Preliminary analysis strategic objective 2: To improve the living conditions of affected populations

Transcription

1 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Distr.: General 24 December 2018 Original: English Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention Seventeenth session Georgetown, Guyana, January 2019 Item 2 of the provisional agenda Assessment of Implementation Strategic objectives 1 to 5 Preliminary analysis strategic objective 2: To improve the living conditions of affected populations Note by the secretariat Summary In decision 7/COP.13, the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) adopted the UNCCD Strategic Framework. This document contains the synthesis and preliminary analysis of information submitted by country Parties on strategic objective 2 of the UNCCD Strategic Framework: To improve the living conditions of affected populations. It analyses data reported by country Parties on progress indicators of poverty and access to drinking water from a global and regional perspective. The document offers some conclusions on the status of activities relating to strategic objective 2 (baseline perspective) and recommendations for consideration by the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention. GE (E)

2 Contents Paragraphs Page List of abbreviations... 3 I. Introduction II. Poverty/income inequality A. Proportion of the population below the international poverty line B. Income inequality (Gini index) III. Access to safe drinking water IV. Voluntary targets related to strategic objective V. Conclusions and recommendations Annex Tables and Figures

3 List of abbreviations CEE COP CRIC LAC NMED SDG SO UNICEF UNCCD UNSD WHO Central and Eastern Europe Conference of the Parties Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention Latin America and the Caribbean Northern Mediterranean Sustainable Development Goal strategic objective United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Statistics Division World Health Organization 3

4 I. Introduction 1. In decision 7/COP.13, the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) adopted the UNCCD Strategic Framework. Strategic objective 2 (SO 2) of the UNCCD Strategic Framework aims to improve the living conditions of affected populations. 2. Indicators used for reporting on the UNCCD Strategic Framework are those identified by Parties in decision 22/COP.11. Specifically, the progress indicators and associated metrics for strategic objective 2 are: (a) trends in populations living below the relative poverty line and/or income inequality in affected areas, for which country Parties were given the option to use the most appropriate metric for national circumstances: (i) proportion of the population below the international poverty line 1 based on the World Bank methodology for SDG indicator or income inequality (Gini index) based on the World Bank methodology for the Gini index; 2 and (b) trends in access to safe drinking water in affected areas, based on the metric, proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services, which employs the methodology developed by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). This forms the basis reporting on SDG indicator Unlike strategic objective 1, countries were not provided with national estimates of these metrics based on available data sources through the performance review and assessment of implementation system portal. However, in order to facilitate national reporting, the UNCCD reporting manual indicated suitable data sources that could be used by countries in the absence of, or to complement, national data. 3 The recommended data sources were: (a) United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) Statistical Services Branch SDG indicators database and metadata repository for indicator 1.1.1; 4 (b) World Bank estimate of the Gini index; 5 and (c) UNSD Statistical Services Branch SDG indicators database and metadata repository for indicator The World Bank s international poverty line is currently set at USD 1.90 a day, based on 2011 purchasing power parity. The proportion of population below the international poverty line is therefore defined as the percentage of the population living on less than USD 1.90 a day at 2011 international prices. This is an absolute or fixed threshold of poverty which is particularly relevant to less developed countries where extreme poverty is a core development challenge. Some country Parties may have chosen to report on poverty using a relative threshold, that is, a cut-off point in relation to the overall distribution of income or consumption in a country. 2 The Gini index estimates the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, and 100, perfect inequality. This index is expressed as a percentage in this document. 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 4

5 4. As of the reporting deadline of 31 August 2018, 141 national reports were submitted, of which 138 were suitable for global and regional data analysis on at least one indicator. 7 Three country Parties submitted a national report but did not report on strategic objective 2. 8 Five country Parties that reported on this strategic objective are only included in the global analysis as they do not belong to a UNCCD regional implementation annex. 9 Therefore, in this document, the term global refers to the aggregation of data from all 135 country Parties that reported data on strategic objective 2 as of the reporting deadline of 31 August 2018, while the term regional refers to the UNCCD regional implementation annexes. 5. This document contains a synthesis and preliminary analysis of information submitted by country Parties on strategic objective 2. It analyses the progress indicator and associated metric from a global perspective and provides additional analysis from subregional and regional perspectives where possible. Furthermore, the document contains an analysis of national voluntary targets relevant to strategic objective 2 and a compilation of additional indicators in use at national level. 6. The document offers preliminary conclusions on the status of activities relating to strategic objective 2 (baseline perspective) and some recommendations for consideration by the CRIC. II. Poverty/income inequality 7. One hundred and eighteen country Parties reported quantitative information on either the population living below the relative poverty line and/or income inequality in affected areas for at least one year. Of these, 83 country Parties reported on the percentage of the population below the poverty line, of which 54 country Parties reported for two or more years. Multi-year reporting covered differing time spans with a differing number of observations. In total, 43 country Parties reported on income inequality and while eight reported on both poverty and inequality metrics. Country Parties reported using a diverse set of data sources. Based on the quantitative data, Parties were also requested to describe the direct and/or indirect drivers of poverty. 8. The diverse set of data sources has resulted in inherent comparability issues as a result of the differing underlying methodologies, the number of reporting points, the differing time spans and the duration of reporting. Nonetheless, where possible, the direction of change in poverty/income inequality and the annual rate of that change has been derived. However, owing to the differing time spans reported, only general aggregation for the earliest reported period vs latest reported period 10 was enabled. Due to fewer Country Parties reporting inequality for multiple years, the Gini index is reported per country for rate change. 9. Country Parties were also requested to report on hotspots, brightspots and any other locations of significance associated with poverty and inequality; these are reported in table 5. Globally, 136 hotspots with an increasing poverty rate and 27 brightspots with a decreasing poverty rate were reported. The potential for further analysis of this dataset was 7 Botswana, Japan and Viet Nam submitted their national reports in a format unsuitable for data extraction and are not therefore included in the analysis. 8 Honduras, Germany and Switzerland. 9 Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France and Poland. 10 Of all country Parties that reported on this indicator, the earliest reported year was 1992 and the latest reported year was However, the earliest and latest years used in trends analysis were 2000 and 2015 for those Parties that reported on multiple years, unless data was only available for earlier and/or later years. 5

6 limited because countries were not directly requested to provide information on the area or the extent of hotspots and brightspots. A. Proportion of the population below the international poverty line 10. The data source used to report on the proportion of the population below the international poverty line was supplied by 83 country Parties, representing 33.9 per cent of the total land area (see table 1). Just over half of country Parties that reported on this metric used national sources of information, while the majority of the rest used SDGs or other international sources (see figure 1) The proportion of the total population living below the international poverty line for the most recent year reported by each country Party is depicted in figure 2, with the proportion communicated as a percentage. The population figures for the earliest and latest reported dates (per country) are aggregated for regions and subregions and summarized in table 2. In addition, the number of people in poverty for the earliest and latest reported date ranges and the percentage of the population (for those dates, per country) are also summarized. This table further summarizes the percentage change in the number of people in poverty across regions and subregions (see table 2). 12. Given the variability in reporting years among country Parties, it is possible to assess change for those Parties which reported for more than one year against the poverty metric (see table 2). 12 The total number of people living below the poverty line for the earliest reported year (per country) is 1,061,661,000 of 3,828,540,000 people, or 28 per cent of the total population of the country Parties that reported trends under SO 2 (see table 2). The total number of people living below the poverty line for the latest reported year (per country) is 779,019,000 of 4,402,357,000 people, or 18 per cent of the total population. The difference in the number of people living below the poverty line between the earliest and latest reported years amounts to 282,643,000 fewer people living below the poverty line. This equals a 27 per cent decline in the number of people in poverty among the country Parties that reported trends under SO 2. The regional breakdown in table 2 suggests that this decline is due to the results reported by country Parties in LAC, Asia and CEE, whereas Africa has demonstrated an increase in poverty and NMED has remained, on aggregate, relatively unchanged. The results reported by country Parties are also broken down by subregions in table The annual rate of change in the percentage of the population below the poverty line is depicted in figure 3. Here, figures for country Parties range from a decrease of more than two per cent in the proportion of the population below the poverty line, to yearly growth of more than two per cent in the proportion of the population above the poverty line. Figure 4 depicts the categorization of the poverty rate trend per reporting country Party, where the Party has reported for two or more years. All country Parties reporting for a single year have been excluded from both figure 3 and figure Direct drivers associated with increasing trends in the proportion of the population below the poverty line were the group of any other drivers (a compilation of country Partynominated drivers), improper crop management 13 and improper soil management (see table 3). The direct drivers of decreasing trends in the proportion of the population below the poverty line indicate that the group of any other drivers was most frequently cited, followed 11 Two country Parties that reported on this metric did not specify the underlying data source. 12 These results are indicative of poverty and population trends but should be considered within the limitations of the reported data, particularly the fact that the earliest and latest years reported against the indicator varied among country Parties having reported for multiple years. 13 Improper crop management = improper management of annual, perennial, scrub and tree crops. 6

7 by urbanization (see table 3). Indirect drivers cited as being associated with increasing poverty rates were poverty, population pressure, land tenure and education (see table 4). Indirect drivers of decreasing poverty rates are primarily education 14 and governance 15 (see table 4). B. Income inequality (Gini index) 15. For income inequality, country Parties were requested to provide an estimate of the Gini index metric and to describe direct and indirect drivers of income inequality. 16. In total, 43 country Parties, distributed relatively evenly across regions, reported quantitative information on income inequality (see figure 5), covering approximately 27.4 per cent of the global land area and 18.5 per cent of the global population Over half of the country Parties which reported on this metric used national level data sources (23 country Parties, accounting for 56 per cent of those reporting on income inequality) (see table 6 and figure 5). Ten country Parties (22 per cent) used international level data obtained directly from the World Bank or through the portal for SDG indicator Six Parties (13 per cent) used other international sources and the remainder did not specify (see table 6 and figure 5). 18. Parties reported for different time periods, with some reporting for only one year and others reporting for a range of years. Thirty country Parties (70 per cent of reporting countries) reported for multiple years, although the years reported was not consistent across these countries. For the countries that did report a range of data, the largest range reported was 24 years while the smallest range was two years with an average range of 10.2 years (see table 7). Thirty per cent of reporting countries (13) only reported for one year and thus were not included in the trends analysis in table Globally, the majority of countries (79 per cent) reported Gini index values of between 20 and 60 for the latest year (see table 7, figure 6 and figure 7). On a scale of 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality), three reporting Parties (representing seven per cent of those reporting) had Gini index values of less than 20, 16 reporting Parties (37 per cent) reported Gini index values of between 20 and 40, 18 reporting Parties (42 per cent) reported Gini index values of between 40 and 60 and two reporting Parties (4 per cent) had Gini index values of above 60. The lowest (least inequality) Gini index value reported was 3.8 while the highest was A direct comparison of income inequality trends is problematic because country Parties reported the Gini index over different time periods. However, it is possible to assess the rate and the direction of change. Overall, of the Parties that reported multiple year Gini index values, 70 per cent (23 countries) reported a negative trend in Gini index (moving towards greater equality, with a per cent average rate of annual change in the index), and one reported no change. However, 27 per cent (nine country Parties) reported a positive trend (moving towards greater inequality, with a 0.56 per cent average rate of annual change in the Index) (see table 7, figure 8 and figure 9). A regional and country-by-country breakdown of reported income equality data and trends is available in table Direct drivers associated with increasing income inequality were improper crop management, urbanization and the group of any other drivers (see table 8). Direct drivers of 14 Education = education, access to knowledge and support services. 15 Governance = governance, institutional settings and policies. 16 Based on 2015 global population data: < 7

8 decreasing income inequality