CP or DM Agencies, but coordination among them is insufficient; 42 A typical example is the Dominican Republic, where a 166 mixed and well conceived system off meteorological and hydrological station plus a Doppler radar was installed between 2002 and 2004 under WB funding, and is now 90, and % dismissed. FINAL REPORT 31

47 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Caribbean countries need support to improve coordination among those Agencies and for the upgrading / expansion of existing monitoring networks. This should include completion of radar coverage, expansion of ground networks of AWS, development of adequate data processing / archiving / modeling capacity, development of adequate capacity for the operation and maintenance of installed systems, increase capacity for the diffusion of information and most important increase operative links with the CP agencies or departments. Beside of this, a global initiative for the integration of all (or at least major) EWS in one regional system must be launched and supported. This initiative becomes of utmost importance considering the influence of climate change in the Caribbean area. Technical and managerial capacities definitely exist in the region and methodologies are also well known. Based on what exists, a step-by-step process could easily be studied and started in the short term. These measures will also provide the EU with essential information on climate change dynamics at a global scale. Europe has most advanced technologies and capacity to become the priority partner of the Caribbean Region for this process Contingency Planning Most of the projects reviewed address the problem of contingency planning (planning the response under some type of scenario). Those plans may be at cross-sector, national or community level or they can be sector specific (a hospital or public utility). The scenario may address one single type of hazard (mostly hurricanes in the Caribbean or more recently a pandemic of avian influenza) or they may be generic. The point is that the existing projects and technical assistance programmes have dedicated considerable resources to the planning exercise without proper evaluation of their effectiveness. Indeed, few scenarios actually evolve as anticipated and few plans are actually implemented as conceived. A global evaluation of over 200 contingency plans of the World Food Programme concluded in 2009 that disaster scenarios behind the plans almost always failed to materialize and that detailed plans have limited usefulness. What mattered was the process whereby the actors are discussing their limitations and learning to work together knowing their respective strengths and weaknesses. Operationally detailed contingency planning in the Caribbean, as advocated by some projects, suffered from another shortcoming. The resources and assets the national plans are counting on either were never available or have been lost in the impact. There is a definite limit to planning concretely for catastrophic events when resources are so limited and external assistance is beyond the control and management of the national disaster coordinator. One hazard for which planning investment and coordination have been substantial in the last three years is the threat of severe massive pandemic of lethal influenza. Simulations exercises (and stockpiling) have been done on a collective and standardized basis. The rather mild FINAL REPORT 32

48 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms occurrence of H1N1 has left the public and planners in some countries a bit weary of further effort in this regard. Investing further in the formulation of written plans is unlikely to further the goal of coordination and collaboration among ACP, OCT and OR Logistic / transport capacity Logistics include several components: establishment of stockpiles, management of those stocks, transportation capacity and skills to manage it as well as telecommunications equipment and their maintenance and proper use (procedures). Due to the size of the countries relative to the magnitude of the disasters and their insular status, logistics is recognized as the greatest limitation of the Caribbean. Stockpiles within the Caribbean are limited and spread over several agencies. CDEMA maintains four warehouses with a modest inventory (In Antigua, Barbados, Guyana and Jamaica, all emptied for the response to Haiti). The French Red Cross, through its regional intervention platform known as PIRAC, an INTERREG funded project, has three warehouses based in Guadeloupe, French Guyana and Martinique with welfare items and water/sanitation equipment. There is an additional stock of humanitarian material pre-positioned in Fort-de-France, and financed by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs 43. Finally, the three European states with presence in the Caribbean maintain during the hurricane season an increased stock of equipment (as well as military personnel and navy vessels). Although some community projects included the establishment of small reserves at community or family level (survival kit), there is a shortage of funding sources for this activity. Major humanitarian organizations such as the UN System, the IFRC and US/OFDA are also prepositioning large amount of relief supplies in Panama, a Member State of ACS with excellent access and facilities. Those stockpiles are serving Latin America and the Caribbean, alleviating the need for much larger stocks within the Islands. Lack of transport facilities is the main obstacle to prompt collective response. In the relief to Haiti, Caribbean support (personnel and material) from the Hub in Jamaica came almost to a halt by lack of funding for transport. Converting some of the bilateral or EC assistance towards backup support to the CDRU and CDEMA would have been extremely appreciated and effective towards integration of the Caribbean. There is no project addressing the provision of dedicated civil protection transport. The cost effectiveness of procuring aircrafts or heavy transport equipment for this exclusive purpose is also questionable. Formulating arrangements with private sector or militaries is a preferred preparedness option. 43 The initial stock was more than 100 tonnes of material. It is destined to support regional or national reinforcements for the benefit of populations affected in neighbouring states. (It can also be used for the benefit of the French Antilles departments). FINAL REPORT 33

49 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Emergency telecommunications are generally satisfactory and were provided in part by US and UN projects in the past. A CDEMA network is operative and is tested regularly by CDEMA. Compatibility with Net OCT and OR is unknown. Logistical skills and in particular inventory management have received some attention from donors. All Caribbean countries have trained in the use of the Logistical Support System (LSS) developed by a consortium of UN agencies led by PAHO and WFP 44. Much remains to be done in this field Emergency Response Emergency response covers several technical sub-areas: operation of the Emergency Operations Centre (EOC), rapid assessment of needs, coordination of external response including donations, which often are not as appropriate as they should. Information is the key commodity that the Caribbean coordinators are not particularly equipped to manage (and share). CDEMA with Us Southcom support is rolling out the WebEOC system, a commercial product which can be compared to an internet based light version of CECIS, to address this issue. Training has been conducted and equipment purchased. Information management is an area of strength of the European civil protection through the MIC, however, further study of the effectiveness of the present WebEOC will be required before proposing or investing on European solutions. Many projects list this area as one of their activities. The most sustained effort to strengthen EOCs, as indicated earlier, is from the US South Com (and USOFDA) through short term funding for building and equipment and longer range training with the recurrent FAHUM exercise carried out with CDEMA, RSS and CDRU. On a less operational level, UNDP has a large number of country projects, especially in Cuba, to develop EOC capacity at departmental level. Finally, a large part of the non-earmarked budget of CDEMA is also directed to the strengthening of the management capacity of the national disaster coordinators. In spite of this effort, collective information management capacity remains weak. Lack of compatibility is an issue frequently listed in interviews. Rapid assessment of emergency or recovery needs is an important tool for coordination in the aftermath of a disaster. It is covered by the US by its training on Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis in the first few weeks (DANA). DANA is widely adopted across the developing countries outside the Caribbean. the Post Disaster Needs Assessment and Recovery Framework (PDNA/RF) promoted by UNDP. PDNA is a government-led exercise that pulls together information into a single, consolidated report detailing information on the physical impacts of a disaster, the economic value of the damages and losses, the human impacts as experienced by affected populations, and related early and long-term recovery needs and priorities. The 44 LSS is an operational system, comprised of software, equipment and trained personnel to assist disaster-stricken countries in managing donated supplies, from the time pledges are made to the actual distribution of these supplies. The system has been implemented in Haiti with support from FINAL REPORT 34

50 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms duplication between DANA and PDNA is only apparent as the former is directed to emergency life saving humanitarian needs while the latter is addressing the recovery (area of responsibility of UNDP and the World Bank). PAHO carries also some training activities in health needs assessment. It is worthwhile noting that the UN agency (OCHA) most competent in needs assessment and responsible for the UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination team (UNDAC in which MIC personnel is integrated in a response outside the EU) is not mandated to provide technical support or training to governments before the impact. UNDAC has undertaken a genuine effort to integrate national disaster coordinators in its training in Latin American and the Caribbean. UK OCTs have taken part in UNDAC training. Other Caribbeans have been invited on training but few attend. In brief, rapid needs assessment remains a very weak area in the Caribbean. The critical nature of emergency information leads most actors to trust their own sources and develop their own data collection. This has been particularly noticeable after the most recent disasters including the earthquake in Haiti. Donors Coordination by the national authorities, a difficult task for small countries, is not properly addressed in the ongoing projects. Coordination of information regarding donated supplies is covered by PAHO through its Logistical Support System (LSS) activities. Support for coordination during the actual disaster is often included in the humanitarian projects submitted by the UN and IFRC. In brief, the weak point is the information system and culture, which cannot be addressed adequately by short punctual projects. Developing the capacity to rapidly assess the damage and critically analyse the needs and perhaps more importantly to gather, compile, analyse and translate large amount of data into actionable information and knowledge is far more important. The expected result of establishing a culture of evidence based disaster management is not easily measurable and takes considerably more time to achieve, making it less attractive for donors with strict short term evaluation criteria. Most of the projects reviewed tend to focus on the collection of data and the technological means to process them. Scarce attention is given to the actual use of those data at management and political level. Consequently, many emergency decisions or request for assistance are not evidence based. All projects are somewhat concentrating on how to collect data, not what to do with it. This is an area where the expertise of MIC, if applied in a sustained and consistent manner, could be most useful and complementary Recovery return to normalcy The return to normality is one of the phases in civil protection as defined in the ToR. The term first raises the issue of what is normality in the case of Haiti for instance. FINAL REPORT 35

51 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms In the Caribbean and global environment, return to normality covers an array of activities such as early recovery, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Depending on the specific country, some aspects belong to civil protection while others are purely developmental concerns. They can and should, however, be linked together through the unifying concept of Linkage of Relief, Rehabilitation to Development (LRRD). Early Recovery will include the provision of minimal and temporary living conditions as opposed to life saving activities is part of relief. The objective is to ensure basic services, livelihood, shelter (as opposed to housing), governance, security, rule of law, environmental and social dimensions, while restoring or improving the capacity (national, local, community) for a return to a long-term development, i.e. LRRD). However, Recovery (or rehabilitation) is more related to the consolidation or improvements on normality through implementation of development programmes (using the opportunity of context). The options which are chosen in recovery will influence the reconstruction which is closely linked to the physical restoration of infrastructure (civil engineering activities). How well defined academically, relief, recovery and reconstruction may be, they are in practice overlapping and sometimes working at counter purpose. Return to normality, when normality is acceptable, may take decades as the impact on poverty may be lasting in some communities or families. As noted in a World Bank publication, its duration is offer driven. In recent disasters, the emergency relief phase appears to have extended because of the availability of generous humanitarian (relief) funds 45. A similar situation is likely to be observed in Haiti. Early Recovery projects: UNDP has a large number of country projects in Grenada, Suriname, Dominican Republic and especially in Cuba. Most seize the window of opportunity to promote comprehensive management of risk in key sectors and territorial planning and information management at all levels to ensure the future safety of the people. Some also increase the capacity of local economic management (as LRRD) and to develop: post disaster needs assessment (recovery needs). Also, DFID, AECID, JICA and World Bank have sponsored recovery initiatives in, and Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname and Turks and Caicos. Their relevance in terms of the scope and objective of the Platform is difficult to assess with existing data. Recovery / Reconstruction projects: The CDB, the IADB and the WB have a large number of country projects to provide loans for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of infrastructure. They are critical for the return to (an improved) normality. Some (ideally all) are including a few activities related to reducing the vulnerability of communities through risk mitigation activities. Those projects are included in the annexed inventory but analyzed separately. 45 World Bank 2008 Data against Natural Disasters Establishing effective systems for relief, recovery, and reconstruction p 31. FINAL REPORT 36

52 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms In summary, return to normality is an open ended concept (as ill-defined as recovery) that is not often the direct responsibility of the national disaster coordinator, the interlocutor for the Platform General capacity building and training Capacity Building (CB) includes a set of technical sub-areas: general training of civil protection agencies, institutional capacity building of Red Cross Societies and strengthening a particular sector or ministry for instance by enhancing medical services. Many projects, both regional and national levels, with primarily activities in other specialized technical areas (3.2.1 to 3.2.7) also include some general training components in disaster management aspects qualifying them as capacity building initiative. At national or community level, capacity building is often included in the project title. Funding sources are varied. 46 At regional level, CDEMA and its Member States are, by far, the main beneficiaries for projects promoting institutional support and capacity building for disaster management, disaster risk management programme and CDM harmonized implementation programme 47. Other important target groups are the National Red Cross Societies 48 (to train and equip volunteers, develop country strategy, ability to formulate response plans) and the Health Sector 49 (medical and public health response and coordination). During interviews, the capacity building was mentioned as the essential basis and justification for Regional Cooperation mechanism and Platform. CB has become a standard demand and need. Is there some evidence of duplication or excess supply? Capacity building is like development, there is never an oversupply. How much local duplications and ineffectiveness may exist, the cursory review of the project documents does not permit the consultants to express an opinion. 46 AECID, EU, UNDP, JICA, CDB, IADB, WB, etc. 47 EU, DFID, CIDA, USAID and UNDP 48 Red Cross CB is funded by ECHO / DIPECHO, UK-DFID, UN System, 49 Health CB is funded by CIDA, USAID/OFDA, ECHO and PAHO FINAL REPORT 37

53 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 4 Conclusions The consultants based their conclusions not only on the desktop analysis of the inventoried projects and initiatives but also on the many interviews with Caribbean and international stakeholders, the review of documents and policies of key actors and their own knowledge of past successes and failures in the Caribbean. 4.1 The Caribbean approach to disaster management Is there a coordinated approach to civil protection or disaster management in the Caribbean? Caribbean diversity Efforts towards a common approach to civil protection or disaster management in the Caribbean should not overlook the considerable diversity or lack of homogeneity of this region. As noted earlier, the differences are geographic (size, insularity and distance in the case of Bermuda), political (national systems and membership in regional institutions), economic (from a least developed country status of Haiti to states with a GDP higher than many of the European Union Member States 50 ) as well as ethnic, cultural (US or European influence), linguistic, but also in terms of vulnerability to hazards. It is difficult to find one single major risk shared by all countries. Indeed, there are several loose sub-caribbean groupings with limited interface with each other. Among all those groupings, the ORs are particularly isolated in part due to their language, relative self reliance and undoubtedly the statutorily centralized nature of civil protection in France, an exclusive and non-delegable prerogative of the State 51. A region cannot assume an external commitment on its own or formally liaise with an ACP, OCT or international organization. Similarly, UK territories cannot sign up to regional organisations unless they have the authority to do so from the UK. 50 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year. Bermuda was the first ranking country in the world (2005) with $69.000, twice the amount of many European countries while BVI and Bahamas are comparable. At the bottom of the Caribbean lie Montserrat with a GDP of and Haiti with $ The four regalien prerogatives include external security, internal security (including protection), justice and the national currency. FINAL REPORT 38

54 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Comprehensive disaster management Most of the ACP and OCT share the same disaster management approach and, more important for mutual understanding, the same terminology. The credit is due in part to the UNISDR global effort to streamline the basic lexicon of disaster management, the presence of UNDP and PAHO and their DRR programmes but, above all, the systematic and sustained effort from CDEMA to promote the concept of Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) at technical and political levels. CDM is an integrated and proactive approach to disaster management. CDM seeks to reduce the risk and loss associated with natural and technological hazards and the effects of climate change to enhance regional sustainable development 52. The Caribbean interlocutors showed pride in their success in integrating the traditional operational response oriented approach to one of sustainable risk management. Whether the operational aspect still receives the required attention is a matter of debate. (Outcomes and outputs are in annex 7.4) Present Coordination efforts Coordination is the main function of CDEMA which has done a commendable work in integrating its Member States (including four UK OCT) 53. This comparative success is mainly due to the capacity of the coordination unit to mobilize resources and provide technical assistance. During the interviews, a strong loyalty and sense of belonging was noted in the ACP Member States, less so in the OCTs who felt the need for a better balanced attention and services. Other OCTs do not perceive a clear benefit in joining. Participation of the French ORs is not presently considered and may present a legal and practical challenge as currently CDEMA Members must be States. The other two mechanisms (the CARICOM Task Force and the ACS Special Committee) are seen as having contributed less. The CARIFORUM Task Force on Disaster Management convened in April 2010 for the first time, five years after its creation. Although the list of participants at this meeting is going a long way to represent the OCTs and ORs, it does not include the USA, one of the key and long standing bilateral actors in disaster preparedness and response in the wider Caribbean. 54 Caribbean interlocutors noted ACS limited operational capacity to implement projects or provide them concrete support The four OCTs are Anguilla, BVI, Montserrat and Turk and Caicos Islands. 54 The meeting was attended by participants from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Martinique, Saint Lucia, the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) Sub-Regional Focal Points (SRFPs) (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad & Tobago), the Caribbean Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH), and the Seismic Research Centre (SRC) of the University of the West Indies. Also in attendance were representatives of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat and the EU Delegation for Barbados and the OECS. FINAL REPORT 39

55 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms In spite of their limited effectiveness, these two political level mechanisms have a definite oversight role to play. There is, however, a risk of duplication which needs to be addressed possibly through a merger. The collaboration between the three EU Member States on civil protection matters is variable. While the French regions are keen on sharing their skills with the rest of the Caribbean, there is limited technical exchange and no operational convergence from the Netherlands Antilles. Despite of good personal relations between the two civil protection departments in St Martin/St Maarten there is no joint planning or exercise although most disasters are likely to affect both sides of the Island. On the positive side, there is a very dynamic and broad range coordination or cooperation in the scientific and academic field involving all countries, including USA and Cuba. Experts in climate forecasting and geological monitoring do not seem affected by the constraints experienced by their operational counterparts in civil protection The contribution of Cuba In this report, Cuba is included in the ACP countries and is an integral part of the Platform initiative. Although, this country is not formally member of CARICOM or CDEMA, it participates actively in many meetings (for instance the recent Disaster management task force meeting) has particularly much to offer in this sector as evidenced by its effective grass root contribution to the relief in Haiti and its contribution in the UNDP managed CRMI project (see 3.1.5). However, many of the achievements in civil protection in Cuba (or for that matter in the EU or USA) cannot be easily replicated elsewhere. A considerable expertise in disaster risk reduction is available but its availability may require financial support from the platform programme considering the economic constraints faced by this country. Several mechanisms presently used: the organization of self financed scientific events in Cuba, the participation of experts in UN funded activities (UNDP, PAHO and others) could be expanded. 4.2 The platform perception in the Caribbean All interlocutors supported the stated objective of improving coordination in the broader Caribbean. They see favourably an increased access to the skills (and material resources) potentially available in the most developed OCT and ORs. Many, however, expressed misgivings and apprehension on the actual nature and scope of the EU initiative. Was the intent to develop another mechanism or agency above CDEMA and superseding the existing, but imperfect, task forces and committees? 55 Questions of ownership, a critical factor for success 55 This may have been conveyed by the term Platform: something above the rest. FINAL REPORT 40

56 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms particularly in the Caribbean, were raised. Different approaches and terminologies in EU and EC led to the belief that the initiative might mean a return to the epoch when efforts were only dedicated to a response-centred operational readiness 56. Concerns that the platform may lead to other cycles of unfocused meetings, which many see as expensive and relatively unproductive, were shared with the consultants. At operational level, the expectations of our interlocutors were more pragmatic: What will be the tangible benefit of this initiative for my work? The concrete suggestions were as diverse as the background and responsibilities of the interlocutors. Some commonalities were however identified. Those (mis)perceptions must be taken into consideration in the identification of specific, feasible and sustainable concrete proposals as required by the ToRs. 4.3 The international assistance All matters related to civil protection or disaster management assume rapidly an international or global dimension in the Caribbean. Due to the size of the countries, capacity building is required to reduce the risks and prepare for response. This cooperation is normally provided following consultation and joint planning with the National Disaster Offices. Small scale disasters, usually handled internally in large countries, lead to international assistance in the Caribbean. The emergency response to catastrophic events is another matter. Coordination, when it takes place, is assumed by global agencies such as OCHA. The Caribbean mechanisms are de facto marginalized, being inadequately manned and resourced. They may be altogether bypassed due to the lifesaving urgency and a strong pressure for bilateral visibility among donors Projects The inventorying of main projects and initiatives in the Caribbean has brought to light the lack of collective knowledge on ongoing initiatives linked to a poor transparency evidenced by the apparent reluctance from some agencies representatives to share more than the outline of their projects in particular those still in the approval process. The CDEMA database of projects has been mostly limited to those it controls or implements. Its data (f.i. status of projects) are often inaccurate and outdated. One would expect that the first concern of the three Caribbean coordinating mechanisms would be to ensure that everyone knows who is doing what and where. The projects identified and reviewed lead to some broad conclusions: The needs for support in disaster management and risk reduction are potentially very large. The experts did not observe overfunding of some technical areas. 56 The terminology of civil protection or defence has been in most countries substituted by the Comprehensive Disaster management and risk reduction lexicon. FINAL REPORT 41

57 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms However, although overfunding has not been observed, there is a considerable dispersion (fine spraying) of international resources, many projects attempting to address the broad scope of disaster risk reduction in sometimes a large number of countries. This is because some implementing agencies often feel compelled to promise everything to secure funding in a highly competitive environment. There are exceptions, one of them being some projects approved by INTERREG, which are well focused. Distribution of project resources is uneven. Smaller countries received very little direct funding. Donors find it more practical to channel larger funding through CDEMA. This leads to the loyalty bordering to dependency noted in ACP countries and the discomfort of some OCT regarding their share. CDEMA capacity of management is, according to many international interlocutors, chronically overstretched. Turnover of staff is high. Many projects and in particular most of those funded by DIPECHO address communities vulnerabilities and preparedness (bottom up). A comparatively large amount is allocated per capita. There is an ongoing debate in the Caribbean whether this approach holds more permanent and concrete benefits than strengthening the national and regional capacity. The present study addressing the issue of coordination between national organizations from ACP, OCT and ORs (top down) did not focus on the civil society participation and/or community based initiatives. Both approaches are needed and complimentary. It is important, however, to maintain the linkage between the projects oriented towards the civil society and the regional or intergovernmental initiatives. DIPECHO could play a key role in this regard. Most international donors usually insist on the sustainability of their capacity building projects leading recipients to be creative in repackaging their long term needs and priorities or to alternate periods of funding and scarcity. There is a lack of funding for giving continuity to worthwhile initiatives. There are also exceptions of thematic areas which have been sustained consistently by donors, progressively raising the level of achievement and preparing the ground for more ambitious objectives. This is the case for search and rescue, which has been supported on a sustain basis by US/OFDA and health sector preparedness with s strong donor supported presence of PAHO. Are those projects effective? To reply to this question, more than a cursory visit is necessary. Altogether, the Caribbean has evolved positively over the decades. How much can be credited to the international projects or to the contagious political awakening impact of periodic catastrophic disasters is difficult to determine. Available projects evaluations (the few which have been shared) are suggesting a definite but limited impact. Occasional criticism of a given initiative was heard but the factual basis could not be confirmed or verified. FINAL REPORT 42

58 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Donors Donor coordination is supposed to set the stage and the model for countries cooperation and coordination. That remains difficult in spite of the two forums established by the UN: the Western Caribbean Donor Group (WCDG) in Jamaica and the more active Eastern Caribbean Donor Group on Disaster Management (ECDGDM) 57. The groups composed of main donors and agencies aim to coordinate the allocation of resources both before and after a disaster. They also have an operational function to facilitate the joint deployment of Rapid Needs Assessment Teams (RNATs), with appropriate protocols. The actual impact of those UN led processes on resource allocation is unclear, given the centralized decision making of many agencies and the distinct geographical scope of authority of the various agencies representatives in Jamaica and Barbados. In Barbados, the open dialogue between donors was credited for jointly funded initiatives (e.g. DFID-CIDA). In summary, the present study is only one low-resolution photo of today s situation. The successful implementation of the platform will require an improved ongoing monitoring of activities (who is doing what and where), closer consultation between donors before projects selection and in practice allocation of EC resources (human and funding) for this key function A pragmatic approach a. Caribbean Ownership Considerable institutional progresses have been made since the end of the trend setting Pan Caribbean Disaster preparedness and prevention (PCDPPP) in 1990, due to an awareness process and concrete actions that has conducted to better organization. The platform must strengthen the existing institutions and coordination mechanisms in the long term. The implementation of a sustained technical assistance in selected thematic areas should not compete with or replace existing initiatives however imperfect they may be perceived. EU should build on what has already been implanted, refraining the normal professional impulse to impose rather than promote European made solutions and standards. Legitimate concern with ownership by the national civil protection counterparts however should not lead to precipitous transfer of operational and implementing authority to existing Inter governmental Institutions not prepared yet or mandated for a wider and demanding responsibility FINAL REPORT 43

59 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms b. Start at technical level first Past experience and interviews indicate that ambitious projects should start first at practical and technical level, demonstrating their value and potential benefits to what is now a rather sceptical audience. The underestimated complexity and diversity of the Caribbean may considerably delay the high visibility launching of any political integrating initiative. Cooperation or coordination takes place when the agency or country perceive that the benefits (efficiency, image and access to resources) exceed the unavoidable costs (time and loss of autonomy). Focusing on concrete technical or operational benefits rather than on establishing another forum will avoid overlapping (or perceived competition) with existing but not always effective disaster policy coordination mechanisms. Lessons can be learned from the pioneer Pan Caribbean Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Programme (PCDPPP) which was sustained practically a decade by the international community. Its termination in 1990 led to the CDERA creation by CARICOM in Political commitment of national resources came 12 years after the technical assistance initial step! c. Sustained focus on concrete areas Civil protection is too broad an area. EU assistance should be focused on concrete areas. Intercountry coordination is also a slow process: To make it sustainable locally, it requires some sustained commitment from the donor first! Insuring operational impact and coordination across the board is not feasible in the short term and attempting so will result in further spraying of resources, a problem with many existing initiatives. Concrete topics must be selected based on the expectations of the stakeholders (ownership). Several topics were advocated and have strong arguments in their favour. Details of rationale, activities and cost are listed in the annex 7.5. Urban Search and Rescue (SAR) capacity: US/OFDA and other actors developed a good capacity for basic (light weight) SAR capacity in each country. Earthquake in Haiti and collapse of modern buildings have shown the need for a collective medium weight back-up capacity (with technological equipment and dogs). This is in complement of the basic (light weight) at local level. Equipment (EU modules) will be required in addition to a strong inter-caribbean training programme. Medical and public health response capacity: The forthcoming EU-supported creation of the Caribbean Regional Public Health Agency will include disaster management (from mass casualties to pandemics) in its core functions. It is an opportunity to help guiding and coordinating what has been a chaotic international health response in the past. Back up modules for medical care are also required for response to most disasters. FINAL REPORT 44

60 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Management capacity of the national Emergency Operations Centres (EOC): Facilities and basic equipment have been provided by USA to most countries 58. That is the easiest part to find funding for. The arduous process of developing an analytical capacity and a habit to actually use information for making decision is neglected. Most interlocutors would welcome a solid commitment from EU countries to assist in consistent management in the Caribbean. This cannot be limited to occasional visits by experts (from the ORs or MIC). Strengthening the CDRU (see section 3.1.3): Presently a CARICOM tool, CDRU is lacking significant support and capacity. It is virtual facility based on volunteers trained by USA. An ambitious project would be to convert this relatively weak CARICOM tool into a better prepared Caribbean response mechanism (including the boosted SAR and medical components). The expanded CDRU should have a real surge capacity to provide technical and logistic support to national EOC, something CDEEMA is not equipped to do. This expansion would require EU coordination with the Regional Security System (RSS) and full support from CARICOM to the concept of extending CDRU scope. d. Flexibility It is difficult and not cost-effective to encompass all ACP, OCT and OR in every single activity or component of the proposed platform. Some countries have very different concerns than others. When countries of different pre-existing groups (political, linguistic or ACP/OCT/OR classification) share common risks, the project and its sponsors should be flexible enough to attend to those needs. An example is the risk pattern of the three continental countries (Fr. Guyana, Guyana and Suriname) belonging to different traditional groupings. None is really interested in hurricanes and earthquake preparedness while they share a common concern for floods management (attended in part by INTERREG IV). e. Creativity Closely linked to flexibility, is the need for a small scale laboratory where operational coordination and progressive integration of disaster management capacities is implemented broadly not only for its sake but to test the limits of adjustments of different legal, professional or regulatory cultures (Dutch, French and British Territories).It is an operational step further to the networking of the OCTs regional infrastructure, programmes, policies and protocols promoted by the R3I project. Such an obvious site of manageable size would be St Martin, St Maarten and Anguilla with three distinct cultures and regulatory systems but shared risks. In spite of excellent relationship and dialogue, there is little actual move towards common operational approaches (plans, simulations 58 US South COM and USAID in ACP countries FINAL REPORT 45

61 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms and drills, protocols, equipment...). Links of this pilot project with CDEMA and CARICOM would be ensured by Anguilla (a member of CDEMA and an associate member of CARICOM) and with ACS through France, a strong backer of this organisation. If measurable concrete progresses cannot be achieved beyond exchange of information and networking, there is scant probability of significant integration progress in the Caribbean at large, unless this pilot experience has permitted to identify (and remove) the obstacles in the path towards a greater integration. Clearly, the expectations raised by the high visibility promotion of the platform cannot be met by a small pilot project alone. This pilot project should be in addition to concrete thematic progress as suggested in b). In summary, the elements of a possible programme to foster cooperation between the ACP, the OCTs and the ORs is summarized in the box below. The project or rather programme for a Caribbean Civil protection Platform should consist of four pillars: I. Selected thematic medium term interventions aiming to concretely demonstrate the feasibility and tangible benefits of a Caribbean coordination in specific topics such as Search and Rescue, Medical and Public Health preparedness, strengthening of EOCs and/or of the CDRU II. III. IV. Political and material support to and accompaniment of CDEMA, should they decide to transform into a truly Caribbean wide institution Material support to both the CARIFORUM and ACS to use more effectively and convene more regularly their respective taskforce or committee A pilot project in St Martin/St Maarten and Anguilla to promote an operational coordination/integration and test its institutional limits Caribbean partners The political complexity of the Caribbean environment and the intricate and sensitive nature of the civil protection / disaster management topic make a careful choice of the implementing partners most difficult. They are several potential implementing partners for EC and other donors inter-country initiatives: CARIFORUM, ACS, CDEMA, UNDP, PAHO, IFRC, UWI, and CARPHA, once it is formally established in We do not include in this lest the French institutions responsible for geographically limited short projects under INTERREG. FINAL REPORT 46

62 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms To ensure ownership and sustainability, Caribbean partners should assume, in due time, full oversight authority and implementation responsibility for the platform. a. CARIFORUM has definite assets to assume rapidly an oversight and steering function. All ACP (except Cuba participating as observer in task forces), OCT and OR are represented and EU is playing a significant role. It is however seen as a forum for policy dialogue with limited implementing capacity for technically daily complex operations. There is need for strengthening and involving its Task Force on Disaster Management. Created in 1995, its first meeting took place in April b. ACS membership is broader. On one side it is an asset. On the other, an implementing role may create a delicate situation by the de facto omission of some of its continental members in this initiative 60. Its support is however critical. Its special committee also needs support to become more effective. It is seen also as an additional alternative forum for policy support rather than an implementing partner. c. CDEMA is the only disaster agency with a coordinating and implementing role in the Caribbean. Its by-laws indicate that membership is not limited to the English speaking Caribbean. Indeed, Haiti and Suriname are members 61. In our opinion, CDEMA is not ready to assume immediate responsibility for an initiative aiming primarily to the integration of OCT and ORs in their Caribbean environment. The relative dissatisfaction of some OCTs, the lack of interest of others to join, the legal and linguistic obstacles to the participation of the ORs as such and its perceived managerial weaknesses must be addressed first. In the medium term, short of creating a new super organization, an investment too costly in both political and financial terms, CDEMA rest the most credible candidate. CDEMA Council should, therefore, consider the benefits of adjusting CDEMA structure, staffing patterns and modus operandi to transform it into a truly regional Caribbean disaster management organization. CDEMA should proactively create a demand for its services outside its traditional ACP clientele. The platform programme should include a pillar to assist CDEMA in this transformation, should they opt to do so 62. Meanwhile, it should not be the main implementing partner. d. The role of the UWI, the University of West Indies, is limited to the scientific and academic field. The Seismic Research Center has a key function for early warning systems. Given the nature of the proposed project (operational and institutional capacity building), UWI may not be the best candidate for directly implementing the Platform. 60 Venezuela for instance expressed interest in cooperation with the Caribbean in this field. It has a solid experience in search and rescue. This interest and experience may be accessed at technical level. 61 In the website, the two non-english speaking members are listed at the bottom of an otherwise alphabetic list. All CDEMA key staff is from the English Speaking Caribbean. 62 CDEMA issued a contract for app USD for training of National Disaster Coordinators and HQ staff in French Creole and Spanish. It is a very encouraging sign. FINAL REPORT 47

63 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms e. CARPHA, the Caribbean Regional Public Health Agency 63, will take the succession of PAHO in the preparedness and response for all kinds of disasters potentially causing a public health emergency. As such, it will cover a broad scope of hazards often overlooked in the Caribbean, including technological or industrial accidents; social unrest; Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) incidents. f. Undoubtedly, the French regions have considerable disaster management expertise to share. One Region could be considered for the management of the SAR component, especially if a significant part of its funding comes from INTERREG which they practically manage. However, arrangements will need to be made to ensure that the cooperation remains a genuine OCT-RO collaboration within the Caribbean rather than a mostly bilateral transfer of French expertise. In other words, for any given task, priority should be given to the exchange of regional experience and skills instead of mobilizing the best expert that a Member State could offer NON Caribbean organizations a. UNDP s main assets are its mandate on prevention and preparedness, its presence across the whole Caribbean and its experience with similar projects (R3I, CRMI see 3.1.5). UNDP is a suitable candidate for implementation of some multi-sectorial components of the project. Partnership with OCHA, responsible for the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) may be required should UNDP be contracted for the Search and Rescue thematic area. 64 b. PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization, has a long tradition of promoting disaster risk management and preparedness as well as coordinating the international health response in the Caribbean. In the initial stage, PAHO disaster preparedness will be an indispensable partner to assist CARPHA. Pending the consolidation of the new agency, PAHO may be in position to play an implementing role, should the medical / public thematic area be selected. c. IFRC, The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and its European Societies (in particular the French Society) managed successful preparedness programmes in the Caribbean. However, their targets being the strengthening of the national Red Cross or local communities (rather than the Coordinating government agency), IFRC and the Societies are not the best choice for this inter governmental initiative. 63 A new emerging sectorial partner yet to be formally established in INSARAG issues standards for foreign SAR teams and coordinate their deployment. FINAL REPORT 48

