Washington s Farewell Address It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign

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1 Unit 7: Standard 5 USHC- 5.1 Analyze the development of American expansionism, including the change from isolationism to intervention and the rationales for imperialism based on Social Darwinism, expanding capitalism, and domestic tensions. IMPERIALISM ISOLATIONISM Washington s Farewell Address It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world Jefferson s Inaugural Address Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none Growth of Imperialism Under imperialism, stronger nations attempted to create empires by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination. American expansionism American expansionism changed in the late 19th century. The expansionism of the late 19th century was designed to secure markets and reach beyond contiguous territory. Seward s Folly The purchase of Alaska in the 1867 It will not become a state until the 1950 s Alaska Purchase Seward s Folly Public Opinion: WHY??? Growth of Imperialism 1. Economic factors: The growth of industry increased the need for natural resources. 2. Nationalistic factors: Competition among European nations for larger empires was the result of a rise in nationalism. 3. Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships. 4. Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries. Shift from isolationism to intervention The United States moved from isolationism to intervention because of a need for: raw materials 1

2 new markets for products expanding capitalism With the close of the United States frontier in 1890, there was a strong need both economically and emotionally to find new areas to meet the need for expansion. Depression, strikes and farmer unrest demonstrated some of the domestic tensions that were prevalent in the 1890 s. Shift from isolationism to intervention Social Darwinism also influenced American expansionism in the late 19th century by fostering the idea that Americans were superior to other cultures. This new expansionism led the US to spread American ideas, religious beliefs and capitalism to other nations but also initiated foreign resentment of American interference. ISOLATIONISM vs. INTERVENTIONISM US emergence as a World Power The United States initiated their status as a world power with their involvement in the Spanish-American War. USHC- 5.2 Explain the influence of the Spanish-American War on the emergence of the United States as a world power, including the role of yellow journalism in the American declaration of war against Spain, United States interests and expansion in the South Pacific, and the debate between pro- and anti-imperialists over annexation of the Philippines. Spanish American War Reasons for the US to declare war on Spain. 1.Pressures from domestic tensions at home and expanding capitalism pushed Americans to find new markets. 2.The humanitarian desire to support the rights of Cubans against an oppressive Spanish regime 3.The push for increased naval power 4.Yellow journalism 5.the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana s Harbor 6.the publication of the DeLome letter President McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war in response to all of these pressures. Yellow Journalism Teller Amendment In April 1898 Senator Henry M. Teller (Colorado) proposed an amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain. The United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba but leave in the hands of the people. It stated that the US "hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people." A Splendid Little War May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack on Manila Bay and destroyed 22 2

3 Spain s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours. Attack led by Admiral George Dewey July 1, 1898: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill. July 3, 1898: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships. The Treaty of Paris 1898 The Spanish government recognized Cuba s independence. Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in return for $20 million. The island nations became unincorporated territories of the US. Platt Amendment Introduced by Senator Orville Platt (R-Connecticut) in February It allowed the United States "the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty... The Platt Amendment was finally abrogated on May 29, Imperialism in China Open Door Policy 1899 Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion, officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all foreigners from China. Boxers was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the Yihequan ( Righteous and Harmonious Fists ). The Philippines President McKinley s arguments for annexation: Filipinos were unfit for self-government Independence would bring anarchy European powers would try to seize the islands The Filipinos fought a three-year war for independence. The Philippines did not gain complete independence until USHC- 5.3 Summarize United States foreign policies in different regions of the world during the early twentieth century, including the purposes and effects of the Open Door Policy with China, the United States role in the Panama Revolution, Theodore Roosevelt s Big Stick diplomacy, William Taft s dollar diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson s moral diplomacy and changing worldwide perceptions of the United States. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson s Foreign Policy Election 1904 Candidates Theodore Roosevelt (I) Republican 336 7,623,486 Alton B. Parker Democratic 140 5,077,911 Issues of the election Progressivism Roosevelt s Big Stick Diplomacy Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far. 3

