1 New York city, NY 4,766,883 2,822,526 1,944, Chicago city, IL 2,185,283 1,401, ,

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1 URBANIZATION 1

2 Rank Place Total Native 1910 Foreign born Number Percent 1 New York city, NY 4,766,883 2,822,526 1,944, Chicago city, IL 2,185,283 1,401, , Philadelphia city, PA 1,549,008 1,164, , St. Louis city, MO 687, , , Boston city, MA 670, , , Cleveland city, OH 560, , , The majority of new immigrants settled in big cities. By 1900, 2/3 rds of city dwellers were immigrants. In New York, 4 out of 5 were foreign-born or 1 st generation Americans. 7 Baltimore city, MD 558, ,823 77, Pittsburgh city, PA 533, , , Detroit city, MI 465, , , Buffalo city, NY 423, , , San Francisco city, CA 416, , , Milwaukee city, WI 373, , , Cincinnati city, OH 363, ,732 56, Newark city, NJ 347, , , New Orleans city, LA 339, ,742 28, Washington city, DC 331, ,167 24, Los Angeles city, CA 319, ,065 66, Minneapolis city, MN 301, ,309 86, Jersey City city, NJ 267, ,792 77, Kansas City city, MO 248, ,915 25, Seattle city, WA 237, ,738 67,

3 CHICAGO AREA BY 1890, CHICAGO WAS NEARLY 80% IMMIGRANTS OR CHILDREN OF IMMIGRANTS 3

4 4

5 MOST NEW IMMIGRANTS TENDED TO MOVE WHERE THEY KNEW PEOPLE FROM THE OLD COUNTRY UNLIKE THE OLD IMMIGRANTS THE NEW IMMIGRANTS WERE MORE LIKELY TO STAY IN THE LARGE CITIES AND NOT MOVE TO THE COUNTRY AND FARM. 5

6 IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS IN NEW YORK CITY LATER HALF OF THE 19 TH CENTURY: CALLED ETHNIC ENCLAVES OR GHETTOS

7 JEWISH IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOOD IN NEW YORK CITY HESTER STREET, NYC Ethnic enclaves were dynamic and changing. As one ethnic group became established and moved on, other ethnic groups moved in to replace them.

8 Tenements were apartments specifically built for the immigrants. They were originally designed and built for a single family. With so many immigrants coming to America, the ghettos became overcrowded. Because the apartments were expensive for the immigrants to rent, several families would occupy one apartment.

9 Because many immigrant men were single or came by themselves before sending for their families, several men would crowd into single rooms called Five cents a spot. These lodgings were cheap but illegal, however police seldom were able to stop them.

10 Jacob Riis, a Dutch immigrant, became famous for his photographs of immigrants, and their living and working conditions

11 PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS, RUN BY RELIGIOUS GROUPS, HELPED KEEP IMMIGRANTS TIED TO THEIR RELIGION AND CULTURE 11

12 Immigrants took jobs that most native-born Americans did not want, working in textile mills, stockyards, coal mines, steel mills, etc. 12

13 URBAN STREET SCENE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY THE DECADES FOLLOWING THE CIVIL WAR, WITNESSED A TREMENDOUS EXPANSION AND EXPLOSIVE GROWTH OF AMERICAN CITIES.

14 US CITIES WITH POPULATIONS OVER 10,000

15 CHICAGO AREA 1850

16 CHICAGO AREA 1900

17 Year, type of residence and size of place Total Native Foreign born Number Percent Percent distribution by type of residence total native Foreign born 1910 Total 91,972,266 78,456,380 13,515, Urban 42,623,383 32,877,686 9,745, ,000 or more 2,500 to 99,999 20,302,138 14,419,064 5,883, ,321,245 18,458,622 3,862, Rural 49,348,883 45,578,694 3,770,

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19 Poor immigrant families often lived in tenements, such as these in New York's Lower East Side. These tiny, windowless tenement buildings were built specifically to house the large numbers of immigrants living in crowded areas of the city.

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22 PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES

23 Disease was rampant especially in crowded areas CHOLERA, TUBERCULOSIS, INFLUENZA, AND YELLOW FEVER KILLED THOUSANDS IN THE CROWDED CITIES.

24 CUBAN DOCTOR CARLOS FINLAY FINLAY DISCOVERED THAT THE AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITO S BITE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER STAMP COMMEMORATING DR. FINLAY

25 POOR SANITATION

26 POLITICAL MACHINES AND CORRUPT CITY BOSSES CONTROLLED CITIES TAMMANY HALL, NYC POLITICAL MACHINES WERE CREATED BY CITY LEADERS, CALLED BOSSES, IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN CONTROL OVER CITIES. ALTHOUGH MOSTLY DISHONEST, THEY PERFORMED MANY NEEDED SOCIAL FUNCTIONS FOR THE CITY. TAMMANY HALL, THE POLITICAL MACHINE THAT RAN NEW YORK, ATTRACTED THE SUPPORT OF THE POOR AND IMMIGRANT CLASS. CARTOONIST THOMAS NAST DEPICTED BOSS TWEED AND ASSOCIATED AS VULTURES PREYING ON NEW YORK.

