Turkish Foreign Policy in the 21st Century
|
|
- Norma Cooper
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Turkish Foreign Policy in the 21st Century Meliha Benli Altunisik, Professor in International Relations. Dean of Graduate School of Social Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi - hereafter AKP) has put its stamp on Turkish foreign policy in the first decade of 21 st century. This party, which was established in 2001 by people who split from the Felicity Party that represented the political Islamist line in Turkish politics, came to power in November 2002 enjoying absolute majority in the parliament. The AKP is in power since then as it again came out as the first party in 2007 elections and formed a majority government. Foreign policy has been one of the areas that the AKP governments have been quite assertive and ambitious about. Ahmet Davutoglu, who first served as the chief foreign policy advisor of Prime Minister Rcep Tayyip Erdogan ( ) and then became Minister of Foreign Affairs in May 2009, has been the main architect of AKP s foreign policy. Davutoglu developed a vision of foreign policy which framed Turkey as a central country in global politics based on geography, history and identity. Thus according to Davutoglu particularly in the new constellation of global politics, Turkey could no longer be content with being a flank county as it was in the Cold War or even a bridge country as it was generally characterized, but rather a central country that enjoys an area of influence in its immediate environs and also beyond. This vision is based on several principles. First is the principle of zero problems with neighbors. This concept not only provided a criticism of earlier policies but also conceptualized a positive direction for the future. Second principle is multi-dimensional foreign policy, which underlined the complementarity between Turkey s new engagements and old alliances. Thus, it is argued that Turkey s developing ties with the Middle East or Russia are not in competition with its strategic relations with the US or its relations with the EU. Third principle emphasized the importance of Turkey s mediation in regional and global conflicts. It is argued that Turkey has the will and necessity to play this role to promote peace and stability in its regions. Finally, the new vision emphasized de-securitization of Turkish foreign policy. Instead, concepts like soft power, engagement and economic interdependence are claimed to be the new tools of Turkey s engagement with the world. Turkey was defined as an actor that could talk to everybody and anybody. Turkey s strength was not only coming from its military might, but more so from its democracy and economic strength. Many of these principles are not necessarily new, except may be to some extent Turkey s new eagerness to mediate in regional conflicts (Altunisik, 2009). Under AKP governments Turkey s involvement in regional conflicts has been particularly noteworthy in the Middle East, a region traditionally Turkey was very reluctant to get involved in regional conflicts. Turkey attempted to mediate between Israel and Syria, Hamas and Fatah, Iraq and Syria, Iran and the Western powers and in Lebanon and Iraq. Turkey s acceptance in mediating Middle Eastern conflicts pointed to increasing credibility of Turkey as a third party and thus contributed to its prestige in the region and in the world. However, ultimately Turkey s successes in these efforts remained limited and thus raise the issue of overstretching. Yet Turkey s efforts to mediate have not been limited to the Middle East but extended to other regions. An example of a successful mediation occurred in the Balkans where Turkey has been contributing to the reconciliation efforts between Bosnia and Serbia. Other AKP principles shared important similarities with previous attempts to locate Turkey in the post- Cold War global politics. However, the AKP governments have been able to present these principles in a more comprehensive way, but more importantly has had more opportunities to implement them. This was partly due to the fact that the party has come to power alone. In addition, one also needs to focus on international, regional and domestic changes to understand the context that has affected Turkish foreign policy and in some ways enabled the AKP governments to implement some of these policies. Internationally, September 11 attacks on the US and the consequent strengthening of the discourse of clash of civilizations has increased the importance of Turkey as an example that refuted that dichotomy. (Keyman and Onis, 2007)Turkey, a country with a majority Muslim population has been presented as a successful model of modernization, democratization and globalization. The implications of this can be seen in several policies. 195
2 Country Profile: Turkey " power, Soft engagement and economic interdependence are claimed to be the new tools of Turkey s engagement with the World CIDOB International Yearbook 2011 One typical example has been the Alliance of Civilizations (AoC), which was established in 2005, with the initiative of Spain and Turkey, under the auspices of the UN. Similarly Turkey s participation in ISAF in Afghanistan has had significance beyond its NATO membership as it is the only country with a Muslim majority population in that organization. Finally, particularly the transformation of Turkish political Islam into AKP has become an important model as regards to the issue of engaging the political Islamists in the Arab world. Thus, post-september 11 global politics provided Turkey and particularly the AKP government an opportunity to increase its significance in the world. Regionally, the consequences of the Iraq War in 2003 also increased opportunities for Turkey in the medium term. Although Turkey s decision to not to participate in the war led to a crisis in Turkey-US relations, it opened the way for Turkey s influence in the region. First, Turkey s resistance to the Bush administration undermined the image of Turkey as gendarmerie of the US in the Middle East and thus opened the way for Turkey s acceptance in the region. Second, the geopolitical transformations in the region, particularly the Arab fragmentation, the decrease in the US power, and the rise of Iranian influence in the post-2003 Middle East provided Turkey with new opportunities to be more active and influential in the region. Finally, domestic transformations of Turkey also provided new opportunities. Economic program after crisis that was adopted by the previous government were mainly overseen by the AKP. Particularly between 2002 and 2007 Turkey enjoyed highest average annual per capita growth rate as well as highest cumulative growth rate in its region. Furthermore, foreign trade indicators also improved and Turkey became a manufactured goods exporter. This economic transformation led Turkey to aggressively engage neighboring regions and even beyond economically. Thus economic motivations have also been a driving force in Turkish foreign policy. (Kirisci, 2009) Finally, the EU factor could be cited as an enabler for AKP s foreign policy. In the post-helsinki period Turkey has engaged in new reforms to be able to start accession negotiations. The first AKP government continued the reforms that began during the rule of the previous government and made the goal of starting accession negotiations with the EU as one of its major goals. Within this context there was also increasing harmonization with the EU policies in foreign policy as well which was also documented in European Commissions progress reports. But more significantly in the long run the Turkey has successfully adopted EU foreign policy tools, such as dialogue, engagement, peaceful resolution of disputes etc. Relations