The Cultural Landscape An Introduction to Human Geography AP Edition 11 th Edition, 2014

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1 A Correlation of AP Edition 11 th Edition, 2014 Human Geography Topic Outline AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2 A Correlation of, AP Outline Topic I: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives (5 10%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Geography as a field of inquiry Introducing Basic Concepts, 4; Introduction, 5 B. Major geographical concepts underlying the geographical perspective: location, space, place, scale, pattern, nature and society, regionalization, globalization, and gender issues C. Key Geographical skills: 1) How to use and think about maps and geospatial data 2) How to understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places 3) How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes 4) How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process 5) How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places D. Use of geospatial technologies, such as GIS, remote sensing, global positioning systems (GPS), and online maps E. Sources of geographical information and ideas and data: the field, census data, online data, aerial photography, and satellite imagery F. Identification of major world regions (World Regions: A Big Picture View and A Closer Look) How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are? 5 13 How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are? 5 13; Place: A Unique Location 14 15; Region: A Unique Area How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are? 5 13; Place: A Unique Location Region: A Unique Area Region: A Unique Area 16 19; Why Are Different Places Similar? Connections Between Places, Contemporary Tools, 12 13; Pause and Reflect, 351 Maps, 5 11; Contemporary Tools, 12 13; Spatial Analysis and the Census, 45; Population Concentrations, 46 47; Population Density, 48 49; Pause and Reflect, 351 Region: A Unique Area 16 19; Climate Regions, 32; Population Distribution, 46; Distribution of Language Families, ; Distribution of Religions, ; The United Nations,

3 A Correlation of, Topic II: Population and Migration (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Geographical analysis of population 1) Density, distribution, and scale Where Is the World's Population Distributed? ) Implications of various densities and distributions 3) composition: age, sex, income, education, and ethnicity 4) Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health Population Density, 48 49; Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? 64 73; Where Are Migrants Distributed? Population Structure, Fertility and Mortality, 52 53; Declining Birth Rates, B. Population growth and decline over time and space 1) Historical trends and projections for Components of Population Growth, 50 53; the future Population Structure, 54 55; Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions? 56 63; Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? 64 73; Where Are Migrants Distributed? ) Theories of population growth and decline, including the Demographic Transition Model The Demographic Transition, 56 59; Malthus on Overpopulation, ) Regional variations of demographic transitions 4) Effects of national population policies: promoting population growth in some countries or reducing fertility rates in others 5) Environmental impacts of population change on water use, food supplies, biodiversity, the atmosphere, and climate 6) Population and natural hazards: impacts on policy, economy, and society Components of Population Growth, 50 53; Population Structure, 54 55; Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? Declining Birth Rates, 58 59; China and India, 63 Population Futures, 62 63; Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? U.S. Immigration Patterns,

4 A Correlation of, C. Migration 1) Migration selectivity Types of migration: transnational, internal, chain, step, seasonal agriculture (e.g. transhumance), and rural to urban International and Internal Migration, 80; Interregional Migration, 84 89; Intraregional Migration, 90 91; Chain Migration, 97; Movements of Pastoral Nomads, 359 2) Major historical migrations U.S. Immigration Patterns, 82 83; Migration Between Regions of the United States, 84 85; Migration Between Regions in the World s Largest Country, 86; Trail of Tears, 87; Migration Between Regions in Other Large Countries, 88 89; Europe s Migrant Workers, 94; Asia s Migrant Workers, 95; Mexico s Border with the United States, 98 99; Immigration Concerns in Europe, ) Push and pull factors, and migration in relation to employment and quality of life. 4) Refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons 5) Consequences of migration: socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, and political; immigration policies; remittances Why Do People Migrate? 92; Political Push and Pull Factors, 92; Environmental Push and Pull Factors, 92 93; Economic Push and Pull Factors, 94; Europe s Migrant Workers, 94; Asia s Migrant Workers, 95 Political Push and Pull Factors, 92; Environmental Push and Pull Factors, 92 93; Migrating to Find Work, Why Do People Migrate? 92-95; Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Topic III: Cultural Patterns and Processes (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Concepts of culture 1) Culture Traits Introducing Folk and Popular Culture, 108; Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? ; Introducing Languages, 142; Where Are Languages Distributed? ; Introducing Religions, 182; Where Are Religions Distributed? ; Introduction: Ethnicities, 226; Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?

