The Mekong Challenge. Destination Thailand: A cross-border labour migration survey in Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia

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2 The Mekong Challenge Destination Thailand: A cross-border labour migration survey in Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia Provincial Department of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation and SILAKA, in collaboration with ILO IPEC Mekong Sub-Regional Project to Combat Trafficking in Children and Women International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour International Labour Office Bangkok

3 Copyright International Labour Organization 2005 First published 2005 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP [Fax: (+44) (0) ; cla@cla.co.uk], in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA [Fax: (+1) (978) ; info@copyright.com] or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Provincial Department of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation and SILAKA, in collaboration with ILO IPEC Mekong Sub-Regional Project to Combat Trafficking in Children and Women The Mekong Challenge - Destination Thailand: A cross-border labour migration survey in Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia Bangkok, International Labour Office, x (print) (Web pdf) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by pubvente@ilo.org Or contact the project directly at: ILO Mekong Project to Combat Trafficking in Children and Women 10th Floor UN Building, Rajadamnoen Nok Ave., Bangkok 10200, Thailand Visit our project Website: Photo credits: Cover courtesy of Mirror Art Foundation; chapters 1-4 ILO/Nick Rain Printed in Thailand

4 FOREWORD In Cambodia, a country with many developmental needs, the field of human anti-trafficking work is now well attended, with many UN agencies, International Organizations and NGOs all working hard to prevent human trafficking, protect victims of trafficking and help them rebuild their lives following such traumatic ordeals. Despite this increased effort there is still a lack of hard data relating to the demographics of potential victims and the chain of events that can increase vulnerability. Cambodia has a young population with half of its inhabitants below the age of 20 and many of them will migrate across the border to Thailand in search of work (both legally and illegally ). While previous research has shown that children and young women are particularly vulnerable to the trickery, deceit and coercion used by traffickers and exploitative employers, there is a dearth of information about the attitudes of young Cambodian migrants themselves, their experiences during migration, their working conditions at destination, and other circumstances and factors that can increase their vulnerability to sexual and labour exploitation along the way. This publication, Destination Thailand: A cross-border labour migration survey in Banteay Meanchey Province Cambodia, part of the sub-regional Mekong Challenge Series, examines quantitatively, the experiences of young Cambodian migrants from one of the country s primary sending provinces. While much of the existing anti-trafficking research tends to focus on sexual exploitation and ways to protect victims, this publication among other things approaches young people to learn about their ambitions and aspirations. It includes the views of nearly 250 children and youth (10-17, and 18-25) from 31 villages in four target districts. Their views shed light in new areas that could help to prevent human trafficking in the future, while putting to rest myths that, without scientific data to back them up, can become accepted as fact. The majority of young respondents said they had an optimistic view of their own future a future in Cambodia. Only a very small minority indicated that they wanted to live abroad. We sincerely believe the findings of this research will help to better understand the thought processes of some of those most vulnerable to human trafficking and, in so doing, improve future measures to prevent the trafficking, labour and sexual exploitation of Cambodia s growing population of youth. iii

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report highlights analysis of a survey on labour migration conducted in four districts (six communes) of Cambodia s Banteay Meanchey province. The report is designed for relevant institutions to use in programmes that reach out to labour migrants. The survey s baseline data serves as an important tool in monitoring the movement of labourers across the Cambodia Thailand border and in developing a national policy on labour migration, job creation and skills-development programmes at the macro and micro levels. The labour migration survey was initiated by the Cambodian Ministry of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSALVY) and the International Labour Organization International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, through the Mekong Sub-Regional Project to Combat Trafficking of Children and Women (ILO IPEC TICW Project). The survey findings are intended to help in the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Employment of Workers that was signed by the governments of Cambodia and Thailand in May The task of conducting the survey went to SILAKA, an NGO specializing in human resource development, with technical support from the MOL and technical and financial support from the ILO IPEC TICW Project. SILAKA worked in close cooperation and collaboration with other stakeholders at the local level, including the Provincial Department of Social Affairs; Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation (PDSALVY) in Banteay Meanchey, four district offices of social affairs, local authorities (district, commune, village) and two local NGOs. 1 The survey covered 31 villages in six communes of Banteay Meanchey province and respondents entailed 239 households, 80 returning migrants (some only visiting), 163 children aged and 83 young adults aged The survey also included interviews with local authorities. The survey findings were first presented to stakeholder institutions in Banteay Meanchey for validation; a number of recommendations were raised, including elements to be considered for a better national policy on labour migration. On behalf of the labour migration survey team, we would like to express our gratitude to all staff and authorities at all levels, the local NGOs in Banteay Meanchey and all villagers who contributed through individual or collective efforts in the collection of information, ideas and recommendations involving labour migration. 1 The Cambodian Association for Assistance to Families and Widows (CAAFW) and the Cambodian Children and Handicap Development Organization (CCHDO) iv

6 Technical editing was carried out by Karen Emmons and Eriko Kiuchi-Ito with the assistance of Khleang Rim. Because this report covers only a portion of the labour force, we do not present the findings as representative of the situation nationwide. However, it does offer insight concerning the populations that are at risk of irregular migration and of being trafficked. We welcome all suggestions and comments from readers for improving the quality of the report and future research on labour migration. v

7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Natural disasters and two decades of civil war have resulted in unbalanced population growth and thus strains on education, skills training and employment opportunities in Cambodia. The dire economic situation has created hardship among rural people who are poor in many of Cambodia s provinces. This situation has led to an increase of migration both internal and cross-border, as vulnerable populations seek economic opportunities elsewhere. For example, of the 1.2 million migrants seeking employment in Thailand who registered with the Ministry of Labour as of 1 July 2004, 14 per cent, or 168,000, were from Cambodia. 2 The Mekong Sub-Regional Project to Combat Trafficking of Children and Women of the International Labour Organization International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (ILO IPEC TICW Project), in collaboration with the Royal Government of Cambodia, launched a pilot intervention in 2000 in Banteay Meanchey, Prey Veng, Battambang and Sihanoukville. To sustain the continuing efforts through the second phase ( ), it is vital to have reliable data on the volume of migration and more information on people who are vulnerable to trafficking, either in-country or moving to neighbouring countries. Irregular migration and undocumented labour considerably increases people s vulnerability to exploitation and trafficking. Certainly there is a need for more understanding on who has migrated and how to better address anti-trafficking and anti-exploitation efforts. In collaboration with the (then) Ministry of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation 3 (national and provincial departments) and local NGO partners, the ILO IPEC TICW Project initiated a survey of labour migration in Banteay Menchey province. The partners met together with local stakeholders to identify areas along the Cambodian Thailand border for surveying and decided to target the districts of Svay Chek, Thma Puok, Ou Chrov and Malay. These districts are considered primary places for receiving, transiting and sending labour migrants to Thailand. All are located in Banteay Meanchey province. Thus, that north-western province was targeted for the survey and the actual random sampling focused on 239 households, 80 returning labourers, 163 children aged and 83 youth aged living in 31 villages (representing six communes) within the four targeted districts. 2 Arnold, D., The Situation of Burmese Migrant Workers in Mae Sot, Thailand, Working Papers Series, Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, No. 71, September 2004, p.17 3 In 2004 under the new Government but after the survey was conducted, the MSALVY was split into two ministries: the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training and the Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation. For this report, MSALVY and PDSALVY are used to refer to the institution in place at the time of the survey. vi

8 SILAKA, an NGO specializing in human resource development, was contracted to conduct the survey in collaboration with the Provincial Department of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation (PDSALVY), the district offices of social affairs in the four targeted districts and the Cambodian Association for Assistance to Families and Widows (CAAFW) and the Cambodian Children and Handicap Development Organization (CCHDO). The partners created two survey teams for four districts (one team for two districts). Objectives The survey was designed with the following objectives: 1. To capture as best as possible the situation of irregular migration and trafficking from Banteay Meanchey to Thailand; 2. To identify potential partners for implementing the interventions to prevent trafficking in children and women within the framework of labour migration to Thailand; and 3. To present the outcome for feedback, comments and recommendations at a provincial stakeholders ownership exercise (PSOE) meeting in Banteay Meanchey. Expected output 1. Information on labour migration and possible trafficking situations in the six selected communes, with recommendations for project interventions and collaboration partners for preventing trafficking in children and women (in the framework of labour migration). 2. A validated report with recommendations for actions from relevant stakeholders. Methodology With technical support from ILO IPEC TICW Project, SILAKA staff localized four separate questionnaires from a Lao labour migration survey, which was earlier conducted through the ILO IPEC TICW Project in Lao People s Democratic Republic. The SILAKA staff then relied on a migration movement survey by the Ministry of Planning/National Institute of Statistics (MOP/NIS) for use in interviewing other stakeholders: village chiefs, commune chiefs, commune police officials, NGOs, intermediaries and provincial and district government officials. The questions sought data and information on households and population characteristics, perceptions and aspirations of children and youth, as well as the experiences of returning migrant workers. The two survey teams, each consisting of 10 members, then were set up and a short workshop was organized to orient them to the questionnaires and methodology on data collection and summarizing by village, commune and district. The surveys in the sample communes of Kok Romiet, Thma Puok, Svay Chek, O Bei Cheun, Malay and Boeung Beng were conducted, along with interviews for secondary data from provincial and district officials. Interviews were made with a random selection of households, returning labourers and young people (broken into three age groups: years, years and years). The survey covered 31 villages and interviews with a total of 565 primary people (out of a population of 35,808) and 37 other resource persons. vii

9 The targeted communes are transit and sending areas of migrant workers to Thailand. Some people migrate seasonally to Thailand for work in different sectors, especially for agriculture. Some migrate with assistance of facilitators/relatives who have a relationship/network with Thai employers. Others migrate on their own and cross the border without any assistance. Participants in the consultation meeting (PSOE) in October 2004 indicated both positive and negative impacts on migrant workers as well as their families. Positive impacts include the improved living conditions of the migrant workers families. Negative impacts include the experience of workers returning with no money and who then had to sell their property to repay loans that they accumulated in paying someone to find them work in Thailand. Survey findings Analysis from the survey includes the following key conclusions: There has been a nine-fold increase in the number of school drop-outs in the past five years, which increases young people s vulnerability. There is a high incidence of child labour; as much as 24 per cent of people going to Thailand are children aged years. Some families have no information and contact with migrant workers once they leave home. Many heads of households reported not receiving any remittances from those migrant working family members. There is no office or place for information in Banteay Meanchey for people who want to look for work in Thailand, which leads to people s dependence upon agents or facilitators and thus increases their vulnerability to being trafficked or exploited in other ways. According to the survey findings, cross-border migrant workers and their families may encounter some of the following risks: Being abused and exploited. Some 53 per cent of the 80 returning labourers who were interviewed reported experiencing various types of abuse and exploitation, including being shouted and cursed at, forced to work long hours, underpaid, not paid, not allowed to leave the workplace, forced to work in dangerous conditions, physical violence, sexual abuse and being arrested. When interviewed, some of the returning workers said their living and working conditions were bad with no protection from physical abuse and illness, including HIV/AIDS; work conditions were described as unhygienic, not enough light and without fresh air. There is an insufficient networking of concerned local organizations in Thailand to follow up employers adherence to labour and migration laws and human rights; as well, there is a shortage of focal points to receive and settle labour migrants problems. Legal problems. Migrant labourers who do not register to work in Thailand risk arrest by the Thai police; they can more easily be cheated, robbed, killed or have a landmine accident as they sneak across the border. Most migrant labourers who are victims of physical abuse don t report it to the local police or relevant organizations, even when they need help. viii

