Joint UNHCR - IOM Strategy to Address Human Trafficking, Kidnappings and Smuggling of Persons in Sudan

Transcription

1 Joint UNHCR - IOM Strategy to Address Human Trafficking, Kidnappings and Smuggling of Persons in Sudan

2 BACKGROUND Sudan is both a destination and transit country for refugees and migrants. An average of 400 to 500 asylum-seekers crosses into Eastern Sudan on a monthly basis 1. The majority are Eritreans with a smaller number of Ethiopian, Somalis and other African nationals. The new arrivals from Eritrea are generally well educated, young individuals who have either deserted or evaded mandatory National Service, while also leaving Eritrea with the hope of finding a better future abroad. Limited employment prospects, lack of basic services and continued security concerns in Eastern Sudan result in most of these new arrivals moving on to the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, or beyond. UNHCR estimates that approximately 80 percent of the new arrivals leave the refugee camps within two months of arrival. Exit visa requirements from Eritrea in addition to Sudan s restrictions on freedom of movement leave asylum-seekers and refugees with little alternative but to rely on smugglers to arrange their travel from Eritrea in order to seek safety in Sudan or to move beyond the refugee camps in the Eastern Sudan, which makes them easy prey for human traffickers. Amongst the new arrivals, there is a significant number of unaccompanied minors and separated children. Throughout 2012, UNHCR registered an average of 34 unaccompanied children on a monthly basis. They are hosted in the unaccompanied children center in Shagarab camp, with approximately two-thirds of these children leaving the refugee camp shortly after arrival. Since 2011, UNHCR and IOM have seen a significant increase in the number of asylumseekers and refugees being abducted in Sudan and held for ransom and/or trafficked into slavery and slavery-like practices. They are either abducted as they enter Eastern Sudan or are taken by force from areas in and around Shagarab refugee camp where the new arrivals are hosted. Having been misled by smugglers, others fall victim to traffickers when travelling from the East of the country to Khartoum in search of positive alternatives to the refugee camp context, or while trying to leave Sudan. Victims of trafficking are known to be held either in Sudan or further afield, some being sold to different criminal groups along the way. Ransoms demanded to the families of the victims usually range from USD 5,000 to USD 40,000. While in captivity, many are subjected to torture or other types of severe sexual and physical violence. Numerous reports indicate that when the money is not paid, victims may be killed as a warning to others, and their kidneys and other vital organs harvested and sold. The capital of Sudan has not remained immune to this phenomenon. As both refugees and migrants are attracted to Khartoum where they hope to find economic opportunities, the capital has become a transit and destination point for people smuggling and human trafficking. Cases of migrant smuggling from Ethiopia directly to Khartoum are also common. Those who travel irregularly frequently solicit the services of a smuggler, not only to cross the border but often all the way to Khartoum in the hopes of finding employment. The illegal nature of the phenomenon, as well as the lack of registration of refugees in urban areas, has 1 Whereas in the previous years an average of 2,000 new asylum-seekers registered in Eastern Sudan every month, UNHCR noted a sharp drop in the number of new arrivals since mid Further analysis is needed to fully understand the reasons behind this drop. 2