with the US: Complex Relationship Turkish-US relations in the post-cold War era have become more complex with the disappearance Cold War parameters. Although the two countries continued to cooperate on different issues and in different regions, Turkey has started to act more independently and at times openly clashed with Washington. Iraq issue has been an example of this complexity. In the 1990s Turkey cooperated with the US in the Gulf War and became critical for the continuation of the post-gulf War regime that was imposed on Iraq by allowing the US to use Incirlik air base for Operation Provide Comfort. However, US s Iraq policy soon became a source of frustration and mistrust in Ankara, due to the security threats it was posing in relation to the Kurdish issue as well as economic loss Turkey suffered for losing its important trading partner. Turkey s concerns culminated in March 1 st 2003 decision of the Turkish parliament to refuse to participate in the Iraq War. In fact, eventual US invasion of Iraq led to a further deterioration of US-Turkish relations and contributed to a rise in anti- Americanism in the country (Larrabee, 2011).Although especially since 2008 Ankara and Washington has begun cooperating in Iraq, other points of contentions emerged again in the Middle East. Washington became quite critical of Turkey s relations with Iran as well as the crisis in Turkey s relations with Israel. Thus, although the US President Barack Obama in his visit to Turkey in April 2010 defined Turkey-US relationship as a model partnership it is still not clear how this is being defined. Under AKP governments as well the post-cold War pattern in Turkish-American relations seems to continue as the two countries engaged in cooperation in certain areas and issues whereas they continued to diverge in significant ways on others. The EU: The Crisis in Accession Negotiations The 20 th century ended with a very significant milestone in Turkish-EU relations: In December 1999, the Helsinki European Council recognized Turkey as a candidate country. This was a very powerful incentive to reform and Turkey in fact has adopted several constitutional and legal reforms during this period. In October 2001, 34 constitutional amendments were made, including reduction of police powers of detention, expansion of human rights, lifting of the ban on Kurdish language broadcasts and increasing civilian representation in the National Security Council (NSC). A new Civil Code and three harmonization packages were adopted in These changes expanded political and civil rights in Turkey. The new Civil Code aimed to improve freedom of association and 196
3 assembly as well as introducing improvements in gender equality. Finally, reforms in the penal code were introduced, including outlawing of death penalty. These reforms culminated in the Copenhagen Summit of 2002 where the EU decided to open accession negotiations with Turkey once it fulfilled the Copenhagen political criteria. This decision, together with the availability of financial assistance, provided further incentive to reform. Four harmonization packages were adopted during this period which expanded freedom of thought, expression and assembly and new measures were taken to prevent torture. In 2005 the new Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure were adopted. The following reforms also decreased the role of the military in Turkish politics and initiated a process of dealing with Turkey s longstanding issues, such as the Kurdish issue. As a result, the Brussels European Council Summit in December 2004 decided to open negotiations without further delay. However, since the beginning of the accession negotiations ironically Turkey-EU relations began to deteriorate. One reason for this emanates from the EU countries themselves. In fact, the opening of the accession negotiations mobilized parties and groups that oppose to Turkey s membership. Within this context coming of power of Nicholas Sarkozy in France and Angela Merkel in Germany have been detrimental to the progress in the accession negotiations since the leaders of these two very important EU countries are openly anti-turkish membership. Especially France under Sarkozy became a quite vocal critic of Turkey s accession. As a home to largest Muslim population in Europe, the rise of anti-muslim sentiments made Turkey s membership a significant element in French domestic politics. In the meantime France has been blocking five chapters of Turkey s accession negotiations. On the other hand, the issue of Cyprus continues to be a major obstacle to negotiations. After the full membership of Republic of Cyprus in the EU in 2004 this issue has been effectively become part of Turkey-EU relations. Thus, Turkey s fulfillment of commitments under the Additional Protocol to the Ankara Agreement has become a benchmark for the opening of negotiations on eight chapters with 2005 decision of the EU Council. So far out of 35 chapters only 13 could be opened. On the Turkish side there has also been a waning of interest. The AKP government has been criticized for slowing down the reform process. The limited reform efforts, such as the adoption of a law to limit the power of the military courts in 2009 or the constitutional amendments, mostly about the judiciary, that were adopted by a referendum in 2010, were not enough to change this perception. On the contrary, some in Turkey began to argue that the AKP s reformism in its first term was mainly aiming to consolidate its power at home through external support, that is the EU, as well as to limit the power of domestic institutions such as the army and the judiciary that were seen as undermining the power of the AKP government. The EU seemed to share at least some of these concerns. After the referendum EU Enlargement Commissioner Stefan Füle, after welcoming the positive outcome of the referendum, stated that We share the views of many in Turkey that the 12 September vote needs to be followed by other much needed reforms to address the remaining priorities in the area of fundamental rights, such as freedom of expression and freedom of religion and any future constitutional changes should be prepared through the broadest possible consultation, involving all political parties and civil society in a timely manner and a spirit of dialogue and compromise. 1 The AKP government, on the other hand, blamed the EU and some EU countries for the deterioration of Turkish-EU relations. In the meantime, the public support for EU membership in Turkey also dropped from a peak 72 percent in 2002 to 54 percent in The Middle East: Increasing Engagement Under the AKP governments there have been some significant changes in Turkey s relations with the Middle East. Although Turkey had already been actively involved in the post-gulf War Middle East politics, its activism changed nature in the 2000s. The AKP progressively de-securitized Turkey s Middle East policy and continued to improve its relations with the regional countries. Particularly the changes in Syria and Iraq policies were remarkable in that context. Turkish- Syrian relations were improving after October 1998 crisis during which the two countries almost came to a brink of war. In the 2000s the relations between the two countries developed 1 in all fields. Security cooperation increased especially after 2003 Iraq War. Economic relations began to take off after the ratification of Free Trade Agreement in As a result the volume of trade reached to USD two billion by the end of Border trade also flourished, providing economic development and employment on both sides of the border. The elimination of visa requirement in 2009 further contributed to the proliferation of tourism and trade. Turkey s Iraq relations were more difficult to transform. When Turkey did not cooperate with the US in the war against Iraq, it was effectively excluded from post-war Iraqi politics. During those years Turkey became disturbed by the growing power of the Iraqi Kurds and the establishment of Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) due to its concerns about Iraq s territorial integrity as well as PKK s influence in that region. In 2008 Turkey adopted a new strategy towards Iraq. This strategy aimed to improve relations with all groups in Iraq, including the KRG. Improving political and economic relations constituted the backbone of improving ties. In addition to its embassy in Baghdad, Turkey opened consulates in Mosul, Basra and Erbil and thus established its presence in all parts of Iraq. Instead Turkish Foreign Policy in the 21st Century 197
