Total age in years

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5 Figure. % children in employment, 7-14 years age group, 2009 % in employmen nt Total age in years 6.6 Almost 7% of 7-14 year-olds, 2.3 millionchildren in absolute terms, were in employment in 2009 Minimum age specified for light work = 13 years General minimum working age = 15 years

6 Figure. % children in employment, 7-14 years age group, 2009 % in employment Total age in years Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, Almost 600,000 children aged less than 10 years were already in employment in 2009

7 Figure. % children in employment, 7-14 years age group, 2009 % in employment Female Male age in years Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

8 Figure. % children in employment, 7-14 years age group, 2009 % in HH chores Female 70 Male age in years Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, At age 14, almost twice as many girls as boys perform HH chores

9 percent Figure. % children in employment, 7-14 years age group, by region Jakarta West Java Kalimantan Central and East Java Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, Sumatra Sulawesi Eastern Indonesia

10 Figure. % children in employment, 7-14 years age group, by residence percent Urban Rural Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

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12 Figure. Changes children s involvement in employment, years age group, The overall decline masks a 5 slight rise during coinciding with global economic crisis percent Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey, 2010 (August), 2009 (August), 2008(August) and 2007(August).

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14 Figure. Children s sector of employment, 7-14 years age group, 2009 Agriculture, 57.8 Manufact., 6.7 Service, Other, 8.4 Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

15 Figure. Children s status in employment, 7-14 years age group, 2009 Wage employment, 5.4 Non-waged family work, 89.1 Selfemployment, 5.5 Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

16 Figure. Children s sector of employment, 7-14 years age group, 2009 Agriculture Manufact. Domestic service Other service Other Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

17 Figure. No. children exposed to specific hazardous conditions, 2009 Dangerous objects Dust, steam Cold or extreme heat In water 165,831 Bear "heavy burden" 134,451 Noise or vibration 128,760 Fire, gas 115,943 In the basement 36,037 Chemicals 34,246 At height 32,612 Machinery/heavy equipment 31,467 Lack of ventilation 19,399 Too dark or closed workplace 8,572 Explosives 3, , , ,526 Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, Over 985,000children in absolute terms, or almost half of all children in employment, are exposed to hazardous conditions

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19 Figure. Incidence of work-related disease and injury, incidence density Younger children are at much greater risk of work-related illness and injury than their older counterparts male female agric. manuf. services yes no Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

20 Figure. Incidence of work-related disease and injury, Children working within the family are at greater risk of work-related illness and injury than children working outside the family incidence den nsity male female agric. manuf. services yes no Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

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22 Figure. Children s age-specific school attendance rate by work status, 2009 percent Children in employment Children not in employment Primary Junior secondary Age in years/school level Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

23 Figure. Out-of-school children, by age, 2009 Out of school children aged years numbered almost one million in percent age in years Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

24 Figure. Out-of-school children, by education attainment, 2009 At least four years of schooling, 73.0 Less than four years of schooling, 27.0 One out of four out-school children, over 260,000 in absolute terms, has less than four years of schooling Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

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28 Child labour prevents children from acquiring the human capital necessary for gainful employment as young people In the face of poor youth employment prospects, parents may have little incentive to invest in their children s schooling, and instead send their children to work prematurely

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31 Figure. Youth activity status, years age group, Inactive and out of education Inactive student 33.8 Active Female youth Male youth Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

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33 percent Figure. Youth unemployment rate (% of active population), Total. Urban Rural. Male Female Residence. Sex. Age range Unemployment is notlimited to urban areas Fewer females are in the labour force, but they have a slightly higher risk of unemployment

34 Figure. Youth unemployment rate (% of active population), 2009, by region perc cent Eastern Indonesia Kalimantan Sulawesi Sumatra Central and East Java Jakarta West Java Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

35 Figure. Unemployed youth by previous employment status, 2009 Previously employed, 2 3 In search of first job, 77 Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

36 Figure. Unemployed youth by by duration, 2009 Unemployed for at least 12 months, Unemployed for less than 12 months, Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

37 Figure.Youth and adult unemployment rates (% of employed population) Youth (15-24 years) percent Adults (25-64 years) Total Urban Rural Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

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39 Figure. Youth underemployment rate (% of employed population), 2009 percent Total. Urban Rural. Male Female Underemployment is especially pronounced in rural areas

40 Figure. Youth underemployment rate (% of employed population), by sector, Underemployment rate percent Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Commerce Services Other Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

41 Figure. Youth underemployment rate (% of employed population), by region, percent Underemployment rate Jakarta West Java Central and East Java Sumatra Kalimantan Sulawesi Eastern Indonesia Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

42 Figure. Youth unemployment rate (% of active population), region percent West Java Jakarta Central and East Java Unemployment rate Figure. Youth underemployment rate (% of employed population), Underemployment rate percent Sumatra Sulawesi Kalimantan Eastern Indonesia Regions with highest unemployment are those with lowest levels of underemployment Jakarta West Java Central and East JavaSumatra Kalimantan SulawesiEastern Indonesia Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

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44 Figure. Employment formality (% of employed persons) Formal, Informal, 55.7 Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

45 Figure. Youth and adults in informal employment (% of employed), by residence Workers do notappear to transition out of informality as they grow older percent youth workers aged years adult workers aged years Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

46 Figure. Youth employed in informal sector (% of employed youth), by residence 80 percent Urban 74.7 Rural % employed in informal sector Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

47 Figure. Youth employed in informal sector (% of employed youth), by sector, 2009 percent % employed in informal sector Agriculture Manufacturing Construction Commerce Services Other(a) Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

48 Figure. Youth employed in informal sector (% of employed youth), by region 90 percent % employed in informal sector Jakarta West Java Central and East Java Sumatra Kalimantan Sulawesi Eastern Indonesia Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

49 Figure. Youth unemployment rate (% of active population) 30 percent West Java Jakarta Central and East Java Unemployment rate Sumatra Sulawesi Kalimantan Eastern Indonesia Figure. Youth employed in formal sector (% of employed youth) percent % in informal employment Jakarta West Java Central and East Java Sumatra Kalimantan Sulawesi Eastern Indonesia Regions with highest unemployment are those with lowest levels of informality

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51 Figure. Educational attainment, non-student population aged years Senior secondary, 33.4 Higher education, 3.5 No schooling, 1.4 Junior secondary, 29.1 Primary, 32.5 Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

52 Figure. Unemployment rate by education level, percent Unemployment rate No schooling Primary Junior secondary Senior secondary Higher education Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

53 Figure. Unemployment rate by education level and age range, 2009 percent Higher Senior Junior Primary No schooling Age range Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

54 Figure.Youth employed in informal sector (% of employed youth), by education level percent % in informal sector employment No schooling Primary Junior secondary Senior secondary Higher education Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

55 percent percent Figure. Unemployment rate by education level, Unemployment rate No schooling Primary Junior secondary Senior secondary Higher education Figure. Youth employed in informal sector, by education level % in informal sector employment No schooling Primary Junior secondary Senior secondary Higher education Unemploymentis main problem for better- educated, job qualilymain problem for less educated

56 Figure. Average wage (in Rupiah) of employed youth, by level of education attained 1,400,000 1,200,000 Average wages 1,240,352 Rupiah 1,000, , , , , , , , ,000 0 No schooling Primary Junior secondary Senior secondary Higher education Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

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58 percent Figure. Trends in aggregate labour market indicators, Labour force participation (% pop.) Education participation (% pop.) Unemployment rate (% active) Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

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63 Figure. An integrated response to child labour and youth employment problems

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65 Policy goal/targets Rationale/relevance Expanded access to early childhood education (ECE) opportunities. A lack of early childhood education opportunities affects children s preparedness for formal schooling. Reducing inequality in school access Important income-based and regional inequalities in access remain at the junior and senior secondary education Increased school quality and relevance. School quality issues can affect the willingness of households to invest in their children s schooling as an alternative to child labour

66 Policy goal/targets Rationale/relevance Expanding second chance learning opportunities to compensatefor educational deprivation earlier in childhood. Second chance learning opportunities help compensate for the negative educational consequences of child labour

67 Policy goal/targets Rationale/relevance Expanded access to formal social protection. Experience from elsewhere particularly Latin America suggests that cash transfers schemes conditional on school attendance and removal from child labour represent a particularly promising route for protecting vulnerable households and for promoting schooling as an alternative to child labour.

68 Policy goal/targets Rationale/relevance Increasing awareness of the benefits of schooling, and the costs and risks associated with child labour. Mobilizing social actors in efforts against child labour Household decisions regarding schooling and child labour can be conditioned by inaccurate information, by a lack of information or by detrimental social norms. Social mobilisation is critical to engaging a broad range of social actors in efforts against child labour. Building political will for action against child labour A political commitment at all levels is needed to ensure that child labour reduction occupies a prominent place in the national development agenda and is accorded adequate budgetary resources.

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70 Policy goal/targets Rationale/relevance Addressing job-relevant skills constraints Deficiencies in terms of trained human capital, particularly for the technical professions, constitute a major constraint to successful transitions to decent work for young people.

71 Policy goal/targets Rationale/relevance Providing job search support to address the lack of job search skills and resources A difficult transition to the labour market in Indonesia is partly the result of the lack of both labour market information and job search skills.

72 Policy goal/targets Rationale/relevance Promoting youth entrepreneurship and self employment to address labour demand and firm start-up constraints Self-employment programmes hold the potential to improve employment outcomes for the large proportion of Indonesian young people currently unemployed, underemployed or in low productivity agricultural work.

73 Policy goal/targets Rationale/relevance Ensuring equal opportunities for female youth in the labour market Perceptions of appropriate gender roles, and of the division of responsibilities between men and women remain deeply rooted in many segments of society and continue to influence women s position and opportunities in the work force.

74 Figure. Children s sector of employment, 7-14 years age group, by sex, % 90% 80% 22.6 Other % % 50% 10.7 Service 40% 30% 65.5 Manufacturing % 10% 0% Agriculture Male Female Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, Girls are relatively more concentrated in services and manufacturing

75 Figure. Children s sector of employment, 7-14 years age group, by residence, % 90% 80% 22.6 Other 70% % Service 50% 40% 30% Manufacturing 20% % 0% Agriculture Rural Urban Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, Services and manufacturing play a much greater role in urban areas

76 Figure. Probability of school attendance by working hours 0.3 Probability school atten ndance weekly working hours Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia Child Labour Survey, 2009.

77 Figure. Status in employment (% of employed persons) Unpaid worker, 29.6 Selfemployed, 1 9 Salaried worker, 51.4 Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

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79 Figure. Youth activity status, years age group, 2009 Inactive, 52.6% Active, 47.4% Only education, 33.7 Inactive & out-o ofeducation, Employ. & educ., 2.5 Only employment, Unemployed, 8.8 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

80 Figure. Youth activty status, by residence 100% 90% Unemployed 80% 70% Only employment 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Urban Rural Employment and education Inactive & out-ofeducation Only education Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

81 Figure. Youth activty status, by sex 100% 90% 80% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Male Female Unemployed 70% Only employment Employment and education Inactive & out-ofeducation Only education Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010

82 Figure. Unemployed rate by education level, percent Unemployment rate No schooling Primary Junior secondary Senior secondary Higher education Source : UCW calculations based on Statistics Indonesia (BPS), Indonesia National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas), August 2010