Political Science 171: State Politics

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1 Political Science 171: State Politics Loren Collingwood University of California December 2, 2015

2 In the News

3 In the News

4 In the News

5 In the News

6 History of State Actions on Immigration First federal immigration laws passed in late 1800s

7 History of State Actions on Immigration First federal immigration laws passed in late 1800s Prior to this, states were free to restrict immigration through local regulations

8 History of State Actions on Immigration First federal immigration laws passed in late 1800s Prior to this, states were free to restrict immigration through local regulations States generally enforced public policies to ensure they were getting only the types of immigrants they desired (i.e., usually white/caucasian)

9 History of State Actions on Immigration First federal immigration laws passed in late 1800s Prior to this, states were free to restrict immigration through local regulations States generally enforced public policies to ensure they were getting only the types of immigrants they desired (i.e., usually white/caucasian) Some policies more specifically included: conferred and removed rights of residence; forbade entrance of classes of immigrants; adopted entry taxes

10 Foundation of Federal Jurisdiction Series of SCOTUS cases in 1870s established exclusive legal authority (plenary power) of the federal gov t to regulate immigrant admissions

11 Foundation of Federal Jurisdiction Series of SCOTUS cases in 1870s established exclusive legal authority (plenary power) of the federal gov t to regulate immigrant admissions Chy Lung vs Freeman 1875: The passage of laws which concern the admission of citizens...of foreign nations to our shores belongs to Congress, and not to the states.

12 Foundation of Federal Jurisdiction Series of SCOTUS cases in 1870s established exclusive legal authority (plenary power) of the federal gov t to regulate immigrant admissions Chy Lung vs Freeman 1875: The passage of laws which concern the admission of citizens...of foreign nations to our shores belongs to Congress, and not to the states. The feds didn t set up rules on who should be admitted, but rather who should NOT be admitted immigration was determined negatively

13 Foundation of Federal Jurisdiction Series of SCOTUS cases in 1870s established exclusive legal authority (plenary power) of the federal gov t to regulate immigrant admissions Chy Lung vs Freeman 1875: The passage of laws which concern the admission of citizens...of foreign nations to our shores belongs to Congress, and not to the states. The feds didn t set up rules on who should be admitted, but rather who should NOT be admitted immigration was determined negatively From , Fed gov t excluded: contract laborers, prostitutes, paupers, convicts, morons and idiots, disabled, those with contagious diseases, those likely to become a public charge, illiterates, Chinese, Japanese, and all other Asians

14 Foundation of Federal Jurisdiction Series of SCOTUS cases in 1870s established exclusive legal authority (plenary power) of the federal gov t to regulate immigrant admissions Chy Lung vs Freeman 1875: The passage of laws which concern the admission of citizens...of foreign nations to our shores belongs to Congress, and not to the states. The feds didn t set up rules on who should be admitted, but rather who should NOT be admitted immigration was determined negatively From , Fed gov t excluded: contract laborers, prostitutes, paupers, convicts, morons and idiots, disabled, those with contagious diseases, those likely to become a public charge, illiterates, Chinese, Japanese, and all other Asians National Origins Act of 1924: Established annual quota of 150K Europeans and formally banned Japanese immigration

15 Foundation of Federal Jurisdiction Series of SCOTUS cases in 1870s established exclusive legal authority (plenary power) of the federal gov t to regulate immigrant admissions Chy Lung vs Freeman 1875: The passage of laws which concern the admission of citizens...of foreign nations to our shores belongs to Congress, and not to the states. The feds didn t set up rules on who should be admitted, but rather who should NOT be admitted immigration was determined negatively From , Fed gov t excluded: contract laborers, prostitutes, paupers, convicts, morons and idiots, disabled, those with contagious diseases, those likely to become a public charge, illiterates, Chinese, Japanese, and all other Asians National Origins Act of 1924: Established annual quota of 150K Europeans and formally banned Japanese immigration Bureaucratic system established to enact/administer these laws

