UNITY, DIVERSITY AND CULTURE

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1 - 1 UNITY, DIVERSITY AND CULTURE Research and Scholarship Selected from the 22nd Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Reims, France 2014 Christine Roland-Lévy Patrick Denoux Benjamin Voyer Pawel Boski William Gabrenya and Ann Kristin Rhode Jérémy Lemoine Editors

2 - 2 UNITY, DIVERSITY AND CULTURE Editors: Christine Roland-Lévy, Patrick Denoux Benjamin Voyer, Pawel Boski, William Gabrenya and Ann Kristin Rhode, Jérémy Lemoine Design and Production: William Gabrenya ISBN (c) 2016, IACCP, Inc.

3 Table of Contents - 3 Table of Contents 7 Forward: UNITY, DIVERSITY AND CULTURE Christine Roland-Lévy 8 Preamble: UNITY, DIVERSITY AND CULTURE Patrick Denoux Unit I: Theories and Methodologies Section A: Diversity in Theories 10 On the Road to Half a Century of Cross-Cultural Psychology: Foundations, Current Status, and Forecasts Walter J. Lonner 12 From Diversity to Systematic Patterns and Integrative Syntheses: A Journey in Cross-Cultural Psychology Cigdem Kagitcibasi 15 Growing Awareness of Cultural Aspects of Psychology as a Resource for Managing Progressive Social Change Robert Serpell 18 Culture in Psychology: Then and Now Patricia M. Greenfield 22 Culture + Behaviour + Comparison = Cross-Cultural Psychology John W. Berry 25 Why do Cultural Differences So Often Trump Cross- Cultural Invariance? Ype H. Poortinga 28 The Nationality of Theories Geert Hofstede, Mark F. Peterson 32 Toward the Theoretical Constructs of East Asian Cultural Psychology Weijun Ma, Rui Feng, Rui Hu, Juzhe Xi, Edward Fox, Xia Ding Section B: Methodological Issues 38 Benefits and Challenges of Qualitative Methodologies in Cross-cultural Psychology Studies Rafaela de Quadros Rigoni 43 Cognitive Interview as an Effective Method in Cross- Cultural Research: A Study of Organizational Leaders in Sweden and India Urmi Nanda Biswas, Karin Allard, Annika Härenstam, Anders Poussette 48 Representing Human Cultural and Biological Diversity in Neuropsychiatry: Why and How Daina Crafa, Saskia K. Nagel Unit II: Culture Contact: Unity and Diversity Section A: Migrants and Migration 54 Determinants of Social Prejudice and Factors Influencing Perception of Immigrant Groups in Georgia Medea Despotashvili 58 The Experience of Skilled Migrant Women in Switzerland: Challenges for Social and Professional Integration Juliana Nunes-Reichel, Marie Santiago-Delefosse 63 Intergenerational Family Relations in Luxembourg: Adult Children and their Ageing Parents in Migrant and Non-Migrant Families Isabelle Albert, Stephanie Barros Coimbra, Dieter Ferring 70 Who I am Depends on Where I Am: The Impact of a Sojourn on Home and Host Country Identity Regina Arant, Thomas Kühn, Klaus Boehnke Section B: Majority / Minority Relationships Part 1: Multiculturalist and Culturalist Policies 77 (De)Constructing Multiculturalism: A Discourse Analysis of Immigration and Refugee System in Canadian Media Kim H. Chuong, Saba Safdar 83 Attitude toward Multiculturalism: Majority in the Minority Perspective Elke Murdock, Dieter Ferring 89 Haidawood: A Social Media Approach to Indigenous Language Revitalization Kenneth Rajan Leslie Part 2: Discrimination and Racism 95 Who is Responsible for the Conflict? The Role of Identification and Perception of Discrimination Zeynep Balkaş, Zeynep Yanık, Elif Çelebi 100 How Does Income Inequality Get Under the Skin? The Mediating Role of Perceived Age Discrimination in the Inequality-Health Nexus for Older and Younger People Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Sibila Marques, Maria Luísa Lima, Dominic Abrams, Hannah Swift, Christopher Bratt 105 Reasons for the Deteriorating Relationship between the Local People of Mumbai and the Bihari Migrants Jyoti Verma 111 The Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES): Measuring Racism in Australia Kaine Grigg, Lenore Manderson Section C: Coping With Diversity in Culture Contact Part 1: Acculturation Orientations and Effects 123 Acculturation Orientations towards Valued and Devalued Immigrants in South Korea Pascal Tisserant, Anne-Lorraine Wagner, Jaegon Jung, Richard Y. Bourhis 129 A Critical Analysis of Acculturation, Sociocultural Pressures, Body Image, and Disordered Eating among Asian Immigrants in Australia, Canada, and the United States Lexa Watroba, Jayne Eckley, Arlette