3 made identification of victims particularly difficult. Systematic protection of and direct assistance to these populations is therefore lacking. In 2012, UNHCR was able to verify on average 30 cases of kidnapping and trafficking per month in Sudan but estimates the actual number of victims to be much higher 2. While some victims are unwilling or unable to report to UNHCR or the Sudanese authorities, others are kidnapped before they have a chance to register as asylum-seekers and are therefore unknown to UNHCR. Throughout 2012, a total of 195 victims of trafficking were rescued by the Sudanese police intelligence, military intelligence or national security, whether during raids on different sites within Sudan, or through the interception 3 of vehicles transporting these victims. Another 98 victims were able to escape and report to the authorities and/or UNHCR 4 in the East of the country. In Khartoum, in the second half of 2012 alone, 44 vulnerable migrants in need of assistance were referred to IOM from the Ethiopian community. After screening, only 10% however were found to be victims of trafficking. While some victims were released in Sudan and abroad after ransom was paid, a number of refugees were reportedly killed or died due to mistreatment suffered at the hands of their captors. The smuggling and trafficking phenomenon has a regional dimension, reaching far beyond Eastern Sudan, Khartoum, and Sudan itself. A sophisticated network of smugglers and traffickers enables movement of people from Eritrea and Ethiopia through the East of Sudan to Khartoum, North Africa and beyond. Those directly affected are Eritrean, Ethiopian, Somali and Sudanese asylum-seekers, refugees and migrants. Smuggling, trafficking, kidnapping and associated crimes of torture and rape have been reported throughout the region. 5 In response to this cross-border phenomenon, IOM, with UNHCR as a partner, has launched an EU-funded Regional Project to address smuggling and trafficking in Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan: A Protection Project: Supporting governmental and non-governmental partners to protect migrants human rights along the East African Route. In line with the Regional Project, UNHCR and IOM have sought to develop a joint strategy which aims at assisting the Government of Sudan (GoS) to address the phenomenon of human trafficking, kidnapping and smuggling of persons, enhance the protection of victims, and identify solutions. This joint approach is guided by the UNHCR/IOM institutional Framework 2 UNHCR Sudan only considers as verified cases where UNHCR staff were able to gather credible information from the victims themselves, close family members or the Sudanese authorities. Most of these cases therefore concern victims who have been released or have managed to escape while still in Sudan. 3 Out of 338 incidents of kidnapping and trafficking recorded by UNHCR in 2012, 195 victims were rescued by police intelligence, military intelligence or national security. This information was shared with UNHCR by the relevant authorities and is consistent with victims testimonies. 4 This information was obtained during individual interviews with victims, some of whom reported to the police and/or testified in trials. 5 The analysis of the situation of UNHCR persons of concern in Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen and Sudan and of the protection concerns they face is based on UNHCR sources, estimates, victims testimonies and public information sources. IOM and UNHCR share the same analysis of the situation. 3

4 Agreement on Standard Operating Procedures to Facilitate the Protection of Trafficked Persons. 6 6 Specifically, this framework aims at ensuring that the available expertise, capacities, and potential of each agency are effectively employed to deliver the best possible protection and assistance for victims of trafficking. The framework document highlights key areas for coordination and cooperation that are global in nature and will be adapted to the Sudanese context in line of the strategy at hand. In particular, the framework document focuses on two areas where IOM and UNHCR play a key role: the identification of VoTs, the provision of protection and assistance and the promotion of sustainable solutions. 4

5 OVERVIEW OF PROTECTION CONCERNS i. Detention, refoulement and deportation of refugees and asylum-seekers: The risk of deportation is particularly high for victims of trafficking who are undocumented and are as a result considered as illegal aliens (e.g. in the case of asylum-seekers who have been kidnapped after crossing the border into Sudan, but before reaching the refugee camps). ii. Ensuring protection-sensitive entry systems: A reception centre has recently been established in Hamdayet, the major entry point for asylum-seekers from Eritrea into Sudan. The purpose of the reception centre is to establish a secure point of first contact for asylum-seekers and migrants within Sudan, identify asylum-seekers through a screening procedure and provide asylum-seekers with safe onward transport to Shagarab refugee camps. Close monitoring will be necessary to ensure that the screening procedures at the reception centre adhere to the principles set out in International Refugee and Human Rights Law, as well as national laws pertaining to refugees, in particular the principle of non-refoulement. iii. Abduction and kidnappings: Unknown numbers of asylum-seekers and refugees have been abducted along the Eritrea/Sudan border, in and around refugee camps, as well as from cities in the East and Khartoum. Increasing numbers of asylum-seekers and refugees report cases of abduction, involuntary movement and detention, within Sudan or further afield, resulting in kidnapping or human trafficking. Ransom demands for victims of trafficking are a serious concern. iv. Trafficking of human beings & trafficking in organs: Numerous individual testimonies indicate abduction or deceit, forced movement and deprivation of freedom for the purposes of ransom or exploitation. Many of the cases of human trafficking involve smuggling of asylum-seekers, refugees and migrants alike as an entry point to their exploitation, starting either from their country of origin (for instance directly from Eritrea, Ethiopia and even Sudan) or from Sudan, towards Egypt and further afield. Smuggling (voluntary action in the outset) often turns into trafficking (forced and exploitative) in this context when the smugglers detain and extort their clients against ransom, in violation of the agreed-upon deal, or go on to sell their clients to traffickers or other criminal gangs. Victims of trafficking are known to be severely mistreated to exert pressure on family members to pay the ransom. This adds an additional complexity and concern to the phenomenon. Other cases of human trafficking start with the abduction of the victim, who never intended to travel. Reports concerning victims detained outside Sudan indicate that some victims have their organs harvested for the purpose of organ trafficking and are subsequently left to die. v. Violation of the right to life and protection against torture: Systematic torture and inhumane treatment, including through extortion, by kidnappers and traffickers are commonly reported for victims detained in Sudan. Victims of trafficking have been killed, for trying to escape or failing to pay the requested ransom, or have died due to mistreatment suffered at the hands of their captors. 5