4 Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine The United States will act as an international police power in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers. Roosevelt in Latin America Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America. Roosevelt in Asia Roosevelt wanted to preserve an open door policy with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan. Panama Canal Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific ocean s. A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama. Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and offered its remaining rights to the US for $100 million Panama declared independence from Colombia and with the support the US due to the Panama Canal Panama will gain independence and the US the rights to build the Panama Canal. Panama Canal Election 1908 Candidates William H. Taft Republican 321 7,678,908 William J. Bryan Democratic 162 6,409,104 Issues of the election Bank Panic of 1907 William Taft s Foreign Policy William Howard Taft Elected President in 1908 Taft believed in maintaining influence through American investments, not military might. This policy was called dollar diplomacy. The United States reached new heights of international power under Roosevelt and Taft. However, the policies of both Presidents also created enemies in Latin America and a growing international resentment of U.S. intervention. Election 1912 Candidates Woodrow Wilson Democratic 435 6,293,454 Theodore Roosevelt Progressive 88 4,119,207 William H. Taft (I) Republican 8 3,483,922 Eugene V. Debs Socialist Party 0 900,000 Issues of the election Trusts (Monopolies): The Standard Oil case of 1911; 16th Amendment (Federal Income Tax, ratified in 1913) Election 1916 Candidates Woodrow Wilson(I) Democratic 277 9,129,

5 Charles Hughes Republican 254 8,538,221 Issues of the election World War I (U.S. Neutrality) Woodrow Wilson s Foreign Policy Woodrow Wilson Under Wilson, the United States applied more moral and legalistic standards to foreign policy decisions. Wilson s policy drew the United States into the complex and bloody Mexican Revolution. Wilson s moral diplomacy did not work well in Mexico. Many lives were lost, and U.S. financial interests lost ground. U.S. and Mexico relations were strained for many years. USHC- 5.4 Analyze the causes and consequences of United States involvement in World War I, including the failure of neutrality the reasons for the declaration of war, the role of propaganda in creating a unified war effort, the limitation of individual liberties, and Woodrow Wilson s leadership in the Treaty of Versailles and the creation of the League of Nations. The Great War Chapter 30 The Stage is Set for War Uneasy Peace Grips Europe By 1900 hundreds of peace organizations had been formed and were active. Europe had experienced 30 years of peace between wars. Underlying Causes of WWI 1. Militarism (Glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war) With nationalism in place the European countries believed that to be truly great you must have a strong army. Underlying Causes of WWI 2. Alliances To guard against the threat of war from France the Dual Alliance was formed: Germany and Austria Triple Alliance was formed with the addition of Italy Russia will join Russia and Austria were bitter enemies With Kaiser Wilhelm II in control of Germany, policy changed Wilhelm felt like Germany was the most powerful country and did not mind saying it Wilhelm II let his treaty with Russia expire in Triple Entente will be formed between: Did not have to fight with them but they would not fight against them Great Britain France Russia (After Germany does not renew treaty) Underlying Causes of WWI 3. Imperialism (Governing of overseas colonies) 46 5

6 France and Germany had almost gone to war twice over the control of Morocco. Germany backed down both times Underlying Causes of WWI 4. Nationalism (Deep devotion to one s country) Causes competition between nations Strong nations at this time Germany Austria Hungary Great Britain Russia Italy France With the industrial revolution countries were competing for materials. Great Britain had started the industrial revolution but Germany had grown rapidly and was competing for dominance Powder Keg Russia and Serbia (Slavic countries) were having conflict with Austria over the Balkans The Shot June 28, 1914 Archduke Ferdinand and his wife of Austria-Hungary were shot at point blank range in Sarajevo. He was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Bosnian nationalist who believed that Austria-Hungary had no right to rule Bosnia. Austria decided to use the murders as a reason to punish the Serbians Germany pledges allegiance to Austria right away giving Austria the opportunity to do what ever they wanted. Ultimatum Ultimatum This ultimatum was harsh Serbia agreed to most but wanted to negotiate a few terms. Austria said no and declared war War Consumes Europe and the World Chain Reaction Austria declares war on Serbia Russia advances towards Austria This is the beginning of the Great War Austria declares war on Russia Russia moves troops towards Germany Germany declares war on Russia 2 days later Germany declares war on France Germany attacks France and threatens coastline bringing England into the conflict. European Nations Take Sides Central Powers Germany Austria Hungary 2 6