10 Recommendations Establish an office that provides easy access to information near the Cambodian Thailand border, particularly in the areas with a large amount of migrant and suspected trafficking movement. Catering to migrant workers and others who would like to work in Thailand, the information should include insight on working conditions, safe means of transferring money, human rights, immigration and labour laws, including warnings about trafficking practises. This service would provide the contact details of intervention agencies for people looking for work in Thailand and for their families who might need help in later locating a migrant family worker. Networking with Thai organizations and other institutions involved in human rights protection should be strengthened. This network can help to share information and resources, seek common solutions to migration and labour issues and follow up the implementation of immigration and labour laws and human rights protection and to deal with complaints, in cooperation with local authorities where necessary. Establish a national operational policy on labour migration management. The Cambodian Government should effectively implement, immediately, a policy that ensures security and safety for registered crossborder labour migrants who will be living and working in hiring countries. As well, the legal channel should be increased, especially for migrant workers with a long-term employment contract (about two years). However, there needs to be a system for assisting seasonal/daily migrant workers to Thailand to provide some protection against unsafe migration. This could be done by improving the existing policies. A policy would facilitate joint actions between relevant agencies in Cambodia and Thailand that could help reduce labour exploitation, including trafficking and violations of human rights. The recently signed memorandum of understanding on employment creation with the Government of Thailand can be used, but there is a need for allocated resources and a mechanism for follow-through. Increase legal protections against exploitation and abuses for all types of migrant labourers that take place on both sides of the border. Establish programmes to disseminate information among villagers in both Cambodia and Thailand on labour and anti-trafficking laws and other crucial assistance. There is a need for more vocational training programmes as well as information about existing training programmes and other support to villagers who would like to migrate for employment. New infrastructure is needed or existing facilities need improving, such as building schools closer to communes and the construction of new and repair of old roadways and waterways. Set up a database of labour information. An employment database could provide villagers access to job opportunities. Staff members of the Ministry of Labour should be trained to use the database and to keep it up to date and distribute information to employers and people seeking work. Other relevant public servants need to be trained to help assist migrant labourers. ix

11 Negotiate with the Thai Government for workers passage throughout Thailand. The border passes issued to registered migrant workers, which allow them to cross over into Thailand, should be expanded to include medium- and long-term migrant workers. Attract investors to start or expand business projects that would help create more local jobs, particularly agro-industry-related, in areas such as Banteay Meanchey province. x

12 CONTENTS FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii iv vi 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1 Research rationale 2 The ILO IPEC TICW Project and the labour migration survey 3 Brief background on the research areas in Banteay Meanchey province 4 2. SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 7 Objectives and expected outputs 8 Target population 8 Organizing structure of the research 9 Methodology 9 Implementation process 10 Constraints of the survey FINDINGS 13 Information about children and youth 14 Information about households, from heads of households 26 Information about returned migrants CONCLUSIONS 59 Overall situation of migration out of Banteay Meanchey province 60 Benefits in migrating 61 Risks in migrating 61 Recommendations 62 Annexes 65 Annex 1 Household questionnaire 66 Annex 2 Age group questionnaire (10 14; 15 17; 18 25) 72 Annex 3 Returned labour migrant questionnaire 77 Annex 4 Questions for resource persons 85 Annex 5 Sample village for collecting data 87 xi

13 TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: Target population and sample size 9 A. Information about children and youth Table 3.1: Respondents by age, sex and education level 14 Figure 3.1: Educational level of young respondents in school at the time of the survey 15 Table 3.2: When and why young respondents dropped out of school 15 Figure 3.2: Percentage of respondents who dropped out of school, by age and by year of dropping out 16 Table 3.3: Employment and work among young respondents not in school 17 Table 3.4: Labour migration among young respondents 18 Figure 3.4a: Percentage of respondents, by workplace outside of village and age group 18 Figure 3.4b: Percentage of respondents, by age group and workplace outside of village 19 Table 3.5: Working hours, terms of payment and place of living outside respondents home village 20 Table 3.6: Type of work respondents wished to have 22 Table 3.7: Favourite TV programming among young respondents 25 Figure 3.5: Percentage of respondents, by favourite TV programming and by age group 26 B. Information about household, from heads of households Table 3.11: Household members by sex, age, relationship with house head, ethnicity and religion 26 Figure 3.6: Percentage of household members, by age group in Figure 3.7: Percentage of household members, by marital status 28 Figure 3.8: Percentage of household members (aged years who were working), by occupation 28 Figure 3.9: Percentage of household members, by main type of employment (among those aged years who were working) Table 3.12: Household members aged who had worked outside their home village 29 Figure 3.10: Number of household members working outside their home village 30 Figure 3.11: Percentage of household members working outside their village who can and cannot be contacted 30 Table 3.13: Head of households, by sex and type of house 31 Figure 3.12: Percentage of households, by monthly income 32 Table 3.14: Food security, income and expenditure of households 33 Table 3.15: Income from migrant family members and mode of remittance 33 Figure 3.13: Number of heads of households receiving supplementing income from migrants remittances 34 Figure 3.14: Percentage of households, by methods of receiving remittance 35 C. Information on returned migrants Table 3.16: Respondents by sex, educational background and employment status 36 Figure 3.15: Percentage of returned migrant respondents, by education and skills training 37 Table 3.17: When and why respondents first migrated 38 Figure 3.16: Percentage of returned migrant respondents, by age when they first migrated 38 Table 3.18: Making the final decision to migrate for work 39 Figure 3.17: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by recruitment process 40 Table 3.19: Means of travel for labour migration 40 Table 3.20: Areas of employment, hours worked and days off among returned migrants 41 Figure 3.18: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by location of workplace in Thailand 42 Figure 3.19: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by working hours per day 42 xii

14 Figure 3.20: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by days off per month 42 Figure 3.21: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by earnings per month 43 Table 3.21: Expected earnings per month when returning respondents first migrated from their village 43 Table 3.22: Sending money home 44 Figure 3.22: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by method of sending remittance home 45 Figure 3.23: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by amount of money sent home each time 45 Table 3.23: Respondents who experienced bad treatment in their workplace 46 Figure 3.24: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by bad treatment experienced in their workplace 47 Figure 3.25: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by working conditions in workplace 47 Table 3.24: Respondents living situation while away from home 48 Figure 3.26: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by where they lived when working 49 Table 3.25: Reasons for returning home 49 Table 3.26: Positive and negative outlooks on migrant working and living conditions 50 Table 3.27: Plans for the future 52 Table 3.28: Reasons for and against migrating again 53 Table 3.29: Risks in migrating 55 Table 3.30: Learning opportunity 56 Figure 3.27: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by the number of skills training sessions attended 57 Figure 3.28: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by physical condition when interviewed 57 Table 3.31: Physical condition of returning migrant respondents 58 xiii

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17 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Research rationale Cambodia has a young population more than half of its people are younger than 20 and thus a fastgrowing labour force. Some 150,000 to 175,000 people join the labour force annually, and this rate will grow to 200,000 by Given the existing population dynamics, the limited absorption capacity of the local economy and factors such as landlessness, poverty and an array of socio-economic problems, an increasing number of job seekers are attracted to the perceived economic opportunities abroad. In Thailand, of the 1.2 million migrants seeking employment who registered with the Ministry of Labour as of 1 July 2004, 14 per cent, or 168,000, were from Cambodia. 5 This accounts for the majority of all Cambodian migrant workers abroad. However, most Cambodian migrant workers are low skilled. Due to the lack of legal migration options, large numbers of workers leave the country without proper documentation, which instantly renders them extremely vulnerable to exploitation and abuse by unscrupulous employers, recruiters and traffickers. They have communication problems due to language barriers and have no protection, or even recourse, against labour inequities, such as wages and conditions that differ from those promised. Trafficking in persons increasingly is closely linked to labour migration, particularly irregular migration. Though many workers are aware of the potential risk, many other migrants are ill-prepared and uninformed. Promoting safer, or at least informed, migration would strongly contribute to the diminishing incidence of trafficking. The Royal Government of Cambodia has been taking steps to better manage the migration of its nationals and confront the trafficking problem, as well as the worst forms of abuse associated with the exploitation of migrant labour, by creating more and broader, legal channels for labour migration. The Government in collaboration with the International Labour Organization International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour Mekong Sub-Regional Project to Combat Trafficking in Children and Women (ILO IPEC TICW Project) launched in 2000 a pilot intervention to address the problem of trafficking in Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Prey Veng and Sihanoukville. A second phase began in 2003 with more focus on trafficking prevention under the framework of labour migration and will continue through The target provinces for the second phase are: Banteay Meanchey, Sihanoukville, Seam Reap, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, Kampong Cham and Svay Rieng. In May 2003, the Royal Government of Cambodia signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Royal Government of Thailand on Eliminating Trafficking in Children and Women and Assisting Victims of Trafficking. Also in May 2003, the Government signed another MOU with Thailand on Cooperation in the Employment of Workers. To successfully implement the MOU on Cooperation 4 Asian Migrant Center, Migration Needs, Issues and Responses in the Greater Mekong Subregion, Arnold, D., The Situation of Burmese Migrant Workers in Mae Sot, Thailand, Working Papers Series, Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, No. 71, September 2004, p.17 2

18 in the Employment of Workers, both countries have agreed to set a framework to resolve the problem of irregular migrant workers and to enhance bilateral cooperation in the management of cross-border migration for employment in several ways: 1. Protection of Cambodian labour migrants; 2. Return and repatriation of workers; 3. Establishment of migrants emergency fund; 4. Prevention of irregular labour migration; and 5. Identification of Cambodian workers currently in Thailand. The MOU calls for the establishment of legal/ organized labour migration schemes that allow Cambodian citizens to work in Thailand. With financial and technical support from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the ILO IPEC TICW Project, the Government conducted a national workshop 6 to stimulate internal discussion and increase understanding of the purposes and consequences of the MOU, as well as to identify practical implementation approaches. A key recommendation adopted at the workshop highlighted labour migration surveys as a key starting point. Currently, reliable data on the volume of population migration and the types of people migrating, particularly irregular migration and undocumented labour, is scarce. Having knowledge on the situation of labour migration and trafficking is recognized as necessary to enhancing national development benefits and action programmes to protect the fundamental rights of migrants and reduce irregular migration and human trafficking. The ILO IPEC TICW Project and the labour migration survey The ILO IPEC TICW Project covers five countries (Cambodia, China (Yunnan province), Lao People s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam). The first phase started in 2000 and focused on capacity building and raising public awareness of trafficking prevention. In targeted pilot areas that were identified as the main source areas of vulnerable migrants and trafficked victims, the project helped to decrease illinformed and/or unprepared migration and generate local livelihoods for at-risk families. Based on ILO experience, the second phase of the TICW Project is designed to explore more possibilities of workers and employers organizations participating in anti-trafficking efforts, including mobilizing their input and pilot projects with their cooperation. The second phase is looking at the situation of labour migration as one way of identifying the direct and potential factors leading to the trafficking of children and women. It will look to identify useful counter-measures for both the push and pull sides of the problem. The ILO IPEC TICW Project in Cambodia launched its second phase through a national stakeholder ownership exercise (NSOE) meeting on 4 5 March 2003 with participation from relevant government institutions, employers associations, trade unions, national and international NGOs and UN agencies. The TICW Project Phase II aims to contribute to eliminating the worst forms of child labour, including the trafficking in children and women for labour and sexual exploitation, in both sending and receiving areas/sectors in Cambodia through the development, implementation and monitoring of effective and integrated national and local strategies and actions. Based on an earlier ILO IPEC study, Moving Forward: Secondary Data Review of Sending and Receiving Areas and Employment Sectors in the Prevention of Trafficking in Children and Women in Cambodia, and the outcomes of the NSOE, the following areas were agreed on as the target provinces June

19 for Phase II: The four sending provinces: Prey Veng, Kampong Cham, Svay Reing and Banteay Meanchey and The three sending areas: Sihanoukville, Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Among the four sending provinces, Banteay Meanchey province also is considered a transit and border-crossing zone for labour migrants and traffickers moving into Thailand. Contributing to effective implementation of the MOU on the employment of workers, the TICW Project is looking to develop interventions in the target communities of Banteay Meanchey to prevent trafficking of children and women under a labour migration framework and to reduce unsafe migration to Thailand. To identify effective interventions in Banteay Meanchey, TICW Project staff consulted key stakeholders in the province in May Through a consultation meeting with the vice-provincial governor, the director of the PDSALVY and the director of Cambodian Children and Handicap Development Organization, the following criteria was agreed upon to select areas to conduct the research: Districts located close to the Thailand border; High incidence of cross-border migration; High incidence of seasonal migration; Transit area for trafficking and migration; High risk of trafficking across the border; Resources available in communes; Employment situation in communes; Low education levels; Existing or potential implementing agencies; and Exiting mechanism or network. Through this consultation, four of eight districts bordering with Thailand in Banteay Meanchey province were selected: Thma Puok, Svay Chek, Ou Chrov and Malay districts. After selecting the four districts and conducting a similar consultation process in each district with district stakeholders and using the same criteria, six communes were selected: Kok Romiet commune, Thma Puok district; Svay Chek commune, Svay Chek district; Poi Pet commune (but only four of its villages were targeted: Toul Prat, O Reusey, Prey Kob and O Neang), Ou Chrov district; Bei Cheun commune, Ou Chrov district ; Malay commune, Malay district; and Boeung Beng commune, Malay district. Brief background on the research areas in Banteay Meanchey province Located 370 km northwest of Phnom Penh and bordering Thailand, Banteay Meanchey has a total population of around 577,770, of which 51 per cent are female. The province consists of eight districts, 63 communes and 604 villages. 7 Among the districts, four border Thailand: Thma Puok, Svay Chek, Ou Chrov and Malay. In the six selected communes at the time of the labour migration survey, there were: 63 villages and 12,641 families, with a total population of 59,378 (see Annex 2). These communes are transit and sending areas of migrant workers to Thailand. Some workers seasonally migrate to Thailand to work in different sectors, though particularly in agricultural. Some workers migrate with assistance from intermediaries or relatives who have a link with Thai employers. Other workers have crossed the border to find work on their own. Other TICW Project consultation meetings have indicated there are both positive and negative impacts on migrant workers and their families. On 7 General population census, 1998; pg 40. 4

