INPUT PAPER ECONOMIC POLICY FORUM GROWTH, TRANSFORMATION, REFORM: EMERGING ECONOMIES IN THE NEXT DECADE 1-2 NOVEMBER 2013, HAIKOU, CHINA

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "INPUT PAPER ECONOMIC POLICY FORUM GROWTH, TRANSFORMATION, REFORM: EMERGING ECONOMIES IN THE NEXT DECADE 1-2 NOVEMBER 2013, HAIKOU, CHINA"

Transcription

1 GROWTH, TRANSFORMATION, REFORM: EMERGING ECONOMIES IN THE NEXT DECADE Disclaimer: The contents of this paper are of the author s sole responsibility. They do not represent the views of the China Institute for Reform and Development (CIRD) or the Economic Policy Forum (EPF). Any inquiries related to the paper s content and all permission to cite should be directed to the author. CHINA INSTITUTE FOR REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT (CIRD) ChinaReform.org CEE.CIRD@gmail.com ECONOMIC POLICY FORUM Emerging Economies Think Tank Alliance for High Quality Growth Economic-Policy-Forum.org Secretariat@Economic-Policy-Forum.org supported by

2 Basic Service Provision to Poor in Urban India: Policies, Achievements and Future Challenges INDIA COUNTRY REPORT Rumi Aijaz Ph.D., Senior Fellow, Observer Research Foundation, 20, Rouse Avenue, New Delhi , India Tel.: ; Fax: Abstract Rapidly urbanising regions of India are home to millions of poor migrant people. The migrants provide very important services to the urban residents, and play a vital role in building and running cities. However, their own living and working conditions are a matter of huge concern. The main purpose of this paper is to provide information on the impact of government policies formulated to provide housing and other basic civic amenities to the urban poor in India, and to give suggestions for addressing future challenges. Some of the topics which have been covered in the paper are: growth of urban population in India, pattern of rural to urban migration, consequences of urban migration, urban infrastructure and service inequalities, appraisal of government policies and schemes for basic service provision to poor, best practices in service delivery. Definition of Urbanisation and Urban Urbanisation has been defined in different ways: change in characteristics of an area; process associated with the development of a civilisation; redistribution of population from rural to urban settlements; etc. The term level of urbanisation implies proportion (or percentage) of urban population to total population of a place. Governments of various countries in the world also offer different definitions of urban. In India, for example, urban is defined in two ways. Places governed by a municipal Act (legislation) are called statutory towns/cities. It is the government in a State which decides what a statutory town is and declares a particular place as a statutory town. This is one category of urban centre. The other is a normative definition, which is based on certain characteristics. The Office of the Registrar and Census Commissioner of India defines an urban area as follows: (a) all statutory places with a local government; (b) a place satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously: (i) a minimum population of 5,000; (ii) at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in nonagricultural pursuits; and (iii) a density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile). Settlements that do not satisfy these criteria are treated as rural. Any place which satisfies these criteria is called for the purposes of census alone, a census town. Thus, in India when we talk about urbanisation, not only the statutory towns which are governed by a municipal Act are included, but on a more normative basis, there is a second category of towns called the census towns. Urban Population in India As per the Census of India 2011, India recorded a total population of 1.2 billion. Of this total, 377 million (31%) people were found living in 7,935 towns and 521 ( ) cities/urban agglomerations 2

3 (UAs). 1 This number of 521 includes 50 cities/uas each having population of more than one million, and three mega cities with population of more than 10 million, namely Greater Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. The growth rate of India s total urban population during was 31.8 per cent (Table 1). It is estimated that between 2010 and 2050, India will add another 497 million to its existing urban population (UN, 2012). Table 1: Urban Population in India, Indicator Total population of India (in billion) Urban population of India (in million) Urban to total population (%) Decadal growth of urban population (%) Number of towns Number of UAs/cities (population 100,000 +) Number of UAs/cities (population 1 million + as well as 3 mega cities) Number of mega cities (population 10 million +) Population of 3 largest mega cities/uas (in million) (the 53 UAs account for 43 % of country s urban population) 3 3 Greater Mumbai UA: 16 Delhi UA: 13.8 Kolkata UA: 13.2 Greater Mumbai UA: 18.4 Delhi UA: 16.3 Kolkata UA: 14.1 Source: Census of India, An important observation in recent times is the marked change in the size of India s urban population. The data show that for the first time since India gained independence from the British Empire in 1947, the absolute increase in population has been more in urban areas than in rural areas. During the decade , while the rural population grew by 12 per cent, the urban population grew by as much as 32 per cent. The data further reveal that the growth in rural population has been steadily declining since The decadal trend of India s urban population during is presented in Table 2 and Figure 1. A high decadal urban growth rate (41%) was observed during the period , after which the rate fell in The decline is due to the country s partition which led to an emigration of more than 10 million people and death of about one million. Again the rate rose steadily in and peaked in 1981 (46%). Since then it has fallen in the decades and now is almost in a slight incline. After , growth rates have fallen possibly due to declining rural to urban migration and increasing concentration of population in rural areas adjacent to large urban centres because of high living costs in urban areas. 1 In India, towns with population of 100,000 and above are called cities. There is also a concept of Urban Agglomeration (UA), which is a continuous urban spread constituting a city/town and its adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together and any adjoining urban outgrowths of such towns (Census of India, 2001). 3

4 Table 2: Total, Rural and Urban Population in India, Census Year Total Population (in million) Population (in million) Variation Over Past Decade (in per cent) Rural Urban Rural Urban Source: ibid. Figure 1: Decadal Variation in India s Rural and Urban Population, to Source: ibid. The percentage of urban population to total population in 28 Indian States and 7 Union Territories 2 (UTs) for the years 2001 and 2011 is shown in Figure 2. In 2011, among the UTs, high percentages 2 A Union Territory (UT) is an administrative division of India in the federal framework of governance. Unlike the States of India, which have their own elected governments, UTs are ruled directly by the federal government; 4

5 (above 65%) were recorded in Delhi (97.50%), Chandigarh (97.25%), Lakshadweep (78.08%), Daman and Diu (75.16%), and Puducherry (68.31%). Among the States, the percentage share of urban population was high (above 40%) in Goa (62.17%), Mizoram (51.51%), Tamil Nadu (48.45%), Kerala (47.72%), Maharashtra (45.23%) and Gujarat (42.58%). The States and UTs that have observed high percentage decadal growth of urban population (above 65%) during are Daman and Diu (218.37%), Dadra and Nagar Haveli (216.73%), Sikkim (153.43%), Kerala (92.72%), Lakshadweep (86.55%), Tripura (76.08%) and Nagaland (67.38%). In terms of numbers, urban population in 2011 was high (above 20 million) in Maharashtra (50.83 million), Uttar Pradesh (44.47 million), Tamil Nadu (34.95 million), West Bengal (29.13 million), Andhra Pradesh (28.35 million), Gujarat (25.71 million), Karnataka (23.58 million) and Madhya Pradesh (20.06 million). Figure 2: Percentage of Urban Population in Indian States and Union Territories during 2001 and Source: ibid. Rural to Urban Migration A number of factors are responsible for growth of urban population, such as natural increase (births), rural to urban and urban to urban migration, changes in municipal boundaries, and formation of new urban centres. In India, rural to urban migrants account for a sizeable urban population. People living in rural areas (villages) face numerous problems with respect to their livelihood and access to basic services such as proper housing, education, health, water, sanitation, roads, electricity, etc. Although rural farmers grow food and other agro products for the nation, they do not get sufficient monetary returns and live a deplorable life. Though there is national concern about rural development, the impact of government policies is marginally felt at the village level. the President of India appoints an Administrator or Lieutenant-Governor for each territory. There are seven union territories in India, namely Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, National Capital Territory of Delhi, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. 5