6 vi. Sexual violence is frequently reported. Rape of women is common following abduction and throughout forced detention. Rape of men, although less common, is also reported. Victims often do not have access to health and psychosocial services. vii. Unaccompanied and separated children (UASC) leaving Eritrea are arriving in relatively important numbers (approx. 34/month in 2012) in Eastern Sudan. Travelling without an accompanying adult increases the vulnerability of these children and consequently puts them at risk of abuse, kidnapping and trafficking. As many are leaving the camps in Eastern Sudan to move onwards either for the purpose of family reunification or in search of better opportunities, they become easy prey for smugglers and traffickers. In Sudan, children below 15 years cannot access asylum processes and have to be recognized under the UNHCR mandate. viii. Restrictions on freedom of movement and limited options for integration, through work and naturalisation in Sudan: These limitations result in many refugees considering Sudan as a transit rather than a destination country. Limited opportunities, including access to livelihoods, is a serious challenge, and often results in onward movement. There have been statements (from the government, as well as refugees) that it is the inability to settle and work in cities and the limited services in the refugee camps which push refugees to seek ways to travel elsewhere. They then resort to the help of smugglers and may end up as victims of trafficking. 6

7 THE STRATEGY The Joint UNHCR-IOM strategy to address human trafficking, kidnappings and smuggling of persons in Sudan is comprised of five key strategic objectives: A. Enhancing security and mitigating risks B. Strengthening protection responses C. Identifying solutions and alternatives D. Building national capacity E. Enhancing cooperation The purpose of this document is to outline the strategic areas of work and activities that UNHCR and IOM will jointly undertake to meet the above mentioned objectives. 7

8 A. Enhancing Security and Mitigating Risks A.1. Border Management Support the Government of Sudan in enhancing border management systems and related procedures, including the creation of policy, legislation, administrative structures, operation and systems, and the human resource base necessary to respond effectively to diverse migration challenges, and to institute appropriate migration governance. Enhance border procedures through the development of Standard Operational Procedures (SOP) to strengthen and harmonise the responses to the different scenarios of border management while improving their efficiency and impact in a protection-sensitive manner. Provide materials and resources to address the most urgent technical material needs as assessed and identified by the IOM s border management experts. Provide comprehensive training courses for immigration officials and joint training sessions with police, customs, and health officials, focused on addressing migration management patterns and cross-border crimes in line with international standards, with a focus on human trafficking and smuggling of migrants. Support the establishment of a National Training Centre (NTC) that will develop and deliver trainings on the general aspects of border security and migration management. The training centre will provide trainings for new recruits as well as refreshing trainings for border officers already deployed. Provide continued technical support to the Government of Sudan in relation to the enhanced national border and migration management laws and procedures in order to ensure that they meet international standards, including promoting international cooperation to counter irregular migration arriving and/or transiting in Sudan. Support the Government of Sudan to enable and maintain regional cooperation, collaboration and long-term synergies. A.2. Protection-Sensitive Entry Systems and Reception Ensure that screening procedures established at entry points in Eastern Sudan are protection-sensitive (i.e. immigration-control measures contain safeguards guaranteeing access to the territory and an assessment of international protection needs for those who claim to be in need of international protection) through monitoring and enhanced training of border officials. Support the establishment of a new screening center to decrease the risk of kidnappings at the border and between the border and refugee camps. Ensure the safe transportation of asylum-seekers from the border screening centers to the refugee camps to eliminate the need to resort to smugglers and the risk of kidnapping in the border area. Establish country-wide referral mechanisms to ensure that all irregular migrants (including victims of trafficking who are arrested with their traffickers) who may 8