20 the positive side, living conditions have improved; but in terms of negative impact, some workers return without any earnings and have to sell property to pay back loans they took from money lenders to cover their costs of travelling and/or other arrangements across the border to work in Thailand. In addition, there is a lack of appropriate information and monitoring mechanisms to protect migrant workers from labour and sexual exploitation. The main purpose of this labour migration survey was to provide insights and background information about the current situation and, as much as possible, provide some indication on the trafficking of children and women within the labour migration framework internally and across the border with Thailand. The data is meant to inform policy and programme development on labour migration management and trafficking prevention efforts at the local as well as at the subregional levels. 5

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23 2. SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS Objectives and expected outputs The research on labour migration aimed to interview heads of households, returned migrant workers, young adults and children and other relevant individuals with the following purposes: 1. To capture as best as possible the situation of irregular migration and trafficking from Banteay Meanchey to Thailand; 2. To identify potential partners for implementing the interventions to prevent trafficking in children and women within the framework of labour migration to Thailand; 3. To present the consolidated findings at a provincial stakeholder ownership exercise (PSOE) meeting in Banteay Meanchey for validation; and 4. To share the validated findings with relevant agencies. To achieve those objectives, the researchers were expected to produce: 1. Information and analysis of that information, on labour migration and possible trafficking situations in six selected communes 8 and 2. Recommendations for project interventions and collaboration partners to help in reducing the vulnerability of children and women to trafficking. Target population The survey was conducted in 31 villages (located in six communes in four districts) in Banteay Meanchey province, at the border with Thailand. In total, the researchers interviewed 602 people, broken down as follows: 239 heads of households (This number represented 3 per cent of the total number of families in the 31 sample villages and 1.68 per cent of the total number of families in the surveyed area s 63 villages); 80 returned migrant labourers; 78 children aged 10 14; 85 children aged 15 17; 83 young adults aged 18 25; 26 village chiefs; 6 commune chiefs; 2 district governors; 1 commune police officer; and 2 NGO representatives. At the time of the survey, the six targeted communes (only a portion four villages of one commune, Poi Pet, was surveyed) of the four districts contained 63 villages with a total population of 12,641 families and 59,378 people. For the survey, 31 villages were randomly selected (50 per cent coverage). This, then, covered 7,834 families and 35,806 people. Both the analysis and recommendations were to be presented in the form of a published report. 8 The six communes: Poi Pet (though only four northern villages were surveyed) and O Bei Cheun communes, Ou Chrov district; Malay and Boeung Beng communes, Malay district; Svay Chek commune, Svay Chek district and Kok Romiet commune, Thma Puok district. 8

24 Table 2.1: Target population and sample size District Population in 2002 Sample size Sample Village Household Population Village Households Population Svay Chek 14 1,688 7, ,238 Thma Puok 21 3,605 16, ,724 7,845 Ou Chrov 15 5,156 24, ,120 14,033 Malay 13 2,192 10, ,192 10,690 Total 63 12,641 59, ,834 35,806 Organizing structure of the research As previously explained, to identify the communes and districts initially the TICW Project staff consulted with officials from the Ministry of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation (MSALVY) 9 and other provincial and local authorities and civil society representatives, in particular the Cambodian Children and Handicap Development Organization (CCHDO) and Cambodian Association for Assistance to Families and Widows (CAAFW), working in the border areas. The consultation meetings took place at the national level (through a NSOE meeting on 4-5 March 2004) and at the provincial and local levels (through facilitation by the TICW Project staff and with participation of the national project coordinator (NPC)) in the four districts that border Thailand and are considered transit and sending areas for crossborder migration. With technical support from the NPC of the TICW Project, SILAKA staff established two survey teams (ten people each) of district government officials (from Social Affairs offices) and staff of CCHDO and CAAFW. The Banteay Meanchey Provincial Department of Social Affairs supported the organization of the teams and implementation of the research. Methodology Once the survey sample had been determined, SILAKA staff (with technical support from ILO IPEC TICW Project) and the two teams of researchers proceeded as follows: Developed questionnaires. Began interviewing the other stakeholders: village and commune chiefs, commune police officials, NGOs officers and provincial and district government officials. Localized sample survey questionnaires from the Lao Labour Migration Survey, which was conducted in 2003 by the effort of the collaboration of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare and the National Statistics Centre with technical assistance from ILO IPEC TICW Project and SIMPOC. Created the two survey teams. Organized a one-day training course for each survey team on understanding the questionnaires and methodology on data collection and method of summarizing data by village, commune and district. Collected data through interviews, observation and consultations with government and civil society organizations. 9 In 2004 under the new Government but after the survey was conducted, the MSALVY was split into two Ministries: the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training and the Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation. For this report, MSALVY and PDSALVY are used to refer to the institution in place at the time of the survey. 9

25 Consolidated the research and reviewed data while in the province to clarify issues. Analysed and wrote the draft report (SILAKA staff). Validated the draft report in a provincial stakeholders ownership exercise (PSOE) meeting in Banteay Meanchey province. Implementation process Survey design and data-collection process Before the research began, the directors of PDSALVY and SILAKA and the national coordinator of the TICW Project met with officials of the provincial department of social affairs and officials from the four districts to explain the purpose, objectives and major activities of the survey, particularly that the findings would be useful for residents of Banteay Meanchey province. An orientation meeting for the researchers took place a Svay Check district government office with the district governor and involved the following resource persons: 1 provincial social affairs department official in Banteay Meanchey, 1 official from social affairs department in Svay Chek district, 2 Svay Chek commune officials (first and second deputies), 1 official from social affairs department in Thma Puok district, 1 Kork Romeat commune leader and 6 CAAFW staff. The survey teams were divided into five subteams with two members each; each subteam was then assigned to a village. The researchers concentrated on inputs from the resource persons regarding the villages and devised an action plan for data collection and survey methods. The stakeholder participants agreed on changing the initially selected Taleiy village to Samaki village because the former is located near another village in the survey and the two share similar social-economic circumstances. Samkai village is in a different type of area along the border and the people living there are quite poor. After the survey plan was captured, the leaders of all target villages were informed by the leaders/or council members of the six targeted communes to prepare and give assistance to the survey team in meeting and interviewing the randomly selected residents. The survey team spent three days interviewing respondents to the survey in Svay Chek and Thma Puok districts. To prepare for the second interview process, the researchers met again with resource persons in Ou Chrov district: 1 provincial social affairs department official in Banteay Meanchey, 1 official from social affairs department in Ou Chrov district, 1 Poi Pet commune council member, 1 O Beicheun commune council member, 1 official from social affairs department in Malay district, 1 Malay commune leader, 1 Boeun Beng commune leader and 6 CCHDO staff. As in the previous meeting, the survey team concentrated on inputs from the resource persons to develop an understanding of the sample areas. Subteams were assigned to villages and spent four days interviewing in Ou Chrov and three days in Malay district. Data consolidation and analysis After conducting the survey in each commune, the teams consolidated their findings per commune. The data of each district and data/information from other key informants were consolidated at the SILAKA office in Phnom Penh and using a Microsoft Excel program. The analysts clustered the data/information by type of respondent (household head, children 10

26 and youth by age and returning labourers). The collected information was verified and cleared by the survey team leader and a SILAKA staff member at the end of each day through personal contact with respondents. Data entry took about one month to complete, including verification with interviewers by telephone. Tables and charts were developed to illustrate the analysis. Constraints of the survey The questionnaires did not seek to acquire extensive detailed information due to limited time and budgeting. Also, the capacity of SILAKA staff and of the researchers was limited the researchers were provided with only one day of training for clarification of the questionnaire process and guidelines on interviewing. 11

27

28 3

29 3. FINDINGS 10 A. INFORMATION ABOUT CHILDREN AND YOUTH The researchers interviewed a total of 246 children and youth: 78 people aged 10 14; 85 people aged and 83 youth aged As Table 3.1 shows, more females than males were interviewed: 60 per cent of the total children and youth sample were female (including 59 per cent of youth) and thus, 40 per cent were male. Table 3.1: Respondents by age, sex and education level Age of respondents Response Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Sex of respondents Female Male Total Respondents who have been to school Respondents who have not been to school Total Respondents who are not in school Respondents who are currently in school Total Educational level of Primary respondents who are Lower secondary currently in school Upper secondary Total All percents in the following three sections of analysis of the statistics on young respondents, household heads and returned labourers have been rounded off, though they remain more precise within the various tables and figures. 14

30 Education As Table 3.1 indicates, most of the young people in the survey used to attend school; 170, or 83 per cent, of the total 203 children and youth had dropped out at the time of the survey and 18 per cent had never been to school. Among the 75 young people currently enrolled when interviewed, 60 of them were in primary school, 10 in lower secondary school and only 5 attended upper secondary school. Figure 3.1: Educational level of young respondents in school at the time of the survey Total Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary Table 3.2: When and why young respondents dropped out of school Stopped going to school since: Response Age of respondents Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Last year years ago years up years ago Total Stopped goingto school because: Parents need help with work Cannot afford to buy books, uniform Parents asked me to leave School was far away, no transport Unfriendly teacher School was boring Illness Other (looking for jobs, marriage) Total

31 Among the sampled young population for the survey, far more had dropped out of school recently than, say, five years earlier (Table 3.2): only 5 per cent stopped studying four to five years earlier, while 45 per cent left school in 2003 (nearly nine times as many). A majority of the respondents who had dropped out of school (62 per cent) said they wanted to help their parents (50 per cent) or their parents asked them to help relieve the burden on the family (12 per cent). Many (27 per cent) added that they could no longer afford to buy books and the school uniform. Figure 3.2: Percentage of respondents who dropped out of school, by age and by year of dropping out Total last year 2-3 year ago 5 year up 4-5 year ago Employment and work As Tables 3.1 and 3.2 indicate, a total of 213 respondents had dropped out or never attended school and thus were either unemployed or likely to be working a situation that put them at risk of migrating or being trafficked. Among them, some 103 young people stated they were working at the time of the survey, including 35 per cent of those aged 10 14, 52 per cent aged and 55 per cent of youth. (This could mean they worked on the family farm. The questionnaire asked if they were working at the time of the survey and required only a yes or no answer.) More than half of them (66 per cent) worked on plantations or farms (including the family farm) while others were involved in domestic service (9 per cent), selling foods (9 per cent) or other areas, as Table 3.3 indicates. 16

32 Table 3.3: Employment and work among young respondents not in school Response Age of respondents Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Currently employed Currently unemployed Total Kind of workthey do now: Plantation, farming, shepherding (multiple choice) Housework Vendor (cakes) Student Sewing Make up Hairdressing Labourer Shoe polisher Battery re-charger Chicken fry Total Kind of Plantation and farming work they did Vendor (fruit, veg., previously: cakes) (multiple choice) Labourer Sewing Housework Total Of the 246 young respondents, 213 reported having a job either currently or some time previously (this includes working on the family farm). Of the 103 respondents working at the time of the survey, 59 were younger than 18 (again, this may include working on the family farm). Not surprisingly, most of the total 103 reported working in agriculture. Those employed at the time of the survey and those who had worked previously had similar jobs, such as farming, selling vendor items, sewing and domestic service. Labour migration Among the 213 young people who reported either currently or previously working, 44 per cent said they had worked, at some point, outside of their village: 75 per cent had worked in Thailand (including 61 per cent whose employment was close to the Thailand Cambodian border and 14 per cent further inside Thailand). The remainder reported working within Cambodia: 15 per cent within the home district, 5 per cent within the province, 3 per cent in Phnom Penh and 2 per cent in other provinces. No one reported going farther than Thailand for work. 17

33 Table 3.4: Labour migration among young respondents Response Respondents who have never worked outside the village Respondents who have worked outside the village Age of respondents Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Total Where they worked outside the village: In Thailand (in district close to TH CAM border) In Thailand (in another district not near border) Inside home district In other district of Banteay Meanchey Phnom Penh Another province Total Figure 3.4a: Percentage of respondents, by workplace outside of village and age group Another province Phnom Penh In other district of Banteay Meanchey In Thailand (a district not close to the border) Inside district In Thailand (in a district close to TH-CAM border)

34 Figure 3.4b: Percentage of respondents, by age group and workplace outside of village Total Thailand Other districts & provinces inside Cambodia Working conditions Of 94 respondents who said they worked outside the village at the time of the interview, 79 per cent of them reported working eight hours or more a day. When asked about wages, most of the respondents (76 per cent) reported receiving only about US$2 per day (or 80 Thai baht, which is typically the currency they receive) while another 18 per cent (only among those aged 15 25) reported monthly earnings of US$100 per month (or 4,000 Thai baht). Interestingly, only the children aged years reported receiving lump sum payments, either by the week or by the year. Half of the young people interviewed said they had lived outside their home village in other districts or provinces within Cambodia, while another 49 per cent had lived in Thailand. One person had travelled and lived (but never worked) in Malaysia. During the period of living outside their villages, some respondents stayed with someone they knew or had their own place in Cambodia and crossed the border for work and returned home each day (47 per cent lived with relatives, another 34 per cent had their own place and 3 per cent lived with a friend). Among the others, 10 per cent lived with their employers, 4 per cent rented a place in Thailand and one person lived with the intermediary (illegal agent) who had helped in finding that person s job. Most of the respondents lived in Cambodia but worked in Thailand. As Table 3.5 indicates, all the respondents who had lived away from home chose to leave to earn a living: 59 per cent did so because they expected to be better paid farther from home; 30 per cent said there were no jobs in the village. Another 9 per cent said they had followed relatives or parents. Three respondents, one per age group, reported leaving because their parents had no ability to support them. 19

35 Table 3.5: Working hours, terms of payment and place of living outside respondents home village Response Respondents are working more than 8 hrs/day Respondents are working 8 hrs/day Respondents are working less than 8 hrs/day Age of respondents Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Total Term of payment of salaries 80 baht/day ,000 baht/month Lump sum by week Lump sum by year Total Respondents travelled and lived for more than two months outside their village Respondents who have never travelled and lived for more than two months outside the village Total Where did they live outside: Other districts & provinces Thailand Another country Total Stayed outside with Relative Other (in own place) Employer Rented place Friend Intermediary Total

36 Reasons for leaving the village and living elsewhere To get better payment No jobs in the village Follow relatives/parents Parents unable to provide Total Ambitions Referring to their aims for future work, 86 per cent of the young respondents in the survey wanted to pursue a business; the other ambitions ranged from doctor and policeperson to beauty queen and dancer, as Table 3.6 explains. Another 11 per cent expressed interest in agricultural work, such as on a plantation and in farming. One person hoped to be a monk and five people had no idea what they wanted to do. Most of surveyed children and youth (79 per cent) believed that they will achieve their ambition because it is what interests them: 25 per cent of them believed they had the capacity, knowledge and experience to do it, 15 per cent thought what they wanted to do was easy and 12 per cent of respondents were committed to studying or working hard and saving money or using available property. Unfortunately, around 21 per cent of the young respondents thought their ambitions were impossible because they had no skill, capital or property. Interestingly, most of the young respondents thought they could realize their work ambitions within Cambodia: 71 per cent said it could happen within their home district. Only a few people expected to seek work abroad, such as in Thailand (3 per cent) and Malaysia (0.5 per cent). Most of the children and youth (73 per cent) expected their families, relatives or friends would help them find the work they wanted while another 23 per cent expected assistance from the Government or an organization. Only six people said they would go to an intermediary or an employer directly. 21

37 Table 3.6: Type of work respondents wished to have Work wished to do in the future: Response Age of respondents Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Seller Tailor Farmer (plantation & farming) Medical doctor Teacher Government employee (policeman, worker) Hairdresser Apprentice (mechanics) Singer Workers Beauty queen Don t know Go to Thailand TV repair person Cattle farming owner Taxi driver Battery re-charger Dancer Monk Karaoke owner Carpenter Total Reasons for wanting to do this work: Favourite occupation Great demand in the market Help family to release the burden Light work & in the shade Suitable to my knowledge & experience Help the society Earn much money Get a lot of profits

38 Have no job in village Help people My parents are farmers Secured job To get specific skills (as carpenter) Easy job Don t know Workplace not far from home Have little capital Want to teach others Too poor Teach children Protect culture Total Respondents who think they will attain their ambition Respondents who do not think they will realize their dream Total Will be able to do this because: Favourite job Don t know Have capacity, knowledge &experience Easy job Try to study hard Try to work hard Family support Have own land Save money Workplace is near to house My brother is a military officer The business needs for small capital Acquainted with the business owner No cheating Total

39 Unable to do this because: Have no ability Don t know Have no capital My parents are poor Poor Have no land Because my brother do this business Family cannot support Cannot read Have no skills Looked down from boss The job is harmful to health Overloaded Total Place where respondents can do this work: Inside district In other district of BTM Provincial capital Phnom Penh Another province In Thailand (close to border) In Thailand (not close to border) Another country (Malaysia) Don t know Total People who will help respondent to get this kind of work: Family member Government Relative Other (organizations) Friend Intermediary Employer Don t know Total

40 Interest in television Television programming in Cambodia has a wide reach and is perceived as the most popular form of media (and thus may be the most efficient way to reach the public with awareness raising messages). Of the 246 young respondents in the survey, 80 per cent said they liked to watch TV; of them, 86 per cent preferred Cambodian programmes and 14 per cent preferred watching programmes from Thailand. Of the programmes, movies and soap operas were most popular among 26 per cent of respondents, while music shows were preferred by 24 per cent of respondents. Some young people expressed interest in sports, news, game show, documentary and talk show programming, as Table 3.7 explains. Programming choices had to with being entertained (66 per cent) and interested in knowledge about social and cultural events, language and health protection (28 per cent). Table 3.7: Favourite TV programming among young respondents Age of respondents Response Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Respondents likes to watch TV Respondents do not like to watch TV Total Respondents likes Cambodian channel Respondents likes Thai channel Total Most favourite TV Movie and soap opera programme Music channel Sports News Game show Documentary Talk show Total Reasons for considering Be happy (release tension) the most fa- Know the events (social, vourite programme cultural) Increase in knowledge (English, health protection) Don t know Know different animals Want to become a sportsman My favourite Become active To become a star Total

41 Figure 3.5: Percentage of respondents, by favourite TV programming and by age group Talk show Documentary Game show News Sports Music channel Total Movie and soap opera B. INFORMATION ABOUT HOUSEHOLDS, FROM HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS Demographics Of the total 1,212 family members living in the 239 surveyed households, 49 per cent of them were female. Table 3.11 breaks down household members by age group, though the oldest person was 70 years old. Among the total number, 20 per cent were characterized as head of household, 15 per cent as spouses, 60 per cent as children and less than 1 per cent were parents of the household head. Nearly all respondents described themselves as Khmer two people said they were Khmer-Chinese. All household members described themselves as Buddhist. Table 3.11: Household members by sex, age, relationship with house head, ethnicity and religion Households by district Response Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Male Female Total , Age of members in 2004: up Total ,

42 Relationship with household head: Household head Spouse Child Grand child Parent Brother In-law Relative Total , Khmer , Chinese Total , Buddhism , Muslim Total , Figure 3.6: Percentage of household members, by age group in 2004 (N: 1,212) 13% 19% In year % 18% % 10% 46 up In terms of marital status, 57 per cent of the sample household members were single (percentage includes young children) and another 37 per cent were married; 4 per cent were widowers, 1 per cent separated and 0.3 per cent divorced. 27

43 Figure 3.7: Percentage of household members, by marital status 1.4% 3.7% 0.3% 37.3% 57.2% Single Married Widowed Separated Divorced Employment Among the 515 household members who worked (aged 10 59), 44 per cent were farmers and 3 per cent were in business, as Figure 3.8 shows. Figure 3.8: Percentage of household members (aged years who were working), by occupation Businessperson 3% NGO Staff 1% Goverment staff 1% Student 9% Farmer 44% Other 42% The various family members who worked (aged 10 59) within the six months prior to the survey, engaged in the following types of activities (Figure 3.9): 29 per cent in Cambodia and in 8 per cent in Thailand worked in agriculture; 4 per cent in Cambodia and 5 per cent in Thailand worked in the service sector; 18 per cent in Cambodia and 9 per cent in Thailand were self-employed; 27 per cent engaged in other sectors, including working as porters transferring goods across the border with Thailand, working in construction sites in Poi Pet commune, collecting bamboo shoots and animal raising. 28

44 As Table 3.12 indicates, 18 per cent of household family members aged had migrated from their village to find work in the six months prior to the survey. Figure 3.9: Percentage of household members, by main type of employment (among those aged years who were working) 29% 27% 18% In Cambodia In Thailand 8% 4% 5% 9% Farming Service Self employment Other Table 3.12: Household members aged who had worked outside the home village Response Household members who did not work in another place Household members who worked in another place Households by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Total ,

45 There was a reported total of 199 household members working in other places, including 71 per cent working in Thailand, 16 per cent working in other province or municipality, 7 per cent working inside their district, 5 per cent working outside the district and 1 per cent working in a country other than Thailand. Figure 3.10: Number of household members working outside their home village 1 (1%) 13 (7%) 9 (5%) 32 (16%) 144 (71%) Inside district Other province/municipalities Outside district Thailand Among the 199 household members working in other places, relatives could contact 70 per cent of them; the remainder were out of touch with their family and could not be contacted, according to the heads of households who were interviewed. Figure 3.11: Percentage of household members working outside their village who can and cannot be contacted 30% 70% Can be contacted Can not be contacted 30

46 Among the 239 sample households, 67 per cent of the household heads were male and 33 per cent were female; 94 per cent of respondents owned their house and the others had no property and lived with parents, other family members or neighbours (Table 3.13). More than half (62 per cent) of the houses were made of thatch with leafy roofs, 37 per cent had a metal sheet roof and only 3 per cent had a tiled roof (slightly corrugated cement tiles). Most floors were wooden (66 per cent); 26 per cent were made of bamboo and 3 per cent were bare. About 46 per cent of the house walls were wooden; other 25 per cent were made of mixed materials, such as metal sheets, wood, leaves and bamboo. Only 3 per cent were made of brick. Table 3.13: Head of households, by sex and type of house Households by district Response Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Sex of respondents Male Female Total Family home Not family home Total Type of house Thatch a) roof Iron Others (leaves) Tiles Total Type of house Wood b) floor Bamboo Cement Other (on the ground) Total Type of house Wood c) wall Other (metal sheets, wood together with leaves and bamboo) Leaf (tree) Bamboo Brick Total

47 Household income and expenditures As Figure 3.12 indicates, 94 per cent of the household heads in the survey had a monthly income up to 360,000 riel (about US$90). Figure 3.12: Percentage of households, by monthly income income 39% 17% 14% 7% 8% 2% 3% 4% 7% Less than 80,000 R 80, ,000 R 120,001-16, 000 R 16, ,000 R 200, ,000 R 240, ,000 R 280, ,000 R 320, ,000 R More than 360, 001 R The monthly expenditure of the 239 sample households was reported as follows (the exchange rate at the time of the survey was US$1= 4,000 riel): 28 per cent of households spent no more than 80,000 riel per month; 18 per cent spent from 80, ,000 riel per month; 18 per cent spent from 120, ,000 riel per month; 8 per cent spent from 160, , 000 riel per month; 7 per cent spent from 200, , 000 riel per month; 5 per cent spent from 240, , 000 riel per month; 3 per cent spent from 280, ,000 riel per month; 5 per cent spent from 320, ,000 riel per month; 9 per cent spent more than 360,001 riel per month. Most households (85 per cent) reported not having enough rice for the family s consumption all year (Table 3.14). This lack of food was the primary reason given for why someone in the family migrated for work. 32

48 Table 3.14: Food security, income and expenditure of households Response Households that do not have enough rice for year-round consumption Households that have enough rice for year-round consumption Households by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Total As Table 3.15 shows, most households (82 per cent) in the survey did not receive income from family members because no one in the household had migrated. Only 15 per cent of households with a family member working in Thailand received any remittances. In total, only 43 (18 per cent) of the sample households received any remittance; among them, most (95 per cent) came from family members and were sent home regularly (77 per cent). Most remittances came from someone working within Cambodia (94 per cent) and sent home through an intermediary, acquaintance and other villagers. Only two people working in Thailand relied on a Thai intermediary or the banking system to send money home. Table 3.15: Income from migrant family members and mode of remittance Response Households that did not receive a remittance Households that received a remittance from Thailand Households that received a remittance from elsewhere in Cambodia Households that received a remittance from another country (except Thailand) Households by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Total Remittance was received from family members Remittance was received from relatives Remittance was received from others (distant relatives)

49 Remittance was received from friends Total Remittance was received irregularly Remittance was received regularly Total The following are means of receiving remittance: 1. Through intermediary in Cambodia Went and got the money by myself/directly 3. Get directly/face to face from someone who came Others (employer) From friend Through intermediary in Thailand Through bank system in Thailand Total Figure 3.13: Number of households receiving supplementing income from migrants remittances remittances Households that received a remittance from another country not Thailand Households that received a remittance from within Cambodia Households that received a remittance from Thailand Series 1 Households that did not receive any remittance

50 Figure 3.14: Percentage of households, by methods of receiving remittance 2% 2% 2% 5% 12% 14% 63% Went and got the money from family member Through intermediary in Cambodia Went and got the money from family member Get directly from someone who came home Others (employer) From a friend Through intermediary in Thailand Through bank system in Thailand Through intermediary in Thailand C. INFORMATION ABOUT RETURNED MIGRANTS Demographics There were 80 Cambodian migrant labourers who had returned for various reasons during the time of the survey; of them, 59 per cent were female and 41 per cent male (Table 3.16). The education level of the returned migrant workers was very low, as 48 per cent of them reported they cannot read and write, and 36 per cent had only a primary school education. Only 13 per cent of the respondents had a secondary education. Very few of the returnees had attended a vocational training course. Two people had participated in a training session on human rights. Of the returned workers, 64 per cent had come home to stay while the remainder were only visiting. Of those not staying, 25 per cent (20 people) said they were returning to a job in Thailand and another 3 per cent (two people) would go back to a job outside their home commune but within Cambodia. Some 9 per cent of the respondents were not returnees like the others because their jobs were close by, although over the border in Thailand, and they returned home every evening anyway. However, they have been counted as returnees for the purpose of the survey. 35

51 Table 3.16: Respondents by sex, educational background and employment status Response Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Female respondents Male respondents Total Respondent whose nationality is Khmer Total Respondents who cannot read and write Respondents with primary school education only Respondents who has lower secondary education only Respondent who has upper secondary education only Respondent who is educated at vocational training Others (human rights training) Total Respondent who returned home Respondent who still worked in Thailand, but now stayed at home briefly Respondent who worked in Thailand and returned home every day Respondent who still worked outside commune, but now stayed at home Total

52 Figure 3.15: Percentage of returned migrant respondents, by education and skills training (N: 80) 3% 4% 1% Cannot read and write Had primary school education 9% Lower secondary school Upper secondary school 48% Vocational training Others (human rights) 36% Reasons for migrating The majority of the respondents reported migrating out of their village when they were at least 18 or older: 31 per cent left sometime between the ages of 18 and 25 and 48 per cent left when they were 26 or older. Among the others, 11 (14 per cent) said they left home when they were between 15 and 17 years old and 6 respondents (8 per cent) were between 10 and 14 years old when they left home. Among the reasons given for leaving the village, 77 per cent said they needed to earn money to support their families; the others wanted to have experiences and seek opportunities for their future. 37

53 Table 3.17: When and why respondents first migrated Response Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % First worked outside at age 26 and older First worked outside at age First worked outside at age First worked outside at age Total Reason to earn money: Other reasons (no land, loan, have no job in village) Reason was to follow friends Reason was to acquire new experiences Reason was to see modern place Reason was to avoid school Reason was not wanting to be a farmer Total Figure 3.16: Percentage of returned migrant respondents, by age when they first migrated 8% 14% At 26 years and older 48% At years At years 31% At years Employment experience As Table 3.18 shows, most respondents (66 per cent) said they made the final decision to migrate for work and another 15 per cent let family members decide: parents (6 per cent), a relative (5 per cent) or a spouse (4 per cent). Fifteen people reported being encouraged by an intermediary or acquaintance to migrate for work. Only 30 per cent migrant workers find their migrant employment on their own; 70 per cent were helped by others: an intermediary (28 per cent), relative and close family member (19 per cent), classmate or colleague (11 per cent), employer (6 per cent), acquaintance (4 per cent) and employment agency (3 per cent). 38

54 Of those who were offered assistance in finding employment, 51 per cent said they trusted the person offering help while another 29 per cent had doubts but did not think too much about it. Around 20 per cent of respondents did not trust the person and refused what was offered. Table 3.18: Making the final decision to migrate for work Response The final decision to migration for work was made by: Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Myself Intermediary My parents My relative My spouse Others (acquaintance) Total Who helped you find work outside: Myself Intermediary relative/family member Classmate/colleague An employer Others (acquaintance) An employment agency Total Respondent trusted the person helping find work for him/her at that time Respondent had doubt, but did not think hard about it. Respondent didn t trust the person finding work for him/her at the time Total

55 Figure 3.17: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by recruitment process (N: 80) 11% 6% 4% 3% 30% Myself Intermediary Relative/family member Classmate/colleague An employer 19% 28% Others (acquaintance) An employment agency To migrate, as Table 3.19 shows, 63 per cent of the returned respondents reported they walked to their destination, while others rode by other means of transport such as bus, car, motorbike and bicycle. Only four people had their own means of transport. Most of the workers (83 per cent) travelled to their employment destination in a group, while the remainder went alone. Table 3.19: Means of travel for labour migration Returnees by district Response Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Respondent who went: On foot By public bus On employer s bus By private car/motorcycle By others means of transport (bicycle) Total Respondents who travelled in a group Respondents who travelled alone Total All the respondents had come from jobs in Thailand, though not all planned to return to those jobs, as previously explained. But in reference to the jobs they had come from, as Table 3.20 and Figure 3.21 show: 53 per cent of respondents worked or had worked in a district farther than those located along the border and the others worked or had quit a job in a district alongside the border. 40

56 Among the sectors where they were or had been employed, 63 per cent were in agriculture and 36 per cent in the service sector. Only one person worked in some other field. Nearly half of the respondents (49 per cent) reported working more than eight hours a day and 33 per cent worked eight-hour days. Days off varied, but more than half (56 per cent) said they had at least one day per month (16 per cent said they could have off five days or more); the remaining 44 per cent of respondents were given no day off ever (46 per cent of them could not take leave if he/she needed to). Table 3.20: Areas of employment, hours worked and days off among returned migrants Response Respondents in Thailand - in district not close to border Respondents in Thailand - in district close border Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Total Respondents in agriculture Respondents in service sector Respondents in other fields Total Work more than 8 hours per day Work 8 hours per day Working 5-7 hours per day Working 2-4 hours per day Working less than 2 hours per day Total Respondents who had a day off per month Respondents who did not have any day off per month Total Having 3-4 days off per month Having 1-2 days off per month Having 5 days and up off per month Total Respondents who could take leave if he/she wanted to Respondents who could not take leave if he/ she wanted to Total

57 Figure 3.18: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by location of workplace in Thailand (N: 80) 48% 52% Respondents working in Thailand-in another district not close to the border Respondents working in Thailand-in a district close to the border with Cambodia Figure 3.19: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by working hours per day (N: 80) 9% 9% 1% Working more than 8 hours per day Working 8 hours per day 49% Working 5-7 hours per day 33% Working 2-4 hours per day Working less than 2 hours per day Figure 3.20: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by days off per month (N: 80) Respondents who had a day off per month 44% 56% Respondents who did not have any day off ever Income and remittances In terms of monthly income, 14 per cent of respondents earned 80,000 riel per month or less (US$20 or less; at the time of the survey, the exchange rate was about 4,000 riel per US$1). The others reported income as follows (Figure 3.21): 10 per cent earned from 80, ,000 riel; 19 per cent earned from 120, ,000 riel; 11 per cent earned from 160, ,000 riel; 24 per cent earned from 200, ,000 riel; 15 per cent earned from 240, ,000 riel. Only four respondents (5 per cent) earned more than 320,000 riel ($80) a month. Two people (3 per cent) were never paid because their employer had cheated them. Most of the respondents (61 per cent) received earnings that were less than expected, while 18 per cent earned what they expected to. Some 21 per cent of respondents actually were paid more than they had expected (Table 3.21). 42

58 Figure 3.21: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by earnings per month 19% 24% 14% 10% 11% 15% 1% 4% 3% < 80,000 80, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,000 > 360, 001 None (they were cheated by employers) Table 3.21: Expected earnings per month when returning respondents first migrated from their village Returnees by district Response Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % This sum was less than expected This sum was more than expected This sum was about what expected Total

59 The majority of respondents (74 per cent, Table 3.22) claimed to have sent money home. About 49 per cent of them said they sent it regularly, while others sent it only sometimes: 36 per cent sent money only once; 24 per cent said they had sent it twice; 20 per cent sent it three times and another 20 per cent sent money more than four times over a six-month period. Typically, money was hand delivered to the family by the worker (37 per cent of respondents) during a visit. The others varied in how they remitted their earnings: through an intermediary (24 per cent), a bank (17 per cent), a friend (14 per cent) or a relative (8 per cent). Table 3.22: Sending money home Response Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Respondents who sent money home Respondents who did not send money home Total Frequency of sending money home: Other (sometimes bring home own self) Per month Per quarter Per six months Per year Total Sent money home once Sent money home twice Sent money home 3 times Sent money home more than 4 times Total Money was sent home by: Myself when returning home for a visit Intermediary Bank (through telephone) Friend Relative Total

60 Figure 3.22: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by method of sending remittance home 14% 8% 37% When came home for a visit Intermediary Bank (through telephone) Freiend 17% 24% Relative As Figure 3.23 shows, the respondents reported sending some or all their earnings home as follows (the amounts reported refer to what was sent at any one time): Less than 80,000 riel 31 per cent (US$20), 80, ,000 riel 24 per cent, 160, ,000 riel 24 per cent, 200, ,000 riel 2 per cent, 240, ,000 riel 7 per cent, 280, ,000 riel 2 per cent, 320, ,000 riel as 3 per cent, More than 360, 000 riel 8 per cent ($90). Figure 3.23: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by amount of money sent home each time 31% 24% 24% 7% 8% 2% 2% 3% Less than 80,000 R 80, ,000 R 160, ,000 R 200, ,000 R 240, ,000 R 280, ,000 R 320, ,000 R More than 360, 001 R 45

61 Workplace treatment Slightly more than half of the respondents described experiencing unpleasant or bad treatment in their workplace: 53 per cent endured swearing and shouting (26 per cent) or hitting (7 per cent) from an employer. Three people (4 per cent) reported experiencing sexual abuse. Around 23 per cent said they were forced to work long hours, while 7 per cent said they were forced to work in dangerous conditions. Some 12 per cent were not paid their full wages and 8 per cent were never paid. Another three people (4 per cent) worked for someone who asked police to arrest them. Most respondents (88 per cent) said they did not report any of the abuse to the police or an NGO, while the remainder claimed they did seek out assistance (Table 3.23). In terms of what respondents meant by good and bad conditions within their workplace, those who worked in good conditions responded to the following descriptions: Had fresh air 26 per cent, Enough light 24 per cent, Cleanliness 18 per cent, Protection from physical harm 16 per cent, No exposure to illness 16 per cent. Those respondents reporting bad workplace conditions responded to the following descriptions: Worked without fresh air 11 per cent, Not enough light 14 per cent, No cleanliness 23 per cent, No protection from physical harm 26 per cent, Exposure to illness 26 per cent. Table 3.23: Respondents who experienced bad treatment in their workplace Response Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Bad treatment at workplace Good treatment at workplace Total Type of bad treatment at workplace: Swearing, shouting Long hours Underpaid No payment Restricted movement (had to stay in workplace) Beatings Dangerous work conditions Sexual abuse Others (arrested by police) Total