6 Rural to urban migration is, therefore, a response to stagnant growth and development in rural areas, as well as diverse economic opportunities available in rapidly urbanising Indian cities. Since income generating activities are unable to support the rural population, villagers often migrate to towns and cities. Such movement is associated with the level of economic and social development of a place. Employment, education and marriage are important reasons for rural to urban migration in India. As per information available in literature, reasons for migration can be classified into two broad categories: (i) push factors, which cause people to leave their place of residence, such as pressure on land, lack of basic infrastructural facilities, etc; and (ii) pull factors, which attract the people from different places, such as better job opportunities, better health facilities, etc. Further details are provided below. Reasons for Migration Economic and Development Unemployment and poverty: Rural to urban migration happens for jobs and higher wages. There is greater unemployment in agricultural sector than in industrial and other major sectors due to overburdening of agricultural land. Thus, incidence of unemployment is much higher in rural areas than in urban areas. 38 per cent of males in India migrate due to work and employment reasons, whereas only 3 per cent of females migrate due to this reason. A direct implication of unemployment is poverty. Also, those who are employed in agriculture have low productivity and incomes due to an adverse land-man ratio. Incidence of poverty is also high among wage labourers who are engaged in occasional work. Lack of basic infrastructural facilities: This is the second most significant reason for rural to urban migration. Rural areas usually do not have basic amenities like water and sanitation, schools, health centres, electricity, etc. Thus, rural dwellers are attracted to the cities with better infrastructure facilities like housing, transportation, communication and other basic amenities. There are good hospitals, healthcare centres, medical stores and experienced doctors. Also, a good network of roads and several types of vehicles are available to travel from one area to the other. Education: Villagers find themselves short of any skills or education due to lack of higher education and vocational training facilities in the rural areas. On the other hand, urban areas have a large number of educational institutions like schools, colleges, universities, and vocational institutes. As better education is the basis for earning higher income, people migrate to cities. Geographical Climate and topography: Factors like difficult terrain, extreme temperatures, vegetation and quality of soil also play a role in people s decision to migrate. People may migrate from villages in the mountains and desert regions due to extreme weather and topographical conditions. Natural disasters: Migration may also take place due to calamities like landslides in hilly areas, floods, tsunami and cyclonic storms in coastal rural areas or earthquakes. Survival during drought and famines, especially during the summer seasons is almost impossible in rural areas due to no alternate option left with the people. Social and Cultural Bright city lights: The allure of cities tempts rural dwellers to break away from traditional identities since the cities showcase a true merging of modernity and antiquity. They feel their vivid dreams will come true in the sheer vastness, modish appearance and hi-tech ambience of the cities. Marriage: Women in India shift from their place of birth after marriage. Majority of females (68 %) migrate due to this cultural phenomenon. Migration due to marriage for males is much less (2 %). 6

7 Movement of parents/earning members: Many people migrate along with their earning family members. About 30 per cent of the rural migrants migrate to the urban areas due to this reason. Political and Administrative Politics and administration have a vital role to play in the maintenance of peace and stability. People may sometimes voluntarily migrate from places where there is political unrest or prevalence of corrupt practices. People may also be forcefully displaced due to ethnic and civil conflicts. Insurgency, secessionist movements, localised violence and identity-based autonomy movements in villages of north-eastern India are causing people to migrate. Religion-based violence and displacement causes migration in States like Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat and Punjab. This may lead to a rise in internally displaced people (IDPs) who are different from refugees in the sense that their areas of destinations are not across the borders. They resettle in a different place but within their country of origin. Number of Migrants Census of India data on migration are available for the period During the last 10 years, of the total 97.5 million internal migrants in the country, about 20.6 million persons (21.1%) moved from rural to urban areas, and 6.2 million persons (6.4%) moved from urban to rural areas (Table 3). Thus, 14.3 million was the net addition to urban population due to rural to urban migration. This works out to be 6.6 per cent of the urban population in Table 3: Number and Proportion of Migrants in India, Migration Streams Number of Migrants Per cent of Total Rural to urban migration 20,595,231 Migrants 21.1 Urban to rural migration 6,266, Total migration (includes four streams: rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to rural, urban to urban, unclassified migrants) Source: Census of India, ,560, Further details on rural to urban migration within and between States are provided in Table 4. Of the total 97.5 million internal migrants in the country based on last residence during the last 10 years ( ), 80 million were those who migrated from one part of the State or district to another within the same State. Of the total intra-state migrants, rural to urban stream constituted 17.6%. With respect to inter-state migrants, share of rural to urban migration was higher (37.9%) indicating that the choice of town is not limited to those within the State while migrating. Table 4: Intra State and Inter State Rural to Urban Migration in India, 2001 Migration Stream Number Proportion Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Intra State Migrants Rural to Urban 14,222,276 6,503,461 7,718, Total Migrants 80,733,441 23,998,283 56,735, Inter State Migrants Rural to Urban 6,372,955 3,803,737 2,569, Total Migrants 16,826,879 8,512,161 8,314, Source: ibid. Note: Total migrants consist of all four streams (urban to urban, rural to urban, rural to rural, urban to rural, unclassified migrants) 7

8 Table 5 shows the position of rural to urban migration in top 10 Indian States. In terms of internal rural to urban migration within each State by last residence during the last 10 years, the north eastern Indian States of Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland reported the highest proportions. Table 5: Intra-State Rural to Urban Migration in Top 10 States of India, 2001 State Number of Migrants Per cent of Migrants Mizoram 32, Meghalaya 10, Nagaland 13, Arunachal Pradesh 31, Gujarat 1,420, Tamil Nadu 852, Haryana 339, Maharashtra 2,653, Karnataka 1,033, Jammu & Kashmir 79, Source: ibid. Recent data on migration for the period are available from sample surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office. The sample comprises a total of 125,578 households, of which 79,091 are rural households and the remaining 46,487 are urban households. The findings of the survey are briefly mentioned below: Nearly 57 per cent of urban migrant households migrated from rural areas (Figure 3) Rural to urban migration stream shared nearly 20 per cent of the total internal migrants Nearly 60 per cent of urban male migrants and 59 per cent of urban female migrants had migrated from rural areas. Figure 3: Migration to Urban Areas of India, Source: National Sample Survey Office, Consequences of Urban Migration There are numerous consequences of rural to urban migration, which may be classified in economic, demographic, social, cultural and environmental spheres. Positive Consequences The migrants send remittances (payments) to their homes in villages which are used by their family members for purchasing food, repayment of debts, medical treatment, construction of houses, etc. 8

9 This helps their family to come out from poverty-stricken life and increases their standard of living. This in turn helps in the growth of the rural economy. Migration leads to the redistribution of population within a country. A job shifting has been seen which may vary from domestic servants to factory workers. Also, there is a gradual shift from agricultural to non-agricultural activities. This is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth in cities. Migrants act as agents of social change. The new ideas and laws related to latest technologies, family planning, girl s education, inter-caste marriages, etc., are spread from urban to rural areas through them. It also leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures and results in the evolution of a composite culture. There is thus a change in the mind set of people. They start thinking broadly and the narrow views change. Migration widens their horizon and pulls them out from their rural superstitious beliefs to a new world of rational thinking. Negative Consequences Migration causes anonymity, which creates a social vacuum and sense of dejection among individuals. There are people from different income groups which reside in urban areas and unequal distribution of income and wealth is clearly visible. In a way the gap between the people widens since the poor people face an inferiority complex and in turn suffer from mental and emotional vulnerability and low self-esteem. Continued feeling of dejection often prompts people to fall in the trap of antisocial activities like crime and drug abuse. The migrant population is mostly engaged in informal sector activities. They do not have security of livelihood and often face police harassment and interference at the time of work. Moreover, there is ignorance about the procedure to obtain work licenses, social security benefits and schemes, etc. Many persons employed in the waste sector work under unhealthy and hazardous conditions and are not equipped with proper and safe equipment. In most cases, daily earnings are much less as compared to the services offered. Large number of people in urban areas has put pressure on the existing social and physical infrastructure and services, such as housing, roads, public transport, schools, heath care centres, drinking water, sanitation, electricity, etc. An appraisal of selected urban development indicators at the all-india level reveals significant inequalities (Table 6). Moreover, due to over-exploitation of natural resources, cities are facing the acute problem of depletion of ground water and air pollution. 9

10 Table 6: India: Urban Sector Inequalities Urban Sector Indicator Status Source of Data and Reference Year Poverty -- Number of poor in urban areas 52.8 million Planning Commission, Urban population below poverty line 13.7 % Planning Commission, Housing Urban housing shortage 19 million Twelfth Five Year Plan, Slums -- Slum households to total urban households / slum population to total urban population -- Total slum population -- Decadal growth of slum population, Number of towns having slums -- Number of towns having slums dwelling units 17.4 % million 25.1 % Census of India, 2011 Census of India, 2011 Census of India, ,743 2,613 Census of India, 2001 Census of India, 2011 Public transport Share of public transport in cities 27 % Ministry of Urban Development, 2008 Education Urban literacy rate 84 % Census of India, 2011 Health Urban infant mortality rate 29 deaths for every 1,000 live births Drinking water Drainage Toilet -- Urban households using tap water from untreated sources -- Urban households not having source of drinking water within premises Urban households not having drainage facility Urban households not having toilet facility within premises Office of the Registrar General of India, Sample Registration System, % Census of India, % Census of India, % Census of India, % Census of India, 2011 Rural to urban migration results in imbalances in sex composition due to selective male or female migration. Large cities have unfavourable sex ratio as compared to rural areas due to high male immigration. This is because men are usually the earning members of the rural families and therefore they move out of rural areas in search of employment to take care of their families. Migration also affects women and children in rural areas since the males migrate leaving their family behind, which puts an extra physical as well as mental pressure on the women and increases their vulnerability. They are left alone with their children and hence overall development of the children gets affected. Unregulated migration to the metropolitan cities has caused overcrowding. Non-availability of houses has given rise to slums. 3 In slum localities, there is an increased spread of infectious diseases because of poor living and environmental conditions. Migrants belonging to the middle and high income group are able to afford their living in planned and authorised areas of the city. However, a large number of migrants belonging to the low income group find vacant public and private lands (including lands located near railway lines, airport, large open 3 Definition of slum: A compact area of at least 300 population or about households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities (Census of India). 10

11 drains and surface water bodies) as an ideal place to reside, as they are not required to pay any property tax, fee or rent for occupying the area. The poor migrant families build small living places on their own, about the size of a very small room with low roof, using temporary or makeshift building materials. Most slum households have no kitchen, piped water supply, toilet or electricity facilities inside the premises (Table 7). They do not have security of tenure of slums they inhabit, and thus, there is constant fear of eviction. Further, the poorly built temporary structure does not protect the dweller from extreme weather conditions. Also, due to large population size of each family, there is overcrowding within a tiny dwelling unit. Table 7: Status of Housing and Access to Basic Services in Indian Slums, 2011 S. No. Indicator Status (in per cent) 1 Good condition of house Ownership of house Households using tap as main source of drinking water Households having source of drinking water within premises Households having toilet facility within premises Households having a bathroom or enclosure without roof Households availing banking service in slum areas Slum population without basic facilities Literacy rate in slums Work participation rate in slums 36.0 Source: Census of India (2011): Report on Housing Stock, Amenities and Assets in Slums. Government Policies and Schemes for Equitable Urban Development A number of initiatives have been undertaken in India to address the concerns of the urban population. Table 8 provides information on the national level agencies responsible for urban development, recent government policies and restructuring programmes. 11

12 Table 8: Urban Government Organisations, Policies and Restructuring Programmes in India Component Planning Commission: Housing and Urban Affairs Division Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoH&UPA) Description Looks after the programmes pertaining to Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation; closely associated with the formulation of policies; oversees the activities of government institutes engaged in urban development. Responsible for formulating policies, supporting and monitoring programmes and coordinating the activities of various Central Ministries, State Governments and other nodal authorities. Formulates policies, sponsors and supports programme, coordinates the activities of various Central Ministries, State Governments and other nodal authorities and monitors the programmes concerning all the issues of urban employment, poverty and housing in the country. National policies Transport (2006) Housing and Habitat (2007) Sanitation (2008) Street Vendors (Revised in 2009) Missions, programmes and schemes Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) subcomponents: - Urban infrastructure and governance (UIG) - Basic services to the urban poor (BSUP) - Urban infrastructure development scheme for small and medium towns (UIDSSMT) - Integrated housing and slum development programme (IHSDP) North eastern region urban development programme (NERUDP) National urban information system scheme (NUIS) Rajiv awas yojana (affordable housing scheme for slum free India) Integrated low cost sanitation scheme Swarna jayanti shahari rozgar yojana (urban employment scheme) Sustainable urban transport project Metro rail project Source: Planning Commission, Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) is the major urban development initiative of the Indian Government. It was launched on 3 December Under the mission, States and local governments can avail financial, technical and institutional support for implementation of infrastructure projects and governance reforms. Progress of Pro-poor Reforms With respect to the urban poor, the mission provides for three pro-poor reforms. The status of implementation of these reforms is provided in Table 9. 12

13 Table 9: Implementation Status of Pro-poor Reforms, 2011 Reform Internal earmarking of funds within local bodies budget for basic services to the urban poor Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal services, i.e., education, health and social security, in a time bound manner. Earmarking at least per cent of developed land in all housing projects (both public and private agencies) for economically weaker sections and low income groups with a system of cross subsidisation. Provision of housing either in situ or in a new location with basic infrastructure amenities in a healthy environment Implementation Status Number of urban local bodies (ULBs)/parastatals committed to implement the reform by : 64 Number of urban local bodies (ULBs)/parastatals that have implemented the reform: 55 Out of 39 mission cities selected for audit scrutiny, provision of basic services to urban poor was reported to have been put in place in 22 cities. Number of urban local bodies (ULBs)/parastatals committed to implement the reform by : 54 Number of urban local bodies (ULBs)/parastatals that have implemented the reform: 39 Total dwelling units approved for construction: 1,606,917 Dwelling units completed: 39% Dwelling units occupied: 60% Source: Comptroller and Auditor General of India, 2012, pp Note: Implementation status as reported by Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation. The findings of an audit report with respect to the accomplishment of reforms help in understanding the problems being faced in various initiatives and the future challenges. It is learnt that: Several housing and infrastructure projects have remained incomplete. Problems are being faced with regard to availability of litigation free land; delay in land acquisition; site occupied by slum dwellers; encroachments, low lying areas. Norms for construction of dwelling units (number of rooms, balcony, kitchen, toilet, etc.) are not being followed. Despite completion of dwelling units, allotment to eligible beneficiaries is progressing at a slow pace. The contribution from beneficiaries (at least 12 per cent of the cost of construction) is not being collected. Diversion of funds for other purposes is taking place in housing projects. At many places in the country where dwellings were constructed, the supporting infrastructure and living conditions were not suitable. Problems included presence of garbage dump yard, narrow approach roads to the colony, water seepage from the house ceiling, no water connection, etc. Ceiling cost of INR 80,000 (about 1,300 USD) per dwelling unit as national government share has disappointed many urban local governments considering the spurt in input cost. There is a risk of ineligible beneficiaries deriving benefits of the scheme intended for the urban poor. 13