4 Country Profile: Turkey " Turkey has successfully adopted EU foreign policy tools, such as dialogue, engagement and peaceful resolution of disputes CIDOB International Yearbook 2011 In the 1990s Turkish-Russian relations were characterized by developing economic relations and yet several political crises. Particularly problematic has been the mutual accusation for supporting each other s separatist movements in Kurdish and Chechen issues. The Rusof emphasizing threat, Turkey has begun to talk about economic integration with Iraq, focusing especially on the north. 3 The intensification of relations was reflected in the movement of people: the consulate in Erbil alone is said to issue as many as 300 visas a day. 4 The 2000s witnessed a general improvement of Turkey s relations with the Middle East. Visa-free travel has been agreed with Libya, Syria, Jordan,Lebanon and Yemen. Free trade agreements have been signed with Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria, Palestine and Tunisia. The AKP government has been stressing its aim of creating a zone of free movements of goods and people. As a result of suh policies the trade volume between Turkey and the Arab countries which was only 13 billion USD in 2004 soared to 33.5 billion USD in Total direct investments of the Middle East, Gulf and North African countries in Turkey reached 14 billion USD over the last six years. In addition intense political dialogue meachanisms have been established between Turkey and the regional countries. All this marked a major change from the Turkish policy of perceiving the Middle East as a source of threats. The recent uprisings in the Arab world provided Turkey both opportunities and challenges. Especially the first AKP government was vocal in its emphasis on the need for reform in the region. Turkey has also become an interesting example for the reformers in the region due its image of success, its foreign policy as well as the transformation of Turkish political Islamist movement. Thus, political transformation of the region towards more popular and accountable governments in the long run could enhance Turkey s cooperation with the region. However, in the short run the AKP government faced familiar dichotomies. After all Turkey had invested a lot in improving its relations with the region, which meant it has political, strategic and economic stakes in status quo. This dilemma has been reflected in Turkish policy towards Arab Spring. Turkey, like others, was caught unexpectedly to the Tunisian uprising. In Egypt, although the AKP government was criticized at home for being slow, Erdogan s call for Mubarak to listen to the people was welcomed. Libya, on the other hand, once again exposed Turkey s limitations. There was about 30,000 Turkish workers in that country, most of which were evacuated in a successful campaign. The fact that the Turkish companies have about USD 10 billion investments in that country further complicated the situation. Thus the AKP government has been uneasy about outside intervention in Libya and worked to move the intervention to NATO when it could not be avoided. In the meantime the government has continued to work for a negotiated end to the conflict which would open the way for a political transition. The events in Bahrain, Yemen and especially Syria continue to present more pressing challenges. The best to hope for Turkey is to contribute to a more managed and peaceful transition in these countries as it suffers from the instability the Arab Spring has created. Finally, the deterioration of Turkish-Israeli relations constitutes another element of Turkey s foreign policy in the region and provides particular challenges. The coming of power of the AKP did not immediately effect Turkey s relations with Israel. The AKP government initially adopted a pragmatic position and continued Turkey s relations with Israel as usual for some time. Turkey s close relations with Israel and Syria allowed Ankara to mediate in the conflict between them. The AKP government also arranged a meeting between Israeli and Pakistani officials in Istanbul in All this changed with the Gaza War. Prime Minister Erdogan heavily criticized Israel s conduct of the war at the 2009 World Economic Forum Conference at Davos. The so-called Davos affair became a turning point in the relations between the two countries. From then on especially Prime Minister Erdogan increased his tone of criticism against Israel both in international and domestic forums. On May 31 st, 2010 a Turkish ship, which was part of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla, a convoy of six ships carrying nationalities of 37 countries to challenge Israel s Gaza embargo by carrying humanitarian aid to the Strip, was raided by the IDF soldiers in the international waters and nine Turkish citizens were killed during the raid. The flotilla attack caused an enormous harm to Turkish-Israeli relations. The deterioration of relations with Israel provided a challenge to the previous positioning of Turkey above regional divisions and its claim to talk to everybody. This evolution was also not welcomed by the regimes, although became quite popular with the public in the Arab world. Another controversial aspect of Turkey s Middle East policy has been its relations with Iran. In addition to deterioration of Turkish-Israeli relations, improvement of Turkey s relations with Iran led to some claims in the US and EU countries that Turkey s turning to the east. In the 2000s Turkish-Iranian relations continued to be complex. Turkey increasingly engaged Iran, which is the number two provider of natural gas to Turkey, both politically and economically. Ankara also worked for the diplomatic solution to the nuclear crisis as it feared for the consequences of military solution as well as sanctions. However, Turkey did not want a nuclear Iran and also sought to limit Iran s influence in the Middle East. Russia: Emergence of Pragmatism 198