62 Respondents who did not report the bad treatment to the police or other organizations Respondents who reported bad treatment to the police or other organizations Total Figure 3.24: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by bad treatment experienced in their workplace (N: 80) Swearing, shouting Long hour 7% 7% 4% 4% 26% Underpaid No payment 8% Restriction of movement (had to stay in workplace) Hitting 8% 12% 23% Dangerous work conditions Sexual abuse Other (arrested by police) Figure 3.25: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by working conditions in their workplace 26% 11% 24% 14% 18% 23% 16% 26% 16% 26% Yes No Fresh air Enough light Cleanliness Protection from No exposure to HIV/AIDS Yes No 47

63 Living situation while away from home As Table 3.24 shows, 45 per cent of the respondents worked and stayed in their workplace while 19 per cent stayed in shelter outside the workplace but provided by the employer. Another 16 per cent stayed somewhere else and 20 per cent returned home every day. Among those who did not come home each day, 45 per cent lived with friends, 39 per cent lived with the people they rented a room from and 14 per cent stayed with relatives. Only one person lived alone. Of those respondents living elsewhere, 79 per cent were allowed to stay free of charge in their lodgings while the others paid some rent. Table 3.24: Respondents living situation while away from home Response Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Staying in the working place Staying at home (return home everyday) Staying at accommodation owned by employer Staying somewhere else Total Staying with a friend Staying with other (with owners of rental place) Staying with relatives Staying alone Total Not paying for accommodation Paying for accommodation Total

64 Figure 3.26: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by where they lived when working working 16% 19% 45% Staying at the workplace Staying at own home (return home every day) Accommodated by employer Somewhere else 20% Coming home Around 30 of the respondents had returned only temporarily at the time of the survey, most for a visit, because a family member was sick or someone was giving birth, as Table 3.25 explains. The others had left their previous jobs for the following reasons: Suffered from problems, namely cheating by employer or arrested by police (38 per cent); Personal problems homesick, 28 per cent; health problem (6 per cent); No work could not find another job (10 per cent); Wanted to work near home (8 per cent). Table 3.25: Reasons for returning home Response Other (cheated by employer, arrested by police) Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % To visit family Could not find work outside To find a job in home village Health problem For marriage/childbirth Family member is sick Finished contract Total

65 Pleasures and complaints from working and living away from the home village seemed evenly mixed. Among the respondents who talked of good conditions, as Table 3.26 explains, 27 per cent referred to sufficient pay; 17 per cent credited having a job and 16 per cent mentioned security and good living conditions. Another 12 per cent reported having a compassionate boss. Other favourable conditions included no problems and enough food and life in a developed country. Only three people mentioned having higher earnings than in Cambodia. Among the respondents who reported bad conditions, 20 per cent had been arrested, 15 per cent felt discriminated against by their Thai employer, 14 per cent were not fully paid or paid at all, 13 per cent were overworked, 13 per cent had no security and 5 per cent were not allowed to leave the workplace. Another seven people were lonely and five people (3 per cent) had become addicted to illegal drugs. The respondents reported returning home by car (36 per cent), by foot (34 per cent), by motorbike and bicycle (20 per cent), by their employer s car (5 per cent) or deported by Thai or Cambodian police. Table 3.26: Positive and negative outlooks on migrant working and living conditions Returnees by district Response Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Good things were: Pay enough money Have a job to work Security & good living condition Take care from boss Benefits (bonus, allowance) Learn skills & language No problems Enough food to eat Developed country Don t know Higher pay than in Cambodia Total Bad things were: Arrested by police Look down on by Thais (boss) Paid only a little money or not paid Overworked No security

66 Working without break Stay too long in workplace, couldn t go outside Away from family Don t know Not good health & addicted to drugs Not enough food Drinking well water Total Returning home by: Car Walk Motorbike & bicycle Boss car Sent back by police, Thai or Cambodian Total Future plans Slightly more than half of the respondents (56 per cent) planned to leave again, for various reasons, as Table 3.27 shows: 60 per cent wanted to earn money, 24 per cent expected to get a decent job, 11 per cent wanted to live outside and only visit their home village and the other 4 per cent wanted to learn specific skills. However, many expressed concern over various issues that affect their finding a job, such as job availability (30 per cent), age (21 per cent), marital status (15 per cent), sex (13 per cent), lack of work experience (10 per cent) or lack of skills (9 per cent). When asked how their labour migration experience had impacted their life, 23 per cent of the returned workers responded positively, while 14 said it had been negative. Another 15 per cent were both positive and negative; four people said there had been no impact. And 44 per cent were not sure how to characterize it. 51

67 Table 3.27: Plans for the future Response Go back to work to earn more money Go back to work because there is a decent job Live outside the village, come back for visits Go back to work to acquire useful skills Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Total Factors influence the type of work available: Unemployment Age Marital status Sex Work experience Skills Other (independent, no acquaintance) Total Experience of labour migration having influenced life: Do not know A positive influence Both positive and negative influence A negative influence No influence Total

68 Among the 53 per cent of the respondents who had no plans to leave again, 33 per cent did not want to be separated from their family, 14 had personal problems and 19 per cent were able to find a job near home. Several thought it was just a better idea to stay closer to home and three people said they were too old to live away any longer. Among the 48 per cent of respondents who were returning to their job or migrating again, 55 per cent said their family needed the financial support, although 29 per cent worried about the unemployment situation and 11 per cent said that earnings were higher when working outside their home village. One person mentioned liking the work and one wanted to return to friends. About 58 per cent of the respondents planned to leave again immediately while another 29 said they would leave sometime within the year and 13 per cent said they would go in the following year. Half of them said they were willing to go back to the same place while half wanted to try a new place. More (41 per cent) would seek jobs in the agricultural sector, such as on a plantation and in farming, while 22 per cent would look for a construction site job. Another 20 per cent reported they would seek out self-employment, such as being a vendor. Around 10 per cent weren t sure what to do (Table 3.28). Table 3.28: Reasons for and against migrating again Response Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No plan to work outside Having plan to work outside Total Reasons for not working outside the commune/village again: I don t want to be separated from my family any more I can find work in my home commune/village Work in the commune/ village is better Others (marriage, sick) It is not a good for me to work outside again I am getting too old Total Reasons for working outside the commune/village again: My family needs the money

69 Unemployed Earnings are higher I like to work outside I have many friends outside the village Total When to work outside again: This week This year This month Next year Total Want to go back to the same workplace Want to find another job Total Jobs sought next time: Farmers ( plantation & farming) Labourer & construction worker Seller or own business Don t know Sewing Feed the pig Take care of other children Total Likely dangers in irregular labour migration When asked what dangers they might encounter when migrating again (Table 3.29), 45 per cent of the respondents referred to being arrested and sent to prison by Thai police. Only a few feared being cheated by Thai people (7 per cent), addiction to illegal drugs (5 per cent), being robbed (5 per cent), being killed (3 per cent), health problems (3 per cent) OR landmine accidents (2 per cent). When asked how they might protect themselves from those dangers, the respondents said they could walk through the jungle and escape the police (35 per cent), be more careful (12 per cent), pretend to be Thai (3 per cent), report problems to the police and other helpful organizations (3 per cent), buy a border pass (3 per cent) or find a sponsor (2 per cent). 54

70 Table 3.29: Risks in migrating Response Risks/dangers that may face when leaving commune/village next time: Arrested by Thai police and imprisoned Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Don t know Cheated by Thai people Addiction to illegal drugs Being robbed Being killed Health Landmine accident Total Ways to protect own self from these dangers: Don t know Walking through the jungle & escape Be careful Act as Thai people Seek out the police or organization Buy border-pass ticket Not go back Find a good sponsor Total Have no idea how to reduce risks of trafficking and of being exploited in the workplace Have some idea how to reduce risks of trafficking and of being exploited in the workplace Total

71 Ideas about how to reduce the risks of trafficking and of being exploited: Be careful Tell other people Seek police help Have no rights Have a passport Total Skills training As Table 3.30 shows, only 20 per cent of respondents reported having participated in a literacy and/or vocational training; 80 per cent of them thought that literacy and/or vocational skills training would contribute to improving their employability and most (78 per cent) said they were willing to participate in skills training in the future. Table 3.30: Learning opportunity Response Have never participated in any literacy and/or vocational training Have never participated in any literacy and/or vocational training Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Total Think that literacy and/or vocational skills training contribute to chances of getting better work Think that literacy and/or vocational skills training contribute to chances of getting better work Do not know Total Willing to participate in such training in the future Not willing to participate in such training in the future Do not know Total

72 Among the respondents who had had some type of vocational training (Figure 3.27), 31 per cent participated in literacy and/or vocational training only once, while 25 per cent went twice and 44 per cent attended a training session more than two times. Figure 3.27: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by the number of skills training sessions attended Twice 25% More than two 44% Once 31% Health Returnees who were surveyed described their physical condition as normal (45 per cent said their health situation was unchanged from before to after migrating), often sick (40 per cent who said they were often sick after migrating), good (10 per cent who said their health improved after migrating) and 5 per cent of them said they weren t sure. Figure 3.28: Percentage of returning migrant respondents, by physical condition when interviewed interviewed 40% 5% 10% 45% Good Normal Often Sick Do not know Only 23 per cent of the respondents reported having had a health check-up in the past two years. Another 61 per cent said they were aware of the danger of HIV/AIDS. 57

73 Table 3.31: Physical condition of returning migrant respondents Response Had not had a health check-up in the past two years Had a health check in the past two years Returnees by district Malay Thma Puok Svay Chek Ou Chrov Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Total Do know what HIV/AIDS is Not know what HIV/AIDS is Total

74 4 59

75 4 CONCLUSIONS Overall situation of migration out of Banteay Meanchey province Since 1993, poverty and unemployment issues in the four districts of Malay, Thma Puok, Svay Chek and Ou Chrov of Banteay Meanchey province (along Cambodia s border with Thailand) have pushed villagers, especially young people, to seek employment elsewhere in Cambodia or in Thailand. According to interviews with commune and villages chiefs, 72 families have migrated to Thailand from: Chochey (25 families), O Beichuan (30 families), Seila Khmer (4 families) of O Beichuan commune, Ou Chrov district and Kandal (3 families), Trasek Chrum (10 families) of Malay commune, Malay district. At least 50 per cent of all families in each village in the four targeted districts of the labour migration survey had a family member crossing the border to work in Thailand at the time of the survey, again according to the village and commune chiefs. Those chiefs also described three types of cross-border movements taking place among people seeking employment: 1. Those who leave for long periods (seven months and more). 2. Those who seek seasonal work (gone for three to four months). 3. Those who work in Thailand and return to their home in Cambodia each evening. Very few respondents in the survey relied on an intermediary or broker for help in finding work in Thailand. The resource persons reported that those who do seek help end up paying a service fee of 250 to 300 Thai baht (US$6.50 $8) for jobs in districts close to the border and 2,500 to 3,000 Thai baht (US$65 $80) for jobs in Bangkok. The method of payment to the intermediaries or brokers typically is by deduction from their salary or is paid by the Thai employers. Cambodians who leave their home village for employment have found various low-skilled types of jobs: labourer, sewing, domestic work, housekeeping, planting crops, harvesting rice, cutting sugar cane, construction and fishing. Employers have hired workers as young as 10 years old. Increasingly, as this survey reflects, many young people drop out of school to earn income and help their family. In the past five years in Banteay Meanchey, school drop-outs have increased nearly nine-fold. Thus, the majority of migrant workers have little education and limited skills. Young people s vulnerability to migration and/or trafficking certainly increases when they are not in school. Among the 80 migrant worker respondents who had returned to their home village at the time of the survey, 48 per cent could not read or write while another 36 per cent had only a primary school education. But among the 80 returning migrant workers, very few reported leaving home before turning 18. Additionally, 80 per cent of returned migrant respondents had never attended any literacy and/or vocational training course. However, nearly all of them expressed an interest in having some skills training. Although many of the 80 returned migrant respondents found good things in living and working outside their village, 53 per cent of them had no plan to migrate again. The common reason reported was that they did not want to be separated from their family any longer (33 per cent). Some already had found work in their village or commune (19 per 60