16 Nativism and Language Laws Now that states couldn t technically exclude immigrants, they used their police and other powers to regulate the lives of immigrants

17 Nativism and Language Laws Now that states couldn t technically exclude immigrants, they used their police and other powers to regulate the lives of immigrants States could make life harder for immigrants, in theory leading to self-deportation

18 Nativism and Language Laws Now that states couldn t technically exclude immigrants, they used their police and other powers to regulate the lives of immigrants States could make life harder for immigrants, in theory leading to self-deportation Strong nativist movement arose in early 20th century, fueled by WWI; scientific racism; end of the frontier; growing complexity of American society

19 Nativism and Language Laws Now that states couldn t technically exclude immigrants, they used their police and other powers to regulate the lives of immigrants States could make life harder for immigrants, in theory leading to self-deportation Strong nativist movement arose in early 20th century, fueled by WWI; scientific racism; end of the frontier; growing complexity of American society Lots of Europeans (Irish, Italians, Germans, etc.) coming across; how did states achieve assimilation?

20 Nativism and Language Laws Now that states couldn t technically exclude immigrants, they used their police and other powers to regulate the lives of immigrants States could make life harder for immigrants, in theory leading to self-deportation Strong nativist movement arose in early 20th century, fueled by WWI; scientific racism; end of the frontier; growing complexity of American society Lots of Europeans (Irish, Italians, Germans, etc.) coming across; how did states achieve assimilation? Some states created Americanization programs: learn the language, habits, and values of the U.S.

21 Nativism and Language Laws Now that states couldn t technically exclude immigrants, they used their police and other powers to regulate the lives of immigrants States could make life harder for immigrants, in theory leading to self-deportation Strong nativist movement arose in early 20th century, fueled by WWI; scientific racism; end of the frontier; growing complexity of American society Lots of Europeans (Irish, Italians, Germans, etc.) coming across; how did states achieve assimilation? Some states created Americanization programs: learn the language, habits, and values of the U.S. States pushed for English-only laws to be unified and patriotic everyone living in America should speak English

22 Nativism and Language Laws Now that states couldn t technically exclude immigrants, they used their police and other powers to regulate the lives of immigrants States could make life harder for immigrants, in theory leading to self-deportation Strong nativist movement arose in early 20th century, fueled by WWI; scientific racism; end of the frontier; growing complexity of American society Lots of Europeans (Irish, Italians, Germans, etc.) coming across; how did states achieve assimilation? Some states created Americanization programs: learn the language, habits, and values of the U.S. States pushed for English-only laws to be unified and patriotic everyone living in America should speak English Nebraska s Siman Language Law: English state s official language, every person in any capacity/school would teach all subjects in English. Foreign languages taught only after eight

23 The Back Door Seasonal migrants from Mexico were meeting local demands by performing low-skilled agricultural work, primarily in the southwest (CA and TX)

24 The Back Door Seasonal migrants from Mexico were meeting local demands by performing low-skilled agricultural work, primarily in the southwest (CA and TX) Restrictions on immigration from Europe and Asia basically left an employment gap that these migrants quickly filled

25 The Back Door Seasonal migrants from Mexico were meeting local demands by performing low-skilled agricultural work, primarily in the southwest (CA and TX) Restrictions on immigration from Europe and Asia basically left an employment gap that these migrants quickly filled TX and other southwestern states lobbied the federal gov t to exclude Mexican immigrants from quota laws, and to even ease restrictions

26 The Back Door Seasonal migrants from Mexico were meeting local demands by performing low-skilled agricultural work, primarily in the southwest (CA and TX) Restrictions on immigration from Europe and Asia basically left an employment gap that these migrants quickly filled TX and other southwestern states lobbied the federal gov t to exclude Mexican immigrants from quota laws, and to even ease restrictions Texas farmers, for example, pushed back against U.S. Border Patrol, and encouraged the unauthorized entry of Mexican labor across the Rio Grande