Ngoubene-Atioky 135 When Arab Girls Break the Rules: A Qualitative Study Camelia Ibrahim-Nassar Part 2: Acculturation Strategies 141 Acculturation Strategies of Young Immigrants Living in Belgium: The View of Young Belgian Nationals Stephanie Barros Coimbra, Isabelle Albert, Dieter Ferring, Assaad Azzi 145 The Effects of Cognitive and Emotional Empathy on the Perception and Prejudice towards Migrants: An Exploratory Study Maisonneuve Christelle, Taillandier-Schmitt Anne Part 3: Interculturation 152 Intercultural Competencies to Overcome Trauma Anna Bayard-Richez, Patrick Denoux, Julien Teyssier 158 Intercultural Competences and Self-Identity as Key Factors to Adaptation Carmen Carmona, Karen I. Van der Zee, Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven, Nerea Hernaiz-Agreda 164 Culture Contact and the Development of Intercultural Sensitivity Julien Teyssier, Patrick Denoux, Anna Bayard-Richez

4 Section D: Psychopathology Facing Culture Contact 169 Effectiveness of Group Interventions for Depressed Iranian Migrants in Austria Atefeh Fathi, Walter Renner, Barbara Juen 174 The Interplay Between Traditional and Modern Values and Interpersonal Variables in Mental Disorders and Mental Health Eva Heim, Andreas Maercker 180 Depression and Help Seeking in the Sri Lankan- Australian and Anglo-Australian Community: A Qualitative Exploration-Preliminary Findings Josefine Antoniades, Bianca Brijnath Unit III: Diversity and Social Relations Section A: Leadership, Work and Group Relations Part 1: Cultural Differences at Work 188 Role of Empowering Leadership in Absorptive Capacity through Outcome Interdependence: A Cultural Perspective Rishabh Rai, Anand Prakash 196 Why Employee Turnover? The influence of Chinese Management and Organizational Justice, 196 Feng- Hsia Kao Min-Ping Huang, Bor-Shiuan Cheng 201 The Relationship between Servant Leadership, Affective Commitment: Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Team Effectiveness B. Mahembe, A.S. Engelbrecht, Z. Dannhauser 209 Revised Sources of Guidance Measures: Six Events and Demographic Controls Mark F. Peterson, Taís S. Barreto, Peter B. Smith 214 Occupational Stress of Working Women in a Specific Culture Santa Misra Part 2: Diversity and Group Relations 219 Cultural Perspectives on Ingroups versus Outgroups and Shame Experiences Bai Lin, Bee Chin Ng 224 How Do Acts of Penance Influence Intergroup Forgiveness? Marta Penczek-Zapala 228 Predictors of Support for Democratic Reform: Role of Intergroup Friendship, Perception of Discrimination and Identification Büşra Tanrıverdi, Ayşe Radife Divleli, Elif Çelebi 234 Who is Friends with Whom? Patterns of Inter- and Intraethnic Friendships of Mainstream and Immigrant Early Adolescents in Germany Maja K. Schachner, Fons J. R. Van de Vijver, Alaina Brenick, Peter Noack Section B: Variability of Values, Attitudes and Representations Part 1: Values Impact and Variability 242 Suicide and Culture: Exploring Country-Level Relations between Suicide Rates and Dimensions of Cultural Variability Miriam J. Schwarzenthal, Taciano L. Milfont 248 Do Individual-level Value Preferences Impact Countrylevel Social Cohesion? An Exploratory Multi-level Analysis Based on ESS Data Mandy Boehnke, Klaus Boehnke 253 Values and Migration Motives in Three Ethnic Groups in Indonesia Ihsana Sabriani Borualogo, Fons J. R. van de Vijver Part 2: Differences in Attitudes and Representations 262 Social Identity Complexity Theory: Attitudes Towards Diversity and Its Relationship with Nationalism, Religiosity, and Aggression Siraje Sekamanya, Michael Hough, Jeanna Sutton 267 Money Attitudes Among Iranians: A Test of Yamauchi and Templer s Money Attitudes Scale Amirreza Talaei, Catherine T. Kwantes 272 Outgroup Attitudes as a Function of East Asian Religiousness: Marked by High or Low Prejudice? Magali Clobert, Vassilis Saroglou, Kwang-Kuo Hwang, Wen-Li Soong 278 A Similarity Graph-based Approach to Study Social Representations of the Economic Crisis: A Comparison between Italian and Greek Social Groups Roberto Fasanelli, Anna Liguori, Ida Galli Unit IV: Development, Education and Family Among Cultures Section A: Couples, Parenting and Emotions Part 1: Couple Experiences 290 Bicultural Couples in China: Factors Related to their Adjustment Trine Pless-Rasmussen 294 Sensory Experience in Interpersonal Physical Attraction: Cross-Cultural Comparison Elena Zarubko, Victor Karandashev, Madgerie Jameson-Charles, Stephanie Hutcheson, Jane Carter Part 2: Parenting Dealing with Culture(s) Table of Contents Parenting Practices, Racial Socialization, and Adolescent Functioning in African American Families Adeya Richmond, Laura D. Pittman 308 Family Climate and Adolescent Aggression: An Analysis of their Relationships Carmen Rodríguez-Naranjo, Antonio Caño 312 Parenting Stress in Immigrant Families of Children With an Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparison With Families From the Host Culture M. Millau, M. Rivard, C. Mercier, C. Mello 320 Multi-Factorial Measure of Parenting and Children s Psychological Disorders: A Cross-Cultural Study Marwan Dwairy Part 3: Cultural and Emotional Aspects of Parenthood 326 Culture, Emotional Expression and Parental Socialization Strategies among Two-year-old Israeli Toddlers Manal Khoury Karayanni, Jenny Kurman 333 Polish Baby Boom in United Kingdom Emotional Determinants of Medical Care Perception by Pregnant Poles in UK Maria Kazmierczak, Agnieszka Nowak, Beata Pastwa-Wojciechowska, Robin Goodwin Section B: Child Development and Motherhood 340 Developmental Aspects of Self-Regulation in Germany and Chile: Links among Maternal Warmth, Children s Self-Regulation, and Social Competence Mirjam Weis, Gisela Trommsdorff, Tobias Heikamp, Jesus Redondo, Lorena Muñoz 345 East vs. West Developmentally Early Differences in Attention Megumi Kuwabara, Linda B. Smith 350 Understanding Uzbek Child Rearing as a Mediating Factor in the Government s Reliance on Child Forced Labor During the Annual Cotton Harvest: A Pilot Project Kathleen Crowley 355 Can the Children of Immigrant Mothers Have Levels of Health and Achievement as High as Those of Children of Mothers in the Host Population? Longitudinal Data from Australia Julie Robinson

5 Table of Contents Cultural Change, Human Activity, and Cognitive Development Mary Gauvain, Robert L. Munroe Section C: Education and Cross Cultural Differences 367 An Analytical Study of Imphal Adolescents Guidance Needs Across Education Streams Laitonjam Valentina, Ritu Singh 371 Dealing with Diversity: A Qualitative Evaluation of the Program Mentor Migration SALAM Hildegard Wenzler-Cremer 376 Exploring the Quality and Inequality in the Literacy Development Opportunities of South African Preschoolers Annalene van Staden 382 The Recursive Cosmosis Model: South African Women in Higher Education Finding Strength and Resilience Claude-Helene Mayer, Antoni Barnard, Sabie Surtee 388 Tolerance for Ambiguity as a Potential Barrier to Intercultural Interactions Randall E. Osborne, Paul Kriese 393 Cross-cultural Differences in the Use of Disciplinary Methods among Chinese, Immigrant Chinese and English Mothers Ching-Yu Huang Unit V: Self and Culture Section A: Self Relations Across Cultures 400 Locating the Self in Autobiographical Memories: A New Approach to Analysis Radka Antalíková, Manuel L. de la Mata, Andrés Santamaría, Mercedes Cubero, Samuel Arias, Tia G. B. Hansen Section B: Coping and Emotional Suppression 427 Validity and Reliability of the Aydin-Flow Coping with Stress Scale (AFCSS) on Multiple Samples in the United States Kâmile Bahar Aydın, Eric Sandarg 434 Сulture, Stress and Coping: Socio-Cultural Context Influence on Coping Types among Russians Tatiana Kryukova, Tatiana Gushchina, Olga Ekimchik 439 Self- and Other-Oriented Motivations Associated with Emotional Suppression of Internalized and Externalized Negative Emotions: A Multiethnic Self- Report Study in the Netherlands Snežana Stupar-Rutenfrans, Fons J. R. van de Vijver, Johnny R. J. Fontaine 446 Interethnic Similarity of Anger Suppression- Aggression Association in Conflicts in Intimate and Non-Intimate Relationships Across Ethnic Groups in the Netherlands Snežana Stupar-Rutenfrans, Johnny R. J. Fontaine, Fons J. R. van de Vijver Section C: Well Being 456 A Cross-Cultural Study of Psychological Well-being Among British and Malaysian Fire Fighters Mohd. Dahlan Hj. A. Malek, Ida Shafinaz Mohd 461 Culture Display Rules of Smiling and Personal Well-being: Mutually Reinforcing or Compensatory Phenomena? Polish - Canadian Comparisons Daniela Hekiert, Saba Safdar, Paweł Boski, Kuba Krys, J. Rees Lewis 465 Subjective Well-being from the Perspective of Self- Compassion in Adolescents Annisa Reginasari, Uly Gusniarti 406 The Effects of Free Will Beliefs in Japan: Disbelief in Free Will Impairs Overriding Impulsive Decisions Takumi Watanabe, Ryosuke Sakurai, Kaori Karasawa 410 The Quiet Ego and Its Predictors in Turkish Culture Ece Akca Nebi Sumer 416 Self-Blaming and Other-Blaming Moral Emotions Are Complementary: Two Studies in Turkish Culture Diane Sunar, Özlem Çağın Tosun, Tuğçe Tokuş 421 A Comparative Study of Jajonshim and Self-Esteem Shinhwa Suh, Min Han, Joane Adeclas