64 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 4.4 Requirements for successful implementation a. Coordination in preparedness and response is an expensive undertaking. Achievements will depend on the extent of financial and political commitment of the EU. Clarifying the extent of financial commitment (amount and duration) to a regional integration pilot programme is a first step. The proposals in annex 7.5 are suggesting a minimalist budget range to permit visible progress towards an integrated approach for each single thematic area. It is not representing what may be required to meet all the needs and reach European standards of, for instance, SAR, medical preparedness or MIC. This would require disproportionate investments without perspective of sustainability. b. Many current projects are funded from multi-donors sources. This funding appears homogeneous or consistent for the beneficiaries and casual observers. If funding for the platform comes from different EC financial mechanisms with distinct rules and beneficiaries, the implementation mechanism should hide this diversity in the same way the UN trust funds or other international mechanisms filter the complexity of rules, implementation arrangements or reporting requirements of a variety of donors. c. Four thematic areas are proposed. Funding may not be available for all of them. The first two are the most visible, tangible and least susceptible to create controversies. They are not presently directly addressed by existing Caribbean disaster organizations or mechanisms. In all four areas, significant work has already been done and must be taken into account by the EU. As indicated, details of each pillar and project are in annex 7.5. Formulation of the programme should be in consultation with the Caribbean through, for instance, a forum with all National Disaster Coordinators. d. Existing Caribbean institutions or mechanisms will need concomitant support to strengthen their capacity to assume full implementing responsibility once requirements are met. e. Whatever the approach adopted, this type of project requires flexibility to adjust to a versatile environment with many actors. While it should remain a collective inter DG responsibility to steer the integration process, the actual civil protection aspects and daily operations would best be entrusted to the DG with greatest operational capacity and knowledge of disaster management. A small support and liaison unit will be required to coordinate, monitor and report on the progresses of the 4 pillars. This unit function should be of daily management and coordination. The unit should have considerable delegated authority at both technical and administrative level. Daily management and decision making should be made in the Caribbean as a programme micromanaged from the EC/HQ is unlikely to be perceived as a Caribbean initiative and be effective. More details are available in the outline project document in annex It should as close as possible to -but independent from- CDEMA. The best location would be the EC delegation in Barbados. The unit should be preferably managed by DG ECHO. FINAL REPORT 49

65 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms Role of MIC The Caribbean has a limited capacity to create information and still less to present and use it for decision making 65. The challenge is not in obtaining the technology and equipment but in recruiting, training and maintaining qualified expertise to operate a 24h monitoring and information centre similar to the European MIC. This expertise is costly and not easily available in the Caribbean at the present stage. Without a solid commitment from CARICOM or ACS and their member states, this effort is not sustainable. Presently, the expertise and experience adquired by the EU is not easily exportable. It is more a matter of a culture of evidence based decision making than a mere technological transfer. An initial step is the reinforcement and geographically expanded coverage of the current operational mechanism for data collection on the site of disaster: the EOC and the Caribbean Disaster Response Unit (CDRU). Once national emergency operations centres have been strengthened (another proposed thematic area) and the CDRU rapid needs assessment capacity has improved, the need for a more professional and technological processing of data will be felt by the Coordination Unit of CDEMA. Once those conditions are met, exporting the model of the MIC should be considered. As indicated earlier, the Caribbean is now experimenting with the WEB-EOC. Pending full implementation assessment of WEB-EOC tool and its actual use, promotion of the EU CECIS, a closed system for security reasons, should be placed on hold. 65 The ongoing EU project to increase the use of ICTs for emergency planning in CDEMA states will contribute to a culture of information management in preparedness. However, MIC original function is to be a 24/7/365 command centre during acute crises, compiling on time information on emergency needs and relief resources and feeding decision makers. It is a different and more difficult endeavour than routinely sharing information for planning purpose. FINAL REPORT 50

66 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 5.1 General Recommendations 5 Recommendations Recommendation # 1 The European Union should recognize that, although Caribbean countries share many factors in common, there is a considerable diversity of not only culture, language and economy but also in terms of hazards exposure and vulnerability that the Caribbean platform will need to address. The unifying factor in disaster management is the Caribbean-wide adoption of the Comprehensive Disaster Management concept which is broader than the European civil protection scope. Otherwise, all countries do not share the same risks and therefore necessarily the same priorities. Recommendation # 2 The Platform should address the perceived needs and concerns of the key Caribbean interlocutors: namely the National Disaster Coordinators in charge of the counterpart agency to the civil protection in Europe. To address those needs, the EC should convene a technical level meeting of all disaster coordinators, where this report, in whole or in part, accompanied by a draft work plan, is debated and amended accordingly. The national coordinators, in their majority, have misgivings on the nature, scope and benefits of the platform as presented to them in the preparatory meetings. One concern is in the creation of a super mechanism leading to more meetings and forums which are widely seen as costly and poorly effective. A sense of ownership and anticipated benefit are critical to the ultimate objective of coordination and integration. Adopting the Caribbean or international terminology in the context of this initiative could go a long way to foster better understanding. Recommendation # 3 The EC should adjust the scope of the platform to a realistic estimation of the potential resources available over a sustained period of time. The platform should focus on few thematic areas of general interest rather than replicating the dispersed approach observed in many ongoing initiatives. An all encompassing platform dealing with all phases and aspects of civil protection is not feasible in the near future. EC should focus on a few tasks, both technical and political, to demonstrate a European leadership and ensure a recognized concrete contribution. If disaster managers are reasonably assured that the EC is focusing its certain areas in a sustainable way, then the country s other scarce resources can be used to a maximum effect in the areas outside these EC focus areas. Recommendation # 4 The EC should recognize the collective progress made in the Caribbean, in particular through the CDM developed by the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA), as FINAL REPORT 51

67 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms well as the many successful initiatives by other main donors. The Platform should build on those achievements through consultation and involvement of all key donors and agencies. There is practically no thematic or technical civil protection topic which has not received significant support from European donors, UN agencies, Red Cross System and also in large extend the US Government. Progresses have been made but remain partial. There is room for complementary European contribution in any field of disaster management. However, EC should build upon what has been done and is widely used and appreciated by the Caribbean Disaster Coordinators or managers. 5.2 Programmatic Recommendations Recommendation # 5 The EC should consider a sustained programme comprising four main pillars: 1. A technical pillar to provide technical and concrete services demonstrating to the national disaster coordinators and the high level authorities the benefit of a more comprehensive platform; 2. Technical and political support to transform CDEMA into a genuinely Pan Caribbean Agency, should they wish so; 3. Support to ACS and CARIFORUM specialized disaster forum to clarify and fulfil their role, avoiding duplications; 4. A smaller pilot project to test the limits of operationally integrating civil protection capacities in St Martin/St Maarten and Anguilla. Among the four pillars, only the last one may be optional although it is of a low cost and promising in terms of lessons learned. Pillar one is what the National Disaster Coordinators are calling for. Adopting pillar 2 and/or 3 alone will not bring concrete improvements in coordination and in response to the needs of the countries. Recommendation # 6 The EC should select one or more technical areas where it can provide a significant, concrete and visible contribution and assume a leadership among the following: 1. Developing a collective mid weight urban search and rescue capacity in addition to the basic local capacity supported by US/OFDA; 2. Improving the Caribbean medical and public health response capacity to disasters; 3. Strengthening further the Emergency Operations Centres in all countries in particular in information management; 4. Strengthening the Caribbean Disaster Response Unit and expanding its scope and geographical coverage; FINAL REPORT 52

68 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 5. Developing an integrated EWS at Regional level, strengthening the Coordination between National Hydro-Meteorological Services and the civil protection. Concrete outlines (and very preliminary budget ranges) are included in the annexes 7.5. Search and rescue seem to meet the expressed expectations of most interlocutors while the health option is particularly promising due to the establishment of an EC supported Caribbean Regional Public Health agency (CARPHA) and the acute needs observed in the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti. There is considerable expertise within the OCT and especially OR to carry out any of the topics selected. The EC should select the option(s) based on its budgetary commitment. It is preferable to focus on a limited number in order to reach a level of excellence and sustainability in the commitment. Recommendation # 7 The EC should carefully assess the applicability to the Caribbean of the lessons learned by establishing the European Monitoring Information centre (MIC) as this successful initiative cannot be transposed easily in this region, at the present stage. The Caribbean has already been exposed to the concept behind MIC through the development of their EOC and CDRU. The concept, successfully implemented in the EC, is excellent but the issue is on one side establishing a culture of evidence based decision making at country level and the other side of sustainability at inter-country level in this particular environment. A progressive involvement of MIC in the delivery of the technical assistance (options 3 and 4 of recommendation 6), the exchange of staff and participation in MIC training programmes will establish the ground for further transfer of EU model to the Caribbean. 5.3 Policy Recommendations Recommendation # 8 The EU should encourage CDEMA Council to change the agency by-laws, structure and culture to enable it to ultimately serve as the prime disaster agency for the entire Caribbean. Meanwhile, the implementing responsibility for the technical projects of the platform should be entrusted to partners with the mandate and experience. EC support to CDEMA (pillar 2) should be included in the programme. CDEMA has done a remarkable work to integrate most of the English speaking Caribbean. In the short term, it is not ready to provide coordination and support to the platform involving all OCT and OR. In the long term, establishing another wider technical organization is not feasible, desirable or sustainable. CDEMA is the most appropriate, if not the only, alternative. The institutional and political hurdle of this change should not be underestimated. Recommendation # 9 The EC should provide encouragement and support to the CARIFORUM Task Force on Disaster Management and the OECS Special Committee on Natural disasters to meet and fulfil their role FINAL REPORT 53

69 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms as high level forum. A joint meeting of both mechanisms should be considered to ensure complementarity and reach a common approach to disaster risk reduction and ownership of the Platform initiative. Neither of the mechanisms has met the expectations of the counterparts in the Caribbean. A double oversight process for the platform may not be beneficial to the initiative. In absence of a unified political guidance process and institutional ownership, the initiative should concentrate to the delivery of concrete technical benefits to all ACP, OCT and OR. 5.4 Administrative Recommendations Recommendation # 10 The EC should ensure that the various funds and mechanisms likely to be used are supporting the platform in a coherent, homogenous and coordinated manner in spite of the diversity of rules, regulations and eligibility. A process should be found to ensure that its diversity and complexity does not impede the developement of a unique and coordinated programme. The use of trust funds (EC or UN) or the special procedures of ECHO may be useful. The platform must also demonstrate to the Caribbean that in spite of the great diversity, a coordinated unified approach is possible. Flexibility will be critical. Recommendation # 11 The EC should regard the establishment of a civil protection Platform in the Caribbean as a long term commitment and establish a sustainable programme to promote and support this initiative. Definitely, the complexity of the task ahead calls for a long term commitment rather than a short term burst of project activities. The relative development so far of the Caribbean in this regard is in great parts due to the sustained effort of a few agencies over decades. The additional step implied in the initiative will require similarly a continuing political and financial support from the EU. Recommendation # 12 The EC should select implementing technical partners based on their geographical mandate and experience in the selected topic. However, EC should maintain close technical and managerial supervision and coordination of all pillars and thematic projects. For this purpose, it should establish a small coordinating/management unit based in Barbados. Operating rules and procedures should be as flexible as possible on the model of those actually adopted by DG ECHO. The annexes offer suggestions for the selection of the various implementing partners. However, the overall programme should be supported and supervised by a special technical unit (see annex 7.5.6). This unit should have clear and extended delegation of operational authority over all activities. One of the functions of this senior level unit is to ensure that all implementing partners of the programme genuinely maintain the integration and intra-caribbean coordination as the FINAL REPORT 54

70 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms main objective. The risk of drifting towards an additional disaster management project or merely a delivery mechanism for bilateral technical assistance from Europe cannot be overlooked. FINAL REPORT 55

71 Technical Assistance to a study on the current actions and initiatives in the field of civil protection in the Caribbean in order to promote, enhance and reinforce the regional cooperation mechanisms 6 Acknowledgments The consultants expressed their gratitude to all of the interviewees not only for the time that they were willing to devote to the interviews, but for the clarity of their explanation and the openmindedness demonstrated while addressing the most critical issues concerning their departments, or discussing about the existing gaps and weaknesses of the systems under their direct control. Special acknowledgments are however addressed to the National Disaster Coordinators or Heads Disaster Management Agencies of the different Countries who, with no exception, received the Mission at its best convenience, subtracting important hours to their commitments. These agencies are the cornerstone upon which a truly Caribbean cooperation between ACP, OCT and OR will be built. The views in this report are in fact their views. An equally special acknowledgment is to be expressed to the officials of the regional institutions, such as but not limited to CARICOM, ACS and CDEMA, who also dedicated time to the interviews and ensured continued support to the mission by exchanging mails or phone conversations. Finally, the mission wish to acknowledge all the persons in the EC offices in Brussels and in the EU Delegations in the area, that have been willing to give guidance and support for the successful result of the committed study. Due to the time constraints, important contacts or projects may have been let out by the consultants. They apologize for any shortcoming and welcome further comments and critic to improve the quality of the advice and ensure that the European initiative serves well the people of the Caribbean. FINAL REPORT 56

72 7 Annexes Contents 7 Annexes... i 7.1 ToR Project Fact sheets (inter-country and country) The Caribbean Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM ) Outline of a program for Civil Protection Platform Development of a Caribbean Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) capacity A Caribbean Medical and Public Health coordinated response Project to strengthen the National Emergency Operations Centres (EOC) Strengthening the Caribbean Disaster Relief Unit (CDRU) Developing an Integrated EWS at Regional Level Platform Coordination/Management Unit Support to CDEMA Strengthening the existing mechanisms in CARIFORUM and ACS Pilot project in St Martin/St Maarten/St Bartholomew/Anguilla Maps and country reports Map of the Caribbean Country Reports Anguilla Report Antigua and Barbuda Report Aruba Report The Bahamas Report Barbados Report Belize Report Bermuda Report British Virgin Islands Report The Cayman Islands Report Cuba Report Dominica Report FINAL REPORT i

73 Dominican Republic Report French Guyana Report Grenada Report Guadeloupe Report Guyana Report Jamaica Report Martinique Report Montserrat Report The Netherlands Antilles Report St Barthélémy Report St. Kitts and Nevis Report St. Lucia Report St Martin (FR) and St Maarten (Neth.) Report St. Vincent and the Grenadines Report Suriname Report Trinidad and Tobago Report The Turks and Caicos Islands Report: List of persons met or interviewed Bibliography and documents consulted FINAL REPORT ii

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83 Glossary 1 What is disaster risk reduction? According to the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), disaster risk reduction is: Actions taken to reduce the risk of disasters and the adverse impacts of natural hazards, through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causes of disasters, including through avoidance of hazards, reduced social and economic vulnerability to hazards, and improved preparedness for adverse events. In operational terms, disaster risk reduction comprises preparedness, mitigation and prevention, bearing in mind that many actions include a mix of mitigation and prevention. The descriptions below are meant to be illustrative, not exhaustive: Preparedness aims to boost the resilience and coping capacity of vulnerable people to better face hazards. It is based on sound analysis of disaster risks and linked to early warning systems. It includes contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, emergency services and standby arrangements, communications, information management and coordination arrangements, personnel training, community drills and exercises, and public education. It must be supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacity. Mitigation aims to limit the adverse impact of various hazards and includes structural measures such as engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction, and non-structural measures such as improved policies, legislation, public awareness, training and education, public commitment and operating practices. There is a window of opportunity for strengthened mitigation in the recovery and transition process, for example through building back better. Prevention aims to avoid the adverse impact of hazards outright and to minimise related disasters. Depending on social and technical feasibility and cost/benefit considerations, investing in preventive measures may be justified in areas frequently affected by disasters. These may include structural measures such as engineering and physical protection (e.g. dams, flood barriers, building of refuges), or non-structural, legislative measures on land use and building codes. Public awareness and education can be used to promote a culture of prevention and to encourage local prevention activities. 1 From EC SEC(2009) 220 Commission Staff Working Document -Accompanying document to COM(2009) 84 final FINAL REPORT 66

84 7.2 Project Fact sheets (inter-country and country) R001: Constitution of a Caribbean network of geo-referenced to the risk of major hurricane Financing source: Submitted to INTERREG IV Caraibes Total budget: 327,372 (requested 227,163) Duration: One year - Pending Target countries: St Vincent, St Lucia, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts, Trinidad. Implementing agency: UAG Université des Antilles Guyane w/ ACS Technical areas covered: RA / GIS Follow up of the projet INTERREG IIIb (Evaluation de l impact des risques naturels sur le développement durables dans les caraïbes). - Negotiation of agreement on use of existing data - Study of damages from past cyclones (Dean and Hugo), analysis of spatial data and identification of useful data - Modeling for future impact assessment Mostly scientific and academic. Will not contribute directly to improve coordination in civil protection. R002: Numerical Modelling of Natural Hazards in the Caribbean Marine TSUNAHOULE Financing source: INTERREG IV Caraibes (PENDING) Total budget: 630,000 (requested: 570,000) Duration: 1 year (pending) Target countries: Caribbean region Implementing agency: UAG (Université Antilles Guyane) Technical areas covered: RA, EWS Geographic information Systems Source: INTERREG FINAL REPORT 67

85 R003: French Red Cross Program for capacity Building in the Area of Risk Reduction in the Caribbean Financing source: INTERREG II Total budget: Duration: April 2007 August 2008 Target countries: Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guyana, Haiti Implementing agency: French Red Cross / Haitian Red Cross / IFRC Technical areas covered: CB/PAE The objectives are Establish in the Caribbean common training capacities for communities in preparedness and risk management. Creation of a support fund to finance micro-projects to strengthen the capacities of national Red Cross and to use the knowledge gained from the training provided at regional level. Create a database of tools for risk education to populations in the Caribbean. Contribute to improving the coordination of stakeholders on risk reduction Source: INTERREG 2 Narrative document R004: Project PIRAC (Platform of Regional Intervention America Caribbean) Financing source: INTERREG IIIB and IV Total budget: variable - in 2010: (58% from donors) Duration: ongoing in phases Target countries: Haiti and any Caribbean country affected by disaster. Capacity building in : Guyana, Belize, Bahamas, Grenade, St Lucia; and in : Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts & Nevis, Antigua & Barbuda Implementing agency: French Red Cross (Guadeloupe focal point) Technical areas covered: CB, EM, LOG In 2005: Signature of agreement between the French OR (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guyana) and the Haitian Red Cross establishing formally PIRAC; Three regional programs funded by INTERREG (75 % from EU; 25 % from the Region) : First project INTERREG (III): Création de la PIRAC (3 warehouses) : second project INTERREG (III): Culture du risque : third project INTERREG (IV): Préparation à la réponse PIRAC has a disaster preparation element (sensitisation of populations), a capacity building component (Red Cross society) and a response element (stock pre-positioned distributed in three warehouses) PIRAC has put out a virtual catalogue indexing all the natural disaster prevention tools developed by the different Caribbean structures over the last ten years. Source: Project documents FINAL REPORT 68

86 R005: Border Project : Living better with the Maroni Financing source: INTERREG IV (Amazonia) Total budget: 551,277 Duration: Two years Target countries: French Guyana and Suriname Implementing agency: IFRC / FRC Technical areas covered: EM, EWS, PLAN Source: Croix Rouge Française R006: 72 hours of self reliance (PIRAC 4) Financing source: INTERREG IV (PENDING) Total budget: (requested: ) Duration: 18 months - (July Dec 2011) Target countries: Guadeloupe (Island La désirade), Dominica and St Lucia (3 communities) Implementing agency: French Red Cross Technical areas covered: PAE A total of 4500 persons will be trained and sensitized for self protection and mutual assistance following disasters. Family and community survival kits will be developed and distributed to the participants. This project interest is in its pilot nature and the participation of St Martin, St Barthélémy and St Maarten as observer. The impact on collaboration between official institutions will be limited but the approach of involving French, Dutch and English territories, even as observers, is worthwhile Source: official application form submitted to INTERREG R007: Institutional Support and Capacity Building for Disaster Management in the Caribbean FINAL REPORT 69

87 Financing source: 9 th EDF regional Total budget: 3,400,000 Duration: 3 years (08/2007 to 08/2010) Target countries: CDEMA member Countries Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: CB/PAE Specifically, the purpose of the project is to strengthen and increase CDEMA s effectiveness and improve its coordination within the region including the non-english-speaking Caribbean countries; review and revise existing disaster management legislation with the view of establishing appropriate legislation where needed; set up and support national awareness and management campaigns in collaboration with Government Agencies, NGOs, and other parties working in this area; increase the use of ICTs for emergency planning thereby improving information sharing among CDEMA states While addressing existing legislation is beyond the scope of the EU CP Platform, some of the expected results are more relevant to the objective of this study: Improved regional coordination including establishing linkages between CDEMA and Haiti and Dominican Republic; Increased use of ICT in information sharing among CDEMA states Enhancement of the region s capacity for undertaking disaster management-related teaching. Coordination benefits are limited to CDEMA member states Source: CDEMA database R008: Disaster Risk Management Sub-regional Programme Financing source: 9th EDF through the ACP-EU Natural Disaster Facility. Total budget: 1,868,000 Duration: 48 months ending Dec 2011 Target countries: CDEMA members (include Haiti and Dominican Republic) Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: CB/PLAN/LOG The project reinforces disaster risk management capacities a national and sub-national level by providing funds to selected communities to build resilience by: Establishing community capacity for risk profiling Build capability to prepare and respond to impacts of natural hazards Develop a model evacuation policy and adapt it to a particular case, provide for French version for French speaking communities Provide community with basic emergency equipment The expected results are directly relevant to the Platform objective: 1. Increased regional coordination 2. Improved national disaster management plans 3. Enhanced community resilience through model plans and profiles Source: CDEMA database and Project document available FINAL REPORT 70

88 R009: OCT s Regional Risk Reduction Initiative (R31) Financing source: Regional C envelope 9.PTO.REG.14 Total budget: : 4,932,000 (USD 7,096,403.00) Duration: 3 years. Ending Dec 2011 Target countries: All OCT's in Caribbean region Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: RA/EWS/ERM/CB To bring all OCT's up to the same level in terms of capacity and tools for comprehensive disaster management, including risk and vulnerability assessment, emergency preparedness and recovery planning. Activities include: 1 Developing and updating geological maps and soil studies 2. Improvement of storm hazard maps. This will take into consideration the newly developed wind hazard maps created by PAHO 3. Comprehensive quantity survey of government-owned infrastructure would be undertaken as a matter of good practice 4. Detailed study of tsunami wave run-ups, modelling of scenario events and creation of quantitative hazard maps 5. Broadening of existing risk assessment into a full economic assessment of potential damage 6. Incorporation of all hazard maps produced into a national GIS database and the development of guidelines and procedures for incorporating these into the national development planning processes 7. Feasibility study and pilot implementation for the development of a real-time regional alert, warning and notification system 8. Review and documentation of emergency management processes and procedures 9. Training in revised procedures and testing in simulation exercises Source: Project Document FINAL REPORT 71

89 R010: CCRIF Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility Financing source: Multiple (incl. 9 th ACP B-Envelope and Global C-Envelope) Total budget: Bermuda USD 500,000 $500, CDB USD 5,000,000 $5,000, Canada CAD 20,000,000 $17,811, European Commission EUR 12,500,000 $16,960, French Republic EUR 5,000,000 $7,258, DFID USD 7,500,000 $7,500, IBRD USD 10,000,000 $10,000, Ireland USD 2,400,000 $2,400, Duration: indefinite Member countries: Anguilla Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Haiti Jamaica St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos (ACP and OCT voluntary participation) Participation of RO (Fr) being discussed. Implementing agency: World Bank Technical areas covered: REC The Facility covers damage from hurricanes (wind and surge only), earthquakes and in the future extreme rainfall events (whether related to a named tropical system or not.). Countries are currently only covering a relatively small part of their exposures (due to the level of premium they are prepared to pay.) CCRIF concentrated on the CARICOM member and associate member states (which includes the UK OTs, Suriname and Haiti as well as the now independent former British colonies). There are initial discussions with the Dutch territories regarding their potential participation, and some very preliminary conversations with officials at CNR, the French national catastrophe reinsurance programme. Broader participation is welcome. This project is important for Coordination and dialogue in the Caribbean. Being an insurance fund, data are not compiled and analysed in the review process (spreadsheet) Source: WB FINAL REPORT 72

90 R011: CDEMA Institutional Strengthening Financing source: United Nations Development Program, US Agency for International Development Total budget: 350,000 USD Duration: 36 months 2011 Target countries: Barbados (CDEMA) Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: CB To empower the Coordinating Unit (in CDEMA) to undertake the role as the premier disaster management agency in the region Activities include: 1. Rationalize programme areas and realign existing staff 2. Initiate CDEMA Agreement amendments as necessary 3. Prepare a 5-year Development Plan and Work Programme 4. Update/develop Policy documents Source: CDEMA database, UNDP documents R012: Adaptation for Climate Change and Disaster Mitigation: Township Planning Strategies for Storm Surge in the Caribbean Financing source: Netherlands Environmental Partnership Trust Fund (managed by the IDB) Total budget: 215,000 USD Duration: ENDED IN 2007 Target countries: Pilots in Barbados and Jamaica, dissemination in entire Caribbean Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: RA/CB Assisting Caribbean countries in the development of adaptation strategies needed to deal with the impact of natural disasters and severe weather events anticipated to occur in association with climate change, and to strengthen their capacity for adaptation to this phenomenon. In addition to develop the capacity and methodology for incorporating risk analysis into the long-term development strategies of town planners and emergency managers. Source: n.a. FINAL REPORT 73

91 Financing source: UNDP Total budget: 2,951,135 USD Duration: 3y ENDED 2006 R013: Strengthening of the Search and Rescue Capability of the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency Target countries: Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Belize British Virgin Islands Dominica Grenada Guyana Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts and Nevis St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: EM, LOG This project has been designed to achieve the dire need for an enhanced capacity for land-based Search and Rescue, to take place within three years. The enhanced capacity focuses on improving the low response capacity for seismic and volcanic (geologic) hazards especially in urban areas. Proposed training initiatives with CIDA and ongoing collaboration with the PAHO for first responders. The project will also form a critical link to the CDEMA/SOUTHCOM agreement to focus on the development of an emergency supplies and transportation network Source: CDEMA Database R014: National Organisations Institutional Strengthening Financing source: Participating states Total budget: 2,100,000 USD Duration: 3 years ending 2010 Target countries: CDEMA countries Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: CB/EM Enhance National Disaster Offices to manage and implement Comprehensive Disaster Management Source: CDEMA Database # 40 FINAL REPORT 74

92 R015: Disaster Reduction in the Health sector of the Caribbean Financing source: Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Total budget: 1,347,057 USD Duration: 5 years / terminated in 2006 Target countries: Caribbean Implementing agency: PAHO Technical areas covered: CB Disaster management support in the Caribbean health sector, including: mitigation of damages in hospitals and water systems, improvement of disaster preparedness in the health sector, improvement of mass casualty management. Source: PAHO R016: Caribbean Tsunami Early Warning System Communications and Protocols Financing source: USAID/OFDA, Trinidad and Tobago Government Total budget: 389,880USD Duration: started Aug DEC 2008 Target countries: Caribbean Implementing agency: Seismic research Center (UWI) Technical areas covered: RA/EWS/CB This proposal seeks funding to strengthen the capacity of the Seismic Research Unit (the SRU) to detect, monitor and warn people at risk from tsunami and other related geologic hazards. It provides for upgrade the seismograph network by establishing a Very Small Aperture Satellite (VSAT) Network for the transmission of seismic data with the aim of recognising potentially tsunamigenic earthquakes in real time. The programme will also facilitate the development of information sharing protocols between seismological agencies in the Caribbean and Adjacent Areas. This is a multi-national, regional project that will enhance the capacity of the regional agency, the SRU, to not only better detect potential tsunamis but to also better undertake its core mandate of monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the Eastern Caribbean. An additional component of this project is a comprehensive public education campaign to be coordinated by the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. Source: n.a. FINAL REPORT 75

93 R017: CIDA DFID Initiative CDM Harmonized implementation Programme Phase 1 Financing source: DFID, CIDA, EU, Government of Turkey, USAID, CDEMA, OECS Secretariat CIDA: $3,158,395 DFID: $4,772,755 EU - EDF (9): $2,222,737 EU ACP/EU: $ 559,292 Government of Turkey: $43,022 USAID: $ 65,000 In-kind Contributions CDEMA CU: $ 429,300 CDEMA PS: $ 367,700 OECS Secretariat: $ 87,991 Total budget: $11,706,192 Duration: April 2008 to March 2013 Target countries: Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Dominica Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts and Nevis St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Implementing agency: CDEMA Member States Technical areas covered: CB It is designed to directly support selected priority outcome areas of the CARICOM Regional Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) Strategy and Programming Framework through multistakeholder participation and support from CIDA. It is seen as core funding for CDEMA capacity building. It includes country directed fund to respond to national needs emerging from the baseline assessment. Total includes DFID contribution to this fund only Results include: A. Enhanced institutional support for Program implementation 1. Better capacity for cooperation among Caribbean States; 2. Identifying and meeting the key CDM requirements in CDEMA participating states; 3. Technical support to CDEMA; 4. A Model National CDM Policy, with adaptation guide; 5. Adoption of disaster management legislation in CDEMA states; 6. Upgrade of the CDEMA s Regional Coordination Centre (RCC); and 7. Mainstreaming disaster risk management in targeted sectors, such as tourism. B. Enhanced community resilience in CDEMA states Source: Programme Document FINAL REPORT 76

94 R018: Regional Disaster Risk Management for Sustainable Tourism in the Caribbean Financing source: UWI (in-kind), IDB ($800,000 grant), Caribbean Tourism Organisation (grant ) Total budget: 1,000,000 USD Duration: 42 months. Ending June 2010 Target countries: Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts and Nevis Surinam St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: RA/CB The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDEMA) signed a Letter of Agreement in February Specifically, IDB Grant will finance the development of a regional disaster risk management strategy for sustainable tourism including the formulation of standards for vulnerability assessments and risk mapping applied to the tourism sector; and institutional strengthening of the CDEMA, the Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO), and other stakeholders in disaster risk management for sustainable tourism. Source: Info from flyers Project document and reports are not available. R019: Expansion of Caribbean Disaster Management Mitigating flood damage Financing source: JICA Total budget: 2,725,570 USD Duration: CADM Phase II Target countries: Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana and St Lucia Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: RA/EWS Mechanisms, processes and products will be established to mitigate disaster damage from floods in CDEMA Participating States through the strengthening, enhancement and broadening of Hydrological observation, flood analysis technology, Geographic Information Systems capability for Flood Hazard Mapping, Community-based Disaster Management Planning (CBDM) capacity for the flood hazard and the establishment of an Early Warning flood hazard System mechanism. Activities include: - Hydrological monitoring stations established in six (6) CDEMA Participating States Hydrological database established at CIMH 1.3 Flood Analysis capability of Regional Team enhanced and expanded - GIS capability of Regional Team enhanced and expanded - Medium-scale national-wide flood hazard maps established - Cartographic standards for Flood Hazard Mapping in the Caribbean established - Disaster Imagination Game (DIG) technology promoted in CDEMA Participating States - Early Warning System established for six (6) CDEMA Participating States Source: CDEMA flyer FINAL REPORT 77

95 R020: Strengthening communities through safer health facilities in the Caribbean Financing source: PAHO ( USD), ECHO ( USD) Total budget: 595,600 USD Duration: 17 months ended 02/2009 Target countries: Anguilla Barbados Dominica Grenada Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis S St. Vincent and the Grenadines Implementing agency: PAHO Technical areas covered: CB This project is part of a worldwide campaign and PAHO s regional initiative for Safe Hospitals. The specific strategy of PAHO for this project is to raise the level of safety of vulnerable communities by improving hospitals abilities to remain functional when faced with natural disasters. It entails applying the Safe Hospital Index to gauge vulnerabilities on structural, non-structural and functional aspects of the hospital, as well as developing and implementing a safety improvement plan for targeted facilities. The project also develops a detailed assessment tool for evaluating the health sector s level of preparedness and implements an advocacy and communication strategy on the topic of Safe Hospitals in conjunction with the International Strategy Disaster Reduction Source: Project proposal Financing source: Government of Austria Total budget: 350,000 Duration: The two-year project. September Target countries: CDEMA Member States Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: PLAN/PAE/EM R021: Earthquake Readiness Capacity Building The Earthquake Readiness Capacity Building Project seeked to increase the resilience of the member states of the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) to earthquake hazards. The project will develop the region s capacity for earthquake management and will complement ongoing and planned disaster loss reduction capacity building efforts in CDEMA s member states. It will also facilitate national programming to harness interventions, and promote collaboration amongst partners, for enhanced earthquake contingency planning. The project had the following expected results: 1. An Earthquake Readiness Survey in CDEMA member states; 2. A report on the Status of Earthquake Readiness in the region; 3. A strategy for improving Earthquake Preparedness and Response in the region; 4. A model Earthquake Contingency Plan, which is then adapted for implementation in four CDEMA member states; 5. Exercising and strengthening of the National Plans; 6. An Earthquake Awareness Campaign; 7. An interactive Earthquake Awareness Kit for school children; and 8. An Earthquake Readiness Webpage linked to the CDEMA Website Source: CDEMA database (Info from flyers and EU documents FINAL REPORT 78

96 R022: Tsunami and other Coastal hazards early warning system Financing source: USAID ($475,200) in addition to in-kind contributions from CDEMA ($353,300) Participating States Total budget: 828,000 USD Duration: Started October 2007 and Ended in September 2009 Target countries: CDEMA Member States Implementing agency: UWI, CDEMA Technical areas covered: PAE/EWS Expected project outcomes include: 1. Increased public awareness about tsunamis and other coastal hazards; and 2. Improved notification of tsunamis and other coastal hazards to at-risk population. Major expected results include: 1. The production of public awareness materials and the execution of a multi-media campaign; 2. The production of a teaching module and multi-media teaching aids; 3. The development of web pages for improved access to web-based public awareness, alert, and warning information; and 4. The production of a protocol development manual, a model protocol, and country-specific tsunami and other coastal hazards warning dissemination protocols for adoption by CDEMA Participating States By the end of the project, it was anticipated that: 1. The general public will benefit from tsunami-and other coastal hazards-related media campaigns and awareness materials; 2. Teachers and students will benefit from tsunami and other coastal hazards-related materials produced for classroom use; and 3. National disaster management authorities and at-risk coastal communities will have defined tsunami and other coastal hazards-related warning dissemination protocols for adoption and adaptation. Source: Info from flyers FINAL REPORT 79

97 R023: Enhancing the effectiveness of information communication technology application for disaster management Financing source: International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Total budget: BDS $704,211 Duration: September 2007 February 2009 Target countries: CDEMA Member States Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: CB/EWS/RA/EM The importance of ICT (Information, Communication Technology) in providing a seamless link across the phases of the disaster cycle: preparedness, mitigation, relief, response and reconstruction. This project aims to enhance the effectiveness of Disaster Management practices in the Caribbean region through the identification and testing of innovative ICT applications including early warning systems for fast onset hazards. Specifically the project will: - Identify and assess the effectiveness of innovative ICT tools in national notification protocols for fast onset hazards in the Caribbean, with a focus on E-messaging, amateur (Ham) radio and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) applications; - Test and analyze the role of ICTs in strengthening community knowledge and support in the collection of post event information for earthquake in the Eastern Caribbean; and - Develop a set of policy recommendations in the form of a strategic paper. Source: Info of forum presentation FINAL REPORT 80