5 A Correlation of, 2) Diffusion patterns Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? ; Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? ; Where Are Languages Distributed? ; Where Are Religions Distributed? ; Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? ) Acculturation, assimilation, and multiculturalism 4) Cultural regions, vernacular regions, and culture hearth 5) Globalization and the effects of technology on cultures Where Are Languages Distributed? ; Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? ; Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? ; Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? ; Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? ; Where Are Languages Distributed? ; Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? ; Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? ; Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? ; English on the Internet, 177 B. Cultural differences and regional patterns 1) Language and communications Introducing Languages, 142; Where Are Languages Distributed? ; Why Is English Related to Other Languages? ; Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? ; Why Do People Preserve Local Languages? ) Religion and sacred space Introducing Religions, 182; Where Are Religions Distributed? ; Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? ; Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? ; Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups?

6 A Correlation of, 3) Ethnicity and nationalism Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups? ; Introduction: Ethnicities, 226; Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? ; Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? ; Why Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities? ; Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide? ) Cultural differences in attitudes towards gender Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture, ; Why Does Development Vary by Gender? ) Popular and folk culture Introducing Folk and Popular Culture, 108; Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? ; Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? ; Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? ; Why Do Folk and Popular Culture Face Sustainability Challenges? ) Cultural conflicts, and law and policy to protect culture C. Cultural landscape and cultural identity 1) Symbolic landscapes and sense of place 2) The formation of identity and place making 3) Differences in cultural attitudes and practices toward the environment Why Do Folk and Popular Culture Face Sustainability Challenges? ; Why Do People Preserve Local Languages? ; Why Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities? ; Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide? Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Why Is Each Point on Earth Unique? 14 19; Cultural Identity in Space, 24; Cultural Identity in Contemporary Thought, 25 Sustainability and Human-Environment Relationships, 34 37; Where Is Agriculture Distributed? ; Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries ) Indigenous peoples Native American Languages, 161, 167; Indian Removal Act of 1830, 87; Origin, 111; Folk Music, 112; Other Ethnic Religions, 191 6

7 A Correlation of, Topic IV: Political Organization of Space (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Territorial dimensions of politics 1) The concepts of political power and Where Are States Distributed? territoriality 2) The nature, meaning, and function of boundaries 3) Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchange 4) Federal and unitary states, confederations, centralized government, and forms of governance 5) Spatial relationships between political patterns and patterns of ethnicity, economy, and gender 6) Political ecology: impacts of law and policy on the environment and environmental justice Types of Boundaries, Why Do Boundaries Cause Problems? Why Are Nation-states Difficult to Create? ; Governing States, Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? ; Why Do Conflicts Arise Among Ethnicities? ; Why Do Ethnicities Engage in Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide? ; Shapes of States, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 424; Global Warming, 36, ; U.S, Local-Scale Air Pollution (require catalytic converters), 414 B. Evolution of the contemporary political pattern 1) The nation-state concept Development of the State Concept, ) Colonialism and imperialism Colonies, ) Democratization Governing States, ) Fall of communism and legacy of the Cold War 5) Patterns of local, regional, and metropolitan governance Independent Nation-States in Former Soviet Republics, ; The Largest Multinational State: Russia, 272; Turmoil in the Caucasus, Governing States,