27 CARTOON ABOVE COMPARES TWEED S EXCESSIVE THEFT TO THAT OF A MINOR BREAD THIEF THE BOSSES HELPED IMMIGRANTS. THEY USUALLY CONTROLLED CITIES THROUGH THE USE OF FRAUD, BRIBES AND RIGGED ELECTIONS. BOSS TWEED OF NEW YORK CITY WAS THE CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF A CORRUPT BIG CITY BOSS. HIS CAREER WAS CUT SHORT BY POLITICAL CARTOONS OF THOMAS NAST WHO WORKED FOR THE HARPER S WEEKLY NEWSPAPER. NEITHER NAST OR HIS NEWSPAPER EMPLOYERS COULD BE BOUGHT OR SCARED OFF AND TWEED ENDED UP DYING IN JAIL IN 1878.

28 THE WHOLE FAMILY WORKS TO MAKE ENDS MEET, 1908

29 EDUCATION WAS NOT COMPULSORY AND MOST CHILDREN WORKED IN FACTORIES

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31 LIFE WAS ALSO HARD FOR CHILDREN IN RURAL AREAS LACY (12 YEARS OLD) AND SAVANNAH ( 11 YEARS OLD) BALLARD. HAVE WORKED TWO YEARS. FATHER SAID, "THE LITTLE ONE IS A CRACKER-JACK ON SPINNING', AT LEAST SO THE BOSS SAYS. SHE AIN'T SATISFIED UNLESS IN THE MILL. THE OLDEST ONE ISN'T SO GOOD AT IT. NOT AS QUICK." (NOTE THE TENSE, SERIOUS LOOK ON THE YOUNGER GIRL ) GASTONIA, N.C., 1908

32 As the 19 th century progressed, the growing middle class begin to benefit from industrialization and urbanization

33 NEW YORK, 1903

34 SCHOOLS RAPIDLY GREW IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY THE NEED FOR EDUCATED WORKERS AND TEACHING IMMIGRANTS ENGLISH LED TO THE RAPID GROWTH OF SCHOOLS IN THE LATER PART OF THE 19TH. CENTURY.

35 ILLITERACY RATE FROM 1870 TO NUMBERS ARE PERCENTAGE OF PERSONS WHO CANNOT READ OR WRITE.

36 WOMEN BEGAN WORKING IN THE NEW BUSINESSES

37 LINOTYPE MACHINES ALLOWED THE MASS PRODUCTION OF CHEAPER NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES AND ADVERTISING.

38 NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES GREW RAPIDLY BECAUSE OF A NEED FOR ADVERTISING AND IMPROVED POSTAL SERVICE

39 JOSEPH PULITZER WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST Americans loved reading sensational stories, either in newspapers or magazines, called Yellow Journalism

40 EARLY CHAIN DEPARTMENT STORES A&P, WOOLWORTH S, MONTGOMERY WARD AND SEARS. SHOPPING BECOME A FORM OF RECREATION IN THE URBAN CITIES IN THE NEW CHAIN LARGE DEPARTMENT STORES.

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42 ADVERTISING CAME OF AGE IN THE LATE 1800'S, URBAN DWELLERS WERE BOMBARDED WITH IT WHEREVER THEY WENT.

43 ADVERTISING AGENCIES GREW OUT OF THE DEMAND OF BUSINESSES TO INCREASE THE SALES OF THEIR PRODUCTS.

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45 TOBACCO ADS TARGETING WOMEN AND CHILDREN

46 SOME ADS APPEALED TO SOCIAL SNOBBERY BECAUSE MANY PRODUCTS WERE NOT NECESSITIES OF LIFE, MANUFACTURERS TURNED TO ADVERTISING TO CREATE DEMAND

47 NEW TECHNOLOGIES CREATED CONVENIENCES: ICE BOX AD

48 BUYING PRE-MADE STYLISH CLOTHES WAS A NEW LUXURY.

49 EARLY AUTOMOBILE ADS. $1600 FOR THE ELECTRIC AUTO IS AROUND $32, IN 2002 DOLLARS. THE OLDS WOULD SELL FOR AROUND $13,000 IN 2002 DOLLARS.

50 AMERICANS BEGAN TO HAVE LEISURE TIME BEGINNING WITH THE 1890s, MANY AMERICANS BEGAN TO HAVE MORE TO SPEND ANYWAY THEY WANTED, LIKE THE RICH HAD ALWAYS DONE.

51 URBAN PARK DESIGNED BY FREDERICK LAW OLMSTEAD

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53 SPORTS BECAME ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL AMERICANS ONCE ONLY FOR THE RICH, SPORTS BECAME POPULAR AMONG AVERAGE CITIZENS. BASEBALL BECAME ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR.

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56 BICYCLING CAUSED A DEMAND FOR BETTER ROADS AFTER THE 1880s, BICYCLING BECAME A POPULAR RECREATION WITH THE INVENTION OF A SAFE BICYCLE.

57 MIDGET TOM THUMB POPULAR BARNUM CIRCUS ATTRACTION P. T. BARNUM BECAME AMERICA S SHOWMAN, FIRST WITH BARNUM S AMERICAN MUSEUM, AND WITH BARNUM S TRAVELING CIRCUS THE "GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH"