The End of the Cold War
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- Denis Edwards
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1 The End of the Cold War
2 Student Protests in W. Europe Causes of Unrest Genera.on gap between government (old men) and society (baby boomers) Example of Civil Rights Movement in America 1968 Paris Demonstra.ons Student leaders dismissed from University Students protest treatment Police brutality against demonstrators General strike begins to support students Workers demands are met; strike falls apart Demonstra.ons in Germany, Italy & France
3 European Terrorism Irish Republican Army Border Campaign against government installa.ons in Ulster Marxist/Republic split (1969) Baader- Meinhof Gang (Red Army Fac.on) ( ) LeV- wing militant group AWacks on German capitalists 34 Deaths Italian Red Brigades ( ) LeV wing militant group Bank robberies, Sabotage, Kidnapping Prime Minister of Italy (1978)
4 Britain in the Cold War 1940 s = Labour Clement AWlee Social Jus.ce, Na.onal Health Service, na.onaliza.on of produc.on and wealth 1950 s & 1960 s Loss of Empire Economic stability at home Nuclear Na.on Tried to join the E.U. (vetoed by France)
5 Britain in the Cold War Thatcherism Rejec.on of all manifesta.ons of socialism Economics Free Market Economy Priva.za.on of state- run industries Reduce taxes Foreign Policy 1982 Falkland War An.- Communism = links Britain with U.S. Thatcher loses popularity and resigns (1990) High unemployment Gap between rich and poor Cri.cal of European Union Manufacturing down
6
7 France in the Cold War Fourth French Republic (1946) Weak President / Strong legislature Na.onaliza.on of major Industry Five- year plans (Monnet) Founding member of NATO Founding member of European Coal & Steel Community Franco- German Reconcillia.on Vietnam ( ) Algeria
8 France in the Cold War FiVh French Republic (1958) Charles DeGaulle ( ) (strong Nuclear na.on Leave NATO (militarily not poli.cally) Algerian Independence Georges Pompidou ( ) AVer Pompidou French poli.cs moved lev again Francois MiWerand ( ) = Socialist Turns to center = austerity measures
9 West Germany in the Cold War Federal Republic of Germany 1949 = three western zones joined together under a Basic Law and Cons.tu.on 1955 = sovereignty returned to W. Germany Joined NATO Chris.an Democra.c Union = dominant party ( ) Steady economic growth Ostpoli.k = improved rela.ons with Eastern Europe (especially East Germany) Reunifica.on (1990) Chancellor Helmut Kohl organizes peaceful union
10 USSR under Gorbechev Glastnost Period of openness Freedom of expression Perestroika Rebuilding by allowing free enterprise
11 Fall of Communism Democratic movements gain popularity in satellite states Gorbechev decides to allow reform Too expensive to fight Against glastnost policies
12 Fall of Communism Solidarity movement in Poland led by Lech Walesa Hungary opens its borders (1989) E. German refugees begin flooding the West through Hungary The Berlin Wall opens its gates (Nov. 1989)
13 Commonwealth of Independent States 1991 Coup August = hard-line Communists attempt to overthrow Gorbachev s government Russian states begin to declare Independence from the Soviet Union Gorbachev attempts to create a Confederation of states Dec. 8 = Slavic states form a Commonwealth Russia; Belarus; Ukraine Dec. 24 = Commonwealth replaces the Soviet Union in the U.N. Dec. 25 = Gorbachev Resigns Dec. 26 = USSR ceases to exist Boris Yeltsin elected President of the Commonwealth Privatization of Industry
14 Yeltsin s Russia Priva.za.on of Industry Oligarchs = controllers of industry Came from old party bureaucracy mafia types Decreased GDP Hyperinfla.on 1993 Parliamentary Conflict = Yeltsin calls the army to run Communists and ultra- na.onalists out of Parliament 1998 Collapse Russia defaults on foreign loans
15 Foreign Policy Chechnya Muslim separa.sts try to break away from Russian Federa.on Yeltsin invades ( ) Prime Minister Pu.n invades (1999) Human rights viola.ons on both sides have Chechnya on Genocide Watch List NATO Russia realigns itself / works with Western world Opposes 1999 ac.ons in Serbia
16 Putin s Russia Becomes President in December 1999 Chosen by Yeltsin as his successor Elected in May 2000 Poli.cs Working rela.onship with U.S. and E.U. Democracy? State control of communica.ons Appoin.ng of regional governors Oligarchs put under state guidance / control
17 Yugoslavia Ethnic divisions surface after Tito s death Slobodan Milosevic becomes President Slovenia & Croatia declare independence(1991-2) Civil War erupts in Bosnia- Herzegovina (1992) Croats vs. Muslims vs. Serbs Serbian army begins ethnic cleansing
18 Yugoslavia UN imposes an embargo on Serbia UN peacekeeping forces sent to Bosnia Bosnian Serb leaders charged with genocide Nazi-style concentration camps Attacks on civilian populations Slobodan Milosevic arrested & charged with crimes against humanity 1995 Dayton Agreement Establishes borders for former Yugoslav nations
19 Post Cold War Europe England New Labour government under Tony Blair & Gordon Brown Center oriented Weak House of Lords (only 91 hereditary peerages lev) 1997 Irish cease- fire David Cameron (conserva.ve) appointed aver a hung Parliament France Interna.onal cri.cism for nuclear programs Strikes & student demonstra.ons Socialists currently in power
20 Post Cold War Europe Germany Unifica.on Eastern Germany Loss of Social benefits See westerners as arrogant Western Germany Higher taxes (to rebuild East) See easterners as lazy & backwards Dissa.sfac.on over links with U.S. & War in Iraq Angela Merkel becomes Chancellor of a coali.on government
21 Western European Issues Economic Concerns Unemployment = 2.6% 1990s = 10% 2007 = 6.8% Today = rising unemployment especially in the largest economies Social Programs Costly + Aging popula.ons + low birthrates
22 Western European Issues Movement of People Huge influx of immigra.on to Western Europe = 15 million people AVer 1989 Eastern Europeans make the bulk of immigrants 2005 = 2 million people Asylum seekers from Asia, Africa & Middle East Terrorism An.- immigra.on par.es & right- wing poli.cal groups gain popularity
23 Western European Issues Interna.onal Involvement Support for NATO ac.vi.es 1995 Bosnian Crisis 1999 Kosovo 2001 An.- terrorist campaign 2003 Afghanistan 2004 Second Gulf Crisis
24 Western European Issues European Unity Single European Act (1987) = common internal market, labor prac.ces & produc.on standards Schengen Conven.on (1995) = free movement of goods, capital and people among member states Treaty of Maastricht (1992) = common currency Adopted by most member na.ons in na.ons belong to European Union Former Communist states allowed entry Turkey applica.on has been under review since 1987 Goals Enhance the economies of individual states Create a poli.cal and economic force that can compete with US and USSR
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