8 A Correlation of, C. Changes and challenges to political-territorial arrangements 1) Changing nature of sovereignty Sovereignty, 261; Challenges in Defining States, ) Fragmentation, unification, alliance Fragmented States, 281; Governing States, ; Cold War Competition and Alliances, ; Economic Alliances in Europe, ; Alliances in Other Regions, 289 3) Supranationalism and international alliances 4) Devolution of countries: centripetal and centrifugal forces 5) Electoral geography, redistricting and gerrymandering The United Nations, ; Unitary and Federal States, 283; Why Do States Cooperate and Compete with Each other? Nationalism: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces, 239 Electoral Geography, ) Armed conflicts, war, and terrorism Why Do States Cooperate and Compete with Each Other? Topic V: Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Development and diffusion of agriculture 1) Neolithic Agricultural Revolution Agricultural Revolution, ) Second Agricultural Revolution Percentage of Farmers in the Labor Force, 350; Use of Machinery, 350 3) Green Revolution Green Revolution, ) Large-scale commercial agriculture and agribusiness B. Major agricultural production regions 1) Agricultural systems associated with major bioclimatic zones Agriculture in Developed Regions, Agricultural Revolution, ; Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture, ; Why Do People Consume Different Foods? ; Where Is Agriculture Distributed?

9 A Correlation of, 2) Variations within major zones and effects of markets 3) Interdependence among regions of food production and consumption C. Rural land use and settlement patterns 1) Models of agricultural land use, including von Thunen s model 2) Settlement patterns associated with major agriculture types: subsistence, cash cropping, plantation, mixed farming, monoculture, pastoralism, ranching, forestry, fishing, and aquaculture 3) Land use/land cover change: irrigation, desertification, deforestation, wetland destruction, conservation efforts to protect or restore natural land cover, and global impacts 4) Roles of women in agricultural production and farming communities Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries, ; Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries, ; Strategies to Increase the World s Food Supply, Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture, ; Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? Agriculture in Developing Countries, ; Agriculture in Developed Regions, ; Challenges For Farmers in Developed Countries, ; Von Thunen Model, 379 Agriculture in Developing Regions, ; Agriculture in Developed Regions, Why Do People Consume Different Foods? ; Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries, ; Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries, Figure 10-22, 360; also see: Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries, D. Issues in contemporary commercial agriculture 1) Biotechnology, including genetically Genetically Modified Foods, 385 modified organisms (GMO) 2) Spatial organization of industrial agriculture, including the transition in land use to large-scale commercial farming and factors affecting the location of processing facilities 3) Environmental issues: soil degradation, overgrazing, river and aquifer depletion, animal wastes, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture, ; Where Is Agriculture Distributed? Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries, ; Challenges for Farmers in Developed Countries,

10 A Correlation of, 4) Organic farming, crop rotation, valueadded specialty foods, regional appellations, fair trade, and eat-localfood movements 5) Global food distribution, malnutrition, and famine Sustainable Agriculture, Strategies to Increase the World s Food Supply, Topic VI: Industrialization and Economic Development (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Growth and diffusion of industrialization 1) The changing roles of energy and technology Why Are Energy Resources Important for Development? ; Where Is Industry Distributed? ; Where Does Industry Cause Pollution? ; 2) Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, 385 3) Models of economic development: Rostow s Stages of Economic Growth and Wallerstein s World Systems Theory 4) Geographic critiques of models of economic localization: bid rent, Weber s comparative costs of transportation and industrial location in relation to resources, location of relating and service industries, and local economic development within competitive global systems of corporations and finance Rostow Model, 329; Globalization of the Economy, Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? ; Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? B. Social and economic measures of development 1) Gross domestic product and GDP per Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 302, 308 capita 2) Human Development Index Human Development Index, , 305, , , ) Gender Inequality Index Gender Inequality Index, 310; also see: Why Does Development Vary by Gender? ) Income disparity and the Gini coefficient Income,

11 A Correlation of, 5) Changes in fertility and mortality Fertility and Mortality, 52 53; Declining Birth Rates, ) Access to health care, education, utilities, and sanitation Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? 64 73; A Long and Healthy Life, 305; Access to Knowledge, ; Why Are Energy Resources Important for Development? C. Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization and development 1) Spatial organization of the world Why Does Development Vary among economy Countries? ; Why Does Development Vary by Gender? ; Where Is Industry Distributed? ; Why Are Situation and Site Factors Changing? ) Variations in levels of development (uneven development) 3) Deindustrialization, economic restructuring, and the rise of service and high technology economies 4) Globalization, manufacturing in newly industrialized countries (NICs), and the and international division of labor 5) Natural resource depletion, pollution, and climate change Why Does Development Vary among Countries? ; Why Does Development Vary by Gender? ; Why Are Energy Resources Important for Development? Changes within Developed Regions, ; Emerging Industrial Regions, ; Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions, 422; Where Are Services Distributed? ; Globalization of Economy, 20 21; Changes within Developed Regions, ; Emerging Industrial Regions, ; A Global Industry: What Is an American Car? 424 Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? ; Where Does Industry Cause Pollution? ) Sustainable development Sustainability and Resources, 30 31; Why Are Energy Resources Important for Development? ; Sustainable Agriculture,