14 Meeting the Needs of the Urban Poor However, there is also evidence of initiatives put in place in different parts of India to meet the needs of the urban poor. A few examples describing the approach followed in providing affordable housing and basic services are briefly mentioned below. Chandigarh Administration: Slum redevelopment initiative by using biometric surveys and IT based technologies to validate urban poor living in slums (socio-economic survey), issue of smart cards, allotment of flat initially on monthly license fee basis, ownership rights to be provided after 20 years (security of tenure), simplifying procedures and forms. Jagityal Municipality (Andhra Pradesh): Improved access of urban poor to piped water supply by alliance with Andhra Pradesh Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation and its subsidised loan scheme, survey of number of poor households / beneficiaries and water condition in slums, reducing connection costs, simplification of procedures, intensive advertising of scheme. Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (Maharashtra): Improved access of urban poor to piped water supply by upgrading distribution networks, increasing storage capacity, installing free water meters, simplifying procedures (ward officer made in charge of connections, technical staff made in charge of offering assistance for connections in place of plumbers), reducing connection costs, organising periodic community consultations and zonal meetings to monitor and support process of improving access. Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation (Tamil Nadu): Improved access of urban poor to better sanitation by involving a community-based organisation (namely Gramalaya), conducting a need assessment survey and focus group discussions, forming self-help groups (SHGs), formation of teams and committees from among the SHGs to spread awareness, giving loans to needy with less interest rates. Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (Andhra Pradesh): Improved access of urban poor to piped water supply by listing areas without connections, subsidising connections, simplifying procedures, adoption of communication and campaign strategy before implementation, hiring additional labour, designing software to monitor sanctioning and physical commissioning of connections. Conclusion Indian towns and cities display striking inequalities in urban development. This is observed from the differences in living and working conditions of various sections of the society. To minimise the inequalities and create a socially inclusive society, numerous initiatives have been taken by the Indian government, some of which have brought about a desirable change for the better. For the creation of equitable urban centres and to ensure that the poor migrant population has greater access to basic civic services, the following additional steps may be suggested: Guarantee that all urban residents have resources, opportunities and capability to have a voice so that they can influence decisions that affect them. Plans should be prepared and implemented by adopting a participatory approach. Ensure that policies and programmes are designed, developed and coordinated across government. Establish partnerships between all levels of government, businesses and civil society organsations. Develop better understanding of the requirements of institutions responsible for meeting needs of the urban poor, build their capabilities and ensure accountability, rule of law and transparency in governance. Learn from success stories, in terms of the comprehensive approaches / governances strategies adopted to address concerns of the urban poor. 14

15 Formulate and implement realistic benchmarks/norms and standards for slum rehabilitation; development work should be complete in all respects before allotment; non-government organisations to be involved for improving service (education, health, sanitation, drinking water, etc.) delivery. Urban centres should be planned and developed by taking into account the requirements (housing, basic needs and livelihood) of the persons engaged in informal activities and migrant population. The basic land laws are required to be in place. There is a need to map each record and boundaries by using GIS. The offices of the registrars of land need modernisation, computerisation, etc. The valuation regime of land should be modernised. Housing market should cater to all socio-economic groups. State policy should focus on providing affordable housing. Housing finance companies should be encouraged and these should help in building financial, savings and repayment awareness among its customers. 15

16 References Census of India (2001): Migration Tables (Tables D1, D2 and D3), Data Highlights. Census of India (2011): Provisional Population Totals, Paper 2, Vol. 1, Rural-Urban Distribution, India, Series 1. Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2012): Performance Audit of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, New Delhi: Government of India. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (2012): Annual Report , GoI. National Sample Survey Office (2010): Migration in India , NSS 64 th Round (July 2007 to June 2008), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, New Delhi: Government of India. National Urban Water Awards: Observer Research Foundation (2013): Report of the Workshop on Affordable and Liveable Housing for the Migrants and Urban Poor, 25 July, Workshop organised in partnership with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), New Delhi. Observer Research Foundation (2011): Report of the Workshop on Unorganised Sector in Delhi: Status, Problems and Perceptions, 30 May. Workshop organised in partnership with Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (RLS), New Delhi. Planning Commission, Twelfth Five Year Plan , Chapter 18 Urban Development, New Delhi: Government of India. Planning Commission (2013): Press Note on Poverty Estimates, , New Delhi: Government of India. United Nations (2012): Africa and Asia to lead urban population growth in the next four decades, Press Release, 5 April 2012, New York. 16

Perspective on Forced Migration in India: An Insight into Classed Vulnerability

Perspective on Forced Migration in India: An Insight into Classed Vulnerability Perspective on in India: An Insight into Classed Vulnerability By Protap Mukherjee* and Lopamudra Ray Saraswati* *Ph.D. Scholars Population Studies Division Centre for the Study of Regional Development

More information

RECENT CHANGING PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION IN WEST BENGAL: A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

RECENT CHANGING PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION IN WEST BENGAL: A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 46 RECENT CHANGING PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION IN WEST BENGAL: A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Raju Sarkar, Research Scholar Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic

More information

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ORIGIN AND REGIONAL SETTING DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH OF POPULATION SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION 46 53

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ORIGIN AND REGIONAL SETTING DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH OF POPULATION SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION 46 53 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE NOs. INTRODUCTION 1 8 1 ORIGIN AND REGIONAL SETTING 9 19 2 DISTRIBUTION AND GROWTH OF POPULATION 20 44 3 SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION 46 53 4 SEX COMPOSITION OF POPULATION 54

More information

Estimates of Workers Commuting from Rural to Urban and Urban to Rural India: A Note

Estimates of Workers Commuting from Rural to Urban and Urban to Rural India: A Note WP-2011-019 Estimates of Workers Commuting from Rural to Urban and Urban to Rural India: A Note S Chandrasekhar Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai September 2011 http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/wp-2011-019.pdf

More information

Urban Administration: Urbanization and Governance Framework

Urban Administration: Urbanization and Governance Framework Urban Administration: Urbanization and Governance Framework Dr. A. K. Singh Assistant Director Regional Centre For Urban & Environmental Studies, Lucknow Urbanisation India is the second largest urban

More information

not to be republished NCERT MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences Unit I Chapter 2

not to be republished NCERT MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences Unit I Chapter 2 Unit I Chapter 2 MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences Ram Babu, working as an engineer in Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh, was born in a small village of district Bhojpur, Bihar. At an early age of

More information

Social Science Class 9 th

Social Science Class 9 th Social Science Class 9 th Poverty as a Challenge Social exclusion Vulnerability Poverty Line Poverty Estimates Vulnerable Groups Inter-State Disparities Global Poverty Scenario Causes of Poverty Anti-Poverty

More information

AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE (1994- ) 1 March 2007 Volume XLV No. 1 (Also includes December 1994 through December 2006) Articles, Book Reviews, New Books, & Dissertations

More information

Department of Statistics, St.Ann s College for women, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad.

Department of Statistics, St.Ann s College for women, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad. ANNQUEST DECEMBER 2015 ISSN: 2321-3043 www.stannsannquest.com Causes and consequences of migration G Ramaa Deepthi, M Bhavana Abstract: Migration (human) is the movement of people from one place in the

More information

Urbanization Process and Recent Trends of Migration in India

Urbanization Process and Recent Trends of Migration in India Urbanization Process and Recent Trends of Migration in India Ratnesh Shukla 1 & Kashif Imdad 2 Abstract Urbanization is a process of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern urban economies

More information

Female Migration for Non-Marital Purposes: Understanding Social and Demographic Correlates of Barriers

Female Migration for Non-Marital Purposes: Understanding Social and Demographic Correlates of Barriers Female Migration for Non-Marital Purposes: Understanding Social and Demographic Correlates of Barriers Dr. Mala Mukherjee Assistant Professor Indian Institute of Dalit Studies New Delhi India Introduction

More information

Issues related to Working Women s Hostels, Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh. Nandita Mishra EA, MoWCD

Issues related to Working Women s Hostels, Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh. Nandita Mishra EA, MoWCD Issues related to Working Women s Hostels, Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh Nandita Mishra EA, MoWCD WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL A scheme to providing safe and affordable accommodation to working women who may be single,

More information

INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT SENIOR SECTION DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS: IX TOPIC/CHAPTER: 03-Poverty As A Challenge WORKSHEET No.

INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT SENIOR SECTION DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS: IX TOPIC/CHAPTER: 03-Poverty As A Challenge WORKSHEET No. INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT SENIOR SECTION DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS: IX TOPIC/CHAPTER: 0-Poverty As A Challenge WORKSHEET No. : 4 (206-7) SUMMARY WRITE THESE QUESTIONS IN YOUR CLASS WORK NOTE BOOK 5,

More information

HUMAN RESOURCES MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN WORK SPHERES

HUMAN RESOURCES MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN WORK SPHERES HUMAN RESOURCES MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN WORK SPHERES * Abstract 1. Human Migration is a universal phenomenon. 2. Migration is the movement of people from one locality to another and nowadays people

More information

ELECTION NOTIFICATION

ELECTION NOTIFICATION National Neonatology Forum Office of Election Committee (NNF Election-2018) Child Central, 717/1, 16 th Main, 6 th B Cross, Koramangala, 3 rd Block, Bangalore-560034 Email-nnfelection@gmail.com, Contact-+917022283535

More information

Slum population in India: Extent and policy response

Slum population in India: Extent and policy response International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science IJRBS Vol.2 No.1, 2013 ISSN: 2147-4478 available online at www.ssbfnet.com Slum population in India: Extent and policy response Upinder

More information

Poverty alleviation programme in Maharashtra

Poverty alleviation programme in Maharashtra Poverty alleviation programme in Maharashtra 1. Mr. Dhiraj. R. Ovhal Asst. Prof. NSS College of Commerce & Eco. Tardeo. Mumbai 400034 2. Dr. Deepak. M. Salve The Bharat Education Society s Sant Gadge Maharaj

More information

ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT MGNREGA AND RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN INDIA

ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT   MGNREGA AND RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN INDIA MGNREGA AND RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN INDIA Pallav Das Lecturer in Economics, Patuck-Gala College of Commerce and Management, Mumbai, India Email: Pallav_das@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The MGNREGA is the flagship

More information

Urbanomics in India (Detailed analysis of trends and patterns of urbanization in India)

Urbanomics in India (Detailed analysis of trends and patterns of urbanization in India) IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e-issn: 2321-5933, p-issn: 2321-5925.Volume 7, Issue 4. Ver. I (Jul. - Aug. 2016), PP 40-60 www.iosrjournals.org Urbanomics in India (Detailed analysis

More information

EXTRACT THE STATES REORGANISATION ACT, 1956 (ACT NO.37 OF 1956) PART III ZONES AND ZONAL COUNCILS

EXTRACT THE STATES REORGANISATION ACT, 1956 (ACT NO.37 OF 1956) PART III ZONES AND ZONAL COUNCILS EXTRACT THE STATES REORGANISATION ACT, 1956 (ACT NO.37 OF 1956) PART III ZONES AND ZONAL COUNCILS Establishment of Zonal Councils. 15. As from the appointed day, there shall be a Zonal Council for each

More information

Insolvency Professionals to act as Interim Resolution Professionals and Liquidators (Recommendation) (Second) Guidelines, 2018

Insolvency Professionals to act as Interim Resolution Professionals and Liquidators (Recommendation) (Second) Guidelines, 2018 Insolvency Professionals to act as Interim Resolution Professionals and Liquidators (Recommendation) (Second) Guidelines, 2018 Provisions in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 30 th November, 2018

More information

Female Migration to Mega Cities of India

Female Migration to Mega Cities of India Female Migration to Mega Cities of India ABSTRACT K. C. Das and Arunananda Murmu The present paper tries to understand the pattern and trend of female migration to six mega cities of India namely Mumbai,

More information

International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai (INDIA)

International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai (INDIA) Kunal Keshri (kunalkeshri.lrd@gmail.com) (Senior Research Fellow, e-mail:) Dr. R. B. Bhagat (Professor & Head, Dept. of Migration and Urban Studies) International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai

More information

RIJS Volume 2, Issue 7 (July 2013) ISSN: A Journal of Radix International Educational and. Research Consortium RIJS

RIJS Volume 2, Issue 7 (July 2013) ISSN: A Journal of Radix International Educational and. Research Consortium RIJS A Journal of Radix International Educational and Research Consortium RIJS RADIX INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE MAPPING SLUMS OF AN INDUSTRIAL CITY: PROBLEMS AND POLICY CONCERNS- A

More information

II. MPI in India: A Case Study

II. MPI in India: A Case Study https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ II. in India: A Case Study 271 MILLION FEWER POOR PEOPLE IN INDIA The scale of multidimensional poverty in India deserves a chapter on its own. India

More information

NCERT Class 9th Social Science Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge

NCERT Class 9th Social Science Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge NCERT Class 9th Social Science Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge Question 1. Describe how poverty line is estimated in India. A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption

More information

On Adverse Sex Ratios in Some Indian States: A Note

On Adverse Sex Ratios in Some Indian States: A Note CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC REFORM AND TRANSFORMATION School of Management and Languages, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Tel: 0131 451 4207 Fax: 0131 451 3498 email: ecocert@hw.ac.uk World-Wide Web:

More information

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND ALLIED SCIENCES (IJBMAS) A Peer Reviewed International Research Journal

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND ALLIED SCIENCES (IJBMAS) A Peer Reviewed International Research Journal RESEARCH ARTICLE Vol.4.Issue.4.2017 Oct-Dec INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT AND ALLIED SCIENCES (IJBMAS) A Peer Reviewed International Research Journal THREE TIER MECHANISM OF CONSUMER DISPUTES

More information

National Consumer Helpline

National Consumer Helpline National Consumer Helpline Centre for Consumer Studies, Indian Institute of Public Administration, Indraprastha Estate, Ring Road, New Delhi-110002 Summary Report December 2016 Project of Union Ministry

More information

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO.*158 TO BE ANSWERED ON THE 8 th MARCH, 2016/PHALGUNA 18, 1937 (SAKA) FLOOD RELIEF *158. SHRIMATI KOTHAPALLI GEETHA: SHRI CHHEDI