6 II Unit II Culture Contact: Unity and Diversity C 1 Section C Coping With Diversity in Culture Contact Part 1 Acculturation Orientations and Effects

7 Acculturation Orientations towards Valued and Devalued Immigrants in South Korea Pascal Tisserant University of Lorraine, France Anne-Lorraine Wagner University of Lorraine, France Jaegon Jung University of Lorraine, France Richard Y. Bourhis University of Québec, Canada Abstract This study, based on the Interactive Acculturation Model, investigates the acculturation orientations of undergraduates (n=279) in South Korea. Results show that Korean respondents considered South-East Asian immigrants to be less valued than Western immigrants. They were more welcoming towards valued Western immigrants than they were towards devalued South-East Asian immigrants. As in the case of undergraduates in North America & Europe, Korean undergraduates mainly endorsed integration and individualism towards both Western and South-East Asian immigrants, but they also strongly endorsed the segregationist orientations towards both valued and devalued immigrants reflecting the still contentious view of Korea as an immigration country. Introduction Acculturation can be defined as the process of bidirectional change that takes place when contrasting cultural groups experience sustained intercultural contact (Sam, 2006) container-title : The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology, publisher : Cambridge University Press, publisher-place : New York, NY, page : 11-26, archive_location : Book: , event-place : New York, NY, abstract : (from the introduction. Acculturation implies that both cultural groups are influenced and transformed by their mutual intercultural contacts (Berry, 1997). In Western societies, much of the acculturation research focused on the adaptation strategies of non-dominant immigrant minorities as they interacted with dominant host majorities in countries of settlement. The Interactive Acculturation Model (IAM) offers a framework to account for intergroup processes that characterize relations be- Tisserant tween host majority members and non-dominant immigrant minorities (Bourhis, Moise, Perreault, & Senecal, 1997). The IAM proposes that dominant host majorities by virtue of their control of state institutions have a major impact on the acculturation orientations of immigrant minorites (Bourhis, Montaruli, El Geledi, Harvey, & Barrette, 2010). Since the Korean War, South Korea s economic development has attracted both a low-status immigrant workforce from the countries of South-East Asia and high-status foreigners, particularly North Americans holding positions of responsibility within international business organizations. Following an overview of key features of the IAM model, this paper provides a brief review of the socio-historic context of the foreign presence in South Korea. Using the IAM model, the study then explores for the first time the acculturation orientations of South Korean students towards valued foreign residents from the West in comparison with devalued immigrants from South-East Asia. Acculturation Orientations of Immigrant and Host Community Members Acculturation orientations are defined as a combination of attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions that guide the way people think and behave (Bourhis et al., 1997). A basic premise of the IAM is that acculturation orientations are more stable and more strongly and deeply embedded cognitively and emotionally than intergroup attitudes (Bourhis et al., 2010). The IAM proposes that members of the dominant host majority may endorse six acculturation orientations toward different immigrant groups. Integrationism is endorsed by host community members who accept that immigrants maintain some aspects of their heritage culture, while wishing that immigrants also adopted important features