98 R024: The Mainstreaming Climate Change into Disaster Risk Management for the Caribbean Region Project Financing source: Austrian Development Agency (ADA) Total budget: 689,425 Duration: December November 2010 Target countries: CDEMA Participating States, specifically, Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago and Antigua & Barbuda. Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: PLAN/CB/PAE It seeks to strengthen regional, national and community level capacity for mitigation, management and coordinated response to natural and technological hazards and the effects of climate change. The project will benefit from the input of several regional institutions including the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), the Caribbean Policy Development Centre (CPDC), the Centre for Environment and Natural Resource Management (CERMES), and the Caribbean Farmers Network. These agencies will be represented on the Project Steering Committee (PSC) and a Climate Change Disaster Management Working Group (CCDM-WG) that have been established to provide support for the management of the project as well as technical expertise and experience for more effective interfacing of climate change adaptation with disaster risk management. Given the focus of the project on building awareness in communities and strengthening the region s response to the impacts of climate change, meetings of the PSC and CCDM-WG will also include representatives from the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS), and focal points for sub-regional response in CDEMA Participating States, specifically, Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago and Antigua & Barbuda. Project Outcomes The expected project outcomes are as follows: 1. Improved coordination and collaboration between community disaster organisations and other 2. Enhanced community awareness and knowledge on disaster management and climate change 3. Enhanced preparedness and response capacity (technical and managerial) for sub-regional and local level management and response Major Outputs 1. A regional programme for integration of climate change in the disaster risk reduction agenda 2. A regional plan of action for implementing the climate change and disaster risk reduction programme 3. A community-based disaster management planning programme incorporating climate change 4. An operational regional mechanism for coordination of community based disaster management initiatives 5. The strengthening of CDEMA s Sub Source: Website Info from flyers FINAL REPORT 81

99 R025: Capacity Building for Programming in Comprehensive Disaster Management Financing source: Turkish Government Total budget: $ 400,000 Duration: Y Target countries: CDEMA Member States Implementing agency: CDEMA Technical areas covered: CB The project will facilitate: 1. Funding support for a Technical Officer to support programme and project development in CDEMA member states; 2. An improved Work Implementation design and review in member states; 3. Updated information on status of disaster management in member states, including needs identified; 4. Increased experience sharing among member states; and 5. The participation of member states in the Comprehensive Disaster Management Review Conference. Sources: Info from flyers R026: Enhancing Resilience to Reduce Vulnerability in the Caribbean Financing source: Italian government Total budget: $4,527,813 (EUROS 3,500,000) Duration: 36 months ending December 2011 Target countries: 4 countries from the Barbados and the OECS sub-region Implementing agency: UNDP through Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH) Technical areas covered: EWS/PLAN/PAE This project has been financed by the Government of Italy with a goal of reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience to climate change, natural hazards and poverty at the regional, national and community levels within the Caribbean region. This project will also seek to support the development and the strengthening of an emerging comprehensive approach to Civil Protection in CARICOM member states. Output 1: Network of real-time decision support centers for early warning systems created Output 2: includes Source: Project document a. 1 Building capacity for volunteerism based on the best practices of the Italian Civil Protection Agency b. 2 Developing the capacities of the National Emergency Management Organisations (NEMO) i. Update the national civil protection plans ii. Update a system of dissemination and communication of alerts to target populations c. 3 Support tsunami and other coastal hazards public awareness initiatives FINAL REPORT 82

100 R027: Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) Financing source: UNDP + Total budget: app. 400,000/year so far. 2.8 M for (1.2 M from UNDP, balance unfunded) Duration: 5 years phase ending 2009 Target countries: All ACP (not including OCT and OR) Implementing agency: UNDP Barbados and Cuba Technical areas covered: RA/EM/PAE/CB The CRMI is designed to build capacity within the Caribbean region to adequately address the growing occurrence of natural hazards and environmental risks as well as to emphasize the concept of climate change and social vulnerability. One of the objectives is to stimulate collaboration between all participating countries. For this purpose, all material is produced in three languages (FR, EN and SP). Phase : 1) Pilot replication of Cuban model of Risk Reduction Management Centres to max. 3 countries in the region. Key partners: Civil Defense, CDEMA, NEMOS. 2) Production of Climate Scenarios for several Caribbean Islands and regional scenarios for key sectors. Key partners: CCCCC, INSMET, CIMH, Hadley Centre 3) ACC or DRR Best Practices or Case Studies: 2/year. Key Partners: UWI, UNDP, UVI 4) Support for Education Courses: Short courses for professional. Key partners: UWI 5) Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Partners: CARICOM, ECLAC, UNDP, UWI 6) Regional Capacity Building: training, workshop, exchange program with the Pacific SIDS. This project is a model of coordination platform in risk reduction but centred around Cuba rather than the OCT or ORs that are not covered or participating in the CRMI. The approach and complementarities are nevertheless important to consider in launching the EU platform.. Source: UN in Cuba. FINAL REPORT 83

101 R028: Fostering Knowledge Transfer and the Replication of Best Practices in Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction within the Caribbean Financing source: ECHO/DIPECHO + UNDP/BCPR Total budget: EURO 514, Duration: 15 months (October 2005 February 2007) Target countries: Haiti, Dominican Republic, and selected English speaking countries of the Caribbean. Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: PAE/CB The project overall objective is to facilitate the availability and replication of best practices and foster knowledge transfer in disaster preparedness and risk reduction initiatives within the Caribbean, as well as effective exchange and partnership among DIPECHO partners and institutions within the region. The end of the project: - Four Regional DIPECHO Partners meetings organised. - A Inventory consists of a compilation of 89 experiences, available in 3 languages. - A total of 18 experiences were systematised related to the Early Warning Systems as a general concept. - The results of the studies are compiled in a set consisting of 5 publications - An interactive CD ROM produced included inventory of experiences and cases studies. - The Website, was designed. The Webpage was conceived as a userfriendly page, and shall be a vital place not only for the Project, the DIPECHO Partners and all the organisations that have participated in the Inventory of Experiences, but also for a wider audience, related with the thematic of Reducing Disasters. - The Caribbean: in the hurricanes path, Video was presented. - Two Knowledge Workshops, Reducing Disasters & Community Preparedness (1 for English Caribbean and 1 for Hispaniola and Cuba), would be held respectively in Barbados and Dominican Republic. An important networking initiative which would insert itself within the CRMI project R027. Budgetary and thematic linkages between both projects are not known. Source: Info from database / Project document and UNDP / DIPECHO Final Report FINAL REPORT 84

102 Financing source: World Bank / GFDRR Total budget: USD 765, Duration: January June 2011 R030: Caribbean Risk Atlas Project Target countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago Implementing agency: University of West Indies with other contractors. Technical areas covered: RA Without the integration of risk avoidance/risk management strategies in the development planning and private investment, the region will continue to depend on costly and difficult to obtain insurance coverage. This project will 1. Develop a probabilistic risk assessment platform (for earthquake and hurricanes) for educational use in Jamaica and the wider Caribbean; 2. Develop a disaster risk atlas for Jamaica and the wider Caribbean; 3. Train potential users and government officials in the application of probabilistic loss assessments tools; 4. Explore the potential for the development of flood loss model and assess feasibility for the addition of flood loss tools to the modeling platform. The project consists of four basic components. These are: 1. Development of a risk modeling platform; 2. Asset vulnerability identification and assessment; 3. Education and socialization of risk assessment and risk reduction; 4. Analysis of flood modeling techniques and their applicability for the Caribbean region. Source: GFDRR Activity Details fact sheet (1462) FINAL REPORT 85

103 R031 Preparedness for Climate Change by National Societies in the Caribbean Financing source: IFRC Total budget: USD 85,300 Duration: 15 Months 12/07 to 03/09 Target countries: Antigua, Bahamas, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica and St Kitts Implementing agency: IFRC Technical areas covered: RA/CB This programe is geared towards strengthening the capacity of National Red Cross/Red Crescent societies to understand and address the risk of climate change to the vulnerable people in their countries and well communities by extension. Source: Info from CDEMA database # 150 Financing source: IFRC R032 Shelter Management Workshops in the Caribbean National Society Total budget: USD 35,000 Duration: 8 months 10/08 to 06/09 Target countries: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Lucia, St Kitts and Trinidad Implementing agency: IFRC Technical areas covered: EM The main purpose of this activity is to organize a refresher training course to increase the capacity of the Caribbean Red Cross staff and its volunteers in their mandated task of providing temporary shelters during emergencies. Source: Info from CDEMA database #148 FINAL REPORT 86

104 Financing source: CIDA R033: Disaster Risk Reduction in the Health Sector of the Caribbean Total budget: CAN$2,540 million Duration: 5 Years Target countries: All Implementing agency: PAHO Technical areas covered:ra, CB, PAE This five year project has the following outcomes: (i) knowledge resources are available and used in the health sector for disaster preparedness and mitigation; (ii) the level of safety of health facilities in relation to natural hazards is improved; (iii) disaster risk reduction is incorporated in the agenda of the health sector. The project will establish a baseline of disaster risk reduction and build the tools necessary to assess progress in the countries. Source: Proposal and Progress reports R034: Improving the preparedness of Caribbean communities to respond to disasters affecting their locality Financing source: DG/ECHO (DIPECHO) Total budget: 691,035 US Dollars Duration: 15 months - ended Dec 2009 Target countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Bahamas and Suriname Implementing agency: IFRC Technical areas covered: EM/PAE This programme aims to work with and for these communities to better enable them to understand the hazards in their environment, to adopt behaviours that will make their homes safer and to prepare for disasters through the development of Community Disaster Response Teams (CDRTs). The programme will work in two communities in each of the three Caribbean countries selected on the basis of the vulnerability of the country and the capacity of its National Societies (NSs) 1. Community awareness-raising meetings 2. Community Micro-Projects 3. Validation, printing and distribution of: NITs manual CBDM Better be Ready Documents including the VCA manual CDRT Modular Training Communications Strategy CDRT Communication Tool 4. Dissemination actions and good practice documentation 5. CDRT Modular Training Kit Working Group meetings Stakeholder coordination 6. NITs Training 7. Vulnerability Capacity Assessment (VCA) and Community Disaster Response Team (CDRT)training Sources: Information of CDEMA Database 147, DIPECHO files FINAL REPORT 87

105 R035: CLUSTER CARAIBE DES RISQUES NATURELS ET DE LA MER Caribbean Cluster for Natural (incl maritime) risks Financing source: INTERREG IV Total budget: 865,390 (Requested 649,000) Duration: 2 years (Dec 2008 Nov 2010) Target countries: All islands in particular Cuba, Dominica, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, St Lucia, Trinidad, Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Martinique, St Martin and St Barthélémy. Implementing agency: Regional Council Martinique Technical areas covered: EWS, RA, PAE, CB a- Identification of main actors b- Sensibilisation of the actors to the project c- Mobilisation and involvement of the interested actors d- Screening of projects and initiatives with innovative approaches. e- Thematic workshops (see below) f- International Colloque on natural risks and economic development in the Caribbean g- Establishment of groups of experts. h- Internet and directory support to actors and initiatives The main themes are GIS, the sea (Tsunami, coastal erosion), seism, floods and drought Sources: application to INTERREG R037: Regional Weather Radar Warning System Financing source: 9 e EDF ACP Caribbean Total budget: 13,200,000 Duration: Target countries: Barbados, Belize, Guyana and Trinidad but de facto covering all ACP, OCT and RUP excepting Caimans Island (special country project) Implementing agency: CARICOM/CMO Technical areas covered: EWS Four new Doppler digital radars in Barbados, Belize, Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago, which will provide continuous real-time radar coverage out to 400 kilometres from each site and which will enable the National Meteorological Services (NMSs) to provide images and guidance to the public and key local sectors, such as the aviation industry, the water resources sector, agriculture and disaster preparedness officials. The creation, in collaboration with Météo-France, of a regional radar network comprising these four radars, plus existing radars in Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French Guiana. This regional network will provide an electronic composite of all the radars, thereby providing broad areal coverage of the Caribbean islands. Operational composite radar images or individual radar images would be available at the US National Hurricane Center in Miami. The installation of a radar in the Cayman Islands is the object of another Project. Final evaluation is scheduled in 2010 Source: FINAL REPORT 88

106 R038: Programme de renforcement des capacités de la Caraïbe en matière de risques majeurs Financing source: INTERREG III-B Caraïbes Total budget: 3,2 M (FEDER: 1 M; Conseils régionaux: 2,2) Duration: Target countries: Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guyana, Dominica, Haïti, Trinidad, Puorto Rico Implementing agency: Regional Council Guadeloupe Technical areas covered: PAE/ERM The Project is constituted of 12 sub-projects with different partners (Regional Council of Martinique, French, Dominican and Haitian Red Cross Societies, UWI, UAG, Board of Engineering of Trinidad and Tobago and the Center for Coastal Hazards (Porto Rico). The objective is to improve the forecasting/warning systems, provide training on risk management, establish an information centre and develop common tools for monitoring and early warning Source: Dossier d Instruction du projet - INTERREG R039: Caribbean Red Cross Societies: Building Safer, More Resilient Communities majeurs Financing source: ECHO / DIPECHO Total budget: 2,452,826 Duration: 16 months September 2009 December 2010 Target countries: The Caribbean region: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Support will also be provided to British and Dutch overseas territories. Implementing agency: IFRC Technical areas covered: CB, EM To Reduce the number of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters in the Caribbean through to enhance the capacity of Caribbean Red Cross National Societies to prepare for, mitigate and respond to the adverse effects of climate change and natural disasters in the Caribbean. Results: Vulnerable communities have increased knowledge, skills and resources to conduct disaster mitigation, preparedness and response activities. will be focused in 7 countries, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Guyana, Suriname, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. Focus in each country will differ, with countries implementing CBDM with activities in schools included, other countries CBDM without activities in schools and others developing also or only CBHFA. Enhanced institutional Red Cross capacity for disaster management at national and community levels. Increased Red Cross coordination and advocacy for comprehensive disaster management Source: Project document FINAL REPORT 89

107 R040: Strengthening community based preparedness in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and in Trinidad and Tobago Financing source: ECHO / DIPECHO Total budget: 525,001 Duration: 15 months (01/11/ /01/2011) Target countries: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago. Implementing agency: Finnish Red Cross (Suomen Punainen Risti) / Finland Technical areas covered: PLAN, PAE,CB Increase the capacities of vulnerable communities in Trinidad and Tobago, and in St. Vincent and the Grenadines to prepare for, mitigate and respond to hazards.. Results & Activities: - Community resilience and local capacities are strengthened to prepare for, respond to, and to cope with hazards and adverse effects of climate change are strengthened. A participative VCA has been conducted in all 9 communities including community members, Red Cross volunteers and local authorities. All 9 communities have elaborated community disaster plans. 5 CDRTs, and 4 School Disaster Response Teams are established, recognized, trained and equipped. 13 simulation exercises are carried out and evaluated. 180 people have been trained to use a VHF radio. Pre-hurricane season awareness campaign organized in coordination with NDMA in media. Public awareness and knowledge of disaster preparedness and response issues, and the culture of prevention are broadened. One small-scale infrastructure or mitigation work is performed in each of the nine (9) communities to reduce the community s physical vulnerability as prioritized through the VCA and as agreed upon by the municipality. - Capacity of national societies to respond to disasters in a coordinated and efficient manner is increased. Both National Societies have a DM strategy elaborated, and ratified. 50 RC volunteers and staff members have received NITs training. Volunteer management system in place in both National Societies. MoU signed between TT RC and ODPM. Key stakeholder meetings organized at the beginning and, at least every 6 month during the project. Lessons Learnt workshop organized with stakeholders at the end of the project. Source: Project document FINAL REPORT 90

108 R041: Enhancing Disaster Preparedness integration in rural livelihoods and urban planning in the Caribbean Financing source: ECHO/DIPECHO Total budget: 700,000 Duration: November 2009 January 2011 (15 months) Target countries: Caribbean region with a specific focus on Jamaica and Haiti Implementing agency: Oxfam GB Technical areas covered: PAE, PLAN To contribute to disaster risk reduction in the Caribbean region by enhancing knowledge management of disaster preparedness integration in rural livelihoods and urban planning among community leaders, local Governments and other key stakeholders. Results & Activities: - Agricultural communities and agriculture related institutions well informed and motivated towards a culture of safety and resilience Integration of basic disaster preparedness in two agricultural communities in Jamaica and one municipality in Haiti. Support to the development and implementation of JAS and Veterimed s Institutional plans, measures and regulations on emergency preparedness. Development of case studies and systematization of the experience of Disaster Preparedness integration in livelihoods programmes in various countries through writeshops. Organization of a regional learning workshop on DP integration in livelihoods programmes in the Caribbean. Publication of good practices of DP integration approaches and models for development or DRR practitioners and cooperative members and individual farmers (in English, Spanish and French Creole). Dissemination of case studies and good practices through the publication on web-sites, in specialised journals and the presentation or distribution of leaflets, reports, videos, case studies etc during regional and global meetings and conferences. Participation in local fairs and/or festive activities to disseminate good practices and experience to farmers, cooperatives and to the private sector (in Jamaica and Haiti). - Urban poor population and municipal authorities units well informed and motivated towards a culture of safety and resilience. Development of case studies and systematization of the experience of DP in urban areas through write-shops. Publication of good practices of urban risks and urban disaster preparedness approaches and models for DRR Practitioners and for the population living in urban settlements (in English, Spanish and French). Coordination and co-organization of a regional learning workshop on DP in urban areas in the Caribbean with the Regional Thematic Platform on Urban Risk and CDEMA. Participation in local fairs and/or festive activities to disseminate good practises and experience to urban population and local governments units Source: Project Document FINAL REPORT 91

109 Financing source: World Bank Total budget: US $ 350,000 Duration: October 2007 June 2009 Target countries: CDEMA Member States Implementing agency: CARICOM / CDEMA Technical areas covered: CB R042: Caribbean Emergency Legislation Project To build legislative capacity to enhance the legal and institutional framework for state of emergency budgets CARICOM countries. Components: - Improving the legal and institutional frameworks to state of emergency - Conducting national and regional outreach and validation of findings Source: Info of the WB Presentation R043: Implementation of Adaptation Measures in Coastal Zones Financing source: GEF Project, World Bank Total budget: US $ 5.47 MM. Duration: September 2006 June 2011 Target countries: Dominica, Saint Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines Implementing agency: Dominica, Saint Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines Technical areas covered: CB To implement specific (integrated) pilot adaptation measures addressing primarily, the impacts o f climate change on their natural resource base along coastal and near-coastal areas. The project also seeks to produce knowledge of global value on how to implement adaptation measures in small island states that can be applied in other countries in the region.the project support four components, three of which will be prioritized in national adaptation strategies and refined through a series of regional and national consultations: Component one identifies, evaluates, selects and designs priority adaptation measures addressing impacts of climate change on biodiversity and land degradation. Component two implements selected adaptation measures designed to address climate impacts on biodiversity and land degradation. The project supports the coordination and implementation, of pilot adaptation measures in seven sites in the participating countries thereby enhancing the resilience of insular ecosystems with biodiversity assets under threat from climate change. Component three strengthens the national capacity to implement multiple multi-lateral environmental agreements. This component finances goods and services required to develop and establish the building blocks for addressing multiple convention objectives as adopted by the three governments Component Four funds project management Source: Website FINAL REPORT 92

110 Financing source: World Bank Total budget: US $ MM. Duration: April 2003 March 2009 R044: Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change Project Target countries: CDEMA States Members Implementing agency: CCCCC Technical areas covered: CB The objective is to facilitate the creation of an enabling environment in the small islands and coastal developing states of Caribbean Community (CARICOM) for climate change adaptation. Change of recipient and project implementing agency from CARICOM to the Caribbean Community Centre for Climate Change (CCCCC) which is strategically located in Belize. Under the restructured Project, the new implementing agency, the CCCCC, will be performing a restructured set of key activities for the Project which are derived from the activities performed by the former implementing agency and additionally will continue the execution of the existing Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) with the following institutions: 1) University of West Indies at Mona; 2) University of West Indies at St Augustine; 3) Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH); 4) the Centre for Marine Sciences (CMS); and 5) Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency (CDEMA). These institutions are currently carrying out activities for the project as it is described in the original grant agreement. It is not expected that the scope and number of activities to be carried out by these parties in the new MOUs will change Source: Website R045: Multilatorganisation and P0312 for Climate Change in the Overseas Territories Financing source: DFID Total budget: 704,500 Duration: December 2005 March 2011 Target countries: UK Overseas Territories Caribbean Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: CB/RA To enable the UK Overseas Territories to actively engage in and benefit form regional climate change adaptation programmes Source: Website DFID FINAL REPORT 93

111 R046: Acting with common purpose to implement the Hyogo Framework for Action in Latin American and the Caribbean Financing source: German Government (Ministry Foreign Affairs) Total budget: 450,551 Duration: October 2008 December 2009 Target countries: Argentina, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras,,Jamaica, Peru Implementing agency: Regional UN-ISDR office in Panama Technical areas covered: CB UN-ISDR Project. Activities: - Raising the political profile of risk reduction in the development sphere - Developing clearer linkages with climate change adaptation agenda. - Identifying major obstacles to realign national and international priorities to reduce risk - Linking better scientific input to policy making - Facilitating coordination and coherence of DRR efforts - Promoting leadership and commitment of agencies and institutions for integration of DRR. - Facilitating closer partnership and cooperation between UN agencies, regional and sub-regional organisations, civil society and governments. Source: List of project - draft document / German Embassy Cooperation Projects on Civil Protection R047: Caribbean Hazard Mitigation Capacity Building Program (CHAMP) Financing source: CIDA, OAS, CDEMA (in kind) Total budget: US$ 1,434,000 Duration: Three-year Target countries: Belize, BVI, Grenada, St. Lucia Implementing agency: CDEMA, OAS Technical areas covered: PAE, PLAN, EM, EWS, CB To assist countries in the Caribbean region with the development of comprehensive, national hazard vulnerability reduction initiatives through the development of national hazard mitigation policies, creation of appropriate policy implementation programs through comprehensive hazard mitigation planning frameworks and the development and implementation of safer building training and certificate programs Source: Website CDEMA and database FINAL REPORT 94

112 Financing source: IADB Total budget: USD R048: Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management in OECS Countries Duration: 6 months March 2010 Target countries: OECS countries Implementing agency: IADB with OECS Technical areas covered: RA, PAE The project has two components: Community Resilience and Institutional Strengthening. The first component will engage local communities by implementing demonstrative community risk reduction projects. The second component will help to build capacity in key stakeholders in member states of the OECS concerned with planning and implementation of development projects. The technical cooperation will make significant use of some of the disaster risk management tools that have been developed in the region. The activities include: (a) community hazard mapping and vulnerability assessment and associated training; (b) training in hazard proofing for artisans, construction foremen and householders; (c) development of supporting pamphlets, fliers and audio-visual tools; and (d) retrofitting existing public buildings for selected hazards in each target community for use in demonstration Source: Project document FINAL REPORT 95

113 R049: US OFDA Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Programme Financing source: US Government (OFDA) Total budget: estimated amount USD in 2009 Duration: Ongoing for over 20 years Target countries: All ACP except Cuba. OCT are indirectly and marginally included through partners US funded programmes Implementing agency: variable. Many activities are directly managed by the US/OFDA experts stationed in Costa Rica, Jamaica, Dominica and Barbados Technical areas covered: All The US Government is placing priorities on Civil Protection type activities (excluding long term developmental risk reduction). Activities include risk and vulnerability assessment and mapping, formulation of plans (general or sectorial), strengthening of EOC centres, capacity building for response, basic search and rescue training, response coordination through the annual exercises FAHUM or Tradewind, limited stockpiling, information management, etc. The importance of this assistance is its sustainability over a long period of time explaining in part the progress made in the Caribbean. US/OFDA is working either directly with national counterparts or funding selected partners for 1-5 years period, sometime remaining active over 20 Years. Source: Some of the projects funded by OFDA are including Latin America (USD 18 M in FY 2009). For active programmes, the cumulative total for Latin American and Caribbean is $ The proportion likely to be for the Caribbean was estimated based on observations, known activities and experience. Staff from the OFDA/LAC Office in Costa Rica was not available for extended telephone or discussion or willing to search their files due to the strong US operational commitment in Haiti and later Chile. Overall data for LAC and partly the Caribbean were obtained from OFDA website. FINAL REPORT 96

114 R050: US South COM Disaster Preparedness in the Eastern Caribbean Financing source: US Military (SOUTH COM) Total budget: unknown Duration: Ongoing for over 15 years Target countries: All ACP except Cuba. Implementing agency: directly by South Com and contractors. Technical areas covered: All in the Eastern Caribbean: (2009 only) Antigua & Barbuda: EOC equipment, Satellite Store Room with Office for the island of Barbuda and EOC Disaster Relief Warehouse Engineering & Equipment Assessment Barbados: EOC Disaster Relief Warehouse Engineering & Equipment Assessment, CDRU (CARICOM Disaster Relief Unit) Workshop Dominica: EOC Construction, Seven Satellite Warehouses for seven districts and EOC Disaster Relief Warehouse Engineering & Equipment Assessment Grenada: Construction of (2) Satellite EOCs, Construction of EOC/Warehouse Multi- purpose Facility on island of Petit Martinique and EOC Disaster Relief Warehouse Engineering & Equipment Assessment St. Kitts &Nevis: Excess Property equipment for EOC Backhoe and Brush Cutter; Fire-fighting equipment; SAR equipment; Four-wheel drive vehicle for disaster agency; Medical & First Responder Training & Supplies and EOC Disaster Relief Warehouse Engineering & Equipment Assessment St. Lucia: Construction/refurbishment of the Headquarters for Council for Persons with Disabilities; Training Disaster Management Training; Medical & First Responder Training and EOC Disaster Relief Warehouse Engineering & Equipment Assessment St. Vincent & the Grenadines: EOC Disaster Relief Warehouse Engineering & Equipment Assessment; Emergency Supplies for Satellite warehouses; SUV for Disaster Agency; Bus for Disaster Agency and Training - SAR Training; Disaster Relief Training Source: exchange of correspondence. Information received only for Eastern Caribbean FINAL REPORT 97

115 Country projects AIA001: Anguilla Coastal Resource Assessment, Monitoring and Management Project Prototype for Development of a National GIS (ACRAMAM) Financing source: DFID Total budget: GB 133,000 Duration: Target countries: Anguilla Implementing agency: Office of President Technical areas covered: RA, CB ACRAMAM was launched officially at a ceremony in June 2005, following completion of the first of three phases. The first phase remapped the coastal resources; the coral reef, sea grass and underwater terrain of the near shore waters using high-resolution satellite imagery and extensive field survey. The second phase provided training for resource assessment and monitoring protocols, and for information management. Additionally, field monitoring guidelines for near shore coastal resource management were developed as well as information handling protocols for inter-departmental cooperation. The third phase was installed in mid 2006, and is a geographical information system (GIS) called AXACRIS (Anguilla Coastal Resource Information System), which can organise and analyse the data collected in the field or elsewhere and assist government stakeholders make timely and more accurate decisions. Not only have databases for a range of departments been designed for, amongst others, coral reef monitoring, sand mining, sea grass monitoring and fish assessment, but other existing datasets such as the Land Registry, Development Applications and Water Quality have been integrated. A system for cataloguing all data will allow Anguilla to archive and use its valuable geographical data more effectively, and a suite of GIS analytical tools allow government staff to map biodiversity, environment, fisheries, planning and land issues. Finally, a stateof-the-art intranet mapping tool has been established and will allow people across government to view key environmental data. A third phase of the project improved monitoring methods for marine resource management Source: UNDP Project Document FINAL REPORT 98

116 AIA002: Immediate Response Loan Hurricane Omar. Anguilla Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: US$ 425,000 Duration: Target countries: Anguilla Implementing agency: Ministry of Infrastructure, Communication, Housing, Agriculture and Fisheries (MICH) Technical areas covered: REC/CB The resources provided will be directed towards GOA s work in restoring essential land and sea transportation infrastructure after Hurricane Omar. These activities were critical to ensuring the efficiency of distributing relief resources and provided GOA with the needed time to better define its requirements for the long-term recovery and rehabilitation efforts. The activities and supplies will assist the GOA with its immediate response programme, enabling early resumption of normal activities after the passage of Hurricane Omar. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: ment BHS001: Relief aid to Bahamas in the aftermath of hurricane Wilma Financing source: AECID (Bilateral) Total budget: 50,000 Duration: Target countries: Bahamas Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: REC/LOG To amount was allocated for buying hygienic kits, food, clothes and water. Source: List of project - draft document / Spain AECID Cooperation Projects on Civil Protection FINAL REPORT 99

117 BHS002: Immediate Response Facility for Emergencies Caused by Natural and Unexpected Disasters Financing source: IADB (Inter-American Development Bank Total budget: USD 21,000,000 Duration: March 2005 October 2006 Target countries: Bahamas Implementing agency: Ministry of Works and Utilities Technical areas covered: EWS/PLAN To facilitate rapid restoration of basic infrastructure and services to the islands of the Bahamas, particularly Grand Bahamas. Abaco, San Salvador, Cat Island, Eleuthera, and New Providence following Hurricane Frances and Jeanne Components: - Infrastructure - Transportation and Infrastructure network affected by hurricanes (docks, roads and adjacent coastal protection systems, Water and Sewerage and Public Buildings) repaired and restored. - Social sector Health and Education facilities and equipment repaired and Temporary Housing provided. - Clean up and Waste Disposal debris from hurricane damage cleaned up and disposed of in appropriate sanitary landfills Source: Project Completion Report CPR FINAL REPORT 100

118 BLZ001: Building safer and more resilient communities in Belize Financing source: CIDA / Canada Caribbean Disaster Risk Management Fund Total budget: EUROS 588, Duration: 15 months / October 2009 December 2010 Target countries: Belize Implementing agency: Norwegian Red Cross (NorCrorss)/ Norway Technical areas covered: EM, PAE, PLAN, CB To increase the resilience of the targeted communities to floods and hurricanes and enhance the response capacity of the Belize Red Cross and its coordination with the country s disaster management institutions Results & Activities: - Communities along the Belize River and its tributaries in the Cayo and Belize Districts have increased their preparedness and their capacity to respond to floods and hurricanes Form and equip Community Disaster Response Teams in 12 communities, and train them in first aid, disaster preparedness and response, and public health in emergencies, in coordination with NEMO. Create community emergency plans and family emergency plans, which include special attention to the specific needs of the elderly, disabled groups, and mother headed households, and validate them through a drill exercise. Identify and implement at least 6 micro mitigation projects that reduce disaster risk - The general public, especially students and teachers, have increased their level of preparedness and awareness about disaster risk reduction. Form School Safety Committees composed of teachers, parents and students, train them in basic first aid, psychosocial first aid, and health education, and support them in developing a school safety plan. Carry out educational activities and games with the students and teachers about DRR and health topics, including a Psychosocial Support Camp organized by the PSP Team. Raise awareness about disaster preparedness in the general public by distributing information at national fairs and events, and by broadcasting a weekly Public Service Announcement throughout the rainy season - The Belize Red Cross has enhanced its capacity to respond to disasters and increased its coordination with other disaster management institutions in the country and region. Train and equip volunteers of the BRC to become National Intervention Team (NIT) Members, specialized NITs, and Psychosocial Support Team members. Develop BRC country strategy, BRC response plans, and family needs assessment form. Train members of BRC and other DM institutions in the SPHERE guidelines, advocate for the adoption of standardized tools and facilitate the exchange of experiences and tools in community disaster risk reduction. Source: Project Document FINAL REPORT 101

119 BLZ002: Support for the Preparation of an Integrated Disaster Risk Management Financing source: IADB (Inter-American Development Bank) Total budget: USD 500,000 Duration: December ??? Target countries: Belize Implementing agency: Natural Emergency Management Organisation Technical areas covered: CB/PLAN The operation will provide support activities in institutional strengthening and capacity enhancement, toward the design and implementation of an integrated disaster risk management plan. Source: IDB Inter-American Development Bank/ Projects. Website: BLZ003: Bridge Rehabilitation Belize Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: USD 8.8 MM Duration: ??? Target countries: Belize Implementing agency: Ministry of Works Technical areas covered: REC/CB The major benefit of the project is the restoration and protection of vital infrastructure which significantly contribute to the national economy. This includes the restoration of road links which facilitate the movement of Belize's major exports Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: ent FINAL REPORT 102

120 BLZ004: Immediate Response Loan Tropical Storm Arthur - Belize Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: US$ 520,000 Duration: ??? Target countries: Belize Implementing agency: Ministry of Communication, Works and Transport (MCWT) Technical areas covered: REC/CB The Project will provide financial assistance to the Government of Belize for clearing and cleaning of affected areas and the emergency restoration of essential services. The activities and supplies to be funded by the Project will assist GOBZ to initiate its immediate response programme, which will enable Belize to resume normal activities as quickly as possible and begin planning for short, medium and long term recovery and rehabilitation efforts. Specific activities will include clearing communication access routes and reinstatement of disrupted utilities and services so that social and economic activities can resume. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: nt BMU001: Disaster Risk reduction Plan Financing source: UK Government Total budget: USD 128,010 Duration: Target countries: Bermudas Implementing agency: Bermudas Red Cross Technical areas covered: CB, PAE, RA To enhance the capacity of Caribbean OSBs to mitigate and respond to the adverse effects of climate change, disasters and reduce risk at community level. Results: - More resilient communities Vulnerable communities have increased knowledge, skills and resources to conduct disaster mitigation, preparedness and response activities. - Enhanced institutional Red Cross capacity for disaster management at OT and community levels. - Increased Red Cross coordination and advocacy for comprehensive disaster management. Source: Bermuda Red Cross Plan of Disaster Risk reduction FINAL REPORT 103

121 CYM001: Regional Weather Radar Warning System Financing source: Réserve C et enveloppe régionale 9 e FED PTOM Total budget: 4,500,000 Duration: Target countries: Cayman Island Implementing agency: mise en œuvre par EUNIDA Technical areas covered: EWS Îles Caïmans, pour compléter un projet couvrant le reste de la région. mise en œuvre par l'autorité aéroportuaire des Îles Caïmans. la Commission n'a pas encore travaillé avec l'autorité aéroportuaire des Îles Caïmans. l'installation du radar aux Îles Caïmans permettra de couvrir la seule lacune existante dans le système, de sorte que l'entièreté de la région soit pleinement couverte Source: n.a. CUB001: Strengthening the risk reduction capacity in the province of Santiago de Cuba Financing source: AECID (Trust Fund Spain-UNDP: Towards an integrated and inclusive development in Latin America and the Caribbean) Total budget: US$ 500,000 Duration: Target countries: CUBA Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: RA, EWS, PLAN, CB The project aims at the development of provincial Risk Reduction Management Centres (Centro de Gestión para la Reducción del Riesgo) including in risk assessment, database on past disasters, information management including GIS, sustainable development plans, early warning systems and preparedness plans for the response. It is part of a systematic decentralization of risk reduction (prevention and preparedness) at provincial level. Source: UNDP, Civil Defence and AECID FINAL REPORT 104

122 CUB002: Strengthening local capacities in risk reduction management in Granma Province Financing source: ECHO/DIPECHO and UNDP Total budget: 364,168 Duration: November 2009-January 2011 (15 months) Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP with National Civil Defense Technical areas covered: RA, EWS, PLAN, CB The project aims at the development of provincial Risk Reduction Management Centres (Centro de Gestión para la Reducción del Riesgo) including risk assessment, database on past disasters, information management including GIS, sustainable development plans, early warning systems and preparedness plans for the response. It is part of a systematic decentralization of risk reduction (prevention and preparedness) at provincial level. Source: Project document Financing source: Belgium Total budget: 132,000 Duration: Target countries: Cuba CUB003: Strengthening capacity in five municipalities Implementing agency: OXFAM- Solidarity Belgium Technical areas covered: RA, EWS, PLAN, CB The project is coordinated by the Civil Defence and follows the usual approach to the development of local Risk Reduction Management Centre (Centro de Gestión para la Reducción del Riesgo) including in risk assessment, database on past disasters, information management including GIS, sustainable development plans, early warning systems and preparedness plans for the response. Source: National Civil Defence NCD FINAL REPORT 105

123 CUB004: Strengthening disaster reduction capacity in the Province of Holguin Financing source: AECID Total budget: USD 500,000 Duration: Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: RA, EWS, PLAN, CB It aims to the development of a provincial Risk Reduction Management Centre (Centro de Gestión para la Reducción del Riesgo) including risk assessment, database on past disasters, information management including GIS, sustainable development plans, early warning systems and preparedness plans for the response. It will also document success stories in risk management. Source: Project document from UNDP CUB005: Consolidation of the process of risk reduction and recovery post Hurricanes Gustav, Ike and Paloma Financing source: UNDP Post disaster Recovery Fund / Other donors Total budget: US$ 740,000 UNDP Post disaster Recovery Fund: US$ 600,000 Other donors: US$ 140,000 Duration: (2 years) Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: RA, EWS, REC, CB Increase the capacity of local economic management (as LRRD) Increase capacity for prevention and post disaster recovery with emphasis on the areas most vulnerable, considering the impact of climate change Strengthened knowledge management and collaboration for risk reduction at national and international Capacities and tools for implementing national strategies at local level, including the exchange and transfer of knowledge Systematize and disseminate lessons learned from the process of post-hurricane response and recovery in terms of management for risk reduction at local level Source: UNDP Project Document FINAL REPORT 106

124 CUB006: Capacity Building to face natural disasters in the municipality Los Palacios, Province Pinar del Mar Financing source: UNICEF Total budget: USD 130,000 Duration: NA Target countries: CUBA, Pinar del Río Implementing agency: UNICEF Technical areas covered: PAE/EWS Improve awareness and knowledge of teachers and students as well as health workers Improve social services to vulnerable groups before and after disasters Strengthen early warning systems and response capacity Part of a concerted decentralization effort at province and municipality levels. Source: UNICEF technical Fact sheet CUB007: Community based and institutional preparedness to drought and hurricanes in Las Tunas Province, Cuba Financing source: Total budget: ECHO/DIPECHO Duration: 15 months - up to December 2010 Target countries: CUBA Implementing agency: Foundation Save the Children (SC-Spain) Technical areas covered: RA, PAE, EWS, CB Project aiming to improve local disaster risk reduction management among schools, communities and institutions to increase their coping capacities and their resilience to reduce the impact on future disasters. It implies: Consolidate local disaster risk reduction management. Strengthen inter-institutional linkages, appropriate coordination mechanisms and advocacy among the institutions involved in disaster management and risk reduction at local, provincial and national levels. Consolidate and implemented strategy for awareness raising information, education, communication Infrastructure support and small-scale mitigation works accomplished according to contingency plans at community level. Reinforcement of the response capacity of local actors and institutions in view of ensuring an adequate response in the early hours and days of a disaster. Sources: DIPECHO proposal document FINAL REPORT 107

125 CUB008: Strengthening the Meteorological Service to the occurrence of extreme weather events Financing source: AECDI / UNDP Total budget: USD 500,000 Duration: (2 years) Target countries: CUBA Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: EWS Repair and strengthening of the EWS capacity over the Juventud island in Cuba. The capacity was reduced following the Hurricane season in Source: Project Document UNDP CUB009: Strenghtening of local capacities for quickly response and housing recovery in provinces of Holguin and Pinar del Río with sustainable approach. Financing source: AECID Total budget: US$ 800,000 Duration: 1 year Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: CB, PAE Material distribution and technical assistance to families for placing ceilings under security standards against hurricanes. Strengthen capacity of municipalities to give technical assistance in building materials production and housing building. Source: UNDP, Project document, final version FINAL REPORT 108

126 CUB010: Support to early recovery by involvement of hurricanes Gustav and Ike Financing source: BCPR Total budget: US$ 200,000 Duration: 1 year Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: REC, CB, PLAN, EM Damage assessment, territorial planning and information management at all levels through multisectoral integration. Comprehensive management of risk in key sectors at the local level to ensure the safety of the people, safeguard livelihoods and economic resources to disasters Strengthened capacity of families and municipal brigades to improve the liveability and initiate early recovery actions Increase abilities to assess damage / risk and initial actions to implement the Early Recovery Source: UNDP, Project document, template. CUB011: Enabling housing-shelters for people affected by Hurricane Gustav in Pinar del Rio Financing source: BCPR Total budget: US$ 286,090 Duration: Three months Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: REC, EM Enabling housing-shelters for people affected Creating housing minimum health conditions in shelters for affected populations. Source: UNDP, Project document, template. FINAL REPORT 109

127 CUB012:Strengthening local capacities for early warning in real time hydrological monitoring and prevention in areas affected by Tropical Storm Noel Financing source: BCPR Total budget: US$ 300,000 Duration: (18 months) Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: EWS, CB Develop an automated monitoring EWS and acquisition and transmission of information for managing water resources in exceptional situations and in normal times in 4 watersheds prioritized the east, to the benefit of the population and economic objectives. Develop technical capacities of managers and decision makers in emergency water and standard of the 4 prioritized watersheds in eastern. Source: UNDP, Project document CUB013: Support for early recovery by involvement of hurricane Paloma in the provinces of Camaguey and Las Tunas (Santa Cruz del Sur and Amancio Rodríguez) Financing source: BCPR Total budget: US$ 100,000 Duration: (18 months) Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: REC, EM, CB Increase abilities to assess damage / risk and initial actions to implement early recovery. Develop a center for Reducing Risks and EWS to perform early recovery assistance and damage assessment / risk ratio. Strengthened capacity of families and municipal brigades to improve the livability and initiate immediate early recovery activities in the two municipalities most affected by Hurricane Paloma. Source: UNDP, Project document FINAL REPORT 110

128 CUB014:Help restore health minimum conditions for the preparation and consumption of food in shelter housing for people affected by Hurricane IKE in the provinces of Holguin and Las Tunas Financing source: BCPR Total budget: US$ 283, Duration: Three months Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: LOG, EM, CB Strengthening the capacity of integrated management of risk by local key actors. Logistical support to affected areas (basic utensils for food preparation and consumption inputs, storage) Source: UNDP, Project document CUB015: Restoration of basic living conditions in housing-shelter to people affected by Hurricane Ike in Holguin province, in the municipalities Banes, Rafael Freyre and Gibara Financing source: BCPR Total budget: US$ 752, Duration: Three months Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: REC, LOG, EM, CB Improving living conditions in homes that serve as shelters in the affected municipalities. y Logistical support to affected areas: deliver roofing kits to enable as safe-houses; providing toolkits for the empowerment of shelter homes for self-help and mutual aid; providing kits with modules of specialized tools for enabling brigades of safe-houses Source: UNDP, Project document FINAL REPORT 111

129 CUB016: Support risk management capabilities of the municipality of Old Havana to the damages of Hurricane Wilma Financing source: UNDP Total budget: US$ 60,000 Duration: April 2006 April 2007 Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: Ministerio para la Inversión Extranjera y la Colaboración Económica (MINVEC) Technical areas covered: RA, EWS, REC, CB Fortalecimiento de las capacidades de respuesta locales y la reducción de vulnerabilidades para la prevención y recuperación ante la ocurrencia de desastres Source: UNDP Project Document, Final report CUB017: Strengthening local capacities for Housing system management and housing production, housing recovery, starting from a preventive screening, in 11 municipalities of Granma, Cienfuegos, Santiago de Cuba and Camaguey, affected by Hurricane Dennis Financing source: UNDP Total budget: US$ 300,000 Duration: Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: Ministerio para la Inversión Extranjera y la Colaboración Económica (MINVEC); Instituto de la Vivienda Technical areas covered: CB Fortalecer las capacidades de Unidades Municipales Inversionistas y Centros de Producción Locales del Sistema de la Vivienda en municipios afectados de las provincias de Granma, Cienfuegos, Santiago de Cuba y Camaguey, para garantizar la recuperación con los actores locales, utilizando recursos del territorio y previendo soluciones que superen la vulnerabilidad frente a huracanes. Fortalecer la transferencia de tecnologías constructivas y de materiales a los Centros de Producción Local de las provincias de Granma, Cienfuegos y Santiago de Cuba, con el apoyo del Centro Técnico de la Vivienda y el Urbanismo y mediante un pilotaje en cada territorio beneficiado. Source: UNDP Project Document, Final report FINAL REPORT 112

130 CUB018: Strengthening disaster reduction capacity in the Provinces of Pinar del Rio, Havana and Gramma Financing source: UNDP Total budget: USD 750,000 Duration: Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP with National Civil Defense Technical areas covered: RA, EWS, PLAN, CB The project aims at the development of provincial Risk Reduction Management Centres (Centro de Gestión para la Reducción del Riesgo) including risk assessment, database on past disasters, information management including GIS, sustainable development plans, early warning systems and preparedness plans for the response. It is part of a systematic decentralization of risk reduction (prevention and preparedness) at provincial level. Source: Project document CUB019: Habilitación de viviendas-refugios para poblaciones afectadas por el huracán Gustav en Pinar del Rio Financing source: UNDP / BCPR Total budget: USD 306,116 Duration: 2008 Target countries: Cuba Implementing agency: UNDP with MINVEC Technical areas covered: LOG, CB Habilitar 378 viviendas afectadas como casas refugio en las que se alojarán 756 familias (2 familias por vivienda) compuestas por 2,646 de personas, en el municipio Los Palacios. Source: Project document FINAL REPORT 113

131 DMA001: Rehabilitation of Sea Defences (Hurricane Omar) - Dominica Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: USD 9.16 MM Duration: ??? Target countries: Dominica Implementing agency: Ministry of Public Works and Infrastructural Development (MPW), Through its Technical Services Division (TSD) Technical areas covered: REC/CB Reconstruction of the sea defences structures at Pointe Michel and associated roadwork. The major benefit of the Project is the restoration and protection of vital infrastructure which significantly contributes to the national economy. This includes the restoration of road links which facilitate the movement of people and goods to the villages along the south-western coast of Dominica. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: endocument DMA002: Natural Disaster Management -Hurricane Omar Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: USD 500,000 Duration: ??? Target countries: Dominica Implementing agency: Ministry of Public Works and Infrastructural Development (MPW) Technical areas covered: REC/CB CDB will provide financial assistance to GOCD for clearing and cleaning of affected areas and the emergency restoration of essential services. The activities and supplies to be funded by the Immediate Response Loan will assist the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica to initiate its immediate response programme, which will enable Dominica to resume normal activities as quickly as possible and to begin planning for short, medium and long term recovery and rehabilitation efforts. Specific activities include clearing communication access routes and reinstatement of disrupted utilities and services in order that social and economic activities can resume. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: FINAL REPORT 114

132 Financing source: World Bank Total budget: US$ 80 MM Duration: May 2008 December 2012 Target countries: Dominican Republic DOM001: Emergency Recovery & Disaster Mgmt Implementing agency: INDRHI (Irrigation) and CDEEE (Electricity) Technical areas covered: REC/CB This Project Paper seeks the approval of the executive directors to provide an emergency recovery to the Dominican Republic for the Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Project (ERDMP). This loan will help finance the costs associated with infrastructure recovery and rehabilitation in areas most affected by tropical storms Noel and Olga. The project design takes into account recent government reforms promoting decentralization which have delegated decision-making and implementation responsibilities to the individual sectors involved. The project seeks to: (a) restore and strengthen priority, irrigation, electricity, water, and sanitation infrastructure damaged by tropical storms Olga and Noel or at risk of damage from future storms; and (b) strengthen National Institute of Hydraulic Resources (INDRHIs) and Dominican Electricity Commission (CDEEE's) capacity for future risk management. There are three components to the project. The first component is the rehabilitation and risk management in water resources sector. This component aims to: (i) re habilitate the principal irrigation works damaged by tropical storms Noel and Olga; and (ii) support priority disaster-related institutional strengthening activities and equipment. The second component is the rehabilitation and risk management in electricity sector. The main objectives of this component are to restore priority electricity infrastructure and make improvements needed in the short term in the areas affected by tropical storms Noel and Olga, and to strengthen the sector's ability to respond to natural disasters. Finally, the third component is the rehabilitation of water and sanitation Infrastructure in Santo Domingo and Santiago. The objective of this project component is to restore storm affected water and sanitation services to the cities of Santiago and Santo Domingo. This subcomponent consists of retroactive financing of emergency spending on water purification chemicals (such as chlorine and aluminium sulfate) used immediately following the storms, as well as extraordinary purchases of gasoline used for delivering potable water to the affected population in the wake of the storms. Sources: Website FINAL REPORT 115

133 DOM002: Strengthening community-based disaster risk reduction in south western rural Barahona and Pedernales, Dominican Republic Financing source: ECHO / DIPECHO Total budget: 703,136 Duration: October 2009 December 2010 Target countries: Dominican Republic Implementing agency: Plan UK Technical areas covered: PAE, EM Children and adults in the target communities are more aware of and better prepared for disasters and how to reduce vulnerability / increase capacity, through community-based DRR emphasising children s wellbeing. Source: DIPECHO Project document DOM003: Building a preparedness culture in the Yaque del Norte basin in order to decrease the impact of hazards in the lives of the most vulnerable people Financing source: ECHO / DIPECHO Total budget: 568,738 Duration: October 2009 December 2010 Target countries: Dominican Republic Implementing agency: Spanish Red Cross Technical areas covered: PAE, PLAN, EM, CB Strengthening Disaster preparedness for effective response at al levells, building a botton up risk reduction culture in vulnerable communities into local and central National Risk Reduction System. Results: - Vulnerable communities have increased knowledge, skills and resources to conduct disaster mitigation, preparedness and response activities. - Developed examples of partnership cooperation in order to reduce underlying risk factors through mitigation measures in targeted communities and schools. - Increased institutional Red Cross capacity for disaster management at national and community levels. Source: DIPECHO Project document FINAL REPORT 116

134 DOM004: Community preparedness for the reduction of vulnerability to disasters in the Los Tres Brazos sector, Santo Domingo Este, Dominican Republic Financing source: ECHO / DIPECHO Total budget: 516,258 Duration: November 2009 January 2011 Target countries: Dominican Republic Implementing agency: Intermón Oxfam (IO, from now on) / Spain Technical areas covered: PAE, PLAN, CB Strengthen capacities, establish tools and improve the knowledge of the urban population in communities and of the local authorities to be better prepared for natural disasters. Results: - The inhabitants of the communities know the main risks and the actions they must take before, during and after a natural disaster. - Response capacity and management of natural disasters has been strengthened in the communities via the CCEs and the Risk Management Unit of the IDDI. - Small-scale infrastructure rehabilitation work has been carried out in the most critical zones aimed at diminishing vulnerability of the community inhabitants. - increased cross-institutional coordination amongst local governments, civil society and the NEC to adopt DRR tools and good practices Source: DIPECHO Project document DOM005: Community Disaster Preparedness in order to reduce vulnerability in communities located in Zoco s river basin, in Ramón Santana and San Pedro de Macorís municipalities, Dominican Republic Financing source: ECHO / DIPECHO Total budget: 456, Duration: October 2009 December 2010 Target countries: Dominican Republic Implementing agency: Asamblea de Cooperación por la Paz (ACPP) / Spain Technical areas covered: PAE, PLAN, EM, EWS, CB - The communities are better prepared to face potentially disastrous natural phenomena, they know the risks affecting them, and the actions to undertake before, during and after a catastrophe. - The municipal Committees of prevention, mitigation and response have risk Management mechanisms, with the creation of the Risk Management Department and the preparation of their own Municipal Emergency Plan. - By the end of the action the institutions that integrate The National System of Prevention, mitigation and Response have effective mechanisms in risk management Source: DIPECHO Project document FINAL REPORT 117

135 DOM006: Fortalecimiento de capacidades del país en el proceso de recuperación pos tormenta tropical Olga Financing source: UNDP Total budget: US$ 100,000 Duration: 2008 Target countries: Dominican Republic Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: REC Apoyo al gobierno de República Dominicana y a la oficina del PNUD en el país con laa valuaciones de necesidades de recuperación y de impacto. Source: UNDP Project Document, Final report DOM007: Fortalecimiento de capacidades del país en el proceso de recuperación post tormenta tropical Noel Financing source: UNDP / BCPR Total budget: US$ 99,000 + EUR 46,729 Duration: 2008 Target countries: Dominican Republic Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: REC Necesidades para la planificación de la recuperación identificadas y logrados avances en la planificación de la recuperación a corto y mediano plazo. Además propuesta de Plan de Acción para la reubicación de asentamientos humanos. Capacidades de la oficina del PNUD reforzadas en materia de recuperación. Source: UNDP Project Document, Final report FINAL REPORT 118

136 DOM008: National and Local Capacity Building for Early Recovery Programme in Dominican Republic Financing source: AECID, UNDP / BCPR Total budget: US$ 1,375,000 Otros AECID $ 790,000 Medio Ambiente No $ 30,000 Trac 3.2 No $ 169,589 Trac 3.2 No $ 100,000 Duration: 18 months Target countries: Dominican Republic Implementing agency: UNDP / SEEPYD-SCI SEMARENA Technical areas covered: REC The purpose of the Early Recovery Programme (ERP) in the Dominican Republic is to support the recovery of populations affected by tropical storm Noel and Olga and to strengthen national capacities and inter-agency coordination in early recovery, with mainstreamed risk reduction initiatives for building a more sustainable future. Objectives: - Support national capacity development in early recovery planning, implementation and monitoring as well as in risk reduction efforts. - Support local governance for early recovery planning, implementation and monitoring - Support the recovery of livelihoods among the women and men affected in the provinces of Duarte & Barahona - To support the recovery of environmental & natural resources affected by the storms & contribute to risk reduction associated with disasters and climate change - Facilitate effective inter-institutional & inter-agency coordination and secure funding to support national early recovery. - Draw key lessons learned from the activation of the UNCT Cluster on Early Recovery and the implementation of the ERP in Dominican Republic Source: UNDP Project Document, Final report FINAL REPORT 119

137 GRD001: Regional Project for community preparedness in Grenada (DIPECHO) Financing source: ECHO / DIPECHO Total budget: 290,337 Duration: Target countries: Grenada Implementing agency: IFRC International Federation Red Cross Technical areas covered: PAE, EWS, EM, CB, LOG Strengthening of the response capacity of the national Red Cross Society (response teams, plans, shelters kits). Risk reduction and response management at community level Better coordination and integration of the Red Cross Society in the National disaster management Organization. Source: Croix Rouge Française Financing source: World Bank Total budget: US $ 10,000,000 GRD002: Grenada Hurricane Ivan Emergency Recovery Project Duration: November 2004 June 2009 Target countries: Grenada Implementing agency: WB Technical areas covered: REC Support the recovery efforts of the government of Grenada through the financing of critical imports and rehabilitation activities in key social sectors including education and health. Components: - Financing of critical imports: US$ 2,0 M. - Rehab/reconstruction of schools: US$ 5,0 M. - Restoration of health facilities: US$ 2,5 M. - Project management and supervision: US$ 0,5 M. Source: Info of the WB Presentation FINAL REPORT 120

138 GRD003: Grenada Hurricane Ivan Emergency Recovery Project Financing source: World Bank + EU Total budget: US $ 12,045,156 Duration: September 2005 December 2009 Target countries: Grenada Implementing agency: WB Technical areas covered: REC European Commission Financed Supplement to Grenada Hurricane Ivan Emergency Recovery Project. Support the recovery efforts of the government of Grenada through the rehabilitation/construction of the education sector. Components: - Consultants services: US$ 1,107,000 - Goods: US$ 1,452,747 - Works (education sector): US$ 8,550, Operating cost: US$ 166,818 - Unallocated: US$ 768,591 Source: Info of the WB Presentation GRD004: Relief to Grenada in the aftermath of Hurricane Ivan Financing source: AECID (Bilateral) Total budget: 235,000 Duration: Target countries: Grenada Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: REC/LOG 11 tonnes of humanitarian aid were donated, including kilograms of meat and 1 tonne of blankets.. Source: List of project - draft document / Spain AECID Cooperation Projects on Civil Protection FINAL REPORT 121

139 GRD005: Sustainable Livelihoods Rehabilitation for Grenada Financing source: UNDP/BCPR Total budget: US$ 61,400 Duration: Target countries: Grenada Implementing agency: UNDP / Grenada Community Development Agency (GRENCODA) Technical areas covered: REC/CB To support to the recovery process to address the nation-wide devastation of Grenada. To ensure that particularly vulnerable sectors of the society have access to resources and employment to begin their own recovery efforts at the household and community level and will also address the rehabilitation of affected areas and habitats including agricultural lands, rivers and beaches. Through this effort, income-generating activities will be restarted which could bear fruit in six months. The immediate thrust of this initiative is to actively engage CBOs and NGOs in the rehabilitation and reconstruction process with an emphasis on individual and communal well-being Outputs: - Livelihood options and opportunities improved. Skilled labour available for reconstruction and repair efforts at the community level. - Environmental restoration; economic value of sites restored and improved - Farmers life and livelihood restored - Sense of independence and wellness returned to households Source: UNDP Project Document FINAL REPORT 122

140 GRD006: Restoring Livelihoods in Grenada after Hurricanes Ivan and Emily Financing source: Japanese government through the UN Trust Fund for Human Security Total budget: US$ 1,000,000 Duration: (18 Months) Target countries: Grenada Implementing agency: UNDP, FAO, UNICEF, UNIFEM, Agency for Reconstruction and Development (ARD) Technical areas covered: REC The objective of the project was to provide further critical capacity building and the restoration of livelihoods for persons. To enhance disaster risk reduction capacities at the community level; mitigate social vulnerabilities and impacts through sustainable livelihoods approaches, including business development; provide support and access to microfinance; promote gender mainstreaming and counselling. It is also expected to assist the most vulnerable sectors of the population by providing access to the resources needed to enhance economic and social empowerment, which is linked to recovery at household and community levels. Key Government partners include the Ministries of Finance, Social Development and Agriculture and Forestry, the National Disaster Management Agency (NaDMA) and the Grenada Bureau of Standards. Source: Website UNDP Barbados GRD007: Schools Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project - Grenada Financing source: IADB (Inter-American Development Bank ) Total budget: US$ 5 MM Duration: ???? Target countries: Grenada Implementing agency: Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development (MOE) Technical areas covered: REC/CB This project will assist GOGR to improve the quality of basic education by providing resources for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of one primary and three secondary schools. It will also facilitate the teaching of the full secondary school curriculum through the provision of teacher training and institutional strengthening activities. The project will benefit 2,000 students enrolled in the project schools, some of whom are currently accommodated in inadequate temporary facilities. Source: Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: FINAL REPORT 123

141 GRD008: Disaster Mitigation and Restoration Grenada Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: US$ 3.7 MM Duration: ??? Target countries: Grenada Implementing agency: Ministry of Communication, Works and Transport (MCWT) Technical areas covered: REC/CB The Project consists of: (a) Mitigation of rockfall hazards at selected sites; and (b) Restoration of damaged retaining structures at selected locations along the main road network. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: GUY001: Guyana Conservancy Adaptation Project Financing source: GEF Grant, World Bank Total budget: US $ 3,800,000 Duration: October 2007 June 2011 Target countries: Guyana Implementing agency: WB Technical areas covered: CB Produce engineering baseline and designs, repair infrastructure purchase critical equipment for supporting improved flood management and flood risk management planning. Components: - Pre-investment studies for engineering design of works: US$ 2,0 M. - Investment in specific adaptation measures: US$ 2.9 M. - Institutional strengthening and project management: US$ 100,000 Source: Info of the WB Presentation FINAL REPORT 124

142 GUY002: Strengthening National and Local Capacities for Disaster Response and Risk Reduction Financing source: UNDP Total budget: US$ 140,000 Duration: December 2008 August 2009 Target countries: Guyana Implementing agency: Office of President Technical areas covered: RA, EWS, CB The proposal is a Initiation Plan for a larger cooperation between the Government of Guyana and the UNDP that aims at assisting the Office of the President in the design and implementation of a comprehensive disaster risk management programme including the strengthening of response capacities in line with the Hyogo Action Framework. Objectives - Identify the baseline of current disaster risk management in Guyana and support provided by the various development Agencies, including but not limited to emergency response capabilities. - Address most pressing issues related to disaster response and risk reduction that builds on a comprehensive Disaster Risk Reduction Programme in agreement with the Office of the President. - Design of a project document for long term UNDP support to Government of Guyana. Possible sources of funding and cooperation for the larger programme will be identified during that period. Areas of work: - Strengthen response capacities; conducting a capacity assessment for disaster management; providing support to the CDC to start up the update of the Disaster Management Plan. - Risk and Vulnerability Assessment and assessment of internal capabilities (resilience). Early Warning, review the design of a basic early warning system (EWS) for flooding. - Coordination support, consisting in compiling of information on all related activities/projects supported by various development Agencies. Communication strategy addressed to key stakeholders at all levels will be designed, with emphasis on a specialized component to address specific features related to the EWS and disaster preparedness. - South-South Cooperation, identification of sound practices and exchange option within the region to enhance DRR in Guyana through pilot applications. Source: UNDP Project Document FINAL REPORT 125

143 Financing source: IADB Total budget: US$ 1,000,000 Duration: --- Target countries: Guyana Implementing agency: GUY003: Design and Implementation of an Integrated Disaster Risk Technical areas covered: RA, EM, CB, PLAN The general objective of this TC is to provide support to the Co-operative Republic of Guyana for the design and implementation of a national integrated disaster risk management plan. The specific objectives are to: (i) evaluate climate change-related disaster risk; (ii) strengthen national capacity for IDRM; and (iii) support the future implementation of the IDRM plan through an investment program in disaster prevention and mitigation. Component 1 - Country Risk Indicators and Risk Evaluation Component 2: Strengthening National and Local Capacity for Integrated Disaster Risk Management Component 3: Design of Investment Program for Flood Prevention and Mitigation Source: Project document Financing source: World bank Total budget: US$ 9 MM Duration: March 2007 December 2010 Target countries: Haiti Implementing agency: Ministry of Finance Technical areas covered: CB/PLAN HTI001: Haiti Catastrophe Insurance Project Insurance coverage against earthquakes and hurricanes. This will be achieved by providing financing to Haiti to allow it to join the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) which represents the first entity created to protect small island states from the financial impact of natural disasters. The project has two main components with the first being to assist Haiti in joining the CCRIF through the financing of the entrance fee. This fee is equal to the first year s insurance premium of US2.57 million. The second project component is payment of annual insurance premium which will assist Haiti in purchasing the catastrophe insurance coverage offered by the CCRIF during the first three years. As such, the project supports the establishment and viability of the CCRIF. Sources: Info from database; Website FINAL REPORT 126

144 HTI002: Emergency Reconstruction and Disaster Risk Management Project (ERDMP) Financing source: World Bank Total budget: US$ 19.4 M. (US$ 12 MM. + US$ 7.4 MM.) Duration: June 2005 December 2010 Target countries: Haiti Implementing agency: Haiti Ministry of Interior Technical areas covered: REC, CB The Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Project (ERDMP) was prepared in response to the Government of Haiti's (GoH) request for post Tropical Storm Jeanne (2004) disaster recovery assistance. The Development Grant Agreement (H-1430-HA) was signed on January 6, 2005 and the project became effective on June 1, The closing date is scheduled for December 31,2008. The project development objective of the ERDMP, as stated in the Development Grant Agreement is to support the GoH in the (i) rehabilitation of areas affected by recent adverse natural events, (ii) strengthening of the country's capacity to manage natural disaster risks and to better respond to emergencies resulting from adverse natural events; and (iii) reduction of the vulnerability of communities through risk mitigation activities. The goal is to bolster the environmental and social decision making framework so that the selected rehabilitation and risk mitigation micro-projects are environmentally sustainable. The updated Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will define the means of improving the impact of the sub-projects on the environment. The additional grant to the Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Project s (ERDMP) scales up investments in Component I: Reconstruction and Risk Reduction in Areas Affected and Component 3: Local Risk Management as part of the World Bank s disaster recovery assistance to the Republic of Haiti in the aftermath of Tropical Storm (TS) Noel, which over the period of October 28-30, 2007 caused severe flooding resulting in significant loss of life and damage to the country s public and private infrastructure. Additional financing will support (i) small works consisting mainly o f rehabilitation of affected drainage and irrigation systems, schools, health clinics and community centers, and (ii) the expansion o f the local risk management activities to ensure full coverage within the 5 Departments where the project i s engaged, including the creation and implementation of additional training modules and the financing of additional local risk mitigation microprojects for each operational Communal Civil Protection Committee. Sources: World Bank Report No: HA FINAL REPORT 127

145 Financing source: World Bank GFDRR Total budget: USD 500,000 Duration: 2 years starting Feb Target countries: HAITI Implementing agency: WB Technical areas covered: EM/REC/CB HTI003: Haiti Disaster Recovery and Risk Reduction Unit 1. Support the preparation of the TOR for the creation of the disaster risk management coordination unit within the Civil Protection Program (MPCE). The team will work directly under the responsibility of the Minister of Planning. Technically the team will coordinate its work with the Director General of the MPCE 2. Provide technical support to build the disaster risk management capacity within the MPCE for the management of post disaster recovery and reconstruction program. 3. Support the preparation of the TOR for the normative, strategic and technical analysis of the National Disaster Risk Management System and provide implementation support to the analysis. 4. Support the preparation of the TOR for the creation of disaster risk management units with key line ministries. 5. Provide technical support to focus group workshops with the goal of developing a national culture of disaster risk management at the national level. 6. Support the elaboration of the best-practice nomenclature to facilitate strong inter-ministerial coordination in disaster risk management 7. Engage national and international consultants as require to support the implementation of the post disaster recovery and reconstruction plan. 8. Support the elaboration of specific procedures and tolls, indicators for following and the evaluation of the national post disaster plan. 9. Provide technical assistance to the MPCE to support the coordination of the post disaster recovery and reconstruction program Sources: from Activities details sheets (ID 2355) FINAL REPORT 128

146 Financing source: World Bank Total budget: US $ 8 MM. HTI004: Transport and Territorial Development Project (TTDO) Duration: April 2009 December 2013 Target countries: Haiti Implementing agency: WB Technical areas covered: REC/CB Reduce the socio-economic impact of disaster on communities and the development process through institutional capacity building (for central planning, sector specific and local execution) and pilot vulnerability reduction activities. Strengthen the country s capacity to manage natural disaster risk, and reduce loss of lives (preparedness and response). Support rehabilitation of the areas affected by the recent natural disaster. Source: Info of the WB Presentation FINAL REPORT 129

147 HTI005: Community and School-based Disaster Risk Reduction in South East Department, Republic of Haiti Financing source: ECHO / DIPECHO Total budget: ,28 Duration: Dec Feb 2011 Target countries: HAITI Implementing agency: Save the Children Technical areas covered: PAE/PLAN To increase the capacity of school children and teachers as well as departmental and communal level committees, and local NGO s to better prepare for, mitigate and respond to the community needs before and during disasters. Results & Activities: - Increased capacity of school children and teachers to prepare for and respond to disasters. Adapt existing school-based DRR curriculum. Develop and produce child-centred DRR kits. Train 175 teachers and school directors on Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies, child-focused DRR curriculum, and preparation of school emergency preparedness plans. Parent Teacher Committees included in child-focused DRR training. Selected schools develop community hazard maps and school emergency plans. Plans include protection of school assets if used as evacuation centres. Conduct public awareness activities including children s competition on DRR to celebrate International Day for Disaster Reduction. Form and train School Emergency Response Team (SERT) and support schools to conduct simulation exercises. - Increased capacity of departmental and communal level DPC committees, and local NGO s to better prepare for, mitigate and respond to the community needs before and during disasters. Establish and train communal DPC committees ensuring gender and age representation. Train DPC committees (existing and new) with focus on roles and responsibilities including child-focused DRR. Distribute equipment as required and appropriate to DPCs. Facilitate quarterly coordination meetings between departmental and communal committees and support DPCs to identify at least 3 child-centred actions and develop plans to address them. Develop lessons learned in child-focused DRR with stakeholders. Share results with stakeholders, DIPECHO partners and donors. Develop, present and disseminate White Paper on Child-Focused DRR. - Communities empowered to become more resilient to disasters and to better protect their environment. Conduct community baseline and identify communities at risk based on DPC criteria. Train LNGO s and communal DPC personnel on principles of DRR, HVAC, community EPPs and identification of small mitigation grants. With stakeholders and community, design and establish appropriate EWS based on UNISDR guidelines which suggests four key elements for effective EWS. Establish and train Community Emergency and Rescue Teams (CERT) and where possible, equip the CERT. Support communities to implement small mitigation projects and establish or utilize existing community structures for community disaster management Sources: proposal approved by DIPECHO FINAL REPORT 130

148 HTI006 : Strengthening of means and stockpiles for cyclones North West Financing source: DIPECHO Total budget: 778 (80% requested from ECHO) Duration: November Feb 2011 Target countries: HAITI Implementing agency: Action contre la Faim - France Technical areas covered: LOG, PAE, EM, PLAN, CB Local capacity building for food distribution warehouses and transport in 10 communities. Results & Activities: Diagnosis and vulnerability analysis and behavioural change through posters. Establishment of warning systems at community level, alert exercises Establishment of local civil protection committees, volunteer brigades, emergency plans with hazards mapping, shelters identification and access to stockpiles, Identification and selection of shelters by 10 communities, set up of emergency water supply system and creation of response brigades Source: Project Document FINAL REPORT 131

149 HTI007: Capacity Building for Preparedness and Response of communities in Management of Risks and Disasters in the northern departments Financing source: ECHO/DIPECHO Total budget: 378,030 Duration: December 2009 February 2011 (15 months) Target countries: Haïti, Département du Nord, Communes de Limbé, Grande rivière du nord, Bahon, Bas Limbé, Borgne, Port Margot Implementing agency: Oxfam GB Technical areas covered: PLAN, EM, LOG Promouvoir un modèle organisationnel autogéré pour la Gestion des Risques et des Désastres en vue d améliorer l efficacité dans la préparation et les réponses aux catastrophes dans le département du Nord. Results & Activities: - Les capacités organisationnelles des CCGRD du Nord sont renforcées Appui au développement institutionnel des structures communales de Gestion des Risques et des Désastres Elaboration et appui à la mise en œuvre de plans annuels d action et de budget pour la gestion locale de risque Formulation et appui à la mise en œuvre d une stratégie de mobilisation de ressources Développement, mise en place et test d un mécanisme de reddition de compte Systématisation et apprentissage. - Les capacités techniques des CCGRD du département du Nord sont renforcées. Actualisation des plans communaux de contingence Formations spécialisées des membres des CCGRD Réhabilitation de 2 centres d opération d urgence Dotations d équipements Simulation Source: Project Document FINAL REPORT 132