9 be in need of international protection or immediate assistance are referred to the Commissioner for Refugees (COR) or UNHCR before the deportation procedure starts, in order to guarantee access to asylum procedures and avoid refoulement. Enhance training of border officials to ensure that the border management systems that are established are protection sensitive, and that border officials are able to identify cases of human trafficking and are aware of referral processes (for direct assistance and legal aid to ensure that human rights are upheld). A.3. Registration and Documentation Support the Government of Sudan in the establishment of a country-wide registration and documentation system of asylum-seekers and refugees in line with national civil registration standards. Enhance the capacity of COR on registration related matters. A.4 Improving Camp Security Provide continued material support to the Sudanese police and national security to enhance their capacity to combat trafficking and protect refugees including the provision of vehicles, telecommunication equipment, and the rehabilitation and construction of police stations in the border area and other sensitive refugee-receiving locations, depending on needs following the support already provided in Eastern Sudan. Maintain regular contact with the police to ensure regular patrolling and the implementation of additional security measures, not only in and around the camps but also in the border area. Implement physical security measures in refugee camps, such as increasing lighting or establishing checkpoints at the entrances of the camps, to reduce the risks of kidnapping incidents occurring in/between the three Shagarab camps. Refugees will retain their freedom to leave and re-enter the refugee camp in line with international human rights law. Establish a community_based warden system in refugee camps. Members of the refugee community will be involved in security watch schemes which will involve community patrolling, sharing information, maintaining close communication with the police, acting as intermediaries to transmit messages to the community and immediately reporting incidents. Establish a hotline between refugees and UNHCR in Shagarab camps to allow refugees to quickly report kidnapping, trafficking and any other security incidents. Establish a hotline between the refugees, COR and the central police station in Kassala to permit quicker intervention of the authorities. Enhance key services in the refugee camps, such as latrines and fuel efficient stoves, to limit unnecessary movement outside the refugee camps and thereby prevent unnecessary exposure to kidnapping and sexual assault whilst outside the refugee camps. 9

10 B. Strengthening Protection Responses 7 B.1. Victim Identification and Referral Map governmental and non-governmental organizations in Eastern Sudan and Khartoum which provide psychosocial and legal support. Develop a referral system among all concerned actors (humanitarian agencies, NGOs, government partners, and other relevant actors) in order to ensure the early identification of victims of trafficking, their referral to the most appropriate actor and thereby services, as well as access to protection (including RSD where appropriate). Two distinct referral mechanisms should be set up in Kassala and Khartoum. B.2. Protection Mechanisms and Direct Assistance Provide victims with appropriate assistance, including food, emergency shelter medical attention and legal aid as immediate forms of assistance. Provide victims with access to longer-term psychosocial counseling. Establish gender and age appropriate safe houses for victims of trafficking in order to ensure the protection of those who are at immediate risk of further harm, either to themselves, or to their family members. Guarded and confidential safe houses will be established in Kassala town and in Khartoum. The safe houses are intended as temporary rehabilitation locations, where persons at immediate risk will receive accommodation, food, psychosocial counselling and medical support where necessary. Provide tailored training programs for personnel working in the safe houses on how to provide physical and psychological treatment to victims, especially those who are suffering from psychological trauma, and on how to rehabilitate these victims and identify appropriate solutions. B.3. Access to Justice Enhance access to legal assistance through the increased presence of legal practitioners in refugee camps, and promote legal assistance options to those in need. Provide legal support to victims of trafficking and/or their family members. Ensure the physical protection of witnesses willing to provide testimonies in court hearings through enhanced cooperation with law enforcement authorities; while recognizing that assistance should not be conditional upon cooperating with criminal justice authorities. B.4. Protection Mechanisms for Unaccompanied and Separated Children Strengthen case management, services and supervision at the unaccompanied and separated children center in Eastern Sudan. 7 Activities under the joint protection response will flow directly from the UNHCR/IOM institutional Framework Agreement which focuses on strengthening cooperation in areas where IOM and UNHCR play complementary roles: the identification of VoTs, the provision of protection and assistance and the promotion of sustainable solutions. 10

11 Upgrade the facilities and services available in the center, including psychosocial counselling. Explore opportunities for foster care within and outside the camps and support families welcoming children. Conduct Best Interest Assessment (BIA) and Best Interest Determination (BID) for identified unaccompanied and separated children or children at risk in partnership with national child protection authorities and agencies such as UNICEF. Establish community-based child protection networks in Khartoum and the East to increase the number of identified unaccompanied children and explore further foster care possibilities. Enhance education and livelihood opportunities for unaccompanied and separated children inside and outside the refugee camp. Establish Standard Operating Procedures in both Khartoum and Eastern Sudan regarding identification, registration and assistance to unaccompanied and separated children. Explore the feasibility of establishing guardianship arrangements in partnership with national child protection authorities and agencies such as UNICEF. C. Identifying Solutions and Alternatives C.1. Family Unity Establish a network of actors to enhance family tracing (including for example the ICRC in support of the Sudanese Red Crescent) and expedite family reunification for unaccompanied children for whom family reunification is in their best interest, including through return to the country of origin where there are no international protection concerns. During information sessions on smuggling and human trafficking provide information and advice, with the support of the ICRC, in order to prevent separation of families during movement. C.2. Livelihoods, Education and Self-Reliance Enhance education and livelihood opportunities for youth, and in particular unaccompanied children. Improve basic services in the refugee camps, primarily by ensuring access to health, education and shelter. Enhance livelihood opportunities for new arrivals. Advocate with the Government of Sudan to promote freedom of movement for refugees and lift restrictions on access to work and basic services, with the view to providing real opportunities for a stable and decent life in Sudan to refugees who might otherwise resort to smugglers. C.3. Resettlement Ensure the identification and referral of newly arrived refugees facing acute protection needs. 11