27 The Back Door Seasonal migrants from Mexico were meeting local demands by performing low-skilled agricultural work, primarily in the southwest (CA and TX) Restrictions on immigration from Europe and Asia basically left an employment gap that these migrants quickly filled TX and other southwestern states lobbied the federal gov t to exclude Mexican immigrants from quota laws, and to even ease restrictions Texas farmers, for example, pushed back against U.S. Border Patrol, and encouraged the unauthorized entry of Mexican labor across the Rio Grande The Great Depression reversed some of the Mexican immigration patterns. Tough economic conditions created a tough life and lots of social backlash against these immigrants who were vulnerable to public wrath

28 The Back Door Seasonal migrants from Mexico were meeting local demands by performing low-skilled agricultural work, primarily in the southwest (CA and TX) Restrictions on immigration from Europe and Asia basically left an employment gap that these migrants quickly filled TX and other southwestern states lobbied the federal gov t to exclude Mexican immigrants from quota laws, and to even ease restrictions Texas farmers, for example, pushed back against U.S. Border Patrol, and encouraged the unauthorized entry of Mexican labor across the Rio Grande The Great Depression reversed some of the Mexican immigration patterns. Tough economic conditions created a tough life and lots of social backlash against these immigrants who were vulnerable to public wrath Between 1928 and 1932 local/state gov ts repatriated to Mexico more than 500K people of Mexican origin, many of

29 The Bracero Program and Mexican immigration WWII With WWI many able-bodied young men went off to fight, and thus the back door became operational again

30 The Bracero Program and Mexican immigration WWII With WWI many able-bodied young men went off to fight, and thus the back door became operational again Mexican seasonal workers became the answer to American agriculture s need for seasonal manual labor

31 The Bracero Program and Mexican immigration WWII With WWI many able-bodied young men went off to fight, and thus the back door became operational again Mexican seasonal workers became the answer to American agriculture s need for seasonal manual labor The Bracero Program legally brought 4.6 million Mexican migrant workers to the U.S. over a 24 year time span

32 The Bracero Program and Mexican immigration WWII With WWI many able-bodied young men went off to fight, and thus the back door became operational again Mexican seasonal workers became the answer to American agriculture s need for seasonal manual labor The Bracero Program legally brought 4.6 million Mexican migrant workers to the U.S. over a 24 year time span Push-pull between immigration policy and conflicting public/private interests

33 The Bracero Program and Mexican immigration WWII With WWI many able-bodied young men went off to fight, and thus the back door became operational again Mexican seasonal workers became the answer to American agriculture s need for seasonal manual labor The Bracero Program legally brought 4.6 million Mexican migrant workers to the U.S. over a 24 year time span Push-pull between immigration policy and conflicting public/private interests Border patrol carried out mass apprehension campaign that detained and deported over one million Mexican immigrants

34 The Bracero Program and Mexican immigration WWII With WWI many able-bodied young men went off to fight, and thus the back door became operational again Mexican seasonal workers became the answer to American agriculture s need for seasonal manual labor The Bracero Program legally brought 4.6 million Mexican migrant workers to the U.S. over a 24 year time span Push-pull between immigration policy and conflicting public/private interests Border patrol carried out mass apprehension campaign that detained and deported over one million Mexican immigrants Yet the INS more than doubled the number of bracero visas. Thus push/pull

35 Immigration Shifts from Legal to Illegal Immigration and National Act Amendments of 1965: abolished national origins quota system, allocated visas according to seven-category preference system

36 Immigration Shifts from Legal to Illegal Immigration and National Act Amendments of 1965: abolished national origins quota system, allocated visas according to seven-category preference system Reallocation did little to deter immigration

37 Immigration Shifts from Legal to Illegal Immigration and National Act Amendments of 1965: abolished national origins quota system, allocated visas according to seven-category preference system Reallocation did little to deter immigration Reduction in visas shifted immigration from legal to illegal because demand for labor was still as strong

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