76 cent). Others (19 per cent) had personal problems to keep them from migrating or thought they were too old to migrate any more. Overall, the heavy flow of irregular migration out of Banteay Meanchey suggests considerable potential for exploitation and vulnerability to being trafficked. Thus, efforts to confront trafficking of humans nowadays need to deal with the situation of irregular migration. This study in Cambodia shows a need for rethinking some policies and practices. Benefits in migrating According to the survey findings, most of the villagers who had migrated across the border with Thailand did so because they hoped to earn more money than they could in their home village and thus help relieve their family s difficulties and burdens. Many people had migrated because their family did not have enough rice to eat throughout the year. Among the 80 returned migrant respondents, 74 per cent sent money home at least once; almost half (49 per cent) of them sent remittances regularly and others brought money with them when they visited their family. The amount of remittance ranged from 1,000 to 3,000 baht (US$27 to $81) per month. Risks in migrating The various interviews with young people, households with a family member who had migrated for employment and with migrants who had returned to their home village in Cambodia at the time of the survey, if only for a visit, produced some key insight in the labour migration situation out of Banteay Meanchey province, spotlighting areas in which the trafficking of humans could be exploited. Primarily among the risks acknowledged in the cross-border experiences: There is a high incidence of child labour; as much as 24 per cent of people going to Thailand are children aged years. Some families have no information and contact with migrant workers once they leave home. Many heads of households reported not receiving any remittances from those migrant working family members. There was no information office in the border area to assist Cambodians looking for employment in Thailand. Relevant information would include: addresses of potential workplaces, working conditions, means for monitoring human rights, labour laws in Thailand, immigration laws, employment contracts and contact addresses for agencies offering assistance to migrant labourers with problems or difficulties. Abuse is likely to occur in the workplace. Some 53 per cent of the 80 returned migrant respondents reported various forms of bad treatment : employer swearing and shouting at them (26 per cent), forced to work long hours (23 per cent), under-paid (12 per cent), worked without payment (8 per cent), no freedom of movement from the workplace (8 per cent), hitting (7 per cent), forced to work in dangerous conditions (7 per cent), sexual abuse (4 per cent) or arrested (4 per cent). Additionally, 26 per cent of those respondents described their living and working conditions as bad because there was no protection from physical abuse (26 per cent), exposure to illness or unsanitary conditions (23 per cent), not enough light (14 per cent) and no fresh air (11 per cent). Some 49 per cent of the 80 returned migrant respondents said they worked more than eight hours a day and 44 per cent of them were not allowed to take a day off ever; 46 61

77 per cent said they could not take leave if they wanted to, say to visit home, and 40 per cent of those respondents said they were often sick. People who do not register to work in Thailand risk arrest by Thai police for illegal entry. Among the 80 returned migrant respondents in the survey, 45 per cent of those who planned to migrate again worried about being arrested; other concerns covered: being cheated (7 per cent), being robbed (5 per cent), being killed (3 per cent) and landmine accidents as they sneak across the border through the jungle (2 per cent). Most of the respondents (88 per cent) who reported experiencing some type of physical abuse did not report it to the local police or seek assistance from any relevant organization. There was an insufficient network of relevant organizations in Thailand to protect migrant workers from labour exploitation and to provide awareness raising on labour laws, workers rights and other relevant information material. Recommendations Set up an information office at the border: There is a need for an information office near the border with Thailand that provides easy access to information, particularly in the Cambodian areas with a large amount of migrant and suspected trafficking movement. Catering to migrant workers and others who would like to work in Thailand, the information should include insight on working conditions, safe means of transferring money, human rights, immigration and labour laws, including warnings about trafficking practises. This service would provide the contact details of intervention agencies for people looking for work in Thailand and for their families who might need help in later locating a migrant family worker. Networking with Thai organizations and other institutions involved in human rights protection should be strengthened: This network can help to share information and resources, seek common solutions to migration and labour issues and follow up the implementation of migration and labour laws and human rights protection and to deal with complaints, in cooperation with local authorities where necessary. Establish a national operational policy on labour migration management: The Cambodian Government should effectively implement, immediately, a policy that ensures security and safety for registered cross-border labour migrants who will be living and working in hiring countries. As well, the legal channel should be increased, especially for migrant workers with a long-term employment contract (about two years). However, there needs to be a system for assisting seasonal/daily migrant workers to Thailand to provide some protection against unsafe migration. This could be done by improving the existing policies. A policy would facilitate joint actions between relevant agencies in Cambodia and Thailand that could help reduce labour exploitation, including trafficking and violations of human rights. The recently signed memorandum of understanding on employment creation with the Government of Thailand can be used, but there is a need for allocated resources and a mechanism for follow-through. Increase legal protections against exploitation and abuses for all types of migrant labourers that take place on both sides of the border. Establish programmes to disseminate information among villagers in both Cambodia and Thailand on labour and anti-trafficking laws and other crucial assistance: There is a 62

78 need for more vocational training programmes as well as information about existing training programmes and other support to villagers who would like to migrate for employment. New infrastructure is needed or existing facilities need improving: such as building schools closer to communes and the construction of new and repair of old roadways and waterways. Set up a database of labour information: An employment database could provide villagers access to job opportunities. Staff members of the Ministry of Labour should be trained to use the database and to keep it up to date and distribute information to employers and people seeking work. Other relevant public servants need to be trained to help assist migrant labourers. Negotiate with the Thai Government for passage throughout Thailand: The border passes issued to registered migrant workers, which allow them to cross over into Thailand, should be expanded to include medium- and long-term migrant workers. Attract investors to start or expand business projects that would help create more local jobs, particularly agro-industry-related, in areas such as Banteay Meanchey province. 63

79

80 Annexes1-5

81 Annex 1 HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE Banteay Meanchey provincce District:... ; Commune:... Village:... Group:... House No:...; Code No: HH Name of interviewer:... Name of respondent:...; Age:...; Sex: M: 1; F: 2. Date interview: Date...Month...Year, 2004 Name of monitor:... Day/month/year HOUSEHOLD INCOME, EXPENDITURE AND ASSET Alternative answer Answer Skip to 1.Is this your family home? Yes 1 No 2 Q 3a 2. Type of house (roof/floor/wall) a. Roof Brick 1 Iron 2 Grass 3 Other 4 b. Floor Cement 1 Wood 2 Bamboo 3 Other 4 c. Wall Brick 1 Wood 2 Bamboo 3 Leaf (tree) 4 Other 5 66

82 3A. ANY OF YOUR HOUSEHOLD MEMBER RECEIVED REMITTANCE FROM: Thailand 1 Another country (except Thailand) 2 In Cambodia 3 No 4 3b. From whom? Member in your family 1 Relatives 2 Friends 3 Others 4 3c. How often? Regularly 1 Irregularly 2 3d. How? Bank in Thailand 1 Intermediary in Thailand 2 Bank in Cambodia 3 Intermediary in Cambodia 4 From friend 5 Directly/face to face from someone who came Went and got the money by myself/face to face 6 7 Other 8 4. Do you have enough rice for consumption all year? Yes 1 No 2 5. Is electricity used in your house? Yes 1 No 2 6. How much expenditure for electrictcity per month? Average paid:...riel 7. What is your household s average monthly income (including remittances)? Less than 80,000 riel 1 80, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,000 8 More than 360,001 riel 9 67

83 8. What is the average monthly actual expenditure of your household? (including: education, social, health and general costs) Less than 80,000 riel 1 80, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,000 8 More than 360,001 riel 9 68

84 16 Main activities for the last 6 months 1: farming in Cambodia 2: Farming in Thai 3: Service in Cambodia 4: Service in Thai 5: Self employment in Cambodia 6: Self employment in Thai 5: other 17 Did any of HH members work in another place? 1-Yes 2-No Every member in household A. For 6 years up For years who current work 15 Main occupation (Type of work) 14 Employment status 13 Schooling status 12. Vocational training 11. Highest education level 10. Literacy status 9. Is duration of residence with HH regularly (>6 mths?) 8. Marital status 7. Religion 6. Ethnicity 5. Relation with HH head 4. Age in year Sex 2.Name 1. Serial Male 2- Female 1-HH head 2-Spouse 3-Child 4-Grandchild 5-Parent 6-Brother or sister 7-In-laws 1-Married 2-Single 3-Divorced 4-Separated 5-Widowed 1-Yes 2-No 1-Literate 2-Illiterate 1-Primary 2-Lower secondary 3-Upper secondary 4-Vocation 5-Univers. 6-Other Code/Class 1-Low 2-Medium 3-High 4-Postgraduate 5-No vocational training 1-Attending 2-Not attending 1=Employed for at least 1 hour in the past 7 days 2=Not employed but looking for work 3=Neither 1 nor 2 1: farmer 2:GO staff 3: NGO staff 4: student 5:Business 6: other

85 70 Does any member of your family work in another place? 1. Yes (End of inquiry) Item Name of members in house hold Sex Approximate Age (Completed Year) 1. Male 2. Female Literacy Highest Education Level 1.Yes 2. No 3. Don t know 1-Low 2-Medium 3-High 4-Postgraduate 5-No vocational training 6- Don t know Date of migration? Year Month Year Month How many times did he/she work outside so far? Where did he/she live recently? 1. Inside district 2. Other district 3. Other province/ municipal. 4. Thailand 5. Other country 6. Don t know Most recent employment status? 1. Employed 2. Unemployed 3. Other 4. Don t know Can he/she be contacted? 1. Yes 2. No

86 If you receive information from him/her, please answer the questions as below Item If yes, how do you contact him/her? You know about his/her livelihood/situation that: Type of work Location of work place How did he/she get job? Did he/she send money home 1. Address 2.Telephone/ Mobile 3. Other 1. He/She has no problem 2. He/She has problem 3. Don t know 1. Inside district 2. Other district 3. Other province/ municipalities 4. Thailand 5. Other country 6. Don t know 1. Government 2. Friend/Relative in your district 3. Friend and relative living in Thailand 4. Friend and relative living in other countries 5. Intermediary in village 5. Intermediary in other village 7. Intermediary in other district in your province 8. Intermediary in other country 9. Don t know 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don t know Level Class Year Month

87 Annex 2 AGE GROUP QUESTIONNAIRE CHILDREN: 10 14; and YOUNG ADULT: Banteay Meanchey province District:... ; Commune:... Village:... Group:... House No:...; Personal ID:...; Code No: HH Name of interviewer:... Name of respondent:...; Age:...; Sex: M: 1; F: 2. I. Date interview: Date...Month...Year, 2004 Name of monitor:... Day/month/year QUESTIONNAIRES Alternative answer Answer Skip to 1. Have you ever been to school? Yes 1 2. Are you still studying? Yes 1 No 2 Q8 No 2 Q6 3. Which grade are you studying? Grade/class grade/year 4. Have you ever missed school continuously for 30 days in the past year? Primary school 1 Lower secondary 2 Upper secondary 3 Vocational school 4 University 5 Yes No 1 2 Q6 Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

88 5. If yes, what is the main reason for that? Parent ask me to leave 1 Helping parent working 2 No money to buy books and uniform School far away no transportation 4 3 School is boring 5 Teacher is often absent 6 Teacher is nasty 7 Having been sick 8 Other (please specify) 9 6. When did you stop going school? Last year 1 7a. Why did you stop going school? For children aged b. Why did you stop going school? For young adult aged years ago years ago 3 5 years up 4 Parent ask me to leave 1 Helping parent working 2 No money to buy books and uniform School far away no transportation 4 3 School is boring 5 Teacher is often absent 6 Teacher is nasty 7 Finished desired years of study 8 Other (please specify) 9 Marriage 1 Looking for job 2 Parent ask me to leave 3 Helping parent working 4 No money to support my education at high education 5 School is boring 6 Not interested in continuing education because I saw my friends spent too time for education and they come and work as farmer as me Other (please specify) 8 8. Are you working now? Yes 1 9. What main types of work are you doing now?... Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July No 2 Q18 73

89 10. What kind of main work have you done before? Do you like your main work? Yes What are the main reasons you like your work? (Provide 2 main reasons) No 2 Q13 Not sure 3 Q What are the main reasons you don t like your work? (Provide 2 main reasons) Have you been outside the village to work? Yes 1 No 2 Q If yes, where did you work? Inside district 1 In other district of BTM 2 Provincial capital 3 Phnom Penh 4 Another province 5 In Thailand (in district close 6 border TH-CAM) In Thailand (in another district 7 not close border) Another country How many hours per day are you working? Less than 2 hours 2-4 hours 4-7 hours 8 hours More than 8 hours 17. How much money did you earn? How much... riel By day 1 By week 2 By month 3 By year 4 By lump sum Have you travelled and lived elsewhere for Yes more than 2 months outside the village in past 3 years? No Q23 Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