More information

Dimensions of rural urban migration

Dimensions of rural urban migration CHAPTER-6 Dimensions of rural urban migration In the preceding chapter, trends in various streams of migration have been discussed. This chapter examines the various socio-economic and demographic aspects

More information

INDIA JHPIEGO, INDIA PATHFINDER INTERNATIONAL, INDIA POPULATION FOUNDATION OF INDIA

INDIA JHPIEGO, INDIA PATHFINDER INTERNATIONAL, INDIA POPULATION FOUNDATION OF INDIA INDIA JHPIEGO, INDIA PATHFINDER INTERNATIONAL, INDIA POPULATION FOUNDATION OF INDIA Expanding Advocacy Efforts Geographical expansion Partnership expansion Expanded to two states: Assam and Maharashtra

More information

FEMALE MIGRATION TO MEGA CITIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Kailash C. Das and Arunananda Murmu

FEMALE MIGRATION TO MEGA CITIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Kailash C. Das and Arunananda Murmu FEMALE MIGRATION TO MEGA CITIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Kailash C. Das and Arunananda Murmu Abstract Pattern and causes of female migration are changing in India. An increasing proportion of women are

More information

Rural-Urban Partnership For Inclusive Growth In India

Rural-Urban Partnership For Inclusive Growth In India ISSN: 2278 0211 (Online) Rural-Urban Partnership For Inclusive Growth In India Amar Kumar Chaudhary Registrar, Ranchi University, Ranchi, India Abstract: It is rightly appropriate that the academicians,

More information

Sustainable cities, human mobility and international migration

Sustainable cities, human mobility and international migration Sustainable cities, human mobility and international migration Report of the Secretary-General for the 51 st session of the Commission on Population and Development (E/CN.9/2018/2) Briefing for Member

More information

Socio-Economic Causes of Rural to Urban Migration in India

Socio-Economic Causes of Rural to Urban Migration in India 138 ISSN 0975 5942 Vol.III(2), July-Dec 2011, pp.138-158 Visit: http://www.socialsciences-ejournal.org International Society for Asia-Pacific Studies (ISAPS), www.isapsindia.org Socio-Economic Causes of

More information

An analysis into variation in houseless population among rural and urban, among SC,ST and non SC/ST in India.

An analysis into variation in houseless population among rural and urban, among SC,ST and non SC/ST in India. An analysis into variation in houseless population among rural and urban, among SC,ST and non SC/ST in India. Abstract: Subash Kumar Research scholar, department of economics Jammu University The census

More information

Urban Poverty and Vulnerability of Street Children

Urban Poverty and Vulnerability of Street Children Chapter3 Urban Poverty and Vulnerability of Street Children India is the second most populous country in the world with an estimated 400 million children up to the age of 18 (UNFPA, 2005). Acceleration

More information

URBANISATION AND ITS ISSUES

URBANISATION AND ITS ISSUES Foundation Course Semester 4 254 URBANISATION AND ITS ISSUES Although the population of India is still predominantly rural, the progress of urbanisation in the last decade has been fairly rapid.population

More information

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION NO.6 WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.318 OF 2006.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION NO.6 WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.318 OF 2006. IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION NO.6 IN WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.318 OF 2006 National Campaign Committee for Central Legislation on Construction Labour

More information

Policy for Regional Development. V. J. Ravishankar Indian Institute of Public Administration 7 th December, 2006

Policy for Regional Development. V. J. Ravishankar Indian Institute of Public Administration 7 th December, 2006 Policy for Regional Development V. J. Ravishankar Indian Institute of Public Administration 7 th December, 2006 Why is regional equity an issue? Large regional disparities represent serious threats as

More information

Inequality in Housing and Basic Amenities in India

Inequality in Housing and Basic Amenities in India MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Inequality in Housing and Basic Amenities in India Rama Pal and Neil Aneja and Dhruv Nagpal Indian Institute of Technology Bobmay, Indian Institute of Technology Bobmay,

More information

A study on Emerging Trends in Demographic Features of Size Class of Cities and Towns in India

A study on Emerging Trends in Demographic Features of Size Class of Cities and Towns in India Volume-03 Issue-08 August-2018 ISSN: 2455-3085 (Online) www.rrjournals.com [UGC Listed Journal] A study on Emerging Trends in Demographic Features of Size Class of Cities and Towns in India * Dr. T. Chandrasekarayya

More information

Demography. Demography is the study of human population. Population is a dynamic open systems with inputs, processes and outputs.

Demography. Demography is the study of human population. Population is a dynamic open systems with inputs, processes and outputs. Population Demography Demography is the study of human population. Population is a dynamic open systems with inputs, processes and outputs. This means that change constantly occurs in population numbers,

More information

A Multi-dimensional Framework for Understanding, Measuring and Promoting Inclusive Economies Growth and Poverty Reduction: India s Experience

A Multi-dimensional Framework for Understanding, Measuring and Promoting Inclusive Economies Growth and Poverty Reduction: India s Experience A Multi-dimensional Framework for Understanding, Measuring and Promoting Inclusive Economies Growth and Poverty Reduction: India s Experience Shashanka Bhide Madras Institute of Development Studies, Chennai

More information

IX Geography CHEPTER 6 : POPULATION

IX Geography CHEPTER 6 : POPULATION IX Geography CHEPTER 6 : POPULATION Introduction: The people are important to develop the economy and society. The people make and use resources and are themselves resources with varying quality. Resources,

More information

Violation of Refugee Rights and Migration in India

Violation of Refugee Rights and Migration in India International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 7 Issue 5, May 2017, ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081 Journal Homepage: Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal

More information

Defining Slums: A slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the conditions below:

Defining Slums: A slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the conditions below: What is a Slum? Defining Slums: A slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the conditions below: Access to improved water: Access to improved

More information

Citation IDE Discussion Paper. No

Citation IDE Discussion Paper. No TitleRural to Urban Migration: A Distric Author(s) Mitra, Arup; Murayama, Mayumi Citation IDE Discussion Paper. No. 137. 2008 Issue Date 2008-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2344/729 Rights < アジア経済研究所学術研究リポジトリ

More information

VOLUME -2 INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY CHAPTER-1

VOLUME -2 INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY CHAPTER-1 Page 40 of 165 VOLUME -2 INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY CHAPTER-1 POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY,GROWTH AND COMPOSITION Distribution of population 1. Population is distributed unevenly 2. UP has the highest

More information

Template Concept Note for Knowledge Products

Template Concept Note for Knowledge Products Template Concept Note for Knowledge Products Project Number: 46465 Regional Capacity Development Technical Assistance (R-CDTA) Date of Submission: 15th Jan 2015 South Asia Urban Knowledge Hub (Cofinanced

More information

PARTY WISE SEATS WON AND VOTES POLLED (%),LOK SABHA 2009

PARTY WISE SEATS WON AND VOTES POLLED (%),LOK SABHA 2009 PARTY WISE AND (%),LOK SABHA 2009 S. NO. PARTY NAME PARTY STATE NAME TOTAL ELECTORS 1 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam S Tamil Nadu 30390960 41620460 9 6953591 22.88 2 All India Forward Bloc S

More information

810-DATA. POST: Roll No. Category: tage in Of. Offered. Of Univerobtained/ Degree/ sity gate marks Diploma/ lng marks. ned (in Certificate-