7 Bulgaria Ottoman Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia Italy Schlieffen Plan Fearing a two front war Germany wanted to sweep through Belgium and enter France, ultimately encircling Paris. The goal was to knock France out of the war before Russia could mobilize its troops fully. Modern Warfare Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in World War I. Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy. As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells. Large Guns (Howitzer) Flamethrowers Vickers Machine Gun Zeppelin Tanks Bloody Stalemate Western Front (Deadly region along northern France) The fighting here was a stalemate for years. War in the Trenches Trench Warfare Holes in which soldiers fought from Traded huge losses for small land gains Was pure misery The soldiers slept in mud washed in mud ate mud 1/3 of all deaths occurred in the trenches Trench Warfare Results Russia s Effort weakens Russia had not fully industrialized therefore they were short on food, weapons, and clothes United States Enters the War British blockades of shipping lanes had left Germany short on food. 66 7

8 64 3/7/ For this reason they started unrestricted submarine warfare. Sinking of ships with no warning. Unterseeboot or U-boat The Lusitania May 7, 1915 a German Sub sunk a British passenger ship, The Lusitania, killing 1198, 128 US citizens The Lusitania was carrying forty-two hundred cases of small-arms ammunition A fact the Germans used to justify the sinking Sussex Pledge More Americans were killed when Germany sank the Sussex, a French passenger steamship, on March 24,1916. In what came to be known as the Sussex pledge, the German government promised that U-boats would warn ships before attacking, a promise it had made and broken before. The Zimmermann Note President asked Congress for authority to arm American merchant ships Zimmermann note: Intercepted and published on March 1, 1917 Secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman Tempting anti-yankee Mexico with promises of recovering Texas, New Mexico, Arizona The long-dreaded overt act in the Atlantic: German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels first two weeks of March, Russia Withdraws from War Civil Unrest (March 1917) People are unhappy with government Shortage of food and fuel Soldiers refused to fight in war Revolution (Nov 1917) Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, seizes power and brings communism to Russia Lenin withdrawals Russia from the war in1918 America could now fight for democracy on the Allies' side, without Russian despotism in the Allied fold United States Enters the War German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels first two weeks of March, Wilson, before a joint session of Congress on April 2, 1917, asked for a declaration of war Building an Army Despite the preparedness movement (organized by Theodore Roosevelt), the United States lacked a large and available military force. Congress therefore passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, drafting many young men into the military. Draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen made up what was called the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing. Pershing was well known for his refusal to allow U.S. troops to be integrated [mixed 72 8

9 into] into British and French forces. He believed U.S. forces should be lead by U.S. commanders. Wilson supported his decision. Government Involvement The war becomes a total war all resources and efforts are focused on the war. Nation turned to rationing because resources were running low. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Signed March 3, 1918 Ended the war between Russia and Germany Russia lost Riga, Lithuania, Livonia, and Estonia. These areas had great economic importance as they were some of the most fertile farming areas in Western Russia. Germany was allowed by the terms of the treaty to exploit these lands to support her military effort in the west. The Convoy System To transport troops across the Atlantic, the United States employed convoys, or groups of unarmed ships surrounded by armed naval vessels equipped to track and destroy submarines. Convoy System Photo: Depth Charges Due to the convoy system, German submarines did not sink a single ship carrying American troops. American Soldiers in Europe By 1918, European nations had begun to run out of men to recruit. Energetic American soldiers, nicknamed doughboys, helped replace the tired fighters of Europe. Final Push With Russia out Germany sent all its troops to France. They were within 30 mile of Paris and Victory. Germany troops were tired and short on supplies Allies countered with 140,000 fresh US troops and defeated Germany Ending the War In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the Central Powers collapsed one by one. Austria-Hungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was inevitable. Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland A civilian representative of the new German republic signed an armistice, or cease-fire, in a French railroad car at 5am on November 11, Ending the War Although guns fell silent six hours later, many more deaths were to follow. The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people, both in the United States and Europe, than all of the wartime battles. Events signal end of War US sent 2 million more troops and they advance in Germany and End the war. 82 9