of the host majority culture. Integrationism-transformation is endorsed by host majority members who not only endorse the integrationist acculturation orientation, but also wish to change aspects of their majority culture and customs to better accommodate the cultural needs of immigrant communities. Individualists define themselves and others as persons rather than as members of group categories. Because it is personal qualities and individual achievements that count most, individualists will tend to interact with immigrants in the same way they would with other individuals who happen to be members of the host community. While these three orientations are welcoming towards immigrants, the following three acculturation orientations are less tolerant of immigrant group cultural diversity. Assimilationism corresponds to the traditional concept of absorption whereby host community members expect immigrants to relinquish their language and cultural identity for the sake of adopting the culture and language of the dominant host majority. Segregationism refers to host community members who accept that immigrants maintain their heritage culture as long as they keep their distance from host community members by staying apart within their own urban/regional enclaves, as they do not wish immigrants to transform or dilute the host majority culture. Exclusionists deny immigrants

8 the right to adopt features of the host community culture. They also deny immigrants the choice to maintain their heritage culture or religion and believe that some immigrants have characteristics that can never be socially incorporated within the host majority mainstream. These welcoming and less welcoming acculturation orientations are measured using the validated Host Community Acculturation Scale (HCAS; Barrette, Bourhis, Capozza, & Hichy, 2005; Montreuil & Bourhis, 2001)we tested the validity of the Host Community Acculturation Scale (HCAS; Bourhis & Bougie, 1998; Montreuil & Bourhis, Overall, research using the IAM shows that host community undergraduates in North America and Western Europe endorse Individualism and Integrationism more than Integrationism-Transformation, Assimilationism, Segregationism, and Exclusionism (Barrette, Bourhis, Personnaz, & Personnaz, 2004; Bourhis, Barrette, El-Geledi, & Schmidt, 2009). Most participants in these studies are undergraduate students for whom strong endorsement of Individualism and Integrationism is concordant with the meritocratic and individualistic organizational culture of higher education institutions. Similar endorsement of integrationism was obtained in other acculturation studies conducted with host community adolescents and adults towards immigrants and depending on the public vs. private settings in which acculturation issues were considered (e.g., Navas, Rojas, Garcia, & Pumares, 2007; Zagefka & Brown, 2002). Foreign influences and immigration issues in South Korea Korea is a rocky peninsula attached to the east of the Asian continent by its land borders with China and Russia. North and South Korea were separated after the Korean War in A democracy since 1987, South Korea exists under the military threat of the current North Korean communist regime. South Korea has 50 million inhabitants and is the 11th highest densely populated country of the world with 492 inhabitants per square kilometer. Three major external influences have shaped South Korean identity across the centuries (Tisserant, 1998). First, Chinese influence endures since the institutionalization of Confucianism in the 16th century and China s occupation of the Korean peninsula until the Chinese defeat in 1894 (Kim, 1991). Second, the relationship between Japan and the Korean peninsula has been one of Japanese occupation and war especially during the thirty-five years of Japanese colonization and oppression from 1910 to Third, following the Korean War, South Korea became an anti-communist bastion established by the Americans and open to capitalist Western multinational corporations. In a few decades of capitalist development, South Korea progressed from being one of the poorest countries in the world to one of the fifteen largest economic powers. The South Korean unprecedented economic development challenges the country with a new type of external influence: the immigration of a more or less devalued foreign