5 sian Federation was also disturbed by Turkey s political and economic activism in the Caspian region. Thus, the two countries engaged in competition in these areas and to limit each others influence in the region. In the Balkans too Russia and Turkey were on opposing sides in Bosnia and Kosovo. Despite political competition, economic relations came to a new level with the signing of an agreement for Blue Stream Project, which would carry Russian natural gas through a pipeline across the Black Sea to Turkey. Finally, during then Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit s visit to Russia in 1999 the two countries accepted the principle of non-involvement in their internal affairs. This understanding opened the way for further cooperation. In December 2004 then-russian President Putin s visit to Turkey was another turning point and six agreements in the areas of military and economic cooperation were signed. Since then Turkish-Russian relations have been marked by intensity of high-level visits and a close working relationship at the leadership level. The volume of bilateral trade reached USD 38 billion in Russia has been the largest trading partner of Turkey and number one provider of natural gas with more than 60 percent. Turkey s construction sector is also quite active in Russia. The total value of projects undertaken by Turkish contractors in Russia is more than USD 26 billion, making Russia by far the most important market for Turkish construction services. As for Turkish direct investments in Russia, they are estimated to have reached USD 6 billion. Finally, tourism from Russia has reached to significant numbers; 2.8 million Russian tourists visit Turkey annually (Aras, 2009) In May 2010 during a visit by Russian President Medvedev again several agreements were signed. Three of these agreements are quite significant: First of all, the two countries lifted visa requirements for short visits. Second, they signed a nuclear power plant deal which will be built by a Russian company, will be Russia s first built and owned foreign power plant. Finally, an agreement to develop the pipeline project that would carry oil from Turkey s Black Sea coast to the port of Ceyhan in the Mediterranean, the so-called Samsun-Ceyhan pipeline was signed. Turkish-Russian relations are also developing in military and defense industry area. The most limited area of cooperation remains to be the political field. Turkey and Russia continue to differ on issues related to the South Caucasus, particularly Nagorno-Karabakh issue. Furthermore, the Georgian War of 2008 also underlined some divergences in the policies of the two countries. There are also competitive elements in energy issues. On the one hand, Turkey cooperates closely on energy issues with Russia. On the other hand, Turkey promotes itself as an alternative route to Russia for the EU which is looking to diversify its energy sources. Despite these limitations, however, Turkish-Russian relations have improved remarkably in the 2000s. In conclusion, during the 2000s Turkish foreign policy aimed to increase Turkey s importance in the neighboring regions as well as global politics. Turkey has been actively engaging its regions and increasingly utilizing tools such as soft power, dialogue, mediation, economic interdependence rather than military power in doing so. Parallel to its regional roles, Turkey seems to be aspiring to increase its importance in global politics, aiming to be considered as one of the emerging powers. Turkey s activism in international organizations, such as the UN or the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), is a case in point. Notes 1. Statement by Commissioner Štefan Füle on the result of the referendum in Turkey, available at europa.eu/rapid/pressreleasesaction.do?reference=m EMO/10/402&type=HTML 2. Eurobarameter 66, Public Opinion in the European Union, December opinion/archives/eb/eb66/eb66_highlights_en.pdf Biblography ALTUNISIK, Meliha. Worldviews and Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East. New Perspectives on Turkey, Special Issue on Turkish Foreign policy, No. 40, Spring ARAS, Bulent. Turkey and the Russian Federation: An Emerging Multidimensional Partnership. Ankara: SETA Policy Brief, KEYMAN, Fuat and ONIS, Ziya. Turkish Politics in a Changing World.Istanbul: Bilgi University Press, KIRISCI, Kemal. The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of Trading State. New Perspectives on Turkey, Special Issue on Turkish Foreign policy, No. 40, Spring LARRABEE, Stephan. The New Turkey and American-Turkish Relations. Insight Turkey, Winter Turkish Foreign Policy in the 21st Century 199
6
Turkish Foreign Policy and Russian-Turkish Relations. Dr. Emre Erşen Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
Turkish Foreign Policy and Russian-Turkish Relations Dr. Emre Erşen Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail: eersen@marmara.edu.tr Domestic Dynamics --- 2002 elections --- (general) Only two parties
More informationTurkey s Rise as a Regional Power and its Role in the European Neighbourhood (ARI)
Turkey s Rise as a Regional Power and its Role in the European Neighbourhood (ARI) Deniz Devrim and Evelina Schulz * Theme: Turkey has a growing strategic role in its overlapping neighbourhood with the
More informationTURKISH FOREIGN POLICY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD
TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD In Turkey there is currently a lack of trust and an increasing feeling of ambiguity and insecurity about the future of Turkey-EU relations. However, this article
More informationTURKEY AFTER THE ARAB UPRISINGS: DIFFICULTIES OF HANGING ON IN THERE
Analysis No. 223, December 2013 TURKEY AFTER THE ARAB UPRISINGS: DIFFICULTIES OF HANGING ON IN THERE Meliha Benli Altunışık In the early days of the Arab uprisings, Turkey was seen as the winner. Yet after
More informationEuropean Neighbourhood Policy
European Neighbourhood Policy Page 1 European Neighbourhood Policy Introduction The EU s expansion from 15 to 27 members has led to the development during the last five years of a new framework for closer
More informationTURKEY AND THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY
TURKEY AND THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY There is clear scope for Turkey and the EU to further develop cooperation and to intensify policy coordination in the Southern Mediterranean and Black Sea regions.
More informationCLINGENDAEL FUTURES TURKEY AT THE CROSSROADS: EXTERNAL RELATIONS WITH EUROPE, RUSSIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST DECEMBER 2013
CLINGENDAEL FUTURES TURKEY AT THE CROSSROADS: EXTERNAL RELATIONS WITH EUROPE, RUSSIA AND THE MIDDLE EAST DECEMBER 2013 THE FOLLOWING IS THE VISUAL SUMMARY OF FUTURES RESEARCH CONDUCTED ON TURKEY & ITS
More informationDavutoglu as Turkey's PM and Future Challenges
Position Papers Davutoglu as Turkey's PM and Future Challenges AlJazeera Centre for Studies Al Jazeera Center for Studies Tel: +974-44663454 jcforstudies-en@aljazeera.net 28 August 2014 [AlJazeera] Abstract
More informationGermany and the Middle East
Working Paper Research Unit Middle East and Africa Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Volker Perthes Germany and the Middle East (Contribution to
More informationE V E N T R E P O R T
E V E N T R E P O R T Regional Conference Jordan in a Changing Regional Environment 4-6 November 2017, Amman Jordan is located in a turbulent regional environment. It is situated at the center of several
More informationTurkey: A Long Journey to Europe A Media Briefing
Turkey: A Long Journey to Europe A Media Briefing Basic facts: 1 Population: 69,660,559 (July 2005 est.) GDP per capita, purchasing power parity: $7,400 (2004 est.) Population below poverty line: 20% (2002)
More informationTURKEY OUTLOOK Jan., 2016
TURKEY OUTLOOK 2016 06 Jan., 2016 Editor s Note Following note is a forward-looking assessment by StratejiCo. team based on information gathered from publicly available sources. StratejiCo. does not ensure
More informationPolicy Brief. Turkey between Syria and Israel: Turkey s Rising Soft Power. May 2008, No.15. Bülent ARAS
Policy Brief, No.15 Turkey between Syria and Israel: Turkey s Rising Soft Power Bülent ARAS Summary Turkish policymakers exhibit a high degree of selfconfidence and willingness to pursue intensive diplomatic
More informationTHE FUTURE OF TURKISH - RUSSIAN RELATIONS: A STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE
THE FUTURE OF TURKISH - RUSSIAN RELATIONS: A STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE Analyzing multiple dimensions of the relationship, the author argues that contrary to some experts predictions, a strategic partnership
More informationWhat s the problem with economic integration in the MED?
tepav The Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey What s the problem with economic integration in the MED? Güven Sak Washington DC, 11 June 2013 Connectivity in the Mediterranean Slide 2 Jenin Industrial
More informationGREECE AND TURKEY IN THE 21TH CENTURY ACCESSION OF TURKEY TO THE EU, DIFFICULTIES AND PERSPECTIVES
GREECE AND TURKEY IN THE 21TH CENTURY ACCESSION OF TURKEY TO THE EU, DIFFICULTIES AND PERSPECTIVES Mr President, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great pleasure and honour to address this distinguished audience
More informationTURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AND IRAN
TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AND IRAN This article elaborates upon Turkey s foreign policy with a specific focus on relations with Iran. Turkish foreign policy is predicated on its unique historical experience
More informationTURKEY-EU RELATIONS AND DEMOCRACY IN TURKEY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
TURKEY-EU RELATIONS AND DEMOCRACY IN TURKEY: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS Turkey s integration with Europe is not a painless process. The reluctance of the important EU politicians to make concessions on central
More informationReport. Iran's Foreign Policy Following the Nuclear Argreement and the Advent of Trump: Priorities and Future Directions.
Report Iran's Foreign Policy Following the Nuclear Argreement and the Advent of Trump: Priorities and Future Directions Fatima Al-Smadi* 20 May 2017 Al Jazeera Centre for Studies Tel: +974 40158384 jcforstudies@aljazeera.net
More informationIPIS & Aleksanteri Institute Roundtable 11 April 2016 IPIS Tehran, Iran
IPIS & Aleksanteri Institute Roundtable 11 April 2016 IPIS Tehran, Iran The joint roundtable between the Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS) and Aleksanteri Institute from Finland
More informationEuropean Parliament resolution of 16 February 2012 on the situation in Syria (2012/2543(RSP)) The European Parliament,
European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2012 on the situation in Syria (2012/2543(RSP)) The European Parliament, having regard to its previous resolutions on Syria, having regard to the Foreign Affairs
More informationThe EU, the Mediterranean and the Middle East - A longstanding partnership
MEMO/04/294 Brussels, June 2004 Update December 2004 The EU, the Mediterranean and the Middle East - A longstanding partnership The EU Strategic Partnership with the Mediterranean and the Middle East 1
More informationTHE OIC AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION August By Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou * Basic Background on OIC
THE OIC AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION August 2014 By Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou * Basic Background on OIC The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second-largest international organization in the
More informationWORKING DOCUMENT. EN United in diversity EN
EUROPEAN PARLIAMT 2014-2019 Committee on Foreign Affairs 13.11.2014 WORKING DOCUMT for the Report on the Annual Report from the Council to the European Parliament on the Common Foreign and Security Policy
More informationChallenges to Stability Assistance in Rojava A United States Policy Option
Challenges to Stability Assistance in Rojava A United States Policy Option Joe Wortham Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University U.S. Army War College Agenda Why is Rojava important? Research Methodology
More informationPutin, Syria and the Arab Spring: Challenges for EU Foreign Policy in the Near Neighborhood
Putin, Syria and the Arab Spring: Challenges for EU Foreign Policy in the Near Neighborhood MEUCE Workshop on EU Foreign Policy October 14, 2014 - Florida International University Introduction RQ : Does
More informationEU S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE BALKANS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF TURKEY S MEMBERSHIP OF EU FOR THE REGION. Göknil ERBAŞ *
EU S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE BALKANS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF TURKEY S MEMBERSHIP OF EU FOR THE REGION Abstract Göknil ERBAŞ * It is well known that there is a strong historical link between Turkey and
More informationDiscussion paper Christian-Peter Hanelt and Almut Möller
Security Situation in the Gulf Region Involving Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia as Regional Powers. Policy Recommendations for the European Union and the International Community Discussion paper Christian-Peter
More informationThe Israel-Lebanon War of 2006 and the Ceyhan-Haifa Pipeline
- Iakovos Alhadeff The Israel-Lebanon War of 2006 and the Ceyhan-Haifa Pipeline By Iakovos Alhadeff Release Date : 2014-09-13 Genre : Politics & Current Affairs FIle Size : 0.65 MB is Politics & Current
More informationRussian and Western Engagement in the Broader Middle East
Chapter 8 Russian and Western Engagement in the Broader Middle East Mark N. Katz There are many problems in the greater Middle East that would be in the common interest of the United States, its EU/NATO
More informationKaterina Dalacoura A new phase in Turkish foreign policy: expediency and AKP survival
Katerina Dalacoura A new phase in Turkish foreign policy: expediency and AKP survival Report Original citation: Dalacoura, Katerina (2017) A new phase in Turkish foreign policy: expediency and AKP survival.
More informationCAUCASUS 2008 International Conference Yerevan, Armenia. The U.S. and the Caucasus in 2008
CAUCASUS 2008 International Conference Yerevan, Armenia 28-29 April 2009 The U.S. and the Caucasus in 2008 Richard Giragosian Director Armenian Center for National and International Studies (ACNIS) ԱՄՆ
More informationThe U.S. and Turkey in 2010 Robert P. Finn
The U.S. and Turkey in 2010 Robert P. Finn The views expressed in this and all LISD commentaries are solely those of the authors. Twenty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world is still
More informationÇ. Esra Çuhadar Bilkent University. Monica Rafael Simoes Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center (NOREF)
V2, N1, Jan. 2013, 53-59 Notes from NOREF and İhsan Doğramacı Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research: Summary and Reflections on the Turkish and Norwegian Approaches to the Arab Spring and Peacebuilding
More informationINTL Turkish Foreign Policy in a Tumultuous Region Dr. Ali Demirdas
INTL 290-01 Turkish Foreign Policy in a Tumultuous Region Dr. Ali Demirdas Term: Spring 2017 Hours: Monday-Wednesday-Friday 9-9.50pm Class held at: Education Center 120 Office: Education Center, Room 206A
More informationThe Dispensability of Allies
The Dispensability of Allies May 17, 2017 Trump brings unpredictability to his talks with Middle East leaders, but some things we already know. By George Friedman U.S. President Donald Trump hosted Turkish
More informationTHE 14 JANUARY REVOLUTION IN TUNISIA AND TURKISH-TUNISIAN RELATIONS
THE 14 JANUARY REVOLUTION IN TUNISIA AND TURKISH-TUNISIAN RELATIONS It has already been more than a year since the first protests of the Arab Spring sparked a historic series of events, which continue
More informationMontessori Model United Nations. Distr.: Middle School Eleventh Session XX September Security Council
Montessori Model United Nations S/11/BG-Middle East General Assembly Distr.: Middle School Eleventh Session XX September 2016 Original: English Security Council This is a special part of the United Nations.
More informationExternal dimensions of EU migration law and policy
1 External dimensions of EU migration law and policy Session 1: Overview Bernard Ryan University of Leicester br85@le.ac.uk Academy of European Law Session of 11 July 2016 2 Three sessions Plan is: Session
More informationSince 2000, Turkey has engaged in a
The EU and Turkey in Energy Diplomacy ABSTRACT DIMITRIOS TRIANTAPHYLLOU* and ELENI FOTIOU** Since 2000, Turkey s Europeanisation process has affected the country s foreign policy both as a structural and
More informationicd - institute for cultural diplomacy
An International Conference on Peacebuilding, Reconciliation and Globalization in an Interdependent World An International Conference on Peacebuilding, Reconciliation and Globalization in an Interdependent
More informationCHINA IN THE WORLD PODCAST. Host: Paul Haenle Guest: Wang Yizhou
CHINA IN THE WORLD PODCAST Host: Paul Haenle Guest: Wang Yizhou Episode 3: China s Evolving Foreign Policy, Part I November 19, 2013 You're listening to the Carnegie Tsinghua "China in the World" podcast,
More informationRemarks by HR/VP Federica Mogherini at the press conference following the Foreign Affairs Council
Bruxelles 11/12/2017-19:09 Remarks Remarks by HR/VP Federica Mogherini at the press conference following the Foreign Affairs Council Remarks by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini at
More informationThe United States and Russia in the Greater Middle East
MARCH 2019 The United States and Russia in the Greater Middle East James Dobbins & Ivan Timofeev Though the Middle East has not been the trigger of the current U.S.-Russia crisis, it is an area of competition.
More informationINTERVIEW. ... with Mario Baldassarri *
INTERVIEW... with * Turkey has been granted the chance to join the E.U. by October 3, provided that Ankara agrees upon given conditions. In your opinion, which are the most significant social and political
More informationOn events in the wider Middle East
On events in the wider Middle East The Background Context Nowhere around the globe is there a region at the moment with as many violent conflicts as in the wider Middle East. Nowhere are more people being
More informationPERMANENT MISSION OF TURKEY TO THE UNITED NATIONS
PERMANENT MISSION OF TURKEY TO THE UNITED NATIONS CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY ADDRESS BY H.E. MR. RECEP TAYYJP ERDOGAN PRIME MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY TO THE GENERAL DEBATE OF THE 64th SESSION OF THE
More informationEMERGING SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NATO S SOUTH: HOW CAN THE ALLIANCE RESPOND?
EMERGING SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NATO S SOUTH: HOW CAN THE ALLIANCE RESPOND? Given the complexity and diversity of the security environment in NATO s South, the Alliance must adopt a multi-dimensional approach
More informationEASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONAL DYNAMICS: CONFLICTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION SUPPORT Rebecca Bornstein *
No. 82 27 June 2018 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGIONAL DYNAMICS: CONFLICTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION SUPPORT Rebecca Bornstein * Introduction Diplomatic engagement between countries in the
More informationThe Middle East at breaking point: Turkey s neighbourhood policy and the need for enhanced Soft Power
The Middle East at breaking point: Turkey s neighbourhood policy and the need for enhanced Soft Power Athanasios Manis Senior Research Fellow International Politics and National Security AKP s neighbourhood
More informationCRS Report for Congress
CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code RS22053 February 15, 2005 The Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative: An Overview Summary Jeremy M. Sharp Middle East Policy Analyst
More informationTURKEY AFTER ELECTIONS: IRANIAN NUCLEAR DEAL, KURDISH PEACE PROCESS AND THE FIGHT AGAINST DAESH. Bülent Aras* and E. Fuat Keyman**
TURKEY AFTER ELECTIONS: IRANIAN NUCLEAR DEAL, KURDISH PEACE PROCESS AND THE FIGHT AGAINST DAESH Bülent Aras* and E. Fuat Keyman** Our globalizing world has been shaped by speed and uncertainty. Nowhere
More informationFEUTURE EU 28 Country Report
April 2017 FEUTURE EU 28 Country Report Ireland Hasmik Grigoryan, University College Dublin 1. History of EU-Turkey Relations 1 1.1. Position of Ireland on the accession of Turkey Ireland is in favour
More informationOn the Road to 2015 CAN GENOCIDE COMMEMORATION LEAD TO TURKISH-ARMENIAN RECONCILIATION?
