Regional Economic Integration and Inclusive Growth
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1 Regional Economic Integration and Inclusive Growth The Story Line Josef T. Yap 03 September 2012
2 Outline Trends in Regional Economic Integration Role of Regional Production Networks Impact on the Manufacturing Sector Poverty trends in the Philippines and East Asia Why has not economic growth been inclusive? A view based on the employment structure of the manufacturing sector
3 Economic Integration in East Asia has been deepening Intra-Regional Trade in East Asia (as a percentage of total trade based on exports) ASEAN (X) ASEAN+3 (X) ASEAN+5 (X) NA Source: IMF Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) and ARIC Website
4 Regional Integration Anchored on Regional Production Networks Regional Economic Integration Regional Production Networks FDI Manufacturing Sector
5 Role of Regional Production Networks Has Been Increasing and Expanding Percentage Share of Parts and Components in Total Manufacturing Trade, Export (%) 1992/ / / /09 ASEAN Philippines China Hong Kong (China) Japan Rep. of Korea Taiwan Source: Yamashita and Kohpaiboon (2011)
6 Role of Regional Production Networks Has Been Increasing and Expanding Percentage Share of Parts and Components in Total Manufacturing Trade, Import (%) 1992/ / / /09 ASEAN Philippines China Hong Kong (China) Japan Rep. of Korea Taiwan Source: Yamashita and Kohpaiboon (2011)
7 Largely through FDI FDI inward stock (million US$) Indonesia 8,732 25,060 72,841 Malaysia 10,318 52,747 74,643 Philippines 4,528 18,156 23,559 Singapore 30, , ,599 Thailand 8,242 29,915 99,000 Viet Nam 1,650 20,596 52,825 Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2010
8 Main Beneficiary was Manufacturing Sector Share of Manufacturing in GDP (%) China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Viet Nam Source: UN Statistics Division. [ ; accessed, 28 August 2012]
9 Economic development in the Philippines has not been as inclusive Poverty and Inequality in East Asia Proportion of Population in Population Below Poverty (in Gini Coefficient 2/ percent) 1/ $1.25 (PPP) a Day (%) PRC 4.2 (2008) 15.9 (2005) 0.415(2005) Indonesia 14.2 (2009) 18.7(2009) 0.368(2009) Malaysia 3.6 (2007) 2.0 (2009) 3/ 0.462(2009) Philippines 26.5(2009) 4/ 22.6 (2006) 0.448(2009) 4/ Thailand 8.5 (2008) 10.8(2009) 0.536(2009) Viet Nam 13.5 (2008) 13.1(2008) 0.376(2008) Sources/Notes: 1/
10 One reason for the non-inclusivity Less-educated persons have higher poverty incidence Manufacturing sector employs more less-educated labor Manufacturing sector has more highproductivity, high-paying jobs Philippine manufacturing sector did not benefit as much from economic integration
11 Conclusion: A more dynamic manufacturing sector would have provided more higherpaying jobs to the lesseducated workforce, thereby making poverty reduction faster.
12 Note: There are other reasons for non-inclusiveness and poverty poor infrastructure, inequitable access to health and education, lagging performance of SMEs, and weak institutions.
13 Maraming Salamat!!! Dios ti Agngina!!! Dios mamajes dinio!!! Dacal a salamat!!! Salamat tunon!!! Saeamat kimo!!! Daghang Salamat!!! Thank YOU very much!!!!
14 Poverty incidence goes down with higher educational attainment Poverty incidence by family size and educational attainment of the head Characteristic Poverty Incidence, % Family Size All Families or more Educational attainment of the head All individuals No Grade Completed Elementary Undergraduate Elementary Graduate High School Undergraduate High School Graduate College Undergraduate At least College Graduate Post Graduate Note: PIDS ESD Estimates; Sources of basic data: Family Income and Expenditure Survey (F
15 Education attainment of workforce, lower in manufacturing (2010) No grade completed Elementary undergraduate Elementary graduate High school undergraduate High school graduate College undergraduate College graduate Postgraduate Manufacturing Service
16 Education attainment of workforce, lower in manufacturing (2001) No grade completed Elementary undergraduate Elementary graduate High school undergraduate High school graduate College undergraduate College graduate Postgraduate Not Reported Manufacturing Services 2001
17 Productivity in Manufacturing Sector 2.5X Services, 5X Agriculture Real value added per worker, (in 1985 constant prices) a/ Agriculture Ratio (pesos) Industry to Agri Industry to Mfg to Mfg to Agri Services Services , , , , Source of basic data: NSCB. National Accounts of Philippines; National Statistics Office Index of Labor Force Statistics Note: a/ Defined as Value added divided by Total employment in the sector. Each entry is a three year average of the year indicated, the previous year, and the succeeding year
18 workers in Manufacturing sector on average have higher wages Average Daily Basic Pay of Wage Workers in 2010 (pesos) Manufacturing Sector Service Sector Elementary graduates, elementary education High school graduates, high school education
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