workforce from less-developed countries on the Asian continent and in particular from South-East Asia. South Korea now has 1.58 million foreign residents (Kang, Tisserant ). According to figures from the Korea Immigration Service (2013), the Chinese (239,098) and the South-East Asians including Vietnamese, Filipinos, Thais, and Indonesians (279,165) are the two largest groups of foreigners residing in South Korea. These South-East Asians make-up the new wave of devalued immigrants occupying lower status jobs relative to valued sojourners who come from North America (154,045) as administrators and CEOs in foreign multinational corporations established since the end of the Korean War. It is the arrival of devalued South-Asian immigrants more than the presence of Western ones which sparked heated debates on cultural diversity and national identity for mainstream South Koreans in the last decade (Ruteere, 2014). Hypotheses Most studies exploring host majority acculturation orientations towards valued and devalued immigrants were conducted in North America and Europe (Barrette et al., 2004; Bourhis et al., 2009), while few studies were conducted in Asia and none in South Korea. Based on the Interactive Acculturation Model (IAM), this study investigated South Korean attitudes and host community acculturation orientations towards valued Western immigrants and devalued South-East Asian immigrants. Two main hypotheses can be formulated: Hypothesis 1: We expect that South Korean host majority members do distinguish between valued and devalued immigrants reflecting mainstream prejudices about the status and perceived utility of different categories of newcomers established in the receiving society. We expect that ethnic attitudes towards devalued South East Asian immigrants will be less favorable overall than those toward valued immigrants from North America (Froese, 2010). Hypothesis 2: Several studies have shown that dominant host majorities tend to endorse more welcoming acculturation orientations towards valued than devalued immigrants (Bourhis, Barrette & Moriconi, 2008; Montreuil & Bourhis, 2001, 2004). That is why we propose that welcoming acculturation orientations such as individualism, integrationist and integration-transformation are more likely to be endorsed toward valued Western immigrants than towards devalued South-East Asian immigrants. Conversely we expect that less welcoming orientations such as assimilation, segregation and exclusion are more likely to be endorsed for devalued South East Asian than for valued Western immigrants. Participants Method Respondents were 279 undergraduates (61% male, 39% female) attending two major universities in Seoul and one in Inchon province. All participants were born in South Korea of South Korean ancestry with Hangul as a mother tongue. Undergraduate re-

9 spondents were studying management, political sciences or electronics and were 22 years old on average. Procedures The experimenter was a native of South Korea who gave fluent instructions in Hangul to complete the questionnaire written in Hangul. During class time undergraduates were asked to complete the anonymous questionnaire composed of the Host community Acculturation scale (HCAS) along with a battery of scales providing background information and attitudes held by the respondents. All items were rated on a 7 point scale and the internal consistency of each scale had satisfactory Cronbach-alpha scores. Dependent measures 1. Host community acculturation scale (HCAS): Respondents completed the HCAS twice: first toward valued Western immigrants and second towards devalued South East Asian immigrants (Montreuil & Bourhis, 2004). Host community acculturation orientations were assessed in the private domains of culture, values, and customs, which were computed as a single score for each acculturation orientations including individualism, integration, integration-transformation, assimilation and segregation. The exclusion orientation was dropped from our analyses because of its poor internal consistency. 2. The Multiple Identification Scale measured self-rated belonging to the following groups: To what extent do you identify yourself as: Korean / Asian / Korean speaker / Asian / Western / South East Asian / immigrant (Montreuil & Bourhis, 2001). 