12 Undertake third-country resettlement for unaccompanied children for whom this solution is deemed to be in their best interest. C.4. Voluntary Return and Migratory Solutions Facilitate safe return to Eritrea for unaccompanied children for whom this solution is deemed to be in their best interest, and where there are no international protection concerns, following a process of best interest determination. Establish a referral mechanism for individuals found not to be in need of international protection in order to provide support to vulnerable migrants (e.g. economic migrants who had resorted to smugglers and have been arrested in Sudan). Facilitate return and reintegration while preserving fair asylum procedures andrespecting international principles concerning all migrants, including those in irregular situations. D. Building National Capacity D.1. Technical Support on Legislation Enhance advocacy in relation to the Government of Sudan s accession to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, which supplements the 2000 United Nations Protocol on Combating Transnational Organized Crime, which Sudan has already signed and ratified. Provide continued technical support to the Government of Sudan in relation to the proposed national anti-trafficking law currently with the Legislative Assembly in order to ensure that it meets international standards, including in terms of victim protection, assistance and access to asylum procedures. Provide follow-on support to implement the law and other relevant laws. Enhance advocacy in relation to the Government of Sudan s accession to The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, which supplements the 2000 United Nations Protocol on Combating Transnational Organized Crime, which Sudan has already signed and ratified. Work closely with the judiciary and State authorities to ensure that the new antitrafficking laws and any amendments to the existing laws at the state level are consistent with international standards. D.2. National Authorities Enhance the capacity of COR, the police and national security officers in Eastern Sudan and Khartoum specifically by providing training on the identification and prevention of trafficking and smuggling, as well as the protection of victims. Enhance the capacity of judges and prosecutors in the East of Sudan and Khartoum by providing training on human rights, refugee law, human trafficking and people smuggling, with a view to guaranteeing acceptable procedural 12

13 standards during prosecution, and to ensuring that the rights of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants are upheld during such procedures. Enhance the capacity of immigration authorities on refugee and human rights law, as well as smuggling and trafficking, in order to ensure protection-sensitive entry systems, access to asylum and proper referral of cases. Enhance the capacity of security and police staff, including border guards and camp management actors, on child protection issues, and assist with the establishment of referral systems. Enhance the capacity of national institutions, including the National Council for Child Welfare, in the area of child protection with a focus on unaccompanied and separated children and the BIA and BID. Enhance the capacity of the Government to eventually assume responsibility for all anti-trafficking interventions. D.3. National Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) Enhance the capacity of civil society organizations to work on anti-trafficking in Sudan and specifically the protection of victims. Enhance the capacity of psychosocial workers working directly with victims of trafficking in order to ensure that counseling and other activities with victims of human trafficking are conducted in a gender and culturally-appropriate manner, taking into account personal traumas. Enhance the capacity of social workers and other relevant staff in relation to the specific needs of child victims, whether accompanied by adults or not, and on the guidelines for assisting child victims (treatment of traumatized children and procedures for guardianship and placement in institutional or family foster care). Train the refugee community and teachers regarding child protection and support the establishment of an appropriate referral system. D.4. Reintegration Networks Support the development of an Information Counseling and Referral System (ICRS) to enhance the provision of reinsertion/reintegration assistance to Sudanese nationals returning to Sudan. While various services are already available to those returning to their communities, such a systematic mechanism helps to maximize potential synergies and ensure that support reaches those most in need. E. Enhancing Cooperation E.1. Coordination of National Actors Strengthen coordination of the security forces in Eastern Sudan through regular meetings of the security committee (which was established in Kassala) to improve the quality of the response of local authorities to the problem of human trafficking, people smuggling and kidnapping. 13