12 A Correlation of, 7) Government development initiatives: local, regional, and national policies 8) Women in development and gender equity in the workforce Why Does Development Vary among Countries? ; Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? ; Where Does Industry Cause Pollution? Why Does Development Vary by Gender? Topic VII: Cities and Urban Land Use (13 17%) Textbook Chapters and Key Issues A. Development and character of cities 1) Origin of cities; site and situation characteristics CBD Land Uses, ; Where Are People Distributed within Urban Areas? ) Forces driving urbanization Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? ) Borchert s epochs of urban transportation development Urban Transportation, ) World cities and megacities Hierarchy of Business Services, ; Defining Urban Settlements, ; Overlapping Metropolitan Areas, 478 5) Suburbanization processes Suburban Expansion ; Segregation in the Suburbs ; Urbanization, B. Models of urban hierarchies: reasons for the distribution and size of cities 1) Gravity model Gravity Model, 438 2) Christaller s central place theory Central Place Theory, 434, 436 3) Rank-size rule Rank-Size Distribution of Settlements, 437 4) Primate cities Primate City Rule, 437 C. Models of internal city structure and urban development: strengths and limitations of models 1) Burgess concentric zone model Concentric Zone Model, 466, 468 2) Hoyt sector model Sector Model, 467,

13 A Correlation of, 3) Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model Multiple Nuclei Model, 467, 469 4) Galactic city model The Peripheral Model, 476 5) Models of cities in Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East, sub- Saharan Africa, East Asia, and South Asia Applying Models Outside North America, ; Applying the Models in Developing Countries, ; Stages of Cities in Developing Countries, D. Built environment and social space 1) Types of residential buildings Skyscrapers, 465; Public Housing, 490; Gentrification, 491; Suburban Stress, 493 2) Transportation and utility Urban Transportation, infrastructure 3) Political organization of urban areas Overlapping Metropolitan Areas, 478; Local government Fragmentation, 479; Annexation, 480 4) Urban planning and design (e.g., Why Are Urban Areas Expanding? gated communities, New Urbanism, and smart-growth policies) 5) Census data on urban ethnicity, gender, migration, and socioeconomic status 6) Characteristics and types of edge cities: boomburgs, greenfields, uptowns E. Contemporary urban issues 1) Housing and insurance discrimination, and access to food stores 2) Changing demographic, employment, and social structures 3) Uneven development, zones of abandonment, disamenity, and gentrification Spatial Analysis and the Census, 45; Population Cartogram, 45; Population Distribution, 46; Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States, ; Graphs of Migration, 233; Internal Migration of African Americans, Why Are Urban Areas Expanding? Consumer Services in CBDs, ; Identifying Food Deserts, 464 Changing Urban Social Geography, The Process of Deterioration,

14 A Correlation of, 4) Suburban sprawl and urban sustainability problems: land and energy use, cost of expanding public education services, home financing, and debt crises 5) Urban environmental issues: transportation, sanitation, air and water quality, remediation of brownfields, and farmland protection The Cost of Suburban Sprawl, ; Why Do Cities Face Challenges? Urban Transportation, ; Changing Urban Physical Geography,

AP Human Geography Pacing Guide

1 st Semester August 5 August 8 Day 1 Day 2 AP Human Geography Pacing Guide 1 st Day of School Attendance/Seating Chart Syllabus Parent Signature Format of the AP Exam Movie Nights Seven Major Curriculum