150 HTI008: Emergency Bridge Reconstruction Vulnerability Reduction (EBRVRP) Financing source: World Bank Total budget: US $ 20 MM. Duration: April 2009 December 2013 Target countries: Haiti Implementing agency: WB Technical areas covered: REC Reduce the socio-economic impact of disaster on communities and the development process through institutional capacity building (for central planning, sector specific and local execution) and pilot vulnerability reduction activities. Strengthen the country s capacity to manage natural disaster risk, and reduce loss of lives (preparedness and response). Support rehabilitation of the areas affected by the recent natural disaster. Source: Info of the WB Presentation Financing source: World Bank Total budget: US $ 5 MM. Duration: April 2009 December 2013 Target countries: Haiti Implementing agency: WB Technical areas covered: REC HTI009: Emergency School Reconstruction Project (ESRP) Reduce the socio-economic impact of disaster on communities and the development process through institutional capacity building (for central planning, sector specific and local execution) and pilot vulnerability reduction activities. Strengthen the country s capacity to manage natural disaster risk, and reduce loss of lives (preparedness and response). Source: Info of the WB Presentation FINAL REPORT 133

151 HTI010: Comprehensive Joint Damage, Loss and Needs Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact and Recovery and reconstruction Needs for Haiti After Tropical Hurricanes Fay, Gustav, Hanna and Ike Financing source: GFRDD Total budget: US$ 190,611 Duration: Ended Target countries: Haiti Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: REC Comprehensive Joint Damage, Loss and Needs Assessment of Socio-Economic Impact and Recovery and reconstruction Needs for Haiti After Tropical Hurricanes Fay, Gustav, Hanna and Ike. To support in the recovery effort. Source: Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) Annual Report Website HTI011: Technical Assistance for National Program of Flood Early Warning System Financing source: IADB (Inter-American Development Bank Total budget: USD 1,200,000 Duration: April ??? Target countries: Haiti Implementing agency: Ministere de l agriculture des resources naturelles et du developpement rural. Haiti Technical areas covered: EWS/PLAN The resources of that TC will finance the technical assistance to be initially financed by the loan 1642/SF-Ha "Flood early warning system" (components 2, 3 and 5) for the establishment of local plan response to risks and disasters and for communication and training in risk and disaster management. Source: IDB Inter-American Development Bank/ Projects. Website: FINAL REPORT 134

152 Financing source: World Bank JAM001: Community-based landslide risk reduction Total budget: US $ 2.5 MM. (proposed JSDF grant) Duration: July 2009 July 2012 Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM) Technical areas covered: RA/EM To reduce the risk to natural disaster in vulnerable communities in Jamaica and to provide and evidencebased toolkit for vulnerability reduction throughout the Caribbean. 1. Training on MoSSaiC Methodology for community-based landslide risk reduction 2. Identification and implementation of community-based landslide risk reduction measures in 4 communities. 3. Development of a Toolkit and short TV program on MoSSaiC Methodology and its application. 4. Grant Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation. Source: Website Info of the WB Presentation JAM002: Enhancing Jamaica s capacity to respond and recover from natural Hazards Financing source: WB/GFDRR Total budget: $ 208,914 Duration: Target countries: JAMAICA Implementing agency: Jamaica Social Investment Fund Technical areas covered: RA/CB Component A) Three integrated studies involving coastal ecosystem and communities and two agency analyses. The integrated studies are i) the Coastal Ecosystem study, which will focus on how to preserve the coastal ecosystems goods and services by providing valuable information for improved management and rehabilitation, ii) the Coastal Vulnerability study, whose objective is determining how to improve the resilience of coastal communities through implementation of a multi-sector integrated project, and iii) a Coastal Mapping Exercise. The agency analyses will evaluate the Office for Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management ODPEM and the Meteorological office. Component B) Capacity building of ODPEM and MET offices will include detailed assessments, recommendations and defined guidance for the improved capacity of the Office of Disaster and Emergency Management (ODPEM) and the MET office. Sources: GFDRR activity details Fact sheet (ID 2193) FINAL REPORT 135

153 Financing source: World Bank (LOAN) Total budget: US $ 10 MM. Duration: January 2008 June 2011 Target countries: Jamaica JAM003: Jamaica Hurricane Dean ERL & TF Implementing agency: Jamaica Social Investment Fund Technical areas covered: REC The objective of the Jamaica hurricane Dean Emergency Recovery Loan is to restore levels of service in selected community infrastructure. Specifically, basic, primary and all-age schools, health clinics and critical feeder roads, at a minimum to pre-hurricane levels, and to increase the Government's ability to respond to natural hazards. The proposed loan incorporates three project components: 1) repair and reconstruction of basic infrastructure; 2) capacity building for hazard risk reduction; and 3) project management. Component two has two subcomponents which include finance training on disaster preparedness and mitigation for local government and relevant stakeholders and finance studies and activities to strengthen the capacity to better respond to natural hazards taking into account lessons learned from past events. Source: Website Info of the WB Presentation Financing source: OCT 10 th EDF B-Envelope Total budget: 1.9 MM Duration: Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: REC JAM004: Tropical Storm Gustav Rehabilitation Tropical Storm Gustav passed over Jamaica between August 28 and 29, 2008, incurring damage and loss of approximately J$15.51 Billion. The Government of Jamaica presented a request to the Commission for which DG DEV prepared a Service Order. The Action Fiche and TAPs were submitted by the Delegation on December 2008 for consideration, The European Commission (EC) has approved just over Euros1.9 million for disbursement to assist the Government with the budgetary impact and infrastructure repairs resulting from Tropical Storm Gustav in Source: Delegation Jamaica draft document / Planned Activities in the Area of Civil Protection. Website FINAL REPORT 136

154 JAM005: Early Recovery and Disaster Risk Reduction in Jamaica after Hurricane Gustav Financing source: GFDRR (9 th EDF Regional B-Envelop 9 ACP RCA 24) Total budget: US$ 2,500,000 (Committed) Duration: Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: REC Following the passage of tropical storm Gustav the Government of Jamaica presented a request to CARICOM for an amount of Euros 2 million under the Standby Facility for Debt Relief, Emergency and Humanitarian Assistance to assist in the rehabilitation and restoration of early childhood, primary and allages schools and community health clinics in the most affected parishes. The implementation will be done through the GFDRR. Source: List of project_delegation Jamaica draft document / Planned Activities in the Area of Civil Protection. Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) Annual Report Website JAM006: Relief aid to Jamaica in the aftermath of hurricane Ivan Financing source: AECID (Bilateral) Total budget: 250,000 Duration: Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Jamaican Office of National Reconstruction Technical areas covered: REC To support of recovery efforts. Source: List of project - draft document / Spain AECID Cooperation Projects on Civil Protection FINAL REPORT 137

155 JAM007: Relief aid to Jamaica in the aftermath of hurricane Dean Financing source: AECID (Bilateral) Total budget: 18,562 Duration: Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: REC/LOG 2 tonnes of humanitarian aid comprising tents, water deposits and canvas shelters were sent, with a total value of 18,562 Euros. Source: List of project - draft document / Spain AECID Cooperation Projects on Civil Protection JAM008: Relief aid to Jamaica in the aftermath of hurricane Gustav Financing source: AECID (Bilateral) Total budget: US$ 46,000 Duration: Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: REC/LOG 6 tonnes of humanitarian aid comprising family-size hygienic kits, canvas shelter and blankets were sent, with a total value of 46,000 USD. Source: List of project - draft document / Spain AECID Cooperation Projects on Civil Protection FINAL REPORT 138

156 JAM009: Reconstruction of Spanish Towns Hospital in the aftermath of Hurricane Dean Financing source: AECID (Bilateral) Total budget: 325,525 Duration: Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Technical areas covered: REC/LOG An aid was granted to rebuild and rehabilitate the physiotherapy ward at the Spanish Town Hospital. Source: List of project - draft document / Spain AECID Cooperation Projects on Civil Protection JAM010: Immediate Response Loan Hurricane Dean, Jamaica Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: USD 500,000 Duration: ??? Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: National Works Agency Technical areas covered: REC/CB The Immediate Response Loan will provide the Government of Jamaica with assistance to remedy breaches in the sea defence protection at critical sections along the Norman Manley Highway (NMH) on the Palisadoes tombolo thus preventing continued flooding of the rood and enabling the emergency restoration of full transportation services between Kingston, Norman Manley International Airport (NMIA), and the community of Port Royal. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: endocument FINAL REPORT 139

157 JAM011: Immediate Response Loan and Use of Funds Tropical Storm Gustav - Jamaica Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: US$ 500,000 Duration: ??? Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: National Works Agency Technical areas covered: REC/CB CDB s Project will provide financial assistance to GOJ for clearing and cleaning of debris in the affected areas, and the emergency restoration of essential services in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Gustav. The activities and supplies to be funded by the Project will assist GOJ to initiate its immediate response programme, which will enable Jamaica to resume normal activities as quickly as possible and begin planning for short, medium and long term recovery and rehabilitation efforts. Specific activities will include clearing communication access routes and reinstatement of disrupted transportation routes so that social and economic activities can resume. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: ndocument JAM012: Kingston Metropolitan Area Drainage Rehabilitation Works - Jamaica Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: US$ 30 MM Duration: ??? Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Minitry of Transport and Works (MTW) through its National Works Agency (NWA) Technical areas covered: REC/CB Rehabilitation of major drainage channels in the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA). Works include demolition and removal of damaged retaining walls and base slabs, reconstruction of retaining walls and base slabs, backfilling and restoration of adjacent properties. The major benefit of the Project is the restoration and protection of vital infrastructure which significantly contribute to the national economy. Vulnerability to future natural disasters will be reduced and Jamaica s productive capacity maintained. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: pendocument FINAL REPORT 140

158 JAM013: Kingston Metropolitan Area Drainage Rehabilitation Works - Jamaica Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: US$ 20.5 MM Duration: ??? Target countries: Jamaica Implementing agency: Ministry of Transport and Works (MTW) through its National Works Agency (NWA) Technical areas covered: REC/CB (a) Construction of sea defences to protect the Palisadoes tombolo which links Norman Manley International Airport (NMIA) with the mainland via the Norman Manley Highway (NMH). Works include construction of stone revetments, groynes, and replenishment of protective dunes. (b) Repairs to main roads, including rehabilitation of pavement, drainage works, river training and sea defences. The major benefit of the Project is the restoration and protection of vital infrastructure which significantly contribute to the national economy. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: LCA001: Nuclear Radiological Biological and Chemical (NBRC) Management Financing source: France (fonds de Cooperation Regionale) Total budget: 49, 375 Duration: Initiated in June 2007, the project terminated in 2008 Target countries: St Lucia Implementing agency: Martinique EMZA Technical areas covered: LOG/CB Training and equipment for management of NBRC incidents (Hospitals, Fire department and Police) PPE and decontamination equipment Source: Annual report EMZA 2008 FINAL REPORT 141

159 LCA002: St. Lucia Second Disaster Management Project (DMPII) and Additional Financing Financing source: World Bank Total budget: IBRD/IDA blend totalling US$ 8.9MM + Additional Financing (AF) IDA Credit US$ 3.96MM Duration: July 2004 December 2011 Target countries: St. Lucia Implementing agency: PCU; MIN FINANCE & PLANNING; MIN WORKS; NEMO Technical areas covered: EM/CB The objective of the project is: (a) to further reduce the country's vulnerability to adverse natural events (such as hurricanes, floods etc.) through investing in risk management activities; and (b) to strengthen the institutional management and response capacity of the respective ministries and agencies for disaster management through the provision of facilities, critical equipment, technical assistance and training. The Additional Financing (AF) credit for the (DMP II) will scale up investments in component 1: physical prevention and mitigation works (90 percent of project funds) and will allocate additional project funds to component 4: project management (10 percent of project funds). The rationale for the request is: (i) the need for additional mitigation works to solidify the gains achieved through works implemented in Dennery Village - one of the most vulnerable communities as prioritized by the government; (ii) the continuation of the successful small mitigation works, including small works in response to last year's Hurricane Dean, and completion of a technical audit of the small mitigation works financed under the DMP II; and (iii) the need to cover some of the additional project management costs. Sources: Info from database; Website FINAL REPORT 142

160 LCA003: CDRT Communications in Disaster Management Financing source: CIDA / Canada Caribbean Disaster Risk Management Fund Total budget: CDN$ 56, Duration: July 2010 March 2011 (9 months) Target countries: St. Lucia Implementing agency: Saint Lucia Red Cross Technical areas covered: PAE, EWS Community disaster response teams (CDRT) members trained in use of handled radios Members of the Red Cross National Intervention Team trained in radio communication CDRT groups equipped with handhelds and base radios Increase ability of CDRT groups to respond to a disaster and communicate during a disaster Increased communication between the communities and the St. Lucia red Cross and other disaster management organisations during a disaster Community is more aware of pending disasters Source: Project Proposal Template SUR001: Emergency Response to 2008 Flooding in Southern Suriname: Support for Needs Assessment and Preparing an Early Recovery Strategy and Action Plan Financing source: UNDP / BCPR Total budget: US$ 64,250 Duration: 12 months Target countries: Suriname Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: REC This project aims to support the development of a comprehensive needs assessment in the affected areas and the development of an Early Recovery Strategy and Action Plan. Besides to develop comprehensive needs assessment and Early Recovery Plan Source: UNDP Project Document, Final report FINAL REPORT 143

161 SUR002: Humanitarian Aid for People affected by floods in Suriname Financing source: ECHO Total budget: 700,000 Duration: Target countries: Suriname Implementing agency: National Coordination Centre for Disaster Preparedness Technical areas covered: REC Objective is to save and preserve lives during the emergency caused by floods. Specific objectives are identified in providing emergency assistance to flood victims in the sectors of health, water, sanitation, food and non-food relief items. Source: n.a. SUR003: Response to floods Financing source: Multiple donors (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA; Dutch Minister of Development Cooperation; Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery BCRP) Total budget: USD 1.5 MM. Duration: Target countries: Suriname Implementing agency: UNDP Technical areas covered: REC To support of the recovery efforts. Source: FINAL REPORT 144

162 Financing source: DFID Total budget: 410,938 Libras Esterlinas Duration: March 2009 April 2010 TCA001: Technical Assistance to Hurricane Recovery Plan Target countries: Turks and Caicos Island Implementing agency: Recovery Task Force Technical areas covered: REC To provide technical assistance to the TCI in the recovery effort in disaster recovery management and public financial management to the Turks and Caicos Island in the aftermath of hurricane Ike and DFIDs Recovery Grant Source: Website DFID TCA002: Immediate Response Loan Turks and Caicos Islands Financing source: CDB (Caribbean Development Bank) Total budget: USD 520,000 Duration: ??? Target countries: Turks and Caicos Island Implementing agency: Ministry of Communication, Works and Utilities Technical areas covered: REC/CB CDB will provide financial assistance to GOTCI for clearing and cleaning of affected areas and the emergency restoration of essential services. The activities and supplies to be funded by the Project will reimburse GOTCI for certain activities undertaken under its immediate response programme, which is intended to enable TCI to resume normal activities as quickly as possible and begin planning for short, medium and long-term recovery and rehabilitation efforts. Specific activities have included include clearing communication access routes and reinstatement of disrupted utilities and services so that social and economic activities can resume. Source: CDB Caribbean Development Bank/ Projects & Programmes. Website: OpenDocument FINAL REPORT 145

163 7.3 The Caribbean Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM ) GOAL Regional Sustainable Development enhanced through Comprehensive Disaster Management PURPOSE To strengthen regional, national and community level capacity for mitigation, management, and coordinated response to natural and technological hazards, and the effects of climate change. OUTCOME 1: OUTCOME 2: OUTCOME 3: OUTCOME 4: Enhanced institutional support for CDM Program implementation at national and regional levels An effective mechanism and programme for management of comprehensive disaster management knowledge has been established Disaster Risk Management has been mainstreamed at national levels and incorporated into key sectors of national economies (including tourism, health, agriculture and nutrition) Enhanced community resilience in CDERA states/ territories to mitigate and respond to the adverse effects of climate change and disasters OUTPUTS OUTPUTS OUTPUTS OUTPUTS 1.1 National Disaster Organizations are strengthened for supporting CDM implementation and a CDM program is developed for implementation at the national level 1.2 CDERA CU is strengthened and restructured for effectively supporting the adoption of CDM in member countries 1.3 Governments of participating states/ territories support CDM and have integrated CDM into national policies and strategies 1.4 Donor programming integrates CDM into related environmental, climate change and disaster management programming in the region. 1.5 Improved coordination at national and regional levels for disaster management 1.6 System for CDM monitoring, evaluation and reporting being built 2.1 Establishment of a Regional Disaster Risk Reduction Network to include a Disaster Risk Reduction Centre and other centres of excellence for knowledge acquisition sharing and management in the region 2.2 Infrastructure for factbased policy and decision making is established /strengthened 2.3 Improved under-standing and local /community-based knowledge sharing on priority hazards 2.4 Existing educational and training materials for Comprehensive Disaster Management are standardized in the region. 2.5 A Strategy and curriculum for building a culture of safety is established in the region 3.1 CDM is recognized as the roadmap for building resilience and Decisionmakers in the public and private sectors understand and take action on Disaster Risk Management 3.2 Disaster Risk Management capacity enhanced for lead sector agencies, National and regional insurance entities, and financial institutions 3.3 Hazard information and Disaster Risk Management is integrated into sectoral policies, laws, development planning and operations, and decision-making in tourism, health, agriculture and nutrition, planning and infrastructure 3.4 Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, recovery and Rehabilitation Procedures developed and Implemented in tourism, health, agriculture and nutrition, planning and infrastructure 4.1 Preparedness, response and mitigation capacity (technical and managerial) is enhanced among public, private and civil sector entities for local level management and response 4.2 Improved coordination and collaboration between community disaster organizations and other research/data partners including climate change entities for undertaking comprehensive disaster management 4.3 Communities more aware and knowledgeable on disaster management and related procedures including safer building techniques 4.4 Standardized holistic and gender-sensitive community methodologies for natural and anthropogenic hazard identification and mapping, vulnerability and risk assessments, and recovery and rehabilitation procedures developed and applied in selected communities. 4.5 Early Warning Systems for disaster risk reduction enhanced at the community and national levels FINAL REPORT 146

164 7.4 Outline of a program for Civil Protection Platform The proposed program for a Caribbean Civil protection Platform should consist of four pillars and a management Unit: Selected thematic medium term interventions aiming to concretely demonstrate the feasibility and tangible benefits of a Caribbean coordination in specific topics such as Search and Rescue, Medical and Public Health preparedness, strengthening of EOCs and/or of the CDRU Political and material support to and accompaniment of CDEMA, should they decide to transform into a truly Caribbean wide institution Material support to both the CARIFORUM and ACS to use more effectively and convene more regularly their respective taskforce or committee A pilot project in St Martin/St Maarten and Anguilla to promote an operational coordination/integration and test its institutional limits. The first of the four pillars includes four technical thematic areas. There was, indeed, a strong consensus that the platform cannot be limited to establishing an additional forum and convening meetings. National counterparts expected a significant technical component improving their national and collective capacity to respond to emergencies. Therefore, five options are proposed based on the interviews and review of existing initiatives. The first two address an urgent shortcoming and weakness in the Caribbean: Search and rescue and medical/public health response capacities. The third one addresses the need for improved emergency data management (from collection to dissemination of conclusion) by assisting the national EOC in this process. This will open the door for cooperation from and with MIC. The fourth one aims to improve the collective operational support mechanism activated by the Caribbean after a disaster: the Caribbean Disaster response Unit (CDRU) and the last one aims to integrate the Early Warning System (EWS) at the Caribbean level. In our opinion, at least the first two should ideally be selected following consultation with the ACP, OCT and OR. FINAL REPORT 147

165 First Pillar: Technical Sheet # Development of a Caribbean Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) capacity 1. Justification: Cyclones and above all earthquakes generate a high demand for urban search and rescue (USAR) capacity. No country has the resources to maintain a capacity to respond to the peak demands in case of major disaster. Developing and maintaining a specialized urban SAR team in most Caribbean countries or OCT is not a feasible approach, given the size of the countries and the high cost of USAR teams. Even in the French ORs where a limited capacity exists, it is likely to be rapidly overwhelmed in severe earthquakes. Hazardous substances (CBRN) are an additional risk which is not adequately addressed in the Caribbean. Procedures and techniques of SAR and decontamination should also be developed at regional level. USAR effectiveness is a function of time. There is a rapidly diminishing return, making the assistance from within the Caribbean essential for any country affected by an urban earthquake regardless of its economic development and sophistication. In the Caribbean, the US OFDA has provided sustained support to the development of basic USAR local capacity (community based). Medium weight USAR (requiring high technology or trained dogs) is not available and is provided internationally. In major disasters with a large number of trapped victims, such as the earthquake in Haiti, the assistance of those bilateral teams is usually directed in priority to the finding of and relief to the nationals of the dispatching country, leaving little spared capacity for the local affected population. It is therefore not surprising that developing a truly Caribbean capacity has been repeatedly mentioned as a priority. At global level, the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) was established in 1991 to provide standards for international USAR teams and methodology for international coordination in earthquake response. INSARAG provides guidance for the preparation and deployment of search and rescue (SAR) teams for international disaster response operations to earthquake-prone countries as well as checklists for the minimum requirements. The INSARAG Guidelines define coordination and cooperation procedures for international and national responders in major disasters. US/Default.aspx The development of a Caribbean middle weight USAR capacity is truly in the interest of all ACP, OCT and OR which may be exposed to earthquakes or contamination with hazardous substances from accidents or terrorist acts. Heavy weight USAR requires heavy lifting equipment and resources which cannot easily be mobilized from island to island and is NOT included in this thematic project. 2. Pre-requisite As considerable efforts have been invested over decades by OFDA to develop local fire departments and communities basic SAR skills in the Caribbean, an EU initiative to develop a middle weight capacity should be built upon this basis. Close consultations and collaboration are necessary to ensure compatibility of approaches and methods. Appearance of incompatibility would be counterproductive. 3. Main Activities: To review the existing capacity in USAR in the Caribbean in the light of the earthquake in Haiti and the risk of major incident with hazardous substance. To develop and implement an ongoing training program on middle weight USAR in all countries and territories in consultation in collaboration with all stakeholders especially with those already supporting USAR in the Caribbean. FINAL REPORT 148

166 To establish and manage a standby Caribbean expertise and operational capability in a few selected countries with procedures developed under the guidelines of INSARAG endorsed by a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 75/150 of 16 December To establish and maintain stockpiles of basis USAR equipment for earthquakes and accidents with hazardous substances. To mobilize the USAR team(s) as required in an emergency, when applicable, under the umbrella of INSARAG and OCHA. Subject to funding, the Caribbean USAR may be mobilized in large disasters outside the Caribbean. 4. Human resources: One manager with experience in USAR One training officer One administrative officer (finances and management of stockpiles) One secretarial staff Short term consultants / trainers 5. Material resources: Equipment for courses and exercises Self contained modules (on the European model) for up to 5 middle weight USAR teams Self contained equipment for 2 CBRN decontamination teams Basic personal protection equipment (PPE) in each country The regional equipment should be distributed across the Caribbean including in the four warehouses maintained by CDEMA. 6. Tentative Budget range (initial phase 3 years higher cost in the first year) Human resources ( 550, / year) Training cost ( / year) Equipment and maintenance: ( / year) Contingency fund for initial emergency response: o TOTAL: ( / average per year) not including contingency funds These estimates are approximate as cost of SAR capability can vary greatly FINAL REPORT 149

167 7. Implementing Agency Region or Zone of Martinique or UNDP jointly with OCHA FINAL REPORT 150

168 First Pillar: Technical Sheet # A Caribbean Medical and Public Health coordinated response 1. Justification Medical and public health issues are one of the most urgent and pressing needs following cyclones and above all earthquakes in the Caribbean. The earthquake in Haiti has clearly demonstrated the lack of preparedness and agreed upon standards for emergency medical care in the Caribbean (disaster medicine). The inordinate number of rushed amputations and the lack of realistic criteria and procedures for medical evacuations have caused a broad range of problems to the individuals or the assisting organization (from political in the case of children evacuation to economic with the ill-advised evacuation of spinal fractures in the outermost Regions). Most of the islands have extremely limited spare hospital capacity. Any otherwise moderate number of casualties is rapidly exceeding the absorption capacity of the unique and ill-equipped hospital in most islands. The generous response from other Caribbean countries or regions is limited, not systematically organized and may not be available should the hazard threatens also neighbouring countries. At the public health level, the Caribbean with its tourism industry is highly vulnerable to threats or occurrence of outbreaks, related or not to natural disasters. Post-disaster epidemic surveillance, water control and prevention measures present an operational and coordination challenge which few ACP can meet alone. From the threat of a pandemic to the consequences of a cyclone or earthquake, most countries health sector is poorly prepared. The Pan American Health Organization has provided technical cooperation to the health sector in the Caribbean for several decades and in disaster preparedness and response since mid-70s. In the late-80s, PAHO established a disaster preparedness field office for the Caribbean, based in Barbados, to provide closer support to the different counterparts. A new development is offering the EU an opportunity to develop a genuine Caribbean preparedness and response coordination capacity: in 2010, CARICOM is creating the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA). It will consolidate and replace the work of CARICOM's five Regional Health Institutions (RHIs): Caribbean Health Research Council (CHRC), Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC), Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI), Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (CFNI), and the Caribbean Regional Drug Testing Laboratory (CRDTL). It will build on existing resources and expertise and will facilitate coordination in health in the Caribbean. Its main functions ( include Health Emergency preparedness and response. This project component aims to support this emerging unit and to guide it towards the inclusion of activities relevant to a civil protection platform in the Caribbean. EU support will be timely to ensure that mass casualty management and public health response to hazards other than communicable disease received a balanced and sustained attention from CARPHA. 2. Prerequisite A considerable groundwork has already been done by the PAHO. The EU project should involve this agency and built from the basis of what has been done. Involvement of the OR CHU due to their very active role and experience during past emergencies. FINAL REPORT 151

169 3. Main Activities Working with Ministries of health in revision of their disaster plans and carrying out drills and simulation exercises to test these plans in scenarios involving other countries. Developing guidelines and procedures for the coordination of external medical teams in a disaster situation. Developing standards and procedures for the local management or evacuation of mass casualty. Pre-positioning of supplies and materials and in particular basic mobile medical facilities. Mechanisms and criteria for preparing and mobilizing Caribbean health care volunteers in case of disasters. Updated guidelines for preparedness for all types of public health emergencies including but not limited to major communicable outbreaks affecting or threatening more than one ACPs, OCT or OR. Training and capacity building activities with national level partners on mass casualty management, incident command, emergency care and treatment, logistical support system (LSS) and others topics. Following disasters: in coordination with CDEMA and other actors o Rapid assessment of health needs in coordination with UNDAC and its European counterparts in MIC. o Mobilization of experts, stockpile items and Caribbean volunteers as needed o Technical coordination of the external health response, quality control appraisal as possible and identification of lessons learned. 4. Human resources (to be posted in CARPHA as soon as facilities permit so. In the interim in PAHO office.) A senior health expert with knowledge of the Caribbean main languages One trainer health disaster manager One administrative assistant Short term consultants preferably from within the Caribbean 5. Material resources Medical care non perishable (no drugs) supplies and equipment including field hospital of basic level of technology, possibly based on the EU module for medical care, water treatment kits and disease surveillance / laboratory material. These supplies will be pre-positioned in preselected warehouses, possibly including the warehouses of CDEMA. The selection of equipment will be done by the PAHO which has a considerable experience in the Caribbean disaster management and in coordination with the USAR component and CDEMA. FINAL REPORT 152

170 6. Tentative Budget range: from to / year for three years Human resources : to / year Material: average between / year Training, publications and other costs / year 7. Implementing Agency The obvious candidate is the new CARPHA. Should a t the time of the project, CARPHA not be ready yet to assume this responsibility, PAHO should be invited to act as substitute and interim implementing agency. FINAL REPORT 153

171 First Pillar: Technical Sheet #3: Project to strengthen the National Emergency Operations Centres (EOC) 1. Justification Disaster coordination is a matter of access to timely, reliable and actionable information. In the Caribbean, there is an established Operation Emergency Centre in every country, especially in the members of CDEMA which has made the existence of an equipped EOC a requisite for membership. The US Government has provided support over many years by building or improving the facilities housing the EOC, offering equipment and training. In spite of these efforts, good emergency information management remains elusive in the Caribbean. The most critical information should come from a rapid assessment of damage and needs in the aftermath of a disaster. A methodology is available (DANA, the Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis methodology is now widely used across the world and in particular in the Caribbean) but success is limited. The national capacity of analysis and timely data sharing is limited and needs improvement. Systematic and modern compilation at regional level (CDEMA) is therefore also lagging behind most advanced countries. In the EU, the model of the Civil Protection European mechanism in 2001 and its Monitoring Information Centre is not immediately applicable in the Caribbean without first improving the national EOC s capacity to process and share data. Once a standing cooperation and technical assistance has been established between the national disaster coordinators in the most disaster prone Caribbean countries and the managers of the MIC, exchange of data will flow naturally. It is not proposed to include all ACP, OCTs and OR in this project but to select a number of countries particularly likely to experience severe disasters where the MIC may be mobilized. Considering the pillar 4, the participation of St Martin, St Maarten, Anguilla and St Bartholomew may be advisable. 2. Prerequisite As the case in many thematic areas, the Caribbean has already received assistance and training in EOC management, information systems and rapid assessment of needs. This project must build upon what has been done and bring it to another level. Prior survey of the status of the EOCs and consultation with stakeholders and contributors (in particular USOFDA) are required. FINAL REPORT 154

172 3. Main activities Survey of the existing EOCs and selection of countries to be included in the project. Comparative evaluation of the WEB-EOC and a light version of CECIS. If appropriate, development of a Caribbean version of CECIS custom made to meet the special requirements of those small territories. Training of the key personnel in the use of the existing software and simulations exercises. Improvement in equipment of the EOC. Visits of CDEMA and country experts to EC/HQ to be familiarized with the MIC approach and participate in selected training courses routinely organized by the European Civil Protection. As appropriate, joint field participation of MIC and Caribbean disaster coordinators in disaster response. 4. Human resources: Short term consultants and experts 5. Material resources Equipment for EOC centres in 10 countries (telecommunication and data processing) 6. Tentative Budget range (3 years) Experts, travels, courses and equipment: to / year depending on equipment needs 7. Implementing Agency ECHO/MIC through UNDP or CDEMA FINAL REPORT 155

173 First Pillar Technical Sheet #4: Strengthening the Caribbean Disaster Relief Unit (CDRU) 1. Justification This project is a logical complement (or follow-up) to the project on EOC. The CDRU, the natural disaster counterpart for the MIC, is a pool of professionals from national Caribbean Police or Armed Forces volunteering for service during disasters. Each year, 20 volunteers are trained by the US South Com to be on standby for response on behalf of CARICOM and CDEMA. They collect information and provide operational and logistic support for the coordination and deployment of the Caribbean response and in particular the dispatch of supplies from the CDEMA warehouses in Antigua, Barbados, Guyana and Jamaica. Their effectiveness is limited by the lack of logistic support and the short duration of the training. Strengthening this capacity may be one of the most effective contributions to coordination in the Caribbean. It can turn into an expensive and open-ended initiative unless well planned. EU support should consist in additional training, liaison with MIC, and upgrading of the warehouses content and management capacity. 2. Prerequisites Prior feasibility study to determine the most viable extent of EU involvement. Willingness to dialogue and collaborate with the Regional Security System managing CDRU. 3. Main Activities: Train and equip the CDRU to boost its operational capacity especially in assessment of damage and needs. Provide logistic transport support. To improve the management of the warehouses and the procedures for the rapid dispatch of items. 4. Human resources: Short term experts in the initial phase 5. Material assistance: Limited amount of material for the civilian CDEMA warehouses 6. Tentative Budget: quite variable and not available from this short mission 7. Implementing agency: UNDP with CDEMA and OCHA FINAL REPORT 156

174 First Pillar Technical Sheet # 5: Developing an Integrated EWS at Regional Level A modern Early Warning System requires a complex network of monitoring instruments: Meteorological satellites, capable to furnish information at very wide scale (regional) (image 1 from left); Meteorological radars, capable to provide rough estimation on probability of rain at mesoscale application (image 2 in middle); Ground network of Automatic Weather Stations (AWS, also including hydrological, sea observation stations and others), including meteorological and hydrological stations, sea movement monitoring stations, etc. (image 3 on right). Ground based Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) are also indispensible for the continued calibration of mesoscale information received from radars, to avoid sometime serious misinterpretations (under or over estimation of phenomena). Reliable dedicated data transmission system, for the real-time delivery of recorded data to equally dedicated control centers. Most used data transmission systems are meteorological satellites, commercial satellites, UHF radio systems or (wherever possible and reliable) GSM/ GPRS. Data is normally transmitted every three hours, but frequency may increase to even every three minutes in case of extreme events (for instance, an hurricane is approaching of a flood is in act). Both reliability of transmission (no lost data) and accuracy of measurements (high technology employed) are elements of extreme importance. Data recording is completely useless in absence of reliable transmission. Duly equipped control centers, able to receive the data transmitted and make the necessary elaborations, for the use of either the meteorological and hydrological services or the CP Agencies (see image below). The last action is the proper diffusion of information to populations or potential users (for instance farmers, port authorities, power generation authorities or the general population for the ordinary forecast or emission of alerts), performed in several forms according to the user. FINAL REPORT 157

175 The overall system is illustrated in the figure below: Satellite Radars Ground AWS DIFFUSION OF INFORMATION Control Centre(s) DIFFUSION OF INFORMATION ALERTS CP / DM Agencies ACTIONS 1. Justification This project is a consequence and follow-up of the global initiative already undertaken by the Caribbean Community Centre for Climate Change (CCCCC), with the purpose of establishing a Regional Platform for the monitoring of Climate Changes in the Caribbean Area, while strengthening the mechanisms for adaptation and prevention from disastrous consequences. To achieve these objectives, it is essential to create / reinforce the existing and often obsolete national hydro-meteorological (weather, rivers, lakes and sea) monitoring networks and (as a consequence) EWS, creating a common link and a new mechanism for the exchange of data (primary and processed). All National Civil Protection / Disaster Management Agencies shall involved in this process, as the priority users of all processed information for the purposes of risk reduction and preparedness to disasters. The Project will also give essential information on Climate Change dynamics at global scale, and could be replicated in different areas. EU support should consist in: - Scientific / institutional support to executing Agencies (CCCCC and others) for the Project preparation (Phase I), - Project implementation at reduced / pilot scale, through the rehabilitation wherever necessary of existing hydro-meteorological and EWS systems, including data transmission, data processing, archiving and forecasting modelling (Phase II); - Assistance to CP agencies for the use of data and the elaboration of advanced Risk Reduction methodologies (Phase III); - Assistance to system operation and continued T.A. a training for a period of not less than 5 years, after the start up of the System (Phase IV). 2. Prerequisites Scientific investigations and feasibility study to determine the extent of the project, its phase-by-phase development and the best viable institutional setting (new dedicate Agency?). Guarantee the willingness to cooperate of the different Countries to be involved in the initial (pilot) stage. Participation of Belize, Cuba, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, Barbados, T&T and Guyana is a prerequisite. FINAL REPORT 158