10 Surrender of Bulgaria and Ottomans Revolt in Austria Ends in 1919 President Wilson s Proposals As the war neared an end, President Wilson developed a program for peace around the world known as the Fourteen Points, named for the number of provisions it contained. President Wilson s Proposals (Fourteen Points) Wilson laid out 14 main points but perhaps the most important were points 1-5 and 14. [1] There should be an end to all secret diplomacy amongst countries. [2] Freedom of the seas in peace and war [3] The reduction of trade barriers among nations [4] The general reduction of armaments [5] The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers [14] A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike. The League of Nations The League of Nations was intended to act as a world wide alliance to prevent future wars. However, members of the U.S. Senate who were known as Reservationists because they had reservations [doubts] about the League refused to allow the treaty to be ratified. According to the Senator Henry Cabot Lodge [leader of the reservationists] only Congress had the power to declare war and this treaty would give foreign nations power to bring the U.S. into future wars. (Article 10 ) President Wilson s Proposals Wilson and the German government assumed that the Fourteen Points would form the basis of peace negotiations, the Allies disagreed. During peace negotiations, Wilson s Fourteen Points were discarded one by one. The Big Four Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the UK, Vittorio Orlando of Italy Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France President Woodrow Wilson of the US Treaty of Versailles (Signed June 28, 1919) League of Nations International peace group Germany and Russia excluded Territorial Loss Germany returns land to France Germany surrenders all of it overseas colonies Treaty of Versailles Military Restrictions Limited the size of the military Prohibited the import or manufacturing of weapons Prohibited building or buying subs or having an air force War Guilt 89 10

11 1 3/7/ Sole responsibility for the war Germany forced to pay 33 billion to allies over 30 years. Flawed peace Americans wanted to stay out of Europeans business which the League of Nations did not do The war-guilt clause caused a lot of bitterness towards the rest of the world Why were there over 37 million casualties? 1. New weapons 2. Trench warfare 3. Enemies 4. Terrain/Climate Photo: WWI Memorial DC On the Home Front Financing the War Modern warfare required huge amounts of money and personnel. The government raised money for the war in part by selling Liberty Bonds. The Treasury Department: Sponsored huge parades, slogans Halt the Hun to promote four great Liberty Loan drives, Followed by a Victory Loan campaign in 1919 $21 billion was raised with the remaining coming from taxes obligatory. The ultimate bill for the war was $112 billion. Managing the Economy United States entry into the war caused many industries to switch from commercial to military production. A newly created War Industries Board oversaw this production. Managing the Economy Labor Will Win the War: American workers sweated their way to victory: Driven by the War Department s work or fight rule: Threatening any unemployed male with immediate draft; powerful discouragement to go on strike Government tried to treat labor fairly. The National War Labor Board: Headed by former president Taft Exerted itself to head off labor disputes that might hinder the war effort Pressed employers to grant concessions to labor: high wages, eight-hour day Managing the Economy Using the slogan, Food will win the war, Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration, began to manage how much food people bought. Although he had the power to impose price controls and rationing Hoover preferred to rely on voluntary restraint and increased efficiency. Daylight savings time was created to save on fuel used and increase the number of daylight hours available for work

12 Hoover s methods were widely imitated in other war agencies: The Fuel Administration: heatless Monday, lightless nights, gasless Sundays. African Americans and Other Minorities With much of the work force in the military, factory owners and managers who had once discriminated against minorities began actively recruiting them. The Great Migration (a flood of African Americans leaving the South to work in northern factories) New Roles for Women The diminished male work force also created new opportunities for women. Many women joined the work force for the first time during the war. Some found work on farms with the Woman s Land Army; others took jobs traditionally reserved for men. Espionage Act of 1917 Espionage Act of 1917 (made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies.) It was punishable by a maximum $USD 10,000 fine (almost $170,000 in today's dollars) and 20 years in prison. Sedition Act of 1918 Sedition Act of 1918 forbade Americans to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, flag, or armed forces during war allowed the Postmaster General to deny mail delivery to dissenters of government policy during wartime Result 19,000 prosecutions of antiwar Socialists and members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): Kingpin Socialist Eugene V. Debs was convicted and sentenced to ten years in a federal penitentiary Schenk v. United States (1919) The Supreme Court affirmed their legality Arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked When such speech posed a clear and present danger to the nation. These prosecutions form an ugly chapter in the history of American civil liberty: The dawn of peace presidential pardons were granted, including President Harding s to Debs in