On the Road to 2015 CAN GENOCIDE COMMEMORATION LEAD TO TURKISH-ARMENIAN RECONCILIATION? PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 339 September 2014 Sergey Minasyan Caucasus Institute (Yerevan) The one-hundredth
More informationThe EU in a world of rising powers
SPEECH/09/283 Benita Ferrero-Waldner European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy The EU in a world of rising powers Chancellor s Seminar, St Antony s College, University
More informationTwo views on Turkey and the EU
TWO VIEWS VOL-3/6 Two views on Turkey and the EU T With Başak Kale and Gerald Knaus urkey s relations with the EU have been at a stalemate in recent years, yet the bloc remains a key trading partner for
More informationA comparative study on the role of EU perspective upon the Europeanisation of Croatia and Turkey
A comparative study on the role of EU perspective upon the Europeanisation of Croatia and Turkey Dr.Yeşim Özer Istanbul University E-mail: yozer@istanbul.edu.tr Track: The Strength of NATO and EU conditionality
More informationDRAFT REPORT. European Parliament 2016/2308(INI) on the 2016 Commission Report on Turkey (2016/2308(INI)) Rapporteur: Kati Piri
European Parliament 2014-2019 Committee on Foreign Affairs 2016/2308(INI) 18.4.2017 DRAFT REPORT on the 2016 Commission Report on Turkey (2016/2308(INI)) Committee on Foreign Affairs Rapporteur: Kati Piri
More informationSpeech on the 41th Munich Conference on Security Policy 02/12/2005
Home Welcome Press Conferences 2005 Speeches Photos 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 Organisation Chronology Speaker: Schröder, Gerhard Funktion: Federal Chancellor, Federal Republic of Germany Nation/Organisation:
More informationA SCENARIO: ALLIANCE OF FRUSTRATION. Dr. Deniz Altınbaş. While the relations between the European Union and Russia are getting tense, we
A SCENARIO: ALLIANCE OF FRUSTRATION Dr. Deniz Altınbaş While the relations between the European Union and Russia are getting tense, we see at the same time EU and Turkey are moving away from each other
More informationThe Impact of Decline in Oil Prices on the Middle Eastern Countries
The Impact of Decline in Oil Prices on the Middle Eastern Countries Dr. Shah Mehrabi Professor of Economics Montgomery College Senior Economic Consultant and Member of the Supreme Council of the Central
More informationTurkey and NATO in Retrospect: Hard to Classify as a Win-Win Relationship
Turkish Foreign Policy Turkey and NATO in Retrospect: Hard to Classify as a Win-Win Relationship Turkey is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since February 1952. Most of the allied
More informationTURKEY AS A NATO PARTNER: REALITY VS. RHETORIC
TURKEY AS A NATO PARTNER: REALITY VS. RHETORIC This paper aims to provide a critical assessment of the rhetoric used by the Justice and Development Party (AKP) towards the United States and the NATO. In
More informationTurkey s Constitutional Dilemma and EU Ambitions Emiliano Alessandri and Omer Taspinar
US EUROPE ANALYSIS SERIES NUMBER 46 April 30, 2010 Turkey s Constitutional Dilemma and EU Ambitions Emiliano Alessandri and Omer Taspinar Nearly three years ago, when Turkey s moderately Islamic Justice
More information1. Political Criteria and Enhanced Political Dialogue: which are the political recommendations of the Commission? Democracy
Marianna Manesi Introduction: What is the EU-Turkey relation? Turkey remains a key partner for the European Union. Association Agreement (1964) - customs union (1995) - status of candidate country (1999)
More informationThe 2017 Israeli Foreign Policy Index of the Mitvim Institute
The 2017 Israeli Foreign Policy Index of the Mitvim Institute November 2017 The Israeli Institute for Regional Foreign Policies The 2017 Israeli Foreign Policy Index Findings of the Mitvim Institute Poll
More informationGeneral Idea: The way in which the state is born affects its domestic conditions for a long time The way in which the state is born affects its
General Idea: The way in which the state is born affects its domestic conditions for a long time The way in which the state is born affects its international circumstances for a long time There is a linkage
More informationJoshua W. Walker Turkey's global strategy: introduction: the sources of Turkish grand strategy - strategic depth and zero-problems in context
Joshua W. Walker Turkey's global strategy: introduction: the sources of Turkish grand strategy - strategic depth and zero-problems in context Report Original citation: Walker, Joshua W. (2011) Turkey's
More informationNATO S ENLARGEMENT POLICY IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA
IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA The purpose of this article is not to address every aspect of the change taking place in NATO but rather to focus on the enlargement and globalization policy of NATO, which is
More informationThe EU & the United States
The EU & the United States Page 1 The EU & the United States Summary The United States supported European integration from its beginnings after the Second World War despite domestic concerns that Europe
More informationH.E. President Abdullah Gül s Address at the Pugwash Conference
H.E. President Abdullah Gül s Address at the Pugwash Conference 01.11.2013 Ladies and Gentlemen, I am pleased to address this distinguished audience on the occasion of the 60th Pugwash Conference on Science
More information2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll
2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll Conducted by the University of Maryland in conjunction with Zogby International With special thanks to the Carnegie Corporation of New York Shibley Telhami, Principal Investigator
More informationJoint Statement between Japan and the State of Kuwait on Promoting and Expanding Cooperation under the Comprehensive Partnership
Joint Statement between Japan and the State of Kuwait on Promoting and Expanding Cooperation under the Comprehensive Partnership H.H. Sheikh Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of the State
More informationMOTION FOR A RESOLUTION
EUROPEAN PARLIAMT 2009-2014 Plenary sitting 4.12.2013 B7-0000/2013 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION to wind up the debate on the statement by the Commission pursuant to Rule 110(2) of the Rules of Procedure on
More informationTHE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS NEIGHBORHOODS:
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS NEIGHBORHOODS: STABILISATION, DEMOCRATISATION, INTEGRATION Teachers: Jacques RUPNIK, Pierre MIREL Academic year 2018/2019: Paris School of International Affairs Fall Semester
More informationThe Situation in Syria
The Situation in Syria Topic Background Over 465,000 people have been killed in the civil war that is ongoing in Syria. Over one million others have been injured, and more than 12 million individuals -
More informationRemarks of Andrew Kohut to The Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing: AMERICAN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD FEBRUARY 27, 2003
1150 18 th Street, N.W., Suite 975 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel (202) 293-3126 Fax (202) 293-2569 Remarks of Andrew Kohut to The Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing: AMERICAN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN THE
More informationWhat Are the Implications of the Russian-Turkish Rapprochement?