176 3. Main Activities (preparation stage): Establish an MOU between the potential member countries; Establish an initial budget for the study / preliminary investigation stage (Project Preparation Facility PPF); Set up An adequate technical / scientific / managerial task force for the project implementation (full); 4. Human resources: Study stage: Involvement of CCCCC expert personnel + experts from Caribbean Member Countries + short term EU experts; Implementation (Phases II, III and IV): A permanent expert team must be employed. A total of 10 to 15 skilled professionals + supporting personnel is envisaged. At least 4 persons shall be expatriate from EU countries (two from top level environmental / hydro-meteorological monitoring agencies or Universities and two from EU Civil Protection Agencies) 5. Equipment : To be supplied during Phase II and III 6. Duration of Phases and tentative Budget ( ) (variation in the range of 50% are to be considered) PPF: 12 months (controlling time is institutional setting) / 1 ML Phase II : 18 months Equipment and other supply: 8 ML Technical Assistance and additional services: 2.0 ML Phase III: 12 months / 1.5 ML Phase IV: 60 months / 5 ML 7. Institutional setting for the Project implementation: General Coordination: CDEMA or CARICOM Scientific coordination: CCCCC + external support Implementing: UNDP (coordination of activities, selection of suppliers, subcontractors etc.) Steering Committee / Board of Directors: Director General of National Hydrometeorological Services and CP Agencies of the Member Countries; External Supervisors: Outstanding international personalities from the academic / scientific world. FINAL REPORT 159

177 First Pillar Technical Sheet #6: Platform Coordination/Management Unit 1. Justification A small technical management unit is required in the EU office in Barbados to administer a complex project aiming to promote coordination and integration among such a diverse group of entities. This unit is a management tool and should be perceived as competing with or duplicating the functions of CDEMA, ACS or CARIFORUM. The main function is to ensure that the prime objective of the platform (coordination / integration of OR and OCT) is not overlooked. 2. Prerequisites Existence of other pillars offering substantive benefits to the countries. Decision to delegate significant operational responsibility to this unit. 3. Main Activities: To supervise the delivery of all thematic technical activities selected for implementation keeping in mind the primary objective of the platform: the integration of the ORs and OCTs. To ensure that the technical assistance is genuinely a collaboration among the Caribbean entities and is provided in consultation with all concerned parties. To manage directly the Pillar #2 and #3 (support to CDEMA and ACS/CARIFORUM taskforces). To assist in the organization of inter-country meetings and activities. To supervise the use of the funds in accordance to the regulations of each source instrument. To provide administrative or accounting support as needed. To report regularly to the EC on progress made by all pillars. 4. Human resources: Depending upon the number and complexity of the thematic areas selected for implementation. Minimum requirements are: one senior professional familiar with the Caribbean and fluent in the three main languages One professional Assistant One administrator with knowledge of EC procedures Secretarial support Short term experts FINAL REPORT 160

178 5. Material assistance: None 6. Tentative Budget: variable according to complexity of the whole project 7. Implementing agency: EU Office or DG/ECHO FINAL REPORT 161

179 7.4.7 Support to CDEMA Technical Sheet of the Second Pillar: 1. Justification: CDEMA is the only coordinating and operational mechanism for Comprehensive Disaster Management in the Caribbean. However, its focus remains mainly oriented towards the English Speaking Caribbean which constitute 16 out of the 18 participating States. OCTs either do not participate or expressed reservation concerning the support they receive. The present By-Laws do not provide for participation of the Outermost Regions but of States only. The present staffing pattern is monocultural and monolingual. The establishment of another fully regional agency or coordinating mechanism is neither sustainable, politically acceptable or economically feasible. Even if it was feasible, it would weaken the existing CDEMA. CDEMA has played a commendable role in coordinating the generous Caribbean response in the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti and has undertaken efforts to broaden the linguistic skills of its existing staff. CDEMA is aware of the challenges ahead but may not realize the profound nature of changes required. CDEMA managerial capacity is already overstretched by the many donor funded projects it has chosen to implement directly. Expansion of the mandate will require adjustments in its structure, financial and information management, reporting and corporate identity. Providing guidance and support in this process is critical for the long term sustainability of a civil protection platform. 2. Prequisite: A formal decision regarding the future expansion of CDEMA role and acknowledgement of the structural steps required by CDEMA Council. 3. Main Activities: To assist CDEMA in preparing a strategy, timetable and work plan for this change in consultation with all stakeholders and particularly CARIFORUM and ACS. drafting changes to the by-laws and rules for review and approval by the CDEMA Council. strengthening CDEMA administrative and financial procedures. improving CDEMA data collection and information management to increase transparency and improve the reporting. improve the language capacity of existing staff through courses and subsidies. improving the geographical and linguistic diversity of the staff. 4. Human resources: One senior expert, 2 administrative support staff, short term consultants 5. Tentative Budget range: 500,000 to 850,000/ year for three years FINAL REPORT 162

180 Technical Sheet of the Third Pillar: Strengthening the existing mechanisms in CARIFORUM and ACS 1. Justification Two mechanisms for high level consultation on civil protection issues have been established for several years. They are the CARIFORUM Task Force on Disaster Management (Preparedness) and the ACS Special Committee on Natural Disasters. Both agencies have distinct and also overlapping membership. The role of the two mechanisms is widely seen as permitting policy guidance and political support to the concept of disaster management. Their level of activity and effectiveness is regarded as low by most national disaster coordinators and international experts in part due to lack of convening them around a concrete proposal or topics. Although the disaster national counterparts expect concrete and tangible support from the platform initiative rather additional meetings, substantial progress towards coordination and ultimately integration in disaster management will require high level political support and Caribbean ownership. The effective contribution of those mechanisms will be critical. Support from the EU should be built-in the program. 2. Prerequisite: The relevant members of both institutions should be consulted and fully endorse the approach towards the platform proposed in this report and in particular its vision of CDEMA future role. 3. Main Activities Material support (travel cost, interpretation, etc) for convening the two mechanisms once a year and technical assistance in focusing the agenda on aspects of particular relevance to the platform. 4. Human resources: none (included in the management Unit) 5. Tentative Budget Range: 400,000 to 600,000/ year for three years 6. Implementing agency: The Management Unit proposed for the Platform (possibly to be managed by DG ECHO and attached to the EC Delegation in Barbados). FINAL REPORT 163

181 Technical Sheet of the Fourth Pillar Pilot project in St Martin/St Maarten/St Bartholomew/Anguilla 1. Justification Reaching a common platform for all ACP, OCT and OR in the Caribbean is a long haul and very ambitious undertaking especially considering the lack of joint planning and operational coordination among the OR, the Dutch and UK ACT themselves. If a high degree of integration can be reached in the short term, it will be in the microcosm of St Martin/St Maarten, St Bartholomew and Anguilla. Although inter-institutional relations are excellent and punctual collaboration projects are taking place, there is little sustained effort towards an integrated approach and response to a disaster affecting all or several of those entities. As a result, conflicting warning messages are occasionally sent to the populations in different part of the same Island. Although most of these entities are reasonably prepared individually, there is no collective preparedness. This sub-region includes a Dutch, UK (and possibly in the future French, if the present request for autonomy and OCT status is recognized for St Bartholomew) territories as well as an OR. Among them, they belong to CDEMA, ACS and CARIFORUM. They already succeeded to partly integrate the US and European approaches to disaster management. Language is a minorissue considering the broad use of English in this area. A micro-pilot project will permit to test the benefits and limits of functional civil protection integration within the European partners in the Caribbean. 2. Prerequisite The political endorsement and commitment from the three concerned European States is essential in order to allow a maximum operational flexibility to their entity to adjust their procedures (especially warning), modus operandi and technical activities. Those changes would be on an experimental basis and subject to a final evaluation and review. A mechanism and procedures to ensure that each entity is involving the institutions or countries it is linked to (Netherlands Antilles and Kingdom of Netherlands, UK, France, CDEMA, etc). 3. Main Activities Joint assessment of vulnerability and assets leading to a common mapping and a compatible database accessible to all participating local entities. Development of a combined plan for response to a disaster affecting one or more of the entities. Testing of the plan possibly using a methodology similar to the Richter exercise developed in Martinique. Coordinated early warning system and messages to the population to avoid conflicting FINAL REPORT 164

182 recommendations as observed in the past. Establishment of a common stockpile of material for response accessible to the four entities. Formal external evaluation and identifications of lessons learned. Caribbean wide workshop for sharing lessons learned among all OCT, ORs and ACP. 4. Human Resources Designation of a focal point responsible for overall coordination (no cost to the project). Short term expertise preferably from within the Caribbean. 5. Material Resources Establishment of a common stockpile including SAR equipment, CBRN protective material, basic medical care supplies and welfare items (tents, etc). This stockpile should be available to respond to other emergencies in the Caribbean, subject to a replenishment mechanism. A computerized inventory system should be in place, either using or adapting the system of one of the participating entities or adopting the global Logistical Support System (LSS) developed by the UN and used throughout the Caribbean including in the aftermath of Haiti earthquake ( 6. Preliminary Budget Range (Between and for TWO years) Consultants: Stockpile: to (if European modules are used) Evaluation, lessons learned workshop and publication: 200, Implementing Partner One of the Entities (possibly St Maarten) or OR depending on the origin and rules of the EC funding. FINAL REPORT 165

183 7.5 Maps and country reports Map of the Caribbean FINAL REPORT 166

184 7.5.2 Country Reports Anguilla Report The Anguilla is a British Overseas Territory. It has a population of approximately 13,477 people, according to information from The GDP per capita is around US$ 9,711 (2006). Anguilla has few natural resources and the economy depends on tourism, foreign banking, lobster fishing and remittances from emigrants. The economy, especially the tourism sector, suffered the devastating effects of Hurricane Luis in 1995, but recovered in Anguilla is vulnerable to hurricanes. It is exposed to various hazards and risks; hurricanes, tropical storms, tsunamis, floods, earthquake, coastal erosion, rising sea levels and sea penetrations and landslides. The hurricanes that affected the island, most recently, were: Omar in 2009, that affected infrastructure; Lenny in 1999, which generated damage in infrastructure; and Marilyn and Luis in 1995, that affected large number of buildings impacted heavily on the economy of the island. Finally, Hurricane Donna in 1960 with a balance of ¾ of destroyed homes in Anguilla. An earthquake occurred in the Caribbean Sea in November The Civil Protection in Anguilla: The Department of Disaster Management (DDM), the organization responsible for the Civil Protection, reports to the Deputy Governor and has responsibility for the following areas: National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC), Community Outreach, Preparedness & Education; Mitigation, Strategic Planning and Mapping (GIS); Emergency Communications and Warning Systems. The Director of the Department and National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC) oversees the coordination and cooperation between various national actors. Anguilla did not have a national policy on mitigation of natural and technological hazards. Then in April 2009 the DDM developed the National Mitigation & Risk Reduction Strategy Plan to provide an integrated framework for the implementation of hazard mitigation measures on national, sectoral and community levels in a structured holistic and comprehensive manner. Anguilla s National Warning System (ANWS) was designed and implemented during FINAL REPORT 167

185 Alerting protocols were drafted collectively by a working group inclusive of the public and private sectors, general public and NGOs. System requirements include: Policy and protocols for use; thresholds of risk and associated alert levels; consideration for at risk populations e.g. sight/hearing impaired and multiple languages; weekly and monthly testing; integration into day to day life. The DDM has also supported the formulation of regulations, risk assessments and vulnerability, simulation exercises and training, preparedness actions, development of information systems applied to risk analysis, development of contingency plans applied to different threats, etc. Cooperation Initiatives Anguilla has received grant funding from the CBD oriented to reconstruction and essential work in restoring land and sea transportation infrastructure after Hurricane Omar. The Ministry of Social Development is promoting a set of initiatives and activities of preparedness and prevention. It implemented actions to strengthen its disaster management mechanism via various regional projects sponsored by PAHO. DFID supported technical assistance for developing the Strategic Plan and the integration of disaster management into national development planning. Anguilla is associate member of the CARICOM and the DDM maintains close relations with CDEMA, participating of the CDM Regional Strategy. It is participating in several regional initiatives such as the CCRIF Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility, Regional Disaster Risk Management for Sustainable Tourism in the Caribbean via CDEMA and Strengthening Communities through Safer Health Facilities in the Caribbean. Currently Anguilla is actively involved in the regional project OCT s REGIONAL RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE (R3I).a programme to fill gaps from other regional projects and to build cooperation, coordination and improve communication between the Dutch and UK Overseas Territories. FINAL REPORT 168

186 Antigua and Barbuda Report The country * This country joins several islands being the principal ones Antigua and Barbuda. Both are part of Lesser Antilles in the Eastern Caribbean. Antigua and Barbuda have a total area of 10 km² with a population of 31,000 persons (2005). The GDP growth rate was in % with a GDP per capita of US$ 19, (2008). Principal economic activities are tourism, construction and light manufacturing. The Civil Protection in Antigua and Barbuda: The National Office of Disaster Services (NODS) is the government institution responsible for the coordination and implementation of the disaster plan. It reports to the Prime Minister s Office and their staffs are composed of 13 persons, four of whom are professionals. Projects are under responsibility of Ministries, so funds are channelled through them. NODS maintains close relations with CDEMA. From their point of view, CDEMA is working better than before (CDERA) in distribution of assistance, although they consider that regional institutions might improve relations and interactions among member countries. Also NODS convoked a meeting with the purpose to show to the consultant a wide view of coordination among institutions in Antigua and Barbuda. There have been invited Fire Department, National Security Ministry, Defense Force and Ministry of Health (Emergency). After presenting their coordination mechanisms and preparedness for the hurricane season period, these institutions emphasized their institutional weakness, highlighting not only the deficit of equipments and materials but also the cost involved in subcontracting to private enterprises. NODS referred to the project document Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Public Awareness and Education Campaign, funded by USAID in the order of US$ 475, for the period Antigua and Barbuda Red Cross (A&BRC) works closely with NODS. Its activities are focused on communities. They are implementing projects funded respectively by US/OFDA (disaster preparedness), Japan (disaster preparedness and materials) and ECHO (human resources, one officer for mobilization and an other for communications). Projects documents profiles were shared. * Data reference: Wikipedia. FINAL REPORT 169

187 PAHO s role is coordinating facilities and not the direct implementation of projects. That responsibility, corresponds to public institutions. There are two projects related to disaster preparedness: (i) "Disaster Management. Mitigation and Response including training of staff and formulation of a Ministry of Health Plan"; (ii) Mass Casualty and Incident Command Training" Other institution visited was the Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA), the governmental agency responsible for public services administration (telecommunications, energy, water). This organism takes part in National Emergency Committee, assisting in design prevention and risk mitigation plans, due that hazards affects public services directly. It is relevant to note that the operations of this institution are financed by its own resources (services fees) and that it does not receive external technical or financial assistance. FINAL REPORT 170

188 Aruba Report Aruba belongs to the Dutch OCTs and is an autonomous territory of the Netherland Kingdom since January 1, It has a population of approximately 100,000 inhabitants (estimated on 2007). The GDP per capita is around US$ 21,500 (2005). Tourism is one of the main pillars of its economy and the main source of employment for the population. Aruba is not in a high annual risk of hurricanes; however, they were heavily affected by hurricanes Hazel in 1954, Janet in 1956, Lenny in 1999 and in September 2004 by Hurricane Felix, causing severe damage to the infrastructure and the tourism. According to the Regulation (the first Rampenwet) adopted in 1956, an annual hurricane preparedness exercise is mandated. Other hazards are oil spills or explosion of the oil refinery. The Civil Protection in Aruba Aruba, Curacao and Bonaire are self sustained and can provide support to the rest of the Netherland Antilles, while Saba, Saint Eustatius and Saint Marteen are smaller and do not have the same capacity. In 2003 Aruba formed a Bureau for Crisis Management directly under the Presidency. The Crisis Management Office is the coordination point and is independent from the Fire Department; its structure is formed by: Head, administrative and information technology and four areas (Mitigation and Public Relations, Training and Practice; Planning and Preparedness; Law). However, it presently has only two permanent staff. The Bureau s structure includes: the Command (high level politics), Operative Management, the Commander and the Site Units. The key organizations are: the Fire Department, the Police and Health. They have contingency plans for hurricanes, aerial and marine incidents. Every two years they carry out drills or simulations for a possible airplane accident to test operational procedures, protocols, responsibilities and coordination mechanisms. The Fire Department has 167 employees in addition to volunteers. The Netherlands government left in the island six water pumps in case of a hurricane. The Military Command of the Antilles islands meet twice every year with the Fire Department. The Dutch Red Cross has been implementing a prevention programme with resources provided by the Netherlands government. They have 3 permanent staff and approximately 100 volunteers with equipment and supplies, an ambulance to provide support in case of small fires, emergency shelters, medical care, training and simulations, etc. They keep a good relationship with the Crisis Management Office but they develop their own activities and dynamics. They also have mechanisms that allow them to act rapidly (Fast track). FINAL REPORT 171

189 Cooperation Initiatives: The Netherlands government does not provide funding but direct material or technical assistance. There is therefore no defined project document. Otherwise, preparedness activities are financed with local resources. They are presently involved in regional project OCT s REGIONAL RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE (R3I). As other countries, Aruba has great expectations from this initiative but they feel it is too ambitious. Additionally, Aruba, as well as the Netherlands Antilles has started to relate with the rest of the Caribbean, beyond just sharing some encounters in meeting and regional seminars. Aruba has close relation with Venezuela s Government. They depend on Venezuela s FUNVISIS for all technical matters related to seism. 2 The relation with the the Anglophone Caribbean countries is of a different nature. Aruba considers that many meetings and seminars in the Caribbean are very expensive and little productive and believes that the external projects should invest in improving and training the professional staff and promoting exchange programmes. In their opinion, the allocation of CP funding is unbalanced in favor of the Anglophone Caribbean. There has never been a major cooperation or a relationship between UK s OCTs, France OR and the Netherlands. This cooperation or exchange is more within each group. They welcome project R31 as a very preliminary test of this possible opening of cooperation channels. The OCT from the Netherlands have not had ANY relationship with the Anglophone Caribbean (as they call it) except in seminars and other R31 projects. They even manifested distrust over funds and donations from donors directed only to the Anglophone Caribbean. They have the feeling that they do not have representation within CDEMA. They are closer to the ACS but feel that its implementing capacity and achievements in Civil Protection are lacking. It is necessary, in their opinion, to strengthen the technical and operative capacity in the countries and in the Caribbean and to promote mutual support. In spite of their differences, Caribbean Islands know each other and have more in common than with European responders in case of disaster. Regarding the Platform, they suggest a committee or a representative body including each sub region (since they believe they are apart) of the Caribbean. One delegate from the OCTs NL, One delegate from the OCTs UK (even though they could be part of CDEMA if they want to), One delegate from France ORs (though it would not have the same weight), one delegate from the Anglophone Caribbean (which may be CDEMA) and Representatives from the Dominican Republic, Cuba and Haiti. In the case of Bermuda, they have no relationship or opinion. For this coordinating body, it should be a consultation with countries and the decision should come from all. It should be balanced in number (no more than 6 people) and representativeness. 2 Fundación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismológicas is attached to the Ministry of Sciences and is providing support and services in all matters related to seismic monitoring and anti-seismic engineering. FINAL REPORT 172

190 The Bahamas Report The Bahamas is an archipelago of 24 inhabited islands, 600 unoccupied, and over 2,000 rocks and reefs. It has a total population of approximately 301,790 people (2005) with a GDP per capita of US$ 22,156. Bahamas is one of the most prosperous countries in the Caribbean region. Tourism is one of the main economic activities. The Bahamas is exposed to hurricanes, tropical storms, floods, coastal erosion, rising sea levels and sea penetrations, drought and pollution. Between the hurricanes that affected The Bahamas were Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Hurricane Floyd in 1999, Hurricane Michelle in 2001 and Hurricanes Francis and Jeanne in 2004 in The hurricane Francis had devastating impact for the entire archipelago, a fact that has not happened since The Civil Protection in The Bahamas: The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) is the organisation responsible for civil protection. It groups 39 organizations, including: Royal Bahamas Police Force; Royal Bahamas Defence Force; Ministry of Health; Department of Environmental Health; Ministry of Tourism; Ministry of Social Services and Community Development; Ministry of Transport and Aviation; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Bahamas Customs; H. M. Prison; Bahamas Electricity Corporation; Water and Sewerage Corporation; Bahamas Telecommunication Corporation; Public Hospitals Authority; Airport Authority; Port Authority; Bahamas Red Cross; The Salvation Army; Department of Local Government. They have regular monthly meetings to coordinate actions in case of disaster response, preparedness and coordination before hurricane season. The Bahamas participates in regional forums and meetings convened by CDEMA Red Cross works together with NEMA. In emergency situations they provide emergency care staffed by volunteers, supplies, shelter management. They permanently engage in actions aimed at public awareness of disaster management, working with communities to organize training activities, community risk maps, development plans. Red Cross liaises with other National Societies of other countries especially in the Caribbean and also with American Red Cross, Netherlands RC, UK RC, Spanish RC, British RC and IFRC. The Health Sector maintains close liaison with NEMA. Develop training on disaster response efforts to strengthen the capacities of health personnel in the islands. But they have limited resources to improve staff training and deploying technical staff first responders to disasters. In addition, PAHO is coordinating the actions and support training, supplies, technical assistance, etc. PAHO works jointly with the Health Sector, and the internal organization has been updating its contingency plan for hurricanes but must transfer these plans to other events such as tsunami, fire and earthquake. At regional level in the civil protection issues, The Bahamas have a close relation and cooperation with Jamaica, Turks and Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Belize and Barbados. The Bahamas is associate member of the Association of Caribbean States. It s CARICOM member too and maintains close relations with CDEMA, participating at the CDM Regional Strategy. From its point of view CDEMA is working better now in promotion and coordination of risk reduction activities between Caribbean countries. On its opinion, to strengthen the system and the institutional framework that exists in the Caribbean is better, but FINAL REPORT 173

191 would be a mistake to weaken strife engulfing other instances of regional coordination. Continue strengthening the CDEMA as it has the ability to lead hazard reduction work in the region, has experience and can provide technical assistance and promoting cooperation among the islands. Furthermore, the CDM Framework is a good example of a mechanism to reduce overlaps and gaps and needs identified in the countries and the region. The CDM framework supports in reducing gaps and overlaps, directing the efforts and resources of international cooperation to meet the demands identified by the region. The CDM Strategy is an example of good organization and capacity of collective planning. However, it should reinforce the links between CDEMA/CDM Strategy and other countries in the region not involved in this framework (for example Netherlands OCTs). Cooperation Initiatives They share a set of activities that are part of the CDM Strategy. They have also been participating in regional initiatives supported by USAID aimed at training, advice on contingency planning, risk maps for tsunamis and earthquakes; improve their building codes, coastal zone management and improvement of zoning codes and actions disaster preparedness in schools. They have received funding from the IDB for the rehabilitation and recovery of infrastructure and equipment and health and/ or education. Strengthening aspects of housing and recovery are usually borne by public funds. Also they have been developed by the Management of Natural Hazards Preventive oriented to have a country risk profile to improve the efforts and response and recovery after a disaster. The Red Cross is taking action in disaster reduction at community level and institutional strengthening through DIPECHO programs in the last 4 years. In the light of what happened in Haiti, they feel that they should strengthen the capacity and skills in the region. An example of regional coordination is occurring in response to post-disaster situation in Haiti. Through CDEMA is provided direct support and collaboration in inputs, collecting funds in the country, calling volunteers, deploying medical personnel and volunteers in support of the Haitian victims. Today is also promoting and organizing a mechanism to accompany and support the recovery process in that country. From its point of view CEDEMA can lead not only responding to disasters but to support and assist the recovery process. A challenge to be overcome political differences or distances, improve the mechanisms, rules and establish agreements and MOUs between countries. They recommended enhancing the common platform to promote rapid and efficient coordination in disaster response. The Caribbean islands are small countries from different organizations and they need to build bridges and coordination. Similarly as in The Bahamas NEMA coordinates different agencies and bodies, as there must be a regional forum including donor, countries and private sector. The proximity facilitates the transport and deploys of personnel, equipment, mobilizing the area, improve the support mechanisms in supplies and foods. There is an easier and more effectively respond rapidly to emergency needs in the region. FINAL REPORT 174

192 Barbados Report Barbados, with a population of 267,000, has one of the highest Gross Domestic Products (GDP) per capita: of USD 18,369 (IMF) behind Bermuda, Trinidad and the ROs. The experience of disasters has been limited in last 25 years. From 1980 to 2007, there were only 7 events (mostly storms) killing a total of one person. Less than 300 persons were affected in average per year. In spite of the relative benign experience, Barbados remains potentially exposed and vulnerable to severe earthquakes, tsunami and hurricanes. The Department of Emergency Management (DEM) The Department of Emergency Management is responsible for the development and implementation of the Emergency Management Programme in Barbados. It has the responsibility for coordinating emergency management activities. The Department came into being on April 1, 2007 by the statutory legislation of the Emergency Management Act It replaces the Central Emergency Relief Organisation Secretariat which dated back to the 1940s when an organization for Hurricane Relief was formed under the authority and direction of the Governor. At that time the main emphasis was on relief. DEM today is implementing a national Comprehensive Disaster Management programme which embodies the concept of all hazards: natural and man-made at all phases of the Disaster Continuum: Prevention and Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery as well as integration of disaster risk reduction. 3 It has six professional posts and serves as secretariat and coordinator of the National Emergency Management System constituted of key government ministries and departments, the Private Sector, Non Governmental Organisations NGOs, Community Based Organisations CBOs and international and regional emergency management organizations. Barbados as regional hub The importance of Barbados in Disaster management and for the establishment of the proposed platform of civil protection is in the large number of institutions and agencies it accommodates. Among them are the Caribbean Disaster management Agency (CDEMA), the CARICOM Disaster Response Unit housed in the Regional Security Services (RSS), the Regional Response Mechanism (RRM), donor (sub) regional 3 FINAL REPORT 175

193 offices (EC, DFID, CIDA, UNDP, UNICEF, PAHO, the Inter American Development Bank, etc.) and the Caribbean Development Bank. Visits and when not possible calls were made to all those institutions. The most important and critical Caribbean actors for the Platform are CDEMA and the CDRU. These partners are discussed in length in this report. A summary overview follows. CDEMA This regional inter-governmental agency established in September 1991 by an Agreement of the Conference of Heads of Government of CARICOM to be responsible for disaster management. There are presently eighteen Participating States. Only two of them are non-english speaking (Haiti and Suriname). CDEMA's main function is to make an immediate and coordinated response to any disastrous event affecting any participating state, once the state requests such assistance. With approximately 40 employees, CDEMA has placed itself as the indispensable channel for most of the funding directed to the individual states members overstretching its limited management capacity. Although CDEMA maintains a database of projects, the poor quality and lack of comprehensiveness of this information rendered those data of limited value for the study. CDRU The CARICOM Disaster Response Unit is relying on the Regional Security Services (the collective police and/or defense forces). In spite of the lack of basic logistic capacity and resources, the CDRU has played an effective and meritorious role in Haiti. The four sub regional warehouses and the logistic hub in Jamaica could have benefited greatly from part of the significant support given by the donors community to their own responders. Other main agencies: (See main report) The contacts (mostly meetings but due to time constraints also telephone and ) contributed to clarify the possible options and avenues for a Pan Caribbean Platform of Civil Protection. Several interlocutors stressed the need for local ownership and acceptance, a requirement which is perceived to have lacked in earlier phases. FINAL REPORT 176

194 Belize Report With its 22,960 km² of territory and 320,000 people (2008 est.), Belize (the former British Honduras) is one of the lowest populated in the world. In spite of being geographically located on the continent, Belize is historically and culturally related to the island-states of the Anglophone Caribbean. The nation is a member of the British Commonwealth as well as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organisation of American States (OAS). Belize, located within the path of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones experiences the effect of severe natural hazards. The following are reported from 1998 to date (hurricanes or Tropical Storms): Mitch, killed over 5, 000 people in Honduras Keith devastated Ambergris Caye and caused widespread flooding in the Belize River Valley Iris and Tropical Storm Chantal Emily and Tropical Storm Gamma Stan (threat) Dean and Felix 2008 TS Arthur, TD -16 Floods 2009 TS IDA The Country is also subject to earthquakes. The latter occurred in 2009 with no casualties and limited damages National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) NEMO (formerly Central Emergency Committee) was created in the year 2000 as the legal authority to act as the only DM institution for Disaster related matters for the Government and People of Belize. The Department initially was placed in the Office of the Prime Minister and is now part of the Ministry of Public Utilities. NEMO is a composed by some 21 permanent employees but coordinating / training (apparently with some efficiency) about 500 persons among related institutions and volunteers. NEMO concentrated in post-disaster response, plus the creation of consciousness in population through the peripheral committees coordinated by the central NEMO office. NEMO, also thanks to volunteers action, operates at National, District and Village level. In spite of this complexity, coordination seems to be good. The Country disposes of a quite detailed National Emergency Plan. NEMO carries out a number of technical activities, such as hazard mapping, mitigation-land use management, building codes for construction and others. FINAL REPORT 177

195 Of particular importance is the coordination with the Belize Meteorological Department, reported as excellent. AWS is still weak, although the Country recently installed 6 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) along the Belize river, downstream of the frontier with Guatemala (JICA funding). Data processed by MET office are available to NEMO. Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre - CCCCC Officially opened in August 2005, the Centre is the key node for information on climate change issues and for the Region s response to managing and adapting to climate change in the Caribbean. CCCCC is still an evolving Organization, presently composed by a staff of 21 persons, out of which 6 professional scientists. In the field of DM, the Centre is trying to impulse a Regional Project (still at the stage of institutional feasibility) for the Integration / Expansion of the Caribbean Sea Level Monitoring and EWS (say Caribbean Integrated Monitoring System - CIMS). The Project is ambitious and should be definitely supported at regional / international level. Collaboration with the Caribbean Collaboration with Caribbean either at regional (CDEMA CARICOM CMO) or country (Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados, British OCTs etc.) level seems good, mainly due the presence of the CCCCC. International Projects Recent international projects followed by NEMO are a JICA funded project for improvement of EWS (6 stations) and an OAS Project in the Rio Hondo zone (extent not known). IADB and the CDB are actually preparing a comprehensive project on Disaster Management Study, including among others study on tropical waves, tropical storms, hurricanes, floods / flash floods, droughts, earthquakes and tsunamis, land subsidence and landslides. UNDP is managing a number of relatively small projects, aimed at improving general environmental conditions, agricultural practices and reduce vulnerability in the broad sense. They are not directly related to Civil Protection / Disaster Management. For future interventions, priority is on flood control in low lands, i.e. all the Belize City area. The problems faced are similar to Guyana and Suriname (lands below the sea level, strongly subject to flooding or salt intrusion). FINAL REPORT 178

196 Bermuda Report Bermuda is a territory that consists of approximately 138 islands and islets, most of them are uninhabited and of great wealth and natural value. The eight main islands form a chain about 22 miles long, connected by bridges and causeways. It has a population of approximately 65,773 people (2007). The Bermudas has one of the highest GDP per capita in the world, estimated in 2004 to be above US$ 65,500. The tourism is one of the main pillars of its economy. Bermuda is along the southern rim of the summit of an undersea volcanic mountain in the western Atlantic. It is exposed to various hazards and risks due mainly to its geographic location. These hazards are hurricanes, tropical storms, tsunamis, floods, landslides, coastal erosion, rising sea levels and sea penetrations, fires and hard wings. In September 2006, the Bahamas was affected by Hurricane Florence causing superficial damage. In early September 2003, Hurricane Fabian hit Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane, causing 4 deaths, electricity service outages and an estimated US$ 300 million of damage. It was the worst hurricane since The Civil Protection in Bermuda Civil Protection is a function of The Bermuda Police Service and is officially delegated to the Chief Inspector, (voluntary and part-time regimen) who is the Disaster Management Officer co-ordinating the workings of the Emergency Measures Organisation. The EMO brings together the combined services of government (Ministry of Labour, Tourism, Transport, Health, Education, Government House, Police Services, etc.) public services (BELCO, BTC, Bermuda Weather Service, the Chamber of Commerce and Radio Society of Bermuda) and private bodies in a body aimed mainly at providing information to the public before, during and after a storm or hurricane, and also to coordinate the rescue and recovery efforts. It is establishing a command post (COMOPS) when a hurricane is approaching. If there exists the probability of disaster occurrence, the Executive Committee assumes that function according to existing protocols and make decisions about the evacuation, alarm, deployment of supplies and human resources, etc. They have an average of 500 volunteers, doctors, soldiers, engineers and professionals from different specialties, for disaster response. However, permanently they have only 32 people on full time responsibilities related to civil protection. They have two radio systems that can be used in case of crisis. This mechanism is also activated for other problems such as drug trafficking and terrorism. The Bermuda Regiment and the fire department also contributes to preparedness activities, response and disaster mitigation measures. The Weather Service is in charge of monitoring and forecasting climate, reporting through a web site and informing the population warnings in case of bad weather. The Bermuda Hospital Board is responsible for the health response to disasters throughout the island. Although they have good technical skills, there is a perceived lack of resources to meet major emergencies. FINAL REPORT 179

197 The staff is small and there is much turnover. The Emergency Department is leading the actions for disaster preparedness and develops regular training programs for health staff in coordination with PAHO. The Bermudas Red Cross has active role in the civil protection issues, although there is no Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Government. It is small: 6 or 7 people in the organization and an average of 29 volunteers. Another organization is also active in aspects of disaster is the Adventist Church. In Bermuda the constructions are technically solid and resistant to hurricanes and have good building codes. Each year, at least one simulation exercise or drill is organized before the hurricane season. It has a good network of communication for early warning. Cooperation initiatives DFID supports in a sustained manner the activities related to preparedness and response in Bermudas. At the time DFID insisted on creating an agency or exclusive agency for Civil Protection or Civil Defence as is the case with the other islands, but the proposal was not accepted by national authorities. The Bermuda Red Cross is implementing the Disaster Risk Reduction Plan : development of Bermudas RC capacity in disaster preparedness and response; Increased capacity to work with communities and increase the resilience at community level through risk reduction activities; ensure Bermuda RC has organizational capacity to sustain the program; and, contribution to regional capacity building and learning initiatives. No part of projects and activities of regional projects funded by ECHO / DIPECHO for Bermuda because is not included as a priority country in the DIPECHO Action Plans. At regional level Bermuda is associate member of the CARICOM. They participate in the regional forum and seminars promoted by CDEMA. On its opinion, they maintain a relationship with CDEMA but without being actively involved in regional projects and initiatives. There is a feeling of not feeling and not being perceived as part of the Caribbean". However, they welcome the initiative of CARICOM / CDEMA of support Haiti and focusing support to avoid duplication and could be a good test for regional cooperation, provided that involves all countries and that can be supported by international cooperation and by the EU through a program that serves to facilitate the regional cooperation with resources and inputs. The Cooperation Platform must have a "Caribbean face" and should be promoted and supported by governments, agencies, and donors. For example, Bermuda supports Haiti in various aspects, and has a government to government agreement. Also in past years Bermudas has been providing support in disaster situations to other countries in the region and in Turks and Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Jamaica and Grenada. They are willing to exchange experiences, transfer mechanisms and technical capacity. But they need financial support for this. FINAL REPORT 180

198 British Virgin Islands Report moderate and very low. The British Virgin Islands (BVI) consist of the main islands of Tortola (capital city), Virgin Gorda, Anegada and Jost Van Dyke, along with over fifty other smaller islands and cays. The total population is about 22,000, of whom approximately 18,000 live on Tortola. Per capita GDP (PPP) is reported at 38,500 USD (2004), thus about 10% higher than UK itself (35,000). After a study carried out by the BVI Department of Disaster Management DDM (see below), the level of multi-risk hazard in the territory is between A comprehensive National Disaster Plan has been established by the Gov. of BVI. to provide a framework, which promotes centralized coordination, control and effective collaboration in preparing hazards. According to this Plan, natural hazards with to potential to severely affect the territory are: (1) The effects of tropical systems and related weather systems, including land-born flooding, wind damage, and coastal flooding. (2) The effects of earthquakes, including severe ground shaking, tsunami generated flooding and landslides. BVI register more than 200 seismic shakes per year, being placed in the tectonic fault of the Caribbean (same as Haiti). Other than these, Transport Incidents and Accidents (mainly cruise ships) and Oil Spills are classified among the most recurrent hazards. Institutions Department of Disaster Management DDM The Department counts with 12 permanent technical staff. Mostly operates at national level, although coordinating with other British Territory and with CDEMA for the execution of regional projects, shared relief operations. Specific activities are carried over to impose anti-seismic constructions and give rules on how to perform to the population. BVI does not dispose of an independent hydrological / meteorological department, and DDM is responsible for the meteorological monitoring (hydrology not investigated). No links to any regional or sub-regional Early Warning Network is presently active. For the forecast activity, they fully rely on US- NOAA information, transmitted through Puerto Rico (affiliate service). As eventual cooperation from EC is concerned, DDM is very skeptic because of the long decision time and the perceived scarce effectiveness of large regional projects to really meet the specific country needs. Regional organizations like CDEMA or CARICOM, although they have a recognized coordination FINAL REPORT 181

199 capacity, they are lacking technical skills and seldom rely on experience and capacities existing in the BVI. BVI Governor Office The Governor of BVI, as UK Government representative, has the deputy responsibility in Disaster Management although the direct responsibility is maintained by the Disaster Management Department DDM. This is of particular importance when the UK war ships are present in the area during the hurricane season. In case of crisis, the local Gov. coordinates closely with UK Department for International Development DFID for the management of the response A UK Rapid Response Team (RTR) is covering all UK OCTs. This RRT also intervenes out of the territory, under the DFID US coordination. In case of need, US can mobilize in terms of hours (from Puerto Rico), also ensuring eventual response to terrorism. UK DFID is however unable to intervene in less than 24 / 48 h. Possible EU intervention tending to weaken dependence from US could be hardly envisaged because of the US fast response time and the close cooperation with UK government at DFID level. Collaboration with the Caribbean According to DDM, the Island is almost self-sufficient, except in case of major hurricanes or other extreme events. Cooperation with the rest of Caribbean is formal, while DDM is maintaining constant operative relations. With reference to Haiti earthquake, the Island was responding with fund rising through the RC of about 0.5 ML USD, with the help of the strong Rotarian community. International Projects At regional level, the most important project where BVI is actually involved is the EU funded 4.9 M Project to Improve Disaster Risk Management Capacity. The Project is part of the OCT Regional Risk Reduction Initiative (OCT R3I) to serve seven UK and Dutch OCT in the Caribbean, specifically Anguilla, Aruba, BVI, Cayman, Monserrat, Netherland Antilles, Turk & Caicos. Implementation is expected in 3 years ( ). A second important project involving BVI is the Comprehensive Disaster Management Harmonized Implementation Programme (CDM HIP), covering 18 Caribbean states. Project value is USD 11.7 ML under CIDA / DFID funding and joint CEDEMA / OECS coordination. Purpose is achieving regional sustainable development through the reduction of losses and improved disaster management coordination at national and regional level. FINAL REPORT 182

200 The Cayman Islands Report The country is formed by 3 islands with a total population of approximately 69,000 people (2008). It has one of the most solid economies in the Caribbean, and is the fifth international finance center. The GDP per capita (2004) is the 12th highest in the world. Tourism is also an important source of income and it is oriented to high-income travelers from the United States. The Cayman Islands are in risk of being affected by hurricanes, tropical storms and earthquakes. In 2008, they were severely affected by hurricane Paloma, which damaged several houses and some tourist resorts. In 2004, hurricane Ivan affected directly the Cayman Islands leaving 2 deaths and numerous buildings and houses severely damaged. Other hurricanes that have also affected the islands: Michelle (2001), Gilbert (1988), and Katrina (1981). In December 2004, there was a 6.7 Richter scale earthquake, but it did not cause considerable damage. The Cayman Islands are an associated member of CARICOM but not of CDEMA. The Civil Protection in Cayman Islands The organization responsible for hurricane preparedness and alert is the National Hurricane Committee. The National Committee is composed by senior government officials and members of the community. The Hazard Management Cayman Island (HMCI) is responsible for the coordination between relevant agencies in the event of an incident. WebEOC was adopted after Hurricane Ivan. WebEOC is a commercial US incident management software package marketed to facilitate the collection, review and dissemination of data for an informed decision making process. A lot of effort was made to prepare and train personnel to use it. HMCI has developed maps for storm surge, wind and wave action based on hurricane track scenarios, bathymetric surveys and experiences from Hurricane Ivan. This allows the prediction of vulnerable areas and a better planning for impact. There are cadastral maps of the islands, with data that include the number and location of houses and buildings, their value, and population. This data contributes to the efficiency of rapid impact assessments including costs, which are subsequently validated with the detailed assessment. There is also a Meteorological Office and a Fire Department. Many disaster reduction and preparedness activities and actions have been developed, including a regular revision and development of legislation related to risk reduction, modernization of the construction code, evaluation of building and construction safety, development of public awareness programmes, building of resistant emergency shelters equipped with emergency electrical power and water. They also have an early warning system for hurricanes and a seismic surveillance network. The Hurricane National Plan is being revised and updated constantly. HMCI has offered training services in WebEOC to other OCTs interested in the use of the system, as they have offered to CDEMA. This involves one week of training, then training of trainers. FINAL REPORT 183

201 Cooperation Initiatives Presently, they are involved in OCT s REGIONAL RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE (R3I) They received the support of the EU in support of project for the Rehabilitation and reconstruction post Hurricane Ivan. They have also participated and are involved in regional projects such as the CCRIF Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (funded by many donors and the European Union), the Regional Disaster Risk Management for Sustainable Tourism in the Caribbean (IDB, CTO) and the Regional Weather Radar Warning System (EU). The expectationsfrom a regional platform include: capacity building to face different hazards through overall multi-hazards and training of technical personnel; development of an Early Warning System at regional level and reinforced actions at local level that can provide a better effect and reduce impact. There is a perceived need for capacity building and pilot projects of direct application (activities and concrete actions).they concur with need for a Regional Rescue Team with experts from every island of the Caribbean. UNDAC teams are available, but it is not a region s capacity. Hence, and with a similar vision, a regional disaster response team must be strengthened. Climate Change should be a topic to be considered in the approach Platform. Need to develop information about scenarios and establish possible response plans, maps, studies and reports. Past efforts focused on the issue of hurricanes, but still very weak on earthquakes and tsunamis problems. One of the main problems identified (present and future) in the Caribbean islands in the water resource and the need to develop proposals for improvement and efficiency of water resource management. Other problems are regards to access to information is one of the problems in the region, since in many cases is not free, but proprietary information of agencies and actors in particular. There has been no culture of sharing In the Caribbean, which will be one of the main problems when promoting a regional platform. In the case of the some countries, they maintain a close cooperation (for example, with Turks and Caicos) but there is not a relationship with the Dutch OCTs. There are initiatives and proposals related to the immediate response but the gap is the development of proposals and mechanisms for recovery and reconstruction. Cayman Islands and other British OCTs need to take steps to consolidate a regional platform and build and strengthen direct capabilities in the region. Integration is necessary but differences in abilities, language and lack of sharing culture will be a challenge to overcome. To assess the real capabilities of the OCTs in regards to disaster response and recovery. CDEMA and ACS have different memberships. Although CDEMA is a regional organization, it does not currently have a real ability to lead a regional platform including all OCTs and ORs. All parties, all countries should feel comfortable with whomever leads or how the Regional Platform is lead. The opinions and considerations of the focal points of emergency and disaster management institutions in the region are critical in this regard. FINAL REPORT 184

202 Cuba Report Cuba is the largest, most populated and disaster management advanced country in the Caribbean. Its population of approximately inhabitants with a high average level of literacy and education and a GDP around USD 3000 (2004) gives her critical mass to develop innovative disaster management approaches and its centralized planning system ensure a strong coordination towards a long term risk reduction goal. 4 Cuba exposure to natural and technological hazards is high. In the last ten years, Cuba was affected by 20 cyclonic events, 14 of them reaching the hurricane level, seven causing severe damages. Droughts, forest fires and marine pollution are cited as major concerns. Earthquakes, although none sever in the recent history, are high on the priority list of the authorities for part of the country. There is no active volcano. The high level of community preparedness in a disciplined population results into a sharp reduction of the mortality rate caused by natural risks. National Civil Defense and other institutions The Civil Defense, since its creation in 1962, remains a powerful body closely linked to and supported by the highest authorities. It exercises considerable and direct authority on all private and state resources. 5 Its scope of authority is broad and includes the implementation of long term developmental risk reduction measures, a responsibility normally outside the scope of responsibility of civil protection in EU member states. 6 All external assistance projects in Risk Reduction are coordinated by the Civil Defense. The country has a strong policy of self reliance and maintains important stocks of material and resources at national and local level for immediate response to disasters. It decentralized, for instance, its electricity network to reduce its vulnerability. Presently, the stocks are at their lowest level due to the number of emergencies in recent years. Disaster preparedness is integral part of the educational curriculum (from Primary school to post graduate). Cuba is also one of the few countries with an academic two-year program leading to a Master in disaster management (Spanish only). Other civil society institutions, traditionally strong in other countries such as the national Red Cross society, are relatively weak and marginal (Red Cross role is mostly limited to community education prior to the disaster and to welfare assistance when and as requested by Civil Defense). 4 Civil Defense reports the existence of internal scenarios projecting the possible impact of the climatic change over 50 years 5 Civil Defense interlocutors keenly stressed the difference between their emergency role and that of the Emergency Operation Centres EOC in other countries, which have mostly a loose coordinating and information role in the Caribbean. They also realize that this approach is not fully exportable. 6 All constructions over USD 1 M must be approved and supervised by the Civil Defense. Development of Construction codes is the technical responsibility of other Ministry (M. of Sciences.) FINAL REPORT 185

203 CLAMED, the Latin American Centre for Disaster Medicine, was established in It is a technical dependency of the Ministry of Public Health. Its staff is constituted of 12 permanent health professionals. Its strength, as recognized by the UN counterparts, is in the information management and educational (academic) sector. It is the backbone of the new Master in Public Health and Disaster Management and is a partner with UNICEF and WHO in the development of an on-line post graduate course on the same topic. Its achievements outside the country are few and dating (several years ago). Although its Caribbean potential is not tested in great part due to economic limitations preventing their travel and visits to other countries, it remains the main if not only mechanism for sharing the experience of Cuba in the health sector. The "Medical Brigades" are Cuba most effective and appreciated form of emergency (as well as development) assistance. The so called Henry Reeve brigades are specialized in disaster response. They use limited resources and level of technology, a feature which makes them more flexible and adapted to local standards. They are trained by CLAMED. Collaboration with the Caribbean There is no direct bilateral project on prevention / preparedness with other countries. The reason is primarily economic. Most of the transfer is through events organized in Cuba. Cuba organizes periodically an international congress on disasters. The 8 th Congress is scheduled June This Congress is financially self sustained (registration fee). Attendance is open but de facto limited to those participants able to finance their participation and travel independently or through the subsidy from UN agencies or other organizations. In average, 400 participants are attending. Simultaneous translation in English is provided as resources permit. Cuba is very active in providing disaster response in the Caribbean (and the rest of the world) thanks to its ongoing medical cooperation and its University of Latin America where doctors and professionals are trained. The presence of a large number of primary health care doctors in many countries of the region is the main asset. In Haiti, Cuban extensive medical presence and cooperation in the poorest areas through the country permitted the mobilization of efficient low-tech assistance. The dispatch of over 250 alumni from the University of Latin America (and its Medical School ELAM) reinforced this assistance. The interlocutors stressed, rightly so, the prolonged presence of this assistance as a best example of LRRD (Link between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development) in opposition to "the short stay of other bilateral medical teams". International Projects in CUBA Cuba is more on the receiving side. Tanks to its commitment to Disaster Risk reduction and its skilled manpower, Cuba is attracting assistance from donors with little room for duplication due to the strict oversight by the Civil Defense: AECID resumed its bilateral support with its 4 Y budgetary cycle of the "mixed Commission" AECID funding for Civil Defense is channeled through UNDP as implementing agency. Two projects of USD 0.5 M. each are in different phases of execution. A third one is being negotiated with the Civil Defense. In addition USD 250,000 was granted to the meteorological institute to improve the forecasting coverage of the Juventud Island. The UN team is also committed to DRR: UNDP (complemented by the WFP) is focusing on establishing management centres at provincial level with AECID support and its own resources. More important to the EU "platform" is UNDP FINAL REPORT 186

204 Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) administered for five years jointly with UNDP Barbados (See main report) WHO/PAHO executes a project to reduce the vulnerability of senior citizens (DIPECHO), one on restoration of health services (Central Emergency Relief Fund CERF) and finally an initiative with CLAMED to improve local assessment of vulnerability and its social communication. UNICEF, with CLAMED, is targeting the education sector, (early warning and safety of schools) UNESCO is focusing on training of mass media and communicators. They are particularly impressed by the well tuned scaling up of public messages by the Civil Defense. FAO concern is food security while WFP is strengthening the local logistical capacity (warehouses, shelters, food distribution). In summary, as was the case for the most advanced OR and OCT, CUBA has considerable skills and know-how to share. This cannot be done in periodic meetings or forum but may require hands on participation of experts in other countries. However, this sharing would need to be funded by the platform and the process of identifying and mobilizing Cuba expertise be carried out exclusively on technical needs basis. FINAL REPORT 187

205 Dominica Report The country * This nation is part of Lesser Antilles in the Eastern Caribbean, with a geographical area of 754 Km2. The estimated population (2009) is 72,660. The GDP per capita reaches US$ 5,082. Principal economic activities are fishing, forestry, tourism (hiking, cruise ships), financial services, etc. The Human Development Index (IDH) was in , ranking 73 as a high human development country. ODM receives funds from Japan (JICA) that are focused in floods mitigation and warning systems, and from USAID/OFDA to assist in training activities and materials. The new ODM building was constructed with US Southern Command s funds. A comprehensive World Bank Program Assistance was completed on Other projects are funded through CDEMA but only few of them reach the population (communities). The Civil Protection in Dominica: The Office of Disaster Management (ODM) is the government institution responsible for the coordination of the disaster Action Plan that is oriented as a management approach for three years. ODM reports to the Prime Minister s Office and has staffs composed of five persons of which three are professionals and two administrative. Cooperation Initiatives In addition to flood mitigation, JICA s funds are focused on the technical assistance with experts and volunteers program (schools, NGOs) and training in diverse fields of CP, including communities. OFDA Office in Dominica is in process of designing a five years strategy for agriculture, with the following priorities: droughts; social problems related to poverty after disasters occurrence; and coastal management. OFDA Office coordinates also Antigua and Barbuda and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Dominica Red Cross projects are funded by DG/ECHO, US/OFDA and CIDA. Most of those projects are focused on communities. * Data reference: Wikipedia. FINAL REPORT 188

206 Dominican Republic Report The Dominican Republic (DR) is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba). With 10 million people and a GDP of 9,000 USD, DR is also the second largest economy in the Region, classifying as an upper middle-income developing Country. Recurrent hurricanes (often reaching category 4 or 5), heavy or very heavy rains and floods remain the pillars of environmental risk in DR, with an average cost for after-disaster reconstruction eroding every year from 2% to 5% of GDP. Most affected are northern coastal areas and downstream catchments of Yaque del Norte and Yuna rivers, both located in the central Cordillera. The risk of earthquakes, floods, technological accidents is very high. The National Institute for the Management of Hydraulic Resources - INDRHI INDRHI, involved among others - in the flood forecasting and management, as well as in the environmental and infrastructural recovery actions subsequent to hurricanes and floods, is presently managing the large WB 80M US$ Disaster Recovery Project, launched after the hurricane Ivan in The project is still in its initial stage, because of institutional and practical problems. The National Civil Defense (CD) The CD counts with some 200 permanent employees, out of which 36 head of Provincial Departments. Volunteers add up to about 4000 people. Permanence of people is very good, and some of the volunteers remain linked to CD for years. The Director of the CD is also chairman of the National Emergency Commission (CNE). The Commission, although formed in 2002, is only now assuming its functions as a result of the EU Prevention and Preparedness for Disasters (PPD Program)., that is therefore appreciated by the Department. Also the basic risk remains linked to hurricanes (not less than 6 or 7 per year, 2 or 3 of extreme violence), there is no National Early Warning System EWS in operation, and real time information is still not available. Priorities for future interventions are identified in: Improve hazard and in particular seismic mapping and response capacity; Improve / create a modern National EWS with adequate forecast capacity; There is presently none; Improve capacity for diffusion of information, either pre or post disaster; Improve awareness for anti-seismic construction methods, especially for public buildings such as school, etc. In the Capital City, a seismic hazard zoning is also a top priority. Revise legal framework (Law 147/02), on the light of lessons learned from the Haiti earthquake; Create the National Geological Service, as part of the Agency for the Economic Development; FINAL REPORT 189

207 Modernization of major infrastructures for flood contention and security of transportation; Reinforcement of SEPID (key institute for disaster prevention): Directorate for the Ordinance of Territory and the Economic Development Reinforcement of CNE (National Emergency Commission Creation of an Intervention Fund, to fund post disaster emergency response. Depends on Central Bank and Secretary of State for finance; Formulation of Multi-sector Risk Management Strategic Plan ( ) Collaboration with the Caribbean As Caribbean integration is concerned, a common platform at level of the greater Caribbean is foreseen, but no with the lesser Antilles. Dominican Rep. is trying to promote this initiative. Dominican CD response in Haiti was rapid, effective and highly appreciated at international level. International Projects Many donors are active in the Dominican Republic, among which EC is actually playing a key role with 3 major programs: the Prevention y Preparation for Disasters PPD, Hurricane Noel Recuperation Program, Post-Jeanne reconstruction), for a total of about 25 ML. With an investment of 6.6 Ml, the PPD executed by the UNDP is the most important EC (DG/DEV) funded program. This project has been the subject of controversy and critics from our interlocutors: critics from INDRHI for the perceived the limited extent of technical components and excess of training activities at local / community level, praises from CD for its positive impact on communities and even NGOs, a view from ECHO supporting the social focus but arguing that the target should have the intermediate institutional level (Provincial) rather than the communities. Finally, a mid Term Evaluation report released in July 2008 scores this 3/5, i.e. below average. 7 Other key international donors are the WB and the IADB. The first is present with the 80 ML USD Disaster Recovery Program and a 5.5 M USD Program for post-noel reconstruction. IADB on its turn is funding a 110 Ml USD program for post-jeanne reconstruction. Among bilateral donors, the Spanish Cooperation Agency AECID is funding an about 1 ML project in Climate Change, and a second project in the health sector (PAHO). 7 this view is not shared by PAHO and ECHO FINAL REPORT 190

208 French Guyana Report The country * French Guyana is a department of France. The total area of territory is 83,534 Km 2 with a population of 221,500 persons (2008). The GDP per capita, at market prices, reaches US$ 17,380 (2006). Principal economic activities are fishing, gold mining, timber, flourishing eco-tourism, etc. The Civil Protection in French Guyana First, French Guyana is France. As well as Martinique and Guadeloupe, it is a region and a department. The ultimate authority for Civil Protection is the Direction of Civil Security (Direction de Sécurité Civile / Ministère de l Intérieur) in Paris. For CP they are divided in two Defense zones: French Guyana, on one side, and Martinique and Guadeloupe on the other. The Focal Point for the visit was the Regional Health Agency (L Agence Régionale de Santé, ARS), so that the first meeting was held with the Director and his advisor. ARS is responsible of health policies (administrative and financial) in French Guyana, including regulations to private health and pharmaceutical services and environmental health. Face to an emergency situation, the Prefect, the highest political authority in French Guyana, assumes the conduction / coordination. Technically, there are three levels: military, civil protection, logistical. In the context of CDEMA and other Caribbean organizations, FG cannot maintain direct external coordination mechanisms. This situation explains why FG does not participate in CDEMA s meetings. Cooperation Initiatives ARS convoked a general meeting on disaster coordination in French Guyana. Three relevant institutions took part: o Staff of the Defence Zone (L État Major de Zone de Défense, EMZ) o Cayenne Hospital Center / Service Emergency Medical Assistance (Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne / Service d'aide Médicale d'urgence, SAMU) o Department of Fire and Rescue Service (Service Départemental d Incendie et de Secours, SDIS) * Data reference: Wikipedia. FINAL REPORT 191

209 The Fire Department s capacities, both institutional and personal are limited. Constraints include the logistical difficulties in covering the entire territory and the shortage of required equipment (radios and helicopter in particular). They rent helicopters (with some limitations) from private enterprises to solve temporarily any difficulties or bottlenecks. In case of large scale disaster, the situation may become critical. The SAMU is a special department in all hospitals of France. In FG, the SAMU has been designed to face the emergency problems of this particular territory. It is an efficient service in any emergency. The weaknesses in case of disasters are: limited accessibility for optimal arrival time to an emergency site and poor infrastructure for handling relief s materials (for example, a port for large ships). In their views, Haiti s catastrophe has validated SAMU conceptual, managerial and operational strategies. Before June 2010 French Guyana and Brasil will sign an Intervention Plan agreement (Global Relief Agreement) that includes support in emergency situations. At this time, the document has been assessed and approved. In 2010, The SAMU will organize an international seminar to promote exchange and cooperation in crisis management: UK Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana, Brazil and Venezuela will be invited. FINAL REPORT 192

210 Grenada Report The country * Grenada the principal island and other six smaller islandsis a nation that belongs to the Eastern Caribbean (Lesser Antilles) with a total area of 344 Km2 and a population of 110,000 persons (2005). Grenada has a GDP per capita of US$ 6,587. Principal economic activities are tourism, construction, trade, etc. The Human Development Index (IDH) was in , ranking 74 as a high human development country. The Civil Protection in Grenada The National Disaster Management Agency (NaDMA) depends on the Prime Minister s Office. The staff are composed of 12 persons, three of which are professionals. The relation with CDEMA is close. A mission of experts of this organism visited Grenada on March NaDMA convoked a meeting with the following institutions: Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Health ; Royal Grenada Police Force (RGPF) / Fire Department; PAHO; EDF Support Services Unit, Ministry of Finance; Agency for Rural Transformation Ltd. (NGO). PAHO and EDF Support Services Unit acted as observers. National institutions exposed first the variety of natural hazards threatening the population: floods, droughts, fire, landslides, etc. They remarked that the absence of an early warning system and building codes and regulations and poor maintenance are adversely affecting mitigation and prevention. Focus wa on hazards recurring every year. Knowledge sharing and technical assistance in project formulation (cost estimation, budget, etc.) would be anticipated from the Platform. Complementary to this general meeting, NaDMA prepared an agenda for individual meetings with: Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Health; Royal Grenada Police Force (RGPF) / Fire Department; EDF Support Services Unit, Ministry of Finance; Agency for Rural Transformation Ltd. (NGO) * Data reference: Wikipedia. FINAL REPORT 193

211 Cooperation Initiatives Grenada Red Cross Society has a close working relation with NaDMA. GRC receives funds from CIDA, ECHO, OFDA through IFRC. All projects are directed to communities. GRC expressed the view that communities need continuing funding to give sustainability to the results. Continuity / sustainability of externally funded projects is an issue as most of them are of short term (no more than one year) complicating the planning of a broad and sustainable program. The meeting at Fire Department was an opportunity to know about real situation of this institution: staff (number of members), equipment (number, lacks, maintenance, etc.), training, etc. The representative of the Ministry of Agriculture explained the damage caused by droughts, floods and other natural hazards, noting that several natural disasters are amplified by man. All natural hazards (droughts, floods, landslides and others) affect agriculture in Grenada. The Ministry of Agriculture sent a concept note to Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) for possible technical and financial assistance through the World Bank. The meeting with the officer of Ministry of Health covered issues such as medical system regulations around how organize public and private hospitals in emergency situations. Disaster coordination in health sector covers three levels: central control, administration (hospitals) and communities. To this respect, there exists the National Health Sector Disaster Management Plan (2006) formulated with technical assistance of PAHO. The Agency for Rural Transformation Ltd. (ART), a Grenadian NGO develops disaster preparedness initiatives focused on communities. ART began to cooperate with NaDMA following Ivan hurricane by implementing UNDP s project (micro projects in reduction and mitigation of risks through public education). FINAL REPORT 194

212 Guadeloupe Report The population of Guadeloupe, a French Region (OR) is estimated at persons in The GDP is app USD , twice the world average. Guadeloupe is a department and a region of France. volcanic eruptions. Guadeloupe is exposed to six major natural hazards: Cyclones, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides and The Cyclones Hugo (1989), Luis and Marylin (1995), Jose (1999) and Lenny (1999) caused exceptional damage. More recently Dean (2007) and Erika (2009) caused more limited impact. Flash floods are common over the whole territory The earthquakes in 2004 and 2007, of relatively low magnitude and intensity, are a reminder of the catastrophic potential of seismic activity around Guadeloupe. The risk of tsunamis, always existent, has been brought to light with the tsunami of 2004 in Asia. Landslides caused by rains or seismic activity are common and disrupt transport and economic life. The Soufrière remains an active volcano, although the most destructive events have a recurrence of centuries. It is under close monitoring. Institutions On matters of Security (and civil protection) Guadeloupe is integrated into the Antilles Defence Zone under the command of the Etat Major in Martinique. The Region has considerable autonomy but not in matters of cooperation with the rest of the (non-french) Caribbean. It maintains a direct relationship with (support to) St Martin and St Barthélémy which have become autonomous Communities (excepting in protection matters).as in Martinique, the responsibilities for risk reduction, preparedness and response are widely distributed within the Government. Land use management and adoption/implementation of building codes are under different administrations, mainly the DIREN ( Regional Direction for Environment) and the Regional Council. These risk reduction measures through safe development seem to be a very dynamic and productive thematic in Guadeloupe. It would be of benefit to increase the exchange with the Caribbean but this is falling outside the scope of this study. FINAL REPORT 195

213 In regard to early warning, protective measures and response, the French State is directly responsible through the local Prefect, (nominated not elected). 8 The SIDPC (Inter-ministerial Service for Civil Defense and Protection) is the coordinating and implementing body. Guadeloupe is relying primarily on the backing from France for the response in case of major disasters. However, several interlocutors realize that the most immediate assistance may only come from neighbors, regardless of their limited capacity and therefore see the collaboration not only as an opportunity to transfer their knowledge and skills but as part of mutual assistance arrangements. Collaboration with the Caribbean The Regional Council of Guadeloupe, a local governing institution, has observer status in the four CARIFORUM Commissions (Health, Transport, Economy and Natural Disasters). Unfortunately, the latter never met actively. Guadeloupe response to Haiti has been limited. Assistance in personnel has not been requested. The main initiative was the sponsoring of a campaign for donations, their inventory and prioritization. All transport and logistics for sending those donations means were in the hands of the State (Zone). The main external involvement of the Region is in the management of the INTERREG process whereby projects from French OR institutions are selected for funding. Risk reduction receives a definite priority from the Regional Council which expressed interest in coordinating and implementing directly the platform programme based on their experience and the likely source of its funding from the EC Regional development Fund FUNDER. 8 Security and therefore civil protection are " regalien" prerogatives i.e. reserved to the king and now to the State. They CANNOT BE decentralized or delegated to local authorities. FINAL REPORT 196

214 Guyana Report The country is about 214,000 sq KM with less than 1 ML inhabitants. 90% of population and about 80% of GDP are concentrating in the coastal area (see map), that lays some m below sea level. GDP per capita is reported at 4,160 USD (source: IMF). Major hazards are reported as follows (source: Civil Protection): Floods; Salt intrusion and drought; Urban and forest fires; Oil spills and industrial hazards; Seismic / Tsunami hazard: in November 2008 an earthquake of magnitude 4.6 of Mercalli and epicentre 190 km offshore Georgetown was felt in Guyana with limited damages Although the Country is protected from hurricanes, floods are consequence of heavy storms and concentrate in low / coastal lands during the rainy season. To protect the Country from both phenomena (floods and salt intrusion), a certain number of structure (dikes) were built, but they are reported to be scarcely effective especially against flood. Water conservancy dikes in low lands Hydro-meteorological and flood prediction capability is poor and not based of reliable measurement. The Country fully lacks of adequate EWS, and this is to be regarded as a top priority for the Country. A sub-regional intervention including Suriname could also be an option. Institutions Civil Defence Commission - CDC The Guyana CDC was established in 1985 under the Office of Prime Minister. In 1992 moved to the Office of President. The Commission is mainly acting as a coordinator among the different institutions involved in the Civil Defence / disaster preparedness / disaster management work. In case of emergency, most of job is committed to the Military Forces (present CDC Director is a retired Colonel) under the CDC coordination. 9 The all staff is about 15 persons. The Emergency Control Room is equipped with one or two PC, a few radio sets old style and (during visit) nobody inside. The following priorities are mentioned for future implementation: Improve the national EWS; Improve consultation at Central and Community level; Prepare improved Emergency Intervention and Preparedness Plans; Improve internal organization, personnel training and technical staff; Improve coordination with external bodies for disaster prevention / relief operations; Improve existing legal framework; Improve Civil Defense communication system 9 This may create conflicts and coordination is likely to be scarcely effective. FINAL REPORT 197

215 Coordination with CDEMA is reported to be good. CARICOM The Caribbean Community, includes 16 States among Members and associates. Functions of the Secretariat are essentially coordination of activities among member states and international relation on behalf of the Community. As part of these duties, CARICOM Secretariat also assists in the development and implementation of proposals and programs, maintaining relations with international donors. According to CARICOM top-executives, the following are key issues for the improvement of DM capacity at Regional level: Improving and interconnecting national warning systems and forecast (storms, hurricanes, floods). Most of States dispose of local EWS but of obsolete technology and lack of capacity for data exchange and forecast. Improve existing legislation for emergency and institutional mechanisms. The role of the local governments must be taken into account and EU models cannot be adapted as such. Transfer / diffusion of information to community level. Improve health protection at community level. General impression is that the CARICOM Secretariat disposes of a quite good coordination capacity, while acquiring an increasing international reputation, but lacks of intermediate level managerial / technical staff. Often actions are below the expectations. PAHO The Office is only responsible for Guyana, but support is gained through regional offices in Barbados and Washington DC. Disaster management is essential part of PAHO action in the area. Flood is what produces most of adverse consequences on health. Ministry of health is in charge. PAHO and intervenes for planning, strategy and coordination. Agenda for 2010 include the preparation of reviewing the emergency response plan, and general activity in coordination with the National Defence Committee to mitigate effects of flooding on health etc. Overall budget is 3 M US/y. Collaboration with the Caribbean Due to the presence of CARICOM, the collaboration with the Caribbean States is forcibly good. Other institutions only act at local level. International Projects Under the present paragraph are only listed the projects addressed to Guyana (as per the Consultant s knowledge) and not the CARICOM managed Regional projects. UNDP Guyana is presently coordinating the following projects, in the sector of Civil Defence / disaster management: Natural Reduction Risk Project. Is a four year project aimed at strengthening the National and Local Capacity to reduce disaster risks. The Project is a joint initiative of the Government of FINAL REPORT 198

216 Guyana, Inter American Development Bank. Total value is over 2 million USD. Execution period is An additional UNDP funding of 100,000 USD is added from the Disaster Window of Thematic Trust for Fund Crisis and Recovery. National Disaster Preparedness Plan at national and community levels. The project is aimed to assist / prepare communities to reduce people s vulnerabilities to crisis. Funding is from GEF. Implementing Agency is CDC. Amount not known. Web-site based disaster management platform. Aim of the Project is building a WEB National Emergency Operations Centre to apply most up-to-date achievements of the technical progress to reduce the impact of natural calamities on the people of Guyana. Implementing Agency is CDC. Amount not known. Early Warning System Study, executed by the Guyana Lands and Surveys Commission. Funding is from GEF. Amount not known. A PAHO / CARICOM program for hospitals is also undertaken to improve quality and capacity of rural hospital to respond to post disaster necessity of local population. Guyana is also sharing an important 15% of the CIDA funded Project to Support PAHO Health Program. Total funding is 18 ML USD covering most of South America and Caribbean Countries (the Country accounts for 1,2 ML USD). Period of execution is Project covers among others Infectious disease control (24%), Health personnel development (30%) and STD control including HIV/AIDS (34%). CDC by itself is receiving a number of Technical Assistance projects for enhanced institutional support and training of personnel. Donors are UNDP, CEDEMA, USAID / OFDA, US SOUTH COM, JICA and IDB. A total of 31 different activities and sub-activities has been counted, for an overall amount of 175,000 USD. FINAL REPORT 199

217 Jamaica Report Jamaica, with 2.5 ML inhabitants, is the third most important island in the Caribbean, after Cuba and Hispaniola (DR and Haiti). GDP per capita is about US$ 8.800, situating immediately above the Dominican Republic and below Anguilla. Major threat is given by heavy storms and hurricanes, since the island is located within the hurricane belt. Flood in lower lands is the natural consequence (see 2005 hurricane Emily in picture) The island also experienced periodic drought. The prolonged 2000 drought resulted in estimated losses of US$ 125 million in crops and livestock. Seismic activity also represent an important risk. Earthquakes of Montego Bay and Kingston in 1958 and Kingston in 1993 are well known. Landslides consequent to earthquakes have resulted in deaths and disrupted major transportation networks. In spite of this high vulnerability, major negative impacts are limited, thanks to the relatively well advanced infrastructural level and response capacity of the Country. Office for Disaster Prevention and Emergency Management (ODPEM) The ODPEM is headed by a Board of Management appointed by the Prime Minister. The Board of Management appoints the Director General. The operational structure includes five Divisions: Corporate Services Division Information and Training Division Mitigation, Planning and Research Division Preparedness and Emergency Operations Division Projects Implementation, Development and Monitoring Division ODPEM actions are in compliance with the Jamaica National Disaster Plan Action, a detailed reference document to cope with the effects of natural and/or man-made disasters. The Plan assigns also the responsibilities for coordination of emergency situations Beside ODPEM, a National Emergency Organization (NEO) is created for the joint action with the ODPEM itself and others operating in the sector, such as the Jamaican Red Cross, the Disaster Preparedness Centre (mostly operating at local / community level), the military service (in support of relief operations), the Flood Preparedness Resource Centre, the National Meteorological Department and NGOs. ODPEM adopted the Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) approach and therefore promote the inclusion of physical developmental measures to reduce vulnerability as part of the civil protection approach (flood control, earthquake resistance.). including in this approach is addressing the critical gap in EWS since only a few AWS are operating in the island. EU Delegation The following major issues were pointed out by the Head of the delegation and are fully shared by the Consultant: FINAL REPORT 200