810-DATA. POST: Roll No. Category: tage in Of. Offered. Of Univerobtained/ Degree/ sity gate marks Diploma/ lng marks. ned (in Certificate- 810-DATA 1--- POST: Roll No. Category: 01. Name 02. Address for Correspondence 03. Date of Birth 04. Father's! Husband's Name 05. Category 06. Academic/ Professional qualifications: (Beginning from +2

More information

Summer School November Beng Hong Socheat Khemro Ph.D. (UCL, London, England, UK)

Summer School November Beng Hong Socheat Khemro Ph.D. (UCL, London, England, UK) Housing Policy and Circular No. 3 on Squatter Settlement Resolution Summer School 12-13 November 2014 Beng Hong Socheat Khemro Ph.D. (UCL, London, England, UK) bhskhemro@yahoo.com Content Housing Policy

More information

Chapter 6. A Note on Migrant Workers in Punjab

Chapter 6. A Note on Migrant Workers in Punjab Chapter 6 A Note on Migrant Workers in Punjab Yoshifumi Usami Introduction An important aspect of Industry-Agriculture, or Urban-Rural Linkage, is that of through labor market. Unlike the backward and

More information

CFE HIGHER GEOGRAPHY: POPULATION MIGRATION

CFE HIGHER GEOGRAPHY: POPULATION MIGRATION CFE HIGHER GEOGRAPHY: POPULATION MIGRATION A controversial issue! What are your thoughts? WHAT IS MIGRATION? Migration is a movement of people from one place to another Emigrant is a person who leaves

More information

AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT

AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN:-2230-7850 AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pradeep Arora and Virendar Koundal Research

More information

INTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND Bihar is the second most populous State of India, comprising a little more than 10 per cent of the country s population. Situated in the eastern part of the country, the state

More information

DISPLACED BY CLIMATE CHANGE

DISPLACED BY CLIMATE CHANGE 1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION DISPLACED BY CLIMATE CHANGE 01 BACKGROUND Climate change is forecast to bring forth an unprecedented wave of migration and displacement, projections of population displaced by

More information

An Analysis of Rural to Urban Labour Migration in India with Special Reference to Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes

An Analysis of Rural to Urban Labour Migration in India with Special Reference to Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 2015, Vol 2, No.10,53-58. 53 Available online at http://www.ijims.com ISSN: 2348 0343 An Analysis of Rural to Urban Labour

More information

CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF MINORITIES OF INDIA

CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF MINORITIES OF INDIA CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF MINORITIES OF INDIA 73 List of Contents S.No. Chapter-3 Socio economic condition of Minorities of India on the Page number basis HDI indicators 3.1 Defination of

More information

Migration to the cities and new vulnerabilities

Migration to the cities and new vulnerabilities Author name Date Migration to the cities and new vulnerabilities, IIED IOM WMR 2015 Seminar 1 Understanding diversity and complexity among migrants Wealthier rural residents migrate permanently to the

More information

Lunawat & Co. Chartered Accountants Website:

Lunawat & Co. Chartered Accountants    Website: MINISTRY OF FINANCE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE CENTRAL BOARD OF EXCISE AND CUSTOMS NOTIFICATION NO. 04/2016-SERVICE TAX New Delhi, the 15 th February 2016 26 Magha, 1937 Saka G.S.R (E).- In exercise the powers

More information

CRIME SCENARIO IN INDIA

CRIME SCENARIO IN INDIA LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT PARLIAMENT LIBRARY AND REFERENCE, RESEARCH, DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SERVICE (LARRDIS) MEMBERS REFERENCE SERVICE REFERENCE NOTE. No. 1 /RN/Ref./February /215 For the use of Members

More information

Table 1: Financial statement of MGNREG scheme

Table 1: Financial statement of MGNREG scheme MGNREGA AND MINIMUM WAGE DEBATE - A fight for the right to get minimum wage The Government of India has introduced several social security schemes, but the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

More information

Migration and Informality

Migration and Informality Migration and Informality Alakh N. Sharma Dhruv Sood Institute for Human Development NIDM Building, 3 rd Floor, IP Estate Mahatma Gandhi Marg New Delhi-110002 Why People Migrate? Labour migration is an

More information

URBANISATION IN INDIA: A DEMOGRAPHIC REAPPRAISAL. R. B. Bhagat Department of Geography Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak , India

URBANISATION IN INDIA: A DEMOGRAPHIC REAPPRAISAL. R. B. Bhagat Department of Geography Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak , India Introduction: URBANISATION IN INDIA: A DEMOGRAPHIC REAPPRAISAL R. B. Bhagat Department of Geography Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak-124001, India The United Nations estimates indicate that at mid 1990s,

More information

Internal Migration for Education and Employment among Youth in India

Internal Migration for Education and Employment among Youth in India WP-2014-004 Internal Migration for Education and Employment among Youth in India S Chandrasekhar, Ajay Sharma Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai January 2014 http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/wp-2014-004.pdf

More information

Rural Labour Migration in India: Magnitude and Characteristics

Rural Labour Migration in India: Magnitude and Characteristics I nte rnational J ournal of Applie d Rese arc h 2015; 1(2): 114-118 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Impact Factor: 3.4 IJAR 2015; 1(2): 114-118 www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 15-12-2014

More information

THE OMBUDSMAN SCHEME FOR NON-BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES, 2018

THE OMBUDSMAN SCHEME FOR NON-BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES, 2018 THE OMBUDSMAN SCHEME FOR NON-BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES, 2018 The Scheme is introduced with the object of enabling resolution of complaints free of cost, relating to certain aspects of services rendered

More information

ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA

ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA Nirvachan Sadan, Ashoka Road, New Delhi 110 001. No. ECI/PN/13/2009 Dated: 2 nd March, 2009 PRESS NOTE SUBJECT: SCHEDULE FOR GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2009 The term of the 14 th Lok

More information

A Study of Migration of Workers in India

A Study of Migration of Workers in India SAMVAD: SIBM Pune Research Journal, Vol X, 59-66, December 2015 ISSN (Print) : 2249-1880 ISSN (Online) : 2348-5329 A Study of Migration of Workers in India Heena Upadhyaya * Faculty, Department of Business

More information

Migrant Child Workers: Main Characteristics

Migrant Child Workers: Main Characteristics Chapter III Migrant Child Workers: Main Characteristics The chapter deals with the various socio, educational, locations, work related and other characteristics of the migrant child workers in order to

More information

Socio-Economic Profile of Inter-state and Intra-State Urban Migrants. A Case study of Nashik, Maharashtra

Socio-Economic Profile of Inter-state and Intra-State Urban Migrants. A Case study of Nashik, Maharashtra Socio-Economic Profile of Inter-state and Intra-State Urban Migrants A Case study of Nashik, Maharashtra Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India Disha Foundation, Nasik

More information

Drivers of Migration and Urbanization in Africa: Key Trends and Issues

Drivers of Migration and Urbanization in Africa: Key Trends and Issues Drivers of Migration and Urbanization in Africa: Key Trends and Issues Mariama Awumbila Center for Migration Studies, University of Legon, Ghana Presented by Victor Gaigbe-Togbe, Population Division United

More information

The Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration

The Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration The Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration With the support of The Gender Youth Migration Initiative What is the Gender Youth Migration Initiative (GYM)? The Gender Youth

More information

A PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY

A PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY A PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY SUNITA RANI Research Scholar, department of economics CDLU, SIRSA (India) ABSTRACT The main reason of undevloping country is poverty. India is also one

More information

MIGRATION and URBANIZATION. Ann Maureen Samm-Regis Form 4

MIGRATION and URBANIZATION. Ann Maureen Samm-Regis Form 4 MIGRATION and URBANIZATION Ann Maureen Samm-Regis Form 4 POPULATION AND MIGRATION: OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the structure and characteristics of a population (age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, religion, dependency

More information

5.0 OBJECTIVES 5.1 INTRODUCTION. Structure. 5.0 Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Migration : Significance, Concept, Forms and Characteristics

5.0 OBJECTIVES 5.1 INTRODUCTION. Structure. 5.0 Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Migration : Significance, Concept, Forms and Characteristics UNIT 5 MIGRATION Structure 5.0 Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Migration : Significance, Concept, Forms and Characteristics 5.2.1 Sociological Significance 5.2.2 Concept 5.2.3 Forms 5.2.4 Characteristics

More information

Public Affairs Index (PAI)

Public Affairs Index (PAI) Public Affairs Index (PAI) A Closer look at Andhra Pradesh NOTE: All the data and rankings presented in PAI represent the united Andhra Pradesh (before the bifurcation) Contents of the Presentation About

More information

ISSN: Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(11), RESEARCH ARTICLE...