14 Create a taskforce to enhance information sharing and coordination efforts to address the forms of trafficking, smuggling and kidnapping covered under this strategy with all relevant stakeholders from the government, UN agencies, and NGOs. UNHCR and IOM will be joint chairs. In line with the institutional SOP framework, IOM will lead coordination efforts to combat trafficking when it does not involve refugees or asylum-seekers, in which cases, UNHCR will take the lead. E.2. National Plan of Action Establish a taskforce with government authorities, civil society organizations and UN Agencies to discuss developments, areas of success and areas where additional effort is required with the intention of drafting an National Plan of Action E.3. Regional Cooperation Framework Collaborate closely with UNHCR and IOM offices in Ethiopia and Egypt to ensure a consistent regional approach in line with the Regional IOM/UNHCR Joint Project. Strengthen the regional cooperation framework in combating trafficking of human beings. IOM and UNHCR will work in coordination with international and interregional bodies and agencies, such as the AU, EU, LAS, OIC and IGAD to ensure strengthening of cross-border cooperation, encouraging national initiatives and streamlining responses to address smuggling and trafficking at the regional level. X.1 Advocacy and Awareness Raising Carry out a large-scale information campaign (including posters, leaflets, radio messages and information sessions) to raise the awareness of refugees, asylumseekers, irregular migrants and host communities in the eastern states and Khartoum on the dangers associated with irregular migration,,andon the risks of trafficking and kidnapping, as well as on safe migration options.. Organize information sessions to provide current information and advice to asylum-seekers upon their arrival in Sudan, and hold discussion groups with refugees and migrants in the refugee camps and in Khartoum to raise awareness on the dangers of using smugglers and on the risk of kidnapping. X.2 Research Carry out in-depth research on human trafficking, kidnapping and smuggling of persons phenomenon in the East of Sudan and Khartoum. The study will include an analysis of smuggling/trafficking routes into and out of the East of Sudan and Khartoum; the manner in which clients are recruited, or victims are targeted; actors involved in the smuggling/trafficking/kidnapping networks; and counter measures taken by all relevant authorities. The research findings will enable all concerned actors to better target their interventions, whether at the level of prevention, protection, prosecution or partnerships. 14

15 Ensure that the research is framed within a regional approach. IOM and UNHCR Sudan will therefore coordinate such research with other offices concerned at the country and regional level. X.3: Engaging communities Continue to carry out participatory assessments with all segments of the irregular migrant and refugee populations to identify needs and involve them in decision making about their own security and how to improve it. Engage tribal leaders and other members of the community to increase awareness of the trafficking problem within communities in Eastern Sudan, and gain their support and advice on how to combat this phenomenon. 15

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17 F. Strategy Budget Project Direct Costs Agency Total Costs (USD) 1. PROJECT ACTIVITIES 4,657,023 A. Enhancing Security and Mitigating Risks 3,044,390 A.1. Border Management IOM 1,764,900 A.2. Protection-Sensitive Entry Systems and Reception UNHCR 90,900 A.3. Registration and Documentation UNHCR 200,000 A.4 Improving Camp Security UNHCR 988,590 B. Strengthening Protection Responses 862,116 B.1. Victim Identification and Referral IOM 75,800 B.2. Protection Mechanisms and Direct Assistance UNHCR/IOM 324,900 B.3. Access to Justice UNHCR 51,416 B.4. Protection Mechanisms for Unaccompanied Children UNHCR 410,000 C. Identifying Solutions and Alternatives 389,500 C.1. Family Unity UNHCR 55,000 C.2 Livelihoods, Education, and Self-Reliance UNHCR 224,500 C.3 Resettlement UNHCR 60,000 C.4. Voluntary Return and Migratory Solutions IOM IOM 50,000 D. Building National Capacity 117,722 D.1. Technical Support on Legislation/Advocacy UNHCR/IOM 35,600 D.2 National Authorities UNHCR 56,030 D.3 National Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) UNHCR 26,092 E. Enhancing Cooperation 10,170 E.1. Coordination of National Actors UNHCR 4,320 E.2. National Plan of Action UNHCR 3,850 E.3. Regional Cooperation Framework UNHCR 2,000 X.1. Advocacy and awareness raising UNHCR/IOM 57,725 X.2. Research follow up UNHCR 11,400 X.3. Engaging communities UNHCR 164, Staff and Support Cost 852, UNHCR UNHCR 368, IOM IOM 483,947 TOTAL ( staff and operational) 5,509,590 17