What Are the Implications of the Russian-Turkish Rapprochement? Moderated by George N. Tzogopoulos BESA Center Online Debate No. 5, January 21, 2018 Q: In the aftermath of the failed coup d'état of July
More informationObama and the World: One Year Later
Event report Obama and the World: One Year Later With Jean-Marc Coicaud and Tom Farer Midday Forum 30 March 2010 On 30 th March, UNU-ONY held a conversation with Tom Farer, Dean of the Josef Korbel School
More informationClosing Session: Pursuit of Justice in a Fragmented World
3 CONFERENCE REPORT Closing Session: Pursuit of Justice in a Fragmented World Moderator Fatih Er Director of News, Programmes and Visual at TRT World Speakers Recep Tayyip Erdoğan President of the Republic
More informationThe Future of the U.S.-Turkey Relationship
The Future of the U.S.-Turkey Relationship By R. Nicholas Burns Under Secretary for Political Affairs Remarks at the Atlantic Council of the United States (ACUS) Washington, DC September 13, 2007 I am
More informationThe European Neighbourhood Policy prospects for better relations between the European Union and the EU s new neighbour Ukraine
Patrycja Soboń The European Neighbourhood Policy prospects for better relations between the European Union and the EU s new neighbour Ukraine 1. Introduction For the last few years the situation on the
More informationI. Executive Summary II. Situation1 III. US Interests Maintain and improve current bi-lateral relationships with main actors
MEMORANDUM TO: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton FROM: State Department Energy Task Force Team 5 SUBJECT: Implications of Goliath Gas Field Development in the Levant Basin I. Executive Summary This memorandum
More informationThe Political Economy of Governance in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
The Political Economy of Governance in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Deliverable No. 10 Working Package 8 New Challenges: Regional Integration Working Package Summary: Working Package 8 New Challenges:
More informationASSESSMENT REPORT. Does Erdogan s Victory Herald the Start of a New Era for Turkey?
ASSESSMENT REPORT Does Erdogan s Victory Herald the Start of a New Era for Turkey? Policy Analysis Unit - ACRPS Aug 2014 Does Erdogan s Victory Herald the Start of a New Era for Turkey? Series: Assessment
More informationPolicy Recommendations and Observations KONRAD-ADENAUER-STIFTUNG REGIONAL PROGRAM POLITICAL DIALOGUE SOUTH CAUCASUS
Third Georgian-German Strategic Forum Policy Recommendations and Observations KONRAD-ADENAUER-STIFTUNG REGIONAL PROGRAM POLITICAL DIALOGUE SOUTH CAUCASUS Third Georgian-German Strategic Forum: Policy Recommendations
More informationMigration in the Turkish Republic
Migration in the Turkish Republic Turkey has historically been a country of both emigration and immigration. Internal dynamics, bilateral agreements, conflicts and war, and political and economic interests
More informationThe Future of the European Neighbourhood Policy
European Research Studies, Volume XI, Issue (1-2) 2008 Abstract: The Future of the European Neighbourhood Policy By Mete Feridun 1 The purpose of this article is to explore the future of the EU s Neighbourhood
More informationBeginning at the end of 2010, the transformation of the Middle East and. The global economic crisis that began in 2008 was among the main triggers
2013 - NINTH EDITION Series editor: Şaban Kardaş Turkey s Policy towards the Middle East and North Africa after the Arab Spring by Mesut Özcan This policy brief evaluates Turkish foreign policy in the
More information2011 Public Opinion Polls of Jewish and Arab Citizens of Israel
Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development University of Maryland 2011 Public Opinion Polls of Jewish and Arab Citizens of Israel Poll of Jewish citizens conducted with Dahaf Institute, Nov. 10-16, 2011
More informationTURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AND THE EU IN 2010
TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AND THE EU IN 2010 While Turkey pursues a policy of constructive engagement in its neighborhood and beyond, full integration with the EU is and will remain the priority. Membership
More informationTransatlantic Trends Key Findings 2008
Transatlantic Trends Key Findings 8 Transatlantic Trends 8 Partners TABLE OF CONTENTS Key Findings 8...3 Section One: The Bush Administration s Legacy and Coming U.S. Elections...6 Section Two: Views of
More informationTHE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS NEIGHBORHOODS: STABILISATION, DEMOCRATISATION AND INTEGRATION
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS NEIGHBORHOODS: STABILISATION, DEMOCRATISATION AND INTEGRATION Teacherss: Jacques RUPNIK, Pierre MIREL Academic year 2017/2018: Paris School of International Affairs Fall Semester
More informationTURKEY S IMAGE AND THE ARMENIAN QUESTION
TURKEY S IMAGE AND THE ARMENIAN QUESTION Turkey can justifiably condemn the policies and actions of previous regimes or governments while still asserting pride in its history, the author argues. He subsequently
More informationPoland s Rising Leadership Position
Poland s Rising Leadership Position Dec. 23, 2016 Warsaw has increasingly focused on defense and regional partnerships. By Antonia Colibasanu Poland s history can easily be summed up as a continuous struggle
More informationThe Future of Transatlantic Relations: South East Europe and Beyond
Germia Hill conference 2012 European Council on Foreign Relations & Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo Prishtina, 8-10 November 2012 The Future of Transatlantic Relations: South East
More informationPublic Affairs and Communications Office
Public Affairs and Communications Office No. 03/2014 /MEDIA INFORMATION/INFORMATION MEDIA: معلومات البيان LE: 20.01.2014 /ISSUED ON/DIFFUSEE تاريخ النشر /immediate all media/immédiate tous media حاال لكافة
More informationThe Neglected Alliance. Restoring U.S. Turkish Relations to Meet 21 st Century Challenges. Spencer P. Boyer and Brian Katulis December 2008
AP PHOTO/MURAD SEZER The Neglected Alliance Restoring U.S. Turkish Relations to Meet 21 st Century Challenges Spencer P. Boyer and Brian Katulis December 2008 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG The Neglected Alliance
More informationNINTH MEETING OF THE EU-JORDAN ASSOCIATION COUNCIL (Brussels, 26 October 2010) Statement by the European Union P R E S S
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 26 October 2010 15539/10 PRESSE 288 NINTH MEETING OF THE EU-JORDAN ASSOCIATION COUNCIL (Brussels, 26 October 2010) Statement by the European Union 1. The European
More informationG8 Foreign Ministers Meeting (Moscow, 29 June 2006)
G8 Foreign Ministers Meeting (Moscow, 29 June 2006) S174/06 CHAIRMAN S STATEMENT G8 Foreign Ministers met in Moscow on 29 June 2006 to discuss a range of global and regional issues of primary importance
More information