ISSN: Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(11), RESEARCH ARTICLE... Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/2083 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2083 RESEARCH ARTICLE IMPACT OF OUT-MIGRATION ON DEMOGRAPHICS: EVIDENCE FROM DARBHANGA

More information

India: Delhi Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Project

India: Delhi Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Project Initial Poverty and Social Analysis October 2018 India: Delhi Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Project This document is being disclosed to the public in accordance with ADB s Public Communications

More information

MIGRATION IN INDIA (JANUARY-JUNE JUNE 1993) NSS 49TH ROUND. National Sample Survey Organisation Department of Statistics Government of India

MIGRATION IN INDIA (JANUARY-JUNE JUNE 1993) NSS 49TH ROUND. National Sample Survey Organisation Department of Statistics Government of India Report No. 430 MIGRATION IN INDIA (JANUARY-JUNE JUNE 1993) NSS 49TH ROUND National Sample Survey Organisation Department of Statistics Government of India OCTOBER, 1998 PREFACE The National Sample Survey

More information

MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948

MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948 MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948 Background A tripartite Committee Viz., "The Committee on Fair Wage" was set up in 1948 to provide guidelines for wage structures in the country. The report of this Committee was

More information

Report No migration in india. (january-june 1993) nss 49th round

Report No migration in india. (january-june 1993) nss 49th round Report No. 430 migration in india (january-june 1993) nss 49th round National Sample Survey Organisation Department of Statistics Government of India OCTOBER, 1998 PREFACE The National Sample Survey Organisation

More information

Resolution 2008/1 Population distribution, urbanization, internal migration and development

Resolution 2008/1 Population distribution, urbanization, internal migration and development Resolution 2008/1 Population distribution, urbanization, internal migration and development The Commission on Population and Development, Recalling the Programme of Action of the International Conference

More information

Andhra, Telangana Easiest Places to Do Business in India: World Bank...

Andhra, Telangana Easiest Places to Do Business in India: World Bank... 1 of 5 02-11-2016 11:33 SUBSCRIBE WEDNESDAY 02 NOVEMBER 2016 T H E F U L L Y L O A D E D M A G A Z I N E THE MAGAZIN E THE WEBSITE THE NEWSWIRE HOME MAGAZINE WEBSITE NEWSWIRE VIDEOS 31 OCTOBER 2016 NATIONAL

More information

Poorest of the Poor: A Comparative Study of Two Slums of Central and North East Delhi, India

Poorest of the Poor: A Comparative Study of Two Slums of Central and North East Delhi, India Global Advanced Research Journal of Geography and Regional Planning (ISSN: 2315-5018) Vol. 2(5) pp. 087-096, August, 2013 Available online http://garj.org/garjgrp/index.htm Copyright 2013 Global Advanced

More information

Poverty Profile. Executive Summary. Kingdom of Thailand

Poverty Profile. Executive Summary. Kingdom of Thailand Poverty Profile Executive Summary Kingdom of Thailand February 2001 Japan Bank for International Cooperation Chapter 1 Poverty in Thailand 1-1 Poverty Line The definition of poverty and methods for calculating

More information

Migration, HIV and Technical Education in Nepal

Migration, HIV and Technical Education in Nepal TITI DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15442 Journal of Training and Development 2016, Volume 2 ISSN: 2392-456X(Print) ISSN: 2392-4578(Online) Migration, HIV and Technical Education in Nepal Noor

More information

Evaluation of Upliftment of Scheduled Tribes under MGNREGA

Evaluation of Upliftment of Scheduled Tribes under MGNREGA IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 8, Ver. IV (Aug. 2014), PP 08-12 e-issn: 2279-0837, p-issn: 2279-0845. Evaluation of Upliftment of Scheduled Tribes under MGNREGA

More information

South Asia s Growing Urban Divide

South Asia s Growing Urban Divide September 2014 South Asia s Growing Urban Divide Abstract: Apart from the sheer pace and haphazard pattern of urbanization in the region, infrastructural shortages and service delivery gaps serve to exacerbate

More information

Fact and Fiction: Governments Efforts to Combat Corruption

Fact and Fiction: Governments Efforts to Combat Corruption Fact and Fiction: Governments Efforts to Combat Corruption CHRI s Preliminary findings from a study of NCRB s Statistics (2001 2015) Research and Report: Venkatesh Nayak, CHRI 1 Data Compilation: Access

More information

Migration and Urban Transition in India: Implications for Development

Migration and Urban Transition in India: Implications for Development Migration and Urban Transition in India: Implications for Development Ram B. Bhagat Professor and Head Department of Migration and Urban Studies International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai,

More information

POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN STATE ASSEMBLIES

POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN STATE ASSEMBLIES POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN STATE ASSEMBLIES Manpreet Kaur Brar Research Scholar, Dept. of Political Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, India ABSTRACT Throughout the world,

More information

Land Conflicts in India

Land Conflicts in India Land Conflicts in India AN INTERIM ANALYSIS November 2016 Background Land and resource conflicts in India have deep implications for the wellbeing of the country s people, institutions, investments, and

More information

VERONIQUE DUPONT on slum demolitions in Delhi

VERONIQUE DUPONT on slum demolitions in Delhi VERONIQUE DUPONT on slum demolitions in Delhi ABHIRAM MILI RIDDHI THEORY OF SETTLEMENTS slums in Delhi A slum is essentially an informal settlement, or a 'jhuggi-jhompri' (JJ) cluster, where land is occupied

More information

KERALA: A UNIQUE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL IN INDIA?

KERALA: A UNIQUE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL IN INDIA? Chapter 3 KERALA: A UNIQUE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL IN INDIA? 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 The Demographic Dimension 59 3.3 The Health Dimension 65 3.4 The Knowledge Dimension 70 3.5 The Standard of Living Dimension

More information

Workshop with Stakeholders on Reducing Vulnerability to Bondage in Orissa

Workshop with Stakeholders on Reducing Vulnerability to Bondage in Orissa Workshop with Stakeholders on Reducing Vulnerability to Bondage in Orissa Date : Monday, 20 September 2010 Place : Bhubaneshwar, Orissa Background: In India, the exploitative labour arrangements that prevail

More information

E/ESCAP/FSD(3)/INF/6. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development 2016

E/ESCAP/FSD(3)/INF/6. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development 2016 Distr.: General 7 March 016 English only Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development 016 Bangkok, 3-5 April 016 Item 4 of the provisional agenda

More information