90 19. If yes, where did you live? Inside district 1 In other district of BTM 2 Provincial capital 3 Phnom Penh 4 Another province 5 In Thailand (in district close border TH-CAM) In Thailand (in another district not close to border) 6 7 Another country With whom did you stay? Relative Why did you leave the village and lived elsewhere? Friend 2 Employer 3 Intermediary 4 Rented place 5 Others (please specify) 6 Emotional 1 Don t want to work and live in only one place 2 No job in village 3 To work for money 4 Follow relatives/parents 5 Others (specify) What do you think of the place? Good What would you like to do in the future? (Provide 1 2 occupations) 24. Why would you like to do this? (Provide 2 main reasons) Average 2 Bad Do you think you will be able to this? Yes 1 Q26 No 2 Q If yes, why?... Q If no, why? Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

91 28. Where do you think you can do this work? Inside district Who will help you get this kind of work for you? 30. Are you aware of any risks or disadvantage of this type of work? In other district of BTM 2 Provincial capital 3 Phnom Penh 4 Another province 5 In Thailand (in district close border TH-CAM) In Thailand (in another district not close border) 31. If yes, what? How can you make your parents/ family most happy? Another country 8 Government 1 Relative 2 Family member 3 Friend 4 Employer 5 Intermediary 6 Others (please specify) 7 Yes 1 No 2 Q What make you most happy? Do you like to watch television? Yes 1 Q35 No 2 Q What is your favourite channel? Cambodia channel 1 Thai channel 2 Other (specify) What is your most favourite programme? News 1 Talk show 2 Game show 3 Movie/Soap opera 4 Documentary 5 Sports 6 Music channel Why do you like this programme? Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

92 Annex 3 RETURNED LABOUR MIGRANT QUESTIONNAIRE Banteay Meanchey province District:... ; Commune:... Village:... Group:... House No:...; Code No: HH Name of interviewer:... Name of respondent:...; Age:...; Sex: M: 1; F: 2. II. Date interview: Date...Month...Year, 2004 Name of monitor:... Day/month/year Alternative answer Answer Skip to General sector A1. Nationality/ethnicity Khmer 1 Loa origin 2 Thailand origin 3 Other 4 A2. Education background Grad Can not read and write 1 Primary school 2 Secondary school, lower 3 Secondary school, upper 4 Vocational training 5 University 6 Others (please specify) 7 Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

93 Current status B1. What is your current status? Returned home 1 Background of labour migration C1. How old were you when you first went outside the village for work? C2. Why did you work outside the village at that time? (Provide 3 main reasons) Process for labour migration D1. The final decision to migrate for work was made by D2. Who is the main person helped you find work outside the village the first time? D3. Did you trust the person finding work for you at that time? Still work at Thailand, now stay at home briefly Work at Thailand and return to stay at home Still work at another country, now stay at home briefly Still work outside commune, now stay at home briefly Complete years... To earn money 1 To see modern places 2 To acquire new experiences 3 To avoid attending school 4 any more Doesn t want to be farmer 5 Just following the trend 6 Others (specify) 7 Myself 1 My parents 2 My spouse 3 My relatives 4 Intermediary 5 Others (specify) 6 Myself 1 Classmate/work colleague 2 Intermediary 3 A relative/family member 4 An employer 5 An employment agency 6 Others (specify) 7 Yes 1 No 2 Has doubts, but did not think 3 hard about them Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

94 D4. How did you migrate? Walk 1 D5. Did you go there in a group or alone? Working conditions outside Public bus 2 Employer s bus 3 Private car/motorcycle 4 Others (specify) 5 Group 1 Alone 2 E1. Where did you work? Inside district 1 E2. What kind of main job did you work in at that time? E3. How many hours per day did you work? E4. Did you have any day off per month? E5. How often did you have day off per month? E6. Could you take leave if you wanted to? E7. How much did you earn in a month? E8. Was this sum more than you expected? In other district of BTM 2 Provincial capital 3 Phnom Penh 4 Another province 5 In Thailand (in district close border TH-CAM) In Thailand (in another district not close border) 6 7 Another country 8 Agriculture sector 1 Service sector 2 (Note: what and where) Other 3 Less than 2 hours hours hours 3 8 hours 4 More than 8 hours 5...days...riel Yes 1 QE5 No 2 QE6 Yes 1 No 2 Yes 1 About what I expected 2 Less 3 E9. Did you send money home? Yes 1 QE10 Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July 2004 No 2 QE16 79

95 E10. How often did you regularly send the money home? E11. How much money did you send home each time? E12. How many times could you send money home? Per month 1 Per quarter 2 Per six months 3 Per year 4 Other (specify) 5...riel...times E13. How did you send money home? Bank 1 By myself while came back 2 home Friend 3 Intermediary 4 Relative 5 Other (specify) 6 7 E14. Did you experience any bad Yes 1 QE15 treatment at workplace? No 2 QE17 E15. What kind of bad treatment you Swearing, shouting 1 experienced at workplace? Hitting 2 Sexual abuse 3 No payment 4 Underpaid 5 Long hours 6 Restriction of movement (had to 7 stay in workplace) Dangerous work conditions 8 Others (specify) 9 E16. Have you reported the bad treatment to the police or to other organization? E17. What were the work conditions? Yes No Fresh air 1 2 Enough light 1 2 Cleanliness 1 2 Protection from physical danger 1 2 No exposure to illness including HIV/AIDS 1 2 Yes No 1 2 Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

96 Living conditions F1. Did you stay in the workplace or somewhere different? Accommodation owned by employer Workplace 1 QF3 2 QF3 Somewhere else 3 QF3 At your home (return home everyday) F2. Who did you stay with? Relative 1 F3. Did you have to pay for accommodation? Reasons and process for returning 4 Friend 2 Boy or girl friend 3 Alone 4 Other (specify) 5 Yes 1 No 2 G1. Why did you decide to return? For marriage/childbirth 1 G2. What were the 3 main good things about your work and living outside? G3. What were the 3 main bad things you experienced while working away from village? G4. How did you arrange the journey to return home? Health problem 2 To visit my family 3 Family member is sick 4 To find a job in my home village 5 Finish contract 6 Advanced age 7 Could not find work outside 8 Other (specify) (Open answer) Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

97 Plans for the future H1. What do you plan to do in the future? H2. What factors influence the type of work available to you? (Multiple answers) H3. How has your experience of labour migration influenced your life? H4. Do you have any plans to work outside the commune/ village again? H5. Why don t you want to work outside the commune/ village again? (Multiple answers) Go back to work to earn more money Go back to work to acquire useful skills Go back to work because there is a decent job Live outside the village, come back for visits Others (specify) 5 Age 1 Sex 2 Marital status 3 Educational background 4 Skills 5 Work experience 6 Unemployment 7 Other (specify) 8 A positive influence 1 Both positive and negative influence A negative influence 3 2 No influence 4 Do not know 5 I can find work in my home commune/ village I don t want to be separated from my family any more It is not a good for me to work outside the commune/village all the time I am getting to old 4 Work in the commune/ village is better Yes 1 QH6 No 2 QH Others (specify) 6 Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

98 H6. Why do you plan to work out side again? H7. When do you plan to migrate again? My family needs money 1 Labour cost is high 2 Unemployment 3 I like to work outside 4 I have many friends outside the village 5 Others (specify) 6 In this week 1 In this month 2 In this year 3 Next year 4 H8. Where will you work? Back to the same work place 1 H10 H9. What kind of job you will seek next time? (Provide 2 main) H10. What risks/dangers do you think you may face when leaving your commune/ village next time? (Provide 2 main) H11. How might you protect yourself from these dangers? (Provide 2 main) H12a.Do you have any idea about how to reduce the risks of trafficking and of being exploited after reaching the workplace? H12b. What are your ideas about how to reduce the risks of trafficking and of being exploited after reaching the workplace? (Provide 2 main) Literacy or technical training I1. Have you participated in any literacy and/or vocational training in or outside school? I2. How many times have you participated in such training? Find another job Yes 1 QH12b No 2 Yes No Once 1 Twice 2 More then two QI4 Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

99 I3. Do you think literacy and/or vocational skills training contribute to your chances of getting better work? I4. Are you willing to participate in such training in the future? Health care know-how K1. How is your physical condition now? K2. Have you had a health check-up in the last two years? Yes 1 No 2 Do not know 3 Yes 1 No 2 Do not know 3 Good 1 Normal 2 Often sick 3 Do not know 4 Yes 1 No 2 K3. Do you know what HIV/AIDS is? Yes 1 No 2 Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

100 Annex 4 QUESTIONS FOR RESOURCE PERSONS Local authorities (provincial to village level), relevant government agencies, NGOs and possible intermediary I. Chief of village 1. When did situation of migrant workers going to work in Thailand begin? 2. Trend of migrant workers in this village to work in Thailand (if it is possible, indicate the number of migrant workers, sex, age group by year) 3. How many families have a member who has migrated to Thailand for work? 4. Reasons for migrating 5. How did they migrate (on their own, in a group, with a facilitator) 6. Did they borrow money from others to pay the costs to facilitator to find work in Thailand 7. Migrant workers: male, female, age group, married, unmarried 8. Ranking family income of migrant workers: high income, enough income for living, poor living condition, very poor; indicate the reason of family income of migrants 9. What types of employment have migrant workers found in Thailand; what kind of available employment dies Thailand offer 10. What are the working conditions of migrant workers in Thailand (number of hours/day, income/ labour cost) 11. Are they forced to use illegal drugs, cheated by employers, arrested by police (Thailand), any health problems (kinds of disease) 12. Who assists the migrants when they have problems; which agencies work in Thailand; which agencies work in Cambodia 13. What is the problem of their families of migrant workers; how did they solve the problem 14. Do workers send remittance to their family? Monthly, quarterly,... and how much on average 15. What about the situation of living conditions of migrant workers families in target villages? 16. Are there development plans in the villages, commune: what agencies, type of development project/ programmes and when 17. Do you have any recommendations to prevent the trafficking in children and women within migration framework? II. Chief of communes and commune polices 18. How many migrants cross the border into Thailand and to other districts (average number per day or per month) 19. General situation of migration movement: within district and across the border to work in Thailand (do migrants go by groups, by intermediary; do they have a document/official paper, network with Thai employers; reasons migrant workers return; working conditions/working environments,...) 20. Number of cases of trafficking 21. Measures to prevent trafficking Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

101 22. Vertical and horizontal mechanism to prevent trafficking in commune 23. Cooperation Thai authority and Thai employers 24. Exiting structure/network 25. Are there any future plans on trafficking prevention (strategy, interventions)? 26. Do you have any suggestions or requests to government organizations or relevant agencies to improve this situation? III. NGO 27. Programmes: what, where and when, duration 28. Exiting programme on preventing trafficking in children and women 29. Strategy and interventions to prevent trafficking 30. How to reduce unsafe migration 31. Future plans 32. Suggestions to improve this situation IV. Intermediaries/brokers 33. How to assist migrant workers to work in Thailand 34. How to coordinate with Thai employers 35. How to assist migrants when they have a problem with Thai authorities 36. Is it good to assist migrant workers to enter Thailand? 37. How to prevent trafficking in children and women for labour and exploitation 38. Future plans: increasing the cooperation with Thai employers, recruiting more migrant workers to work in Thailand 39. Suggestions to reduce unsafe migration V. Provincial/district offices 40. Migration movement across the border to Thailand within four identified districts 41. Education 42. Social services 43. Committees/ network mechanism (provincial, district) 44. Relevant directives (MOU, ministry orders, provincial bilateral agreement...) 45. Cross border cooperation, 46. Existing interventions on preventing trafficking in Banteay Meanchey province and especially for cross-border migration and trafficking, 47. Suggestions on interventions to prevent trafficking in children and women across border to work in Thailand. Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

102 Annex 5 SAMPLE VILLAGE FOR COLLECTING DATA Commune/ sample village Number of families in sample villages Number people in sampling villages Number of families in commune (except in part of Poi Pet commune: 4 target villages: Toul Prasat, O Reysey, Prey Kob and O Neang Number of people in commune (except in part of Poi Pet commune: 4 target villages: Toul Prasat, O Reysey, Prey Kob and O Neang Number of household surveys (3% of total family number) Number of households having 1 person of 2 families is returned migrant Number of returned migrants to be interviewed (2%) Number of children to be interviewed: (1% of total number families) Number of children to be interviewed: (1% of total number families) #Number of young women to be interviewed: (1% of total number families) Total number of interviewees Number of days/1 interviewer Number of days/8 interviewers % of interviewees compared to number of people of village samples % of interviewees compared to number of people of target villages/target communes % of interviewees compared to number of families of village samples % of interviewees compared to number of families of target villages/target communes Survey report on labour migration in Banteay Meanchey province, July

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