3. The Thermometer Scale was used to measure ethnic attitudes towards relevant ethnic groups in Korea (Esses, Haddock, & Zanna, 1993). Ethnic target groups were rated on a favorability scale ranging from totally unfavorable (0 ) to neutral (50 ) to very favorable (100 ). 4. The Desire for Social Proximity Scale monitored to what extent respondents wanted close relations with Westerners and with South East Asian as: clerk at your corner store/your colleague at work/your neighbor/your best friend? (Montreuil & Bourhis, 2001). 5. The Security Scale monitored how secure participants felt as Koreans in the following domains: cultural, linguistic, political, and economic (Montreuil & Bourhis, 2004). 6. An ethnic threat scale monitored to what extent participants felt threatened by the presence of Western immigrants and South East Asian immigrants (Bourhis et al., 2008). 7. The Social Dominance Orientation Scale (SDO) was used to assess participant beliefs in social hierarchy and their tendency to value power over other groups (Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994). Results Tisserant Results obtained on the multiple identification scale (Figure 1) show that respondents identified most strongly as Korean, Korean speakers and Asians, while they identified least as Western, South East Asian or immigrants. (F(5,271) = 208,995 ; p <.000). These results validate our sample of respondents as Koreans. Figure 1 Korean Multiple Identification Profile (N=275) Results obtained on the ethnic thermometer scale (Figure 2) show the classic ingroup favoritism effect: Korean undergraduates rated members of their own group more favorably than all the other out-groups. Korean undergraduates also clearly distinguished between valued and devalued out-groups. Respondents rated Europeans, Americans, North Koreans and Japanese more favorably than devalued immigrants from Central Asia, Africa and South East Asia, while Chinese immigrants were rated least favorably (F(8,269) = 110,354; p <.001).

10 Tisserant Korean undergraduates expressed a stronger desire to have social relations with Western than with South East Asian immigrants (t(278) = 9.995; p <.001). Overall, Korean undergraduates felt moderately secure culturally, linguistically, politically and economically (M = 3.8). Korean undergraduates also felt that their identity was only moderately threatened by the presence of Western immigrants while they felt least threatened by the presence of South East Asian immigrants (t(276) = 7; p <.001). Figure 2 Ethnic Thermometer Scale Note: Means that do not share a common superscript are significantly different at p<.05, a>b>c>d. As seen in Figure 3, Korean undergraduates expressed clear preferences for future immigrants depending on their region of origin (F(7,269) = ; p <.000). The regions of greatest preference for immigrants to Korea were Europe and America reflecting the valued status of immigrants from these two regions as hypothesized. Immigrants from North Korea were also preferred reflecting kinship links between South and North Koreans. Immigrants from South-East Asia, Africa and Japan were less preferred while immigrants from China were least preferred as immigrants to Korea. Taken together, these results support hypothesis H1 to the effect that South Korean undergraduates do distinguish between valued and devalued immigrants. Figure 3 Country of Origin of preferred future Immigrants for Korea Note: means that do not share a common superscript are significantly different at p <.05, a>b>c>d>e. Figure 4 SDO ideology, desire for social relations, feeling of threat and security Figure 5 displays the five acculturation orientations endorsed by Korean undergraduates towards valued Western immigrants and devalued South East Asian immigrants. Our repeated measure MANOVA (2x5) showed that all the acculturation orientations endorsed towards valued and devalued immigrants differed significantly from each other with the exception of individualism which did not differ (F(5, 274) = 11.66; p <.001). In line with hypothesis 2, Korean undergraduates more strongly endorsed integration (F(1,278) = 30.01; p <.001) and integration - transformation (F(1,278) = 15.12; p <.001) towards Western immigrants than towards South East Asian immigrants. Conversely, respondents more strongly endorsed segregationism (F(1,278) = 4,77; p <.05) and assimilationism (F(1,278) = 5.17; p <.05) towards South East Asian immigrants than towards valued Western immigrants. Overall results showed that integrationism (M = 5.1) and segregationism (5.38) were the two most strongly endorsed acculturation orientations towards the two groups of immigrants followed by individualism (M = 4.66). The least endorsed acculturation orientations were integration-transformation (M = 3.02) and assimilationism (M = 2.55). As seen in Figure 4, Korean undergraduate scores on the social dominance orientation (SDO) were low (M = 2.89) and comparable to those obtained with undergraduates in North America and Europe (Bourhis et.al., 2009). In line with our expectations,

11 Tisserant Figure 5 Acculturation orientations towards Western vs. South East Asian Immigrants Note: For each acculturation orientation, means that do not share a common superscript are significantly different at p <.05, a > b. Discussion Korean undergraduates identified strongly as Korean and Asian and much less as Western or South-East Asian immigrants. As in the case of undergraduates in North America and Europe, Korean undergraduates mainly endorsed integration and individualism towards both Western and South East Asian immigrants possibly reflecting the individualist and meritocratic organizational culture of their westernized University setting. But Korean undergraduates also strongly endorsed the segregationist orientations towards both valued and devalued out-group immigrants reflecting the still contentious view of Korea as an emerging multicultural immigration country rather than as an ethnically homogeneous state. Supporting hypothesis 1, Korean respondents considered South-East Asian immigrants to be less valued than Western immigrants. Korean undergraduates held less favorable attitudes toward South-East Asian immigrants on the Ethnic Thermometer scale, expressed less desire to engage in close relations with South-East Asians and considered such people to be less desirable as future immigrants to Korea. However, undergraduates felt that their cultural security as Koreans was less threatened by the presence of South-East Asian than by Western immigrants perhaps reflecting South Korea s relationship of economic and military dependence on the United States (Finan, 1992; Leveau, 2013). Hypothesis 2 was supported weakly but significantly: Korean undergraduates were more welcoming towards valued Western immigrants than they were towards devalued South-East Asian immigrants. Conversely, Korean respondents were weakly but significantly more assimilationist and segregationist towards devalued South-East Asian than valued western immigrants. Taken together these results support key premises of the Interactive Acculturation Model in this Korean Asian setting (IAM, Bourhis et al., 1997, 2010). This is one of the first empirical studies investigating host majority acculturation orientations towards valued and devalued immigrants settled in an Asian Country. This study also offers future studies the possibility of using the acculturation questionnaire translated into Hangul and adapted for the South Korean setting. This empirical study begins a public policy dialogue about issues of segregationism and prejudices towards devalued immigrants in Korea and ways to combat existing or developing discrimination against such vulnerable minorities. As future decision makers, undergraduate Koreans preferred future immigrants to come from Europe and America, were less welcoming towards immigrants from South East Asia and were least welcoming towards immigrants from China. The relationship of South Koreans with valued and devalued immigrants as well as with other historical minorities such as North Korean refugees and Chinese of Korean origin are avenues of future research and of much needed public policy debate in Korea today. References Barrette, G., Bourhis, R. Y., Capozza, D., & Hichy, Z. (2005). HCAS: The Host Community Acculturation Scale. Testing the validity in the Italian context. Testing Psicometria Metodologia, 12(3), Barrette, G., Bourhis, R. Y., Personnaz, M., & Personnaz, B. (2004). Acculturation orientations of French and North African undergraduates in Paris. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(5), doi: /j.ijintrel Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. 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