Exclusionary Zoning and Racial and Economic Segregation in New Jersey. Adam Gordon Staff Attorney Fair Share Housing Center October 2014

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1 Exclusionary Zoning and Racial and Economic Segregation in New Jersey Adam Gordon Staff Attorney Fair Share Housing Center October 2014

2 Overall Racial Segregation Source: Urban Institute Analysis of Census Data from the Neighborhood Change Database

3 Racial Segregation in Top 10 Metros Source: Urban Institute Analysis of Census Data from the Neighborhood Change Database

4 Income and Racial Segregation in NJ Data from American Community Survey

5 Racial Segregation Distribution of racial and ethnic groups in 2010 Source: New York Times "Mapping the 2010 Census"

6 Exclusionary Zoning Metropolitan areas in the Northeast and Midwest tend to use regulations to exclude most types of growth, while those in the West employ regulations that accommodate and manage growth. (Pendall, Puentes, and Martin 2006) Source: Rolf Pendall, Robert Puentes, and Jonathan Martin "From traditional to reformed: a review of the land use regulations in the nation's 50 largest metropolitan areas." The Brookings Institution, Research Brief.

7 Exclusionary Zoning and Segregation Patterns and processes of racial segregation in the post civil rights American city are strongly affected by density zoning. At any point in time from 1990 to 2000, intermetropolitan variation in Black White segregation and Black isolation was strongly predicted by a metropolitan area s relative openness to housing construction, as embodied in maximum zoning rules the greater the allowable density, the lower the level of racial segregation Moreover, our instrumental variable analysis suggests that the causal arrow runs from regulation to segregation even if the reverse is also true. (Rothwell and Massey 2009) We also found that the prospects for desegregation are greater in areas with more liberal density regulations. From 1980 to 2000, metropolitan areas that allowed higher density development moved more rapidly toward racial integration than their counterparts with strict density limitations, even after controlling for a battery of social, geographic, and economic characteristics and for potential reverse causality between segregation and zoning. (Rothwell and Massey 2009) By limiting the ability of developers to produce affordable, multifamily housing projects, restrictive density zoning promotes income segregation by channeling low-income households to systematically different locations in the urban geography than high-income households. (Rothwell and Massey 2010) Sources: Johnathan Rothwell and Douglas Massey The Effect of Density Zoning on Racial Segregation in U.S. Urban Areas. Urban Affairs Review. Johnathan Rothwell and Douglas Massey Density Zoning and Class Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas. Social Science Quarterly. 91:

8 New Jersey Population Growth from Census 2010 Census Total Population 8,414,350 8,791, ,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 Overall state population grew from 8.4 million to 8.8 million, an increase of 4.5% Hispanic and Latino Population 2000 Census 1,117, Census 1,555,144 Latino population grew from 1.1 million to 1.6 million, an increase of 39.2% 0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 Data from 2000 and 2010 Census

9 New Jersey Population Change Between , , , , , , , ,230 Hispanic and Latino Asian and Pacific Islander African American Other Non-Hispanic White 10, , , , , ,331 Data from 2000 and 2010 Census

10 Growth in Hispanic and Latino Population from Hispanic and Latino County Population Growth Atlantic County 50.5% Bergen County 59.0% Burlington County 63.5% Camden County 48.7% Cape May County 79.2% Cumberland County 52.6% Essex County 30.1% Gloucester County 108.3% Hudson County 10.6% Hunterdon County 99.4% Mercer County 63.2% Middlesex County 46.1% Monmouth County 59.6% Morris County 54.2% Ocean County 86.4% Passaic County 26.7% Salem County 80.4% Somerset County 63.1% Sussex County 99.4% Union County 42.4% Warren County 104.2% Total 39.2% Data from 2000 and 2010 Census

11 Is Mount Laurel Helping? Wish/Eisdorfer study, 1997: Only 6.8% of households in Mount Laurel housing moved from cities to the suburbs Under 2% of households in Mount Laurel housing African-Americans who moved from cities to the suburbs

12 Is Mount Laurel Helping? Bush-Baskette, Robinson, and Simmons study, 2011: Residents of Mount Laurel units 19% African-American, 5% Latino, 6% Asian- American 24% of survey moved from an urban to nonurban municipality

13 Is Mount Laurel Helping? Gibbons, P.C. analysis of Census data as part of NAACP/Latino Action Network brief, 2011: % of population in Census blocks with Mount Laurel units in Mount Laurel are 1.5x African-American and Latino compared to remainder of town. % of population in Census blocks with Mount Laurel units in West Windsor is 3x African-American and 1.5x Latino compared to remainder of town. Analysis includes both affordable and market rate units.

14 Is Mount Laurel Helping? Massey et. al., Climbing Mount Laurel (2013) Ethel R. Lawrence Homes residents - 67% African-American and 22% Latino Improved educational, economic, and health outcomes compared to control group: over 1.5x income levels, TANF utilization rate one-third as high, higher GPAs for students, better mental health

15 What Changed? Elimination of residency preferences (1993) Stronger rules on income diversity, culminating in 2008 very-low-income requirement being added by Legislature Better affirmative marketing Snowball effect

16 What Changed? Elimination of residency preferences (1993) Stronger rules on income diversity, culminating in 2008 very-low-income requirement being added by Legislature Better affirmative marketing Low Income Housing Tax Credit changes Snowball effect

17 Addressing Segregation is Possible In Fact, We Are Doing It, Just Not Fast Enough