218 Jamaica is quite well prepared in terms of disaster response capacity and in general management of emergencies. It is capable to give guidance to other countries. The response to Haiti is a clear demonstration. In the Civil Protection sector, short term intervention (EC or others) should focus on improving / allowing quick response capacity: On this regard, ECHO actions are scarcely effective. Also, ECHO is excessively oriented to Dominican Republic. On the long term (much more important), priority is preparing the country to better afford natural disaster including from climate change. That means including in the concept of civil Protection structural interventions to reduce the overall Country vulnerability and improve basic infrastructure. Under the above concept, to effectively improve the in-country DM capacity, the coming EDF should include as a priority interventions focused at risk reduction a) recover / rehabilitate lands; b) improve natural drainage system; c) improve river banks to prevent flood; d) improve EWS and hydro-meteorological forecast capacity. Humanitarian or community level interventions are no more the leading subject for external aid. Funding should be given, as a priority, to Countries themselves. Jamaica is perfectly prepared to effectively manage its own funds, presently channeled to Caribbean agencies such as CDEMA, CMO, CMIH, etc. Collaboration with the Caribbean The Island is almost self-sufficient, but in case of major hurricanes or other extreme events. Cooperation with the rest of Caribbean is formal. Jamaica played a major role as hub for the relief to Haiti. International Projects The main project managed by the EU Delegation is a budgetary support to the Country for reconstruction of infrastructures after the Hurricane Dean. Apart of this, main international projects are as follow: Detailed description is given in Annex 7.7 CIDA Building Disaster Community Resilience IDB / CEDEMA- Adaptation for Climate Change and disaster mitigation in Portmore UNDP -Support to Community Based Disaster Management Project UNDP -Disaster Management Assistance To Parish Councils UNDP: Hazard / Risk Assessment for Portmore and Greater Portmore UNDP: Support to and relief from TS Gustav USAID: Support to and relief from TS Gustav. IDB: Natural Hazard Management in Urban Coastal Areas UNDP: Montego Bay Hazard Management Project UNDP -Vulnerability Assesment for Portmore UNDP: Community Based Disaster Management Project. UNDP: Assessment and relief to damage done by Hurricane Dean USAID: Support to and relief from Hurricane Dean. WB project for rehabilitation post-hurricane Gustav (2 ML US$, under negotiation) FINAL REPORT 201

219 Martinique Report With a population of app. 390,000 inhabitants, Martinique is one of the largest of the lesser Antilles group of islands. The GDP per capita is around USD24,118. Martinique shares with the Lesser Antilles a high vulnerability to natural hazards: cyclones, flash floods, drougth, earthquake, tsunamis and volcanic eruption. An earthquake took place on November 29, 2007 in the Windward Islands region, underneath the Martinique Passage. It was a magnitude 7.4 earthquake. According to the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG), although the main fault in the lesser Antilles is further remote from densely inhabited areas than in Haiti, it remains capable to generate seism greater than 8 on the Richter scale 10 A database on tsunamis in France, established late 2007, reports three earthquakes generating a tsunami with a significant impact on the French Antilles: Lisbon earthquake, 1755 New England earthquake, 1755 Virgin Islands earthquake, 1867 The Civil Protection in Martinique: All French ORs are grouped into the West Indies Defence Zone under the unified command of the Civil Security Etat Major and the prefecture in Martinique. A military officer is seconded to head Civil Security. In terms of skills and resources, Martinique has much to offer to other islands in the Caribbean: from prevention and reduction of the risk to early warning systems and finally to the response including Search and Rescue and disaster medicine. Cooperation Initiatives There is a perception of isolation among operational disaster managers in Martinique 11 in regard to the rest of the Caribbean. The need for additional opportunities and meetings occasionally expressed is perhaps a misperception as external observers are aware of the large (even excessive) number of meeting and workshops where most the English speaking Caribbean have an opportunity to share experience and coordinate. The issue is that the RO are not in this circle. There is much to be offered and received from a closer collaboration but the linguistic barrier is only one of the obstacles. 10 Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG), Observatoires Volcanologiques et Sismologiques des Antilles L aléa sismique dans les petites Antilles: les leçons du séisme d Haïti du 12 Janvier Scientists especially in physical sciences do not share this perception. Exchange and collaboration are effective. FINAL REPORT 202

220 Several small scale punctual projects have been carried out by the French Authorities: Cooperation in the planning for the Cricket World Cup (March 2007, St Lucia cost 66000) Focused on preparedness in case of CBNR (Chemical, Biological Nuclear or Radiological) incident Follow up Cooperation with Barbados for the Final of the Cup in April 2007 CUBA: twining between Lamentin and Santiago de Cuba and forest fire (2007and 2009 respectively) Desktop simulation exercise RICHTER in Martinique (Nov. 2008) with participation of 18 observers (total cost: ). This exercise has a considerable potential in the Caribbean. Occasional collaboration with Jamaica (General Council on GIS and OVSM on seismic monitoring) Caribbean/Central American Conference Seismcare June 2009 in Martinique (DIREN and Planète-Terre - The participation of 200 experts from 20 countries was funded by French Ministry of Ecology ( 270,000). 12 Additional projects are presently submitted to INTERREG IV-Caribbean and in particular the projects TSUAREG (regional Tsunami alert) and TSUNAHOULE which are linked to the Caribbean Tsunami Warning initiative from UNESCO. The requested amount for TSUAREG is In addition to pre-disaster cooperation, Martinique has a tradition of emergency interventions in particular in Haiti and Grenada (Hurricane Ivan). Over 900 persons have participated to the response to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. It included specialized SAR teams, medical assistance, water treatment and logistical support including one helicopter. Existing material in the Martinique warehouses have been depleted, leaving the region temporarily out of stock. Medical assistance after the seism in Haiti consisted in local care of injuries and evacuation to the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CHU in Martinique. Criteria for medical evacuations are not well defined leading to the supposedly short term transfer of severe spine lesions or amputations which require a very difficult and long re-education. Over 135 post-surgery patients are still occupying beds at a cost of 800/day / bed for lack of return procedures and facilities in Haiti. In summary, Martinique has an impressive civil protection capacity, which is not adequately used in the ACP or OCT. The problem is only partly the language. 12 Issuance of Visa to Martinique has been a major obstacle to further collaboration with many other Caribbean countries. A recent law simplify the procedure for study / conference visas. FINAL REPORT 203

221 Montserrat Report Montserrat is a British overseas territory (OCT) located in the Eastern Caribbean (Lesser Antilles). It has a total geographical area of 102 Km2, with a population of 4,655 persons (2006). The GDP per capita reaches US$ 3,400, one of the lowest in the Caribbean. Due to the effects of hurricane Hugo (1989) and the eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano (1995, 1997), the economy of Montserrat is practically halted. The economical activities are reduced to selling and shipping of aggregate for construction. The life in the country depends on external assistance and imports of goods for sale on the island. The Civil Protection in Montserrat Disaster Management Coordination Agency (DMCA) is part of the Governor s Office and has a coordination role in natural hazards. The staff number is 8 persons. DMCA manages three plans: the National Disaster Plan; the Hurricanes Plan; and the Volcano Plan. These plans are evaluated each year to adjust to current situation. As in other CDEMA Member States, the plans are based on the CDEMA model. External technical and financial assistance is channelled through the various ministries. The main sources are DFID, EU, CARICOM. No details were made available on the projects. FINAL REPORT 204

222 The Netherlands Antilles Report The Netherland Antilles are formed by five islands: Curacao, Bonaire, Saba, Saint Eustatius and St Maarten. They are located in front of the Venezuelan coastline. They are Dutch OCTs but each island has its own local government. Curacao is the largest and most populated island of the Netherland Antilles. According to the 2008 census, it has 140,796 inhabitants and one of the highest standards of living in the Caribbean, with a GDP per capita of US$ 20,500 (2009 est.) and a well developed infrastructure. Tourism is one of the main economic activities and the main industry is the oil refinery. Since 1999, there is an US Southern Command Operations Base for the war on drugs. It also hosts one of the main naval installations for the Royal Navy of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Sea. In October 2010 Curacao will become an autonomous country within the United Kingdom (as is Aruba) and separates from the Netherland Antilles. As a consequence, the Netherland Antilles will disappear, Saint Maarten will have the same status as Curacao while Aruba; Bonaire, Saba and Saint Eustatius will remain OCT of the Netherland. St Maarten, Saba and San Eustatius, by their location, are the most exposed to hurricanes. Curacao is also at risk of being affected by hurricanes and tropical storms, floods and tsunamis, oil spills, and droughts, being the latter one currently affecting the country. In addition to industrial installations (refinery) and other important services (water distribution plant), are located in the coastline. Amongst past disasters are: Hurricane Felix (September 2002), which affected Curacao and Bonaire and Hurricane Louis (September 1995). The Civil Protection in the Netherlands Antilles A model Island Ordinance on Disaster Management contains: rules and regulations about preparations for and management of disaster; disaster management task and responsibilities of the Island Territories; Task of Executive Council (mainly about preparation); Task of the Lt. Governor (mainly about supreme command and execution). The organization has 3 levels: operational (on scene), tactical (emergency support functions) and strategic (EOC). The Disaster Coordination (Fire Chief) is charged with the operational coordination of disaster management preparation, The Lieutenant Governor is in supreme command during disasters. A disaster board that includes representatives from the nine ESF (Emergency Support Functions) 13 and the Red Cross advises the Lieutenant Governor.: The nine ESF and the Red Cross prepare and coordinate plans and procedures, and 13 ESF 1 Water and energy; ESF 2 Telecommunications; ESF 3 Transportation and Public works; ESF 4: Rescue, Safety and Hazardous material; ESF 5 Public order; ESF 6 Medical services and public health; ESF 7 Evacuation and Relief; ESF 8 Public Relations and information; ESF 9 Administrative. FINAL REPORT 205

223 manage the training and practices within their particular fields. The Dutch military maintains its readiness to support the response when required. FINAL REPORT 206

224 Cooperation initiatives Access to financing for risk reduction is very limited or practically non-existent. There is no project supported by the cooperation. Activities are self-financed with direct support of the Netherland government for courses and technical training. Curacao and Bonaire submitted a National Proposal for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness System but did not get support or financing from the Netherland Government. The Department for Development Cooperation priorities are tourism and infrastructure support, and are not including risk reduction issues in this sector either. The Netherland Antilles are benefiting from the regional project OCT s REGIONAL RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE (R3I). The Netherlands Antilles identified activities in each output of this initiative and they have high expectation from this project, however, they don t feel that this initiative is oriented to strengthen technical capacities of the countries (internships, cross-training) Regarding the regional civil protection platform, perceived needs are: to implement a compatible Early Warning System (EWS) and Communication System 14 ; to develop research, information and risk maps; to share tools and best practices; to promote training courses, workshops and seminars as well as to consolidate a Regional Rescue Team with expert s people of the Caribbean region that can participate in a disaster situation. The Dutch OCTs have not much interaction with the Anglophone Caribbean or with CDEMA that does not represent them. They have a better relationship and ties with the ACS that they see more like a politic organization, not a technically competent implementing agent. There is a need to promote a new coordination space that include all the countries or where all have ownership. High level meetings must be held for the agreements and consensus. Idiosyncrasy should be changed or the vision of what must be promoted, not a sum of individualities or islands but to build over a group. This implies awareness, debates, meetings and agreements at high level. Also, remember the differences in the identities of each country or territory. It is considered better to promote small projects in accordance with an identification of each other s needs, and to promote the cooperation amongst them, rather than to formulate great projects and convene meetings and forum, which in the Caribbean are very expensive and produce limited benefits for the capacity in the countries. Place a list of needs and problems and see how to solve those problems or who has the capacity to support this problem solving 14 There are no mechanisms, systems or models for EWS in common for all the Caribbean countries. There are two GIS systems and two types of GPS: from UK OCTs, and the Dutch OCTs. FINAL REPORT 207

225 St Barthélémy Report Saint Barthélémy is presently a small overseas Collectivity - COM with 8000 inhabitants on 25 km 2. This status of collectivity allows considerable autonomy including levying taxes and custom duties but also implies financial responsibility for the infrastructure (Schools, fire equipment, etc) without authority on the operations (curriculum, procedures etc). Saint Barthélémy is in the process of changing from a collectivity (OR) to an OCT status. Upon acceptance, it will assume full responsibility of the civil protection against natural disasters and loose all European acquis but also fiscal and other constraints. It is exposed to the risk of cyclones, floods, landslides (major economic losses in 1999) and earthquakes. Marine pollution is a concern addressed through joint planning and exercises with other islands where fuel storages may threaten the Collectivity. An exercise was carried out with St Maarten, St Eustache in The fire department chain of command is long: St Martin Guadeloupe Martinique-Paris. Being a collectivity rather than department means that any emergency assistance from France (usually from Guadeloupe) should be requested and is the financial responsibility of the collectivity. Collaboration with the Caribbean Apart from occasional planning with neighboring islands on marine pollution scenarios, there is no exchange or collaboration. The strong reliance on the French back up and limited staff and resources explain the lack of interest noted in the interviews. Martinique or Guadeloupe is assuming this responsibility. FINAL REPORT 208

226 St. Kitts and Nevis Report The country * Saint Kitts and Nevis is a federal two-island nation in the Lesser Antilles. It is a Member of the OECS. The total geographical area is 261 Km2 with a population of 42,696 inhabitants (2005). The GDP per capita reaches US$ 13,826. Principal economic activities are agriculture, tourism and light manufacturing industries. The Human Development Index (IDH) was in , ranking 62 as a high human development country. The Civil Protection in St. Kitts and Nevis The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) is a Department in the Ministry of National Security. The staff is composed by 7 members in St. Kitts and 4 members in Nevis. NEMA s operations are supported by the Government Annual Budget. The latest NEMA s National Plan is from Now NEMA is formulating a new one with the assistance of CDEMA. In accordance with the model, there are three- objectives: (i) provide information; (ii) provide a minimum level of assistance if it is needed; and (iii) provide resources and assistance if requirements are major. Cooperation Initiatives NEMA does not formulate or implement projects for risk reduction (prevention and mitigation) due to the limited staff capacity. This responsibility lies with the Government Projects Division in the Ministry of National Security. Nevertheless, NEMA exercises some influence on prevention policies. Most projects are developed with technical assistance of CDEMA and USAID / OFDA. They are perceived as being complementary and adapted to local needs. St. Kitts and Nevis Red Cross Society has a close work relationship with NEMA. They coordinate actions when necessary as for example the project funded by US / OFDA and American Red Cross targeting the schools. The purpose of their projects is focused in capacity building in community groups, creating disaster committees in districts. The Ministry of Health, Social and Community Development maintains a close relation with PAHO. Both address directly all issues related to disasters. The health DRR projects aim to create capacities to * Data reference: Wikipedia. FINAL REPORT 209

227 reduce the vulnerability of population and increase the sector preparedness. Projects are funded through PAHO. PAHO is relevant for St. Vincent in three aspects: financing, technical assistance and training. As country member of OECS (Organization of Eastern Caribbean States): St. Kitts and Nevis meet annually with St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Dominica, Antigua y Barbuda, Monserrat, Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands to exchange experiences in good practices and analyze DRR issues. FINAL REPORT 210

228 St. Lucia Report The country * Saint Lucia is a country located in the eastern Caribbean Sea, as part of the Lesser Antilles. The geographical area covers 620 Km2 with a population of 173,765 inhabitants (2009). St. Lucia has a GDP per capita of US$ 9,907. Principal economic activities are agriculture (banana production), tourism and light manufacturing industries. St. Lucia showed a Human Development Index (IDH) of (2007), ranking 69 as a high human development country. The Civil Protection in St. Lucia The National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) is part of the Office of Prime Minister. NEMO s staff is composed by five persons, three of them are professionals. The Saint Lucia National Emergency Management Plan (officially approved in august 2007) is a revision of an original version carried out by two consultants between August 2001 and February 2003 within the frame of the World Bank / OECS Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Project, under coordination of NEMO. NEMO is currently in the process of formulating an institutional Plan for a period of five years with the technical assistance of CDEMA. It is relevant to highlight the close relation between NEMO and CDEMA. In March , NEMO organized a technical meeting with all national institutions in the presence of CDEMA experts. The purpose is to complete the Plan before the change of actual government administration, so both the Plan s validity and government s period, coincide. Cooperation Initiatives NEMO has no institutional capacity for formulating projects although they are in the capacity of identify necessities and promote initiatives. It is, however, obvious that NEMO is in a process of institutional strengthening. St. Lucia Red Cross Society works closely with NEMO. It is a legal mandate. One of its actual roles is to identify projects related to prevention and preparedness that are submitted to IFRC. Funds for national projects and initiatives are received through IFRC. However, St.LRC took the initiative of lobbying and managing new projects directly. * Data reference: Wikipedia. FINAL REPORT 211

229 The origins of the current funds are mainly ECHO and USAID / OFDA. St Lucia Government is also financing some Red Cross programs or projects. At the present time, St.LRC is implementing the second phase (since September 2009) of the Community Disaster Response Team (CDRT) project funded by USAID/OFDA. The project is training five communities for disaster response, establishing teams and supporting small mitigation projects. In its first phase, the CDRT Field Guide - A handbook for community response to disasters (IFRC, October 2008) was applied in the community of Desruisseaux. This experience has been published in the document Desruisseaux. Vulnerability and capacity assessment (IFRC and USAID, May 2009). Also, it is relevant to stress that the handbook was developed as part of the IFRC regional project Improving the preparedness of Caribbean communities to respond to disasters affecting their locality. St.LRC has submitted to the Canada Caribbean Disaster Risk Management (CCDRM) Fund the project CDRT Communications in Disaster Management. The total project s budget is US$ 56,210, of which US$ 51,670 are requested from CCDRM. In both cases NEMO and ST.LRC- there is the interest of involving the civil society (communities) in all the activities related to CP. In this sense they would be carrying out seriously their commitments with civil protection. FINAL REPORT 212

230 St Martin (FR) and St Maarten (Neth.) Report Neither side is planning to participate in CDEMA. On the French side, the civil protection follows the pattern and rules of the Sécurité Civile in France. There is little room for flexibility in this centralized system. On the Dutch side, In 1995 St Maarten was hit hard by hurricane Luis, (and many more storms followed after that) A restructuring of the system made it more flexible and pragmatic, combining the European and US approaches. The island administered by two European countries (FR and NET) has a population of 6,000 and 41,000 for St Martin and St Maarten respectively and a comparable GDP of around USD The economy and the disaster management approach are influenced by both US and Europe. This is particularly so in St Maarten. The Island is sharing the same vulnerability with their neighbours of the lesser Antilles: cyclones, floods, industrial accidents, as well as earthquakes and tsunamis. There are no active volcanoes. There are noticeable differences between the two fire departments: In St Martin, it is responsible for the onsite attention to the victims while the Dutch department role is limited to fire fighting and SAR. Although the French SAMU on site intervention is supervised by the fire department, the ambulance or fire fighting personnel, contrarily to their St Maarten counterparts, are not authorized to provide emergency medical treatment without direct medical supervision (injections, perfusions, etc).the difference of concepts, missions and delegation of authority in this very small island is illustrating the complexity of reaching a common platform for response to disasters in the Caribbean at large. Although there are formal but antiquated conventions of mutual assistance between the two parts, there is little joint planning, exercise and shared assets. Both allow each other fire department to intervene on request but are counting mostly on their European state for support in case of severe disaster. Due to its organization, St Martin is much aware of the capacity of the French Regions (St Martin is, in terms of Civil Defence, under Guadeloupe and acts as channel / supervisor for St Barthelemy.. St Maarten appears to be less subordinated to and aware of the capacity of the Netherlands Antilles The Dutch military assets in the Neth Antilles are more modest than those of France: One hundred marines, few ships and communication unit on standby during the hurricane season. FINAL REPORT 213

231 Existing cooperation initiatives: External cooperation is very limited on the French side and modest on the Dutch side: Neither has a budget for external assistance or intervened in Haiti. St Maarten is better linked to the outside OCTs. Both are collaborating with Anguilla. In particular, they will participate in training on SAR (in Anguilla funded in part by DFID through the recruitment of an instructor from the US Virgin Islands) Both support a focus of the platform on technical concrete topics and suggest starting with a geographically more limited sub regional approach. Way Forward The Island is offering a microcosm of the complexity of establishing comprehensive collaboration among ACPs, OCTs and ORs sharing the same vulnerability but with distinct cultures, languages, systems and organizations. In spite of a close proximity and the large number of professionals speaking English, there is little integration drive in disaster management. The suggestion made by our local interlocutors that the proposed platform should be initiated not only in narrow thematic areas but also at sub-caribbean level is worth considering. The ongoing collaboration of both St Martin / St Maarten with Anguilla may be strengthened, slightly expanded geographically and serve as a pilot testing ground (less expensive and ambitious but more manageable) to the initiative towards a larger and cross sector collaboration. FINAL REPORT 214

232 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Report The country * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a nation located in the Lesser Antilles (Eastern Caribbean), composed of the main island (Saint Vincent) and the northern two-thirds of a smaller islands (the Grenadines). It has a total geographical area of 389 Km2. and a population of 120,000 inhabitants (2008). St. Vincent and the Grenadines has a GDP per capita of US$ 5,837. Principal economic activities are agriculture (banana production), light manufacturing industries and tourism. St. Vincent showed a Human Development Index (IDH) of (2007), ranking 91 as a medium human development country. The Civil Protection in St. Vincent and the Grenadines The National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) is the coordinating institution for the management of disaster risk reduction. NEMO is part of National Security in the Prime Minister s Office with a staff of 11 persons, of whose three are professionals. The Plan contains all related topics on institutional objectives and action lines in the frame of CP. The Plan was formulated and developed with technical assistance from the CDEMA. Funding for operational aspects is channelled through national budget.funds are currently addressing recurring problems like forest fires, water shortages. It supports education projects for training teachers in risk prevention. Cooperation Initiatives The cooperation between the St. Vincent and the Grenadines Red Cross Society and NEMO is good. Red Cross current task is focused on empowering communities and local organizations to face hazards recurrent in certain areas: landslides, fires. Also, St.V&GRC seeks to influence public policies In the absence of emergency situations, institutions are preparing people to face and overcome risks as a way to minimize their possible effects. * Data reference: Wikipedia. FINAL REPORT 215

233 Suriname Report Suriname is the smallest sovereign state in terms of area and population in South America, and the only Dutch-speaking region in the Western Hemisphere that is not a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The estimated population is less than 500,000 people, about 90% of whom live on the coastal zone. GDP per capita is estimated for 2009 at 8,800 USD, i.e. more than the double of Guyana (3,900 USD). Major hazards are reported as follows (source: NCCR: National Centre for the Coordination of Relief Activities): Flood (severe events in 2006 and 2008), heavy rains and winds,epidemics (malaria, dengue), man made disasters, aircraft accident and oil & chemical spills. Seismic hazard is also reported, but with low level of risk (10% probability with max. Mercally intensity of 6 in a 50 year period). Same as Guyana, the Country is protected from hurricanes. Floods are consequence of heavy storms and concentrate in low / coastal lands during the rainy seasons. Salt intrusion is also reported in the coastal areas, although at a lesser extent than Guyana. Hydro-meteorological and flood prediction capacity are poor and not based of reliable measurement. The Country fully lacks of adequate EWS. National Coordination Centre for Disaster Preparedness NCCR In spite of an advanced concept of prevention and coordination, NCCR still disposes of a limited intervention capacity, with a staff of no more than professionals. Their task is however limited (as usual) to the coordination of external forces in case of emergency. Presently NCCR is developing joint with other institutions - a first hydrological early warning network, composed by 5 semi-automatic stations. The project is carried out with UNDP funding (50,000 USD). Beside of this, NCCR is preparing a Contingency Plan, to fix thresholds of alarms for flood and other catastrophic occurrences such as drought. Suriname Meteorological Office METEOSUR Considering the importance of flood hazards in Suriname, the Meteorological Office, jointly with the office for Hydraulic Research (not visited due to time constraints) are of utmost importance. The office counts on about 100 permanent employees, most of whom are field observers. The overall observation network is composed by 45 stations, out of which only 5 AWS with satellite transmission. However, the Service do not disposes of a satellite receiver, so data are sent to NOAA / US, and then retrieved by internet. FINAL REPORT 216

234 Hydrology is managed by the Ministry of Public Works Directorate of Civil Engineering Works Hydraulic Research Division (WLA). Apparently, no exchange of data is active, but for emergency periods. No meteorological radars are actually installed in Suriname. Their contribution to disaster preparedness, under the present conditions, is almost none. Collaboration with the Caribbean Collaboration with Caribbean community is relatively low. In facts, the Country mostly rely on its key partners of US and the Netherlands. International Projects ECHO is presently funding a Humanitarian Aid for People affected by floods in Suriname for the total amount of Euros 700,000. (FED9). Principal objective is to save and preserve lives during the emergency caused by floods, while specific objectives are identified in providing emergency assistance to flood victims in the sectors of health, water, sanitation, food and non-food relief items. It is to be mentioned that under the 9th EDF (2001-7) the allocation to Suriname from EU was of about EUR 18 million. A number of international agencies (namely United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - OCHA, the Dutch Minister of Development Cooperation and the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery BCRP) also responded to 2006 and 2008 floods in Suriname, pledging approximately USD1.5m in relief funding, UNDP coordination. ECHO is also funding additional humanitarian operations under DIPECHO VI, for the execution of SUR Red Cross. Total amount is 120,000 USD to be extended (see above). IADB is managing, between Guyana and Suriname, a package of about 141 Ml USD. No projects directly referable to Civil Protection / Disaster Management, although interventions relevant to climate change related risks are considered. IADB is actually considering the possibility of a new credit line of about 20 ML USD, including Capacity Building in several sectors and the implementation of a modern Early Warning System. The Project is still in the initial conception stage, and no details are available. Beneficiaries would be the Ministries of Environment, Tourism and Labour. The EWS component is initially evaluated at 1 ML USD (possibly on a grant basis), but to be defined after the feasibility. Canadian International Development Assistance is present in Suriname (as in the rest of Caribbean) with several projects, but not directly related to Civil Protection / Disaster management. The Country is however part (for a very limited 1%) of the CIDA Project to Support PAHO health Program, already mentioned for Guyana. FINAL REPORT 217

235 Trinidad and Tobago Report The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) has a population of 1.5 M inhabitants. GDP per capita (PPP) is today ranging 25,000 USD. The Country s economy is strongly influenced by the petroleum industry, while tourism and manufacturing also important incomes. Level of education is relatively high, and the Country hosts two of the most prestigious universities in the Caribbean region (University of the West Indies (UWI) and University of the Southern Caribbean (USC). The country is less prone to natural hazards in comparison to the other Caribbean States. The island of Trinidad is not however partially protected from hurricanes. while industrial hazards and oil spills, due the oil extraction and refinery activity, represent a recurrent threat. The island is vulnerable to earthquakes, flash floods and landslides. Drought in Trinidad also started to be a recurrent threat in the past years, as a consequence of climatic change. Seismic hazard are relatively important in Trinidad. In 2005, an earthquake of magnitude 3.0 of Mercalli was registered in the area, with epicentre 20 Km. West of P.O.S, although with no major damages or injuries. Tobago is more vulnerable to hurricanes and heavy storms, flash flood and geological instability, as a consequence of very heavy rains, storms etc. ODPM / NEMA (national) Civil Protection activities are the task of The Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM) and the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA). Both Agencies are reporting to the Minister of National Security and are lead by the same person. ODPM however reports also to the Ministry of Health for humanitarian operations. ODPM mandate is implementing pro-active measures to mitigate the impact of all hazards that threaten the people of Trinidad and Tobago and provide effective response and recovery in the aftermath of a disaster. This will be achieved in collaboration with our local, regional and international partners (source: ODPM). The number of full time professionals is about 50 (30 as permanent employees + 20 under temporary contracts). Internal budget (from Central Govt) is about 5 M US/year. Cooperation with CDEMA and other institutions of the Caribbean Region is reported to be excellent. At international level, the reference institution is US FEMA. International Federation of Red Cross FINAL REPORT 218

236 IFRC office in Port Of Spain is responsible for coordination of activities in 13 Caribbean Countries, i.e. the 16 CARICOM Countries, with exception of Haiti, DR and Cuba (sub-regional office). The office is composed by up to 15 full time employees. Field activities are conducted through about 200 permanently active volunteers, out of a group of about 500 trained. All major activities are coordinated with CDEMA, with which an MOU is in force. However, lack of flexibility from the side of CDEMA is reported as a recurrent problem. Coordination with RC of other Caribbean countries is also reported to be excellent, especially with British and Dutch Territories. A Caribbean Disaster Management Strategic Framework (available) has for main objective to enhance the capacity of Caribbean Red Cross National Societies to mitigate and respond to the adverse effects of climate change and natural disasters with a priority to Preparedness at Community Level. Association of Caribbean States (ACS) The ACS comprised all the 28 recognized Greater Caribbean States, including Central American States, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and El Salvador. The objective is the strengthening of the regional cooperation and integration process, with a view to creating an enhanced economic space in the region; preserving the environmental integrity of the Caribbean Sea which is regarded as the common patrimony of the peoples of the region; and promoting the sustainable development of the Greater Caribbean. All projects are at regional or sub-regional scale and must come from international donor agencies. No national projects are allowed by statute. There are four priority areas: Trade, transport, sustainable tourism and natural disasters (See 4.1.3) Caribbean Meteorological Organization (local and regional) CMO is relatively small agency with some 15 permanent employees. Its task is co-coordinating the activities of the different Meteorological Organization for the 16 CARICOM Countries (Area IV of WMO) and is directly responsible for T&T. The reporting ministry is Public Utility. Coordination between the Caribbean Countries is reportedly good. According to CMO, the existing EWS is sufficient, even if the number of AWS is limited. Cooperation with Agencies involved in Disaster Management activities (ODPM or NEMA ) is reported good, even if is limited to an exchange of data. Relation with CDEMA is permanent and generally satisfactory. CMO is strongly linked to the US Hurricane Centre of Miami, on which it fully relies for the emission and diffusion of meteorological alerts. Radar coverage in the area is good. Four radars are installed in Guyana, Trinidad, Belize and Barbados with EDF funding to complete the network with others in Martinique, Jamaica, Cuba and later Cayman Islands. Coverage is good, but problems are frequent. Hurricanes monitoring capacity should be increased. Bulletin emitted are limited. Collaboration with the Caribbean T&T is hosting a considerable number of international / inter-caribbean conferences every year, and regional cooperation is reported to be good. However, if this may be true for international organizations like CMO (although apparently competing with CIMH), ACS and partially for the IFRC, doesn t seem to be the case of ODPM, acting essentially at FINAL REPORT 219

237 local level. Relations with CDEMA are not clear, and the impression is that the Country is not willing to have massive interference from the Barbados based Emergency Management Agency. This tendency to independence is also justified by the facts that: a) T&T is a rich Country, not willing to intervene too often in help of less rich and more densely populated Country; b) the most important hazard come from oil industry, that is not the case of other Counties of the Region. International Projects Although still registered as Recipient Country by International Donors such as the WB or IBD, T&T is currently receiving very limited funds. The Country, with its 25,000 USD GDP, should eventually pass on the Donor s side. On the other side, the involvement of national Institutions in Regional Projects is quite relevant. T&T committed USD 43M to accommodate the forthcoming Caribbean Regional Public Health Agency (CARPHA) IFRC is particularly active, coordinating the EU/ECHO funded Caribbean Disaster Management Strategic Framework (CDMF) , for a global amount of 2.0 Ml USD, as well as minor projects for rebuilding livelihoods in Granada, Jamaica and Bahamas after hurricanes Ivan (Granada), Ivan (Jamaica) and tropical storm Noel (Bahamas). As a part of CDMF, ODPM is executing a limited Disaster Risk Reduction Project in Vulnerable Areas, for the total amount of 100,000 USD (to be confirmed). ODPM is also implementing an EU / IDB funded project for the implementation of a National Emergency Operation Centre, under UNDP co-ordination. CMO is actually cooperating to the quite important project Caribbean Hydrological Cycle, funded by France and coordinated by Meteo-France of Martinique. This Project also includes additional Automatic Weather Stations AWS, although not as primary task. Among envisaged projects, to meet the objectives of the T&T Strategic Plan the following worth to be mentioned: Building capacity and institutional strengthening towards communities, promoted by IFRC (about 2 Ml USD budget). Creation of a special Fund for immediate withdrawal in case of emergency, promoted and to be managed by the ACS. This should operate as a revolving fund made available to all ACS Member States, i.e. Caribbean and Central America. An initial funding of USD 5M is considered as adequate. FINAL REPORT 220

238 The Turks and Caicos Islands Report: The Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) total population is approximately 20,556 inhabitants (2005). The GDP per capita is around US$570 (2005). One of the main pillars of the economy is tourism. The Turks and Caicos Islands are exposed to various hazards and risks including but not limited to hurricanes, floods, oil spills, aircraft crashes and mass migration. Turks & Caicos was affected by hurricanes Donna (1960) and Kate (1985), Tropical Storm Erin (1995), Hurricane Frances (2004) and in 2008 Tropical Storm Hanna with several deaths and severe damage in housing and infrastructure. TCI belongs to the Caribbean Development Bank; it is also a member of CARICOM, and since December 2004 is a member of the Caribbean States Association. The Civil Protection in Turks and Caicos Islands The Department Disaster Management & Emergency (DDME) is responsible for disaster management throughout the Turks and Caicos Islands, which is a multi-island jurisdiction. The main DDME office is located in Grand Turk, the Capital. It has a staff of 7 people. The National Disaster Plan is updated annually and includes as priority actions: Emergency Operations Centre Buildings Retrofit; National Warehouse Building-Retrofit; Emergency Shelters Retrofit Existing and New Shelters; Communications Systems VHF/HF (Re-install); Public Information and Education. For the recovery process in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Hanna and Hurricane Ike, the Cabinet established the Recovery Task Force with a Permanent Secretary, chaired by the Ministry of Finance. In addition, the Cabinet also approved the Disaster Recovery Board chaired by the Governor. The sectors work in an articulated manner and in coordination with the DDME. There is a Disaster Information Management Group, which elaborated a plan and a strategy but lacks an operative mechanism. At regional level, they are linked to the CDM Strategy. After the earthquake in Haiti, the ongoing migration of Haitians to Turks & Caicos increased sharply and will continue to do so. This complex and costly issue must be addressed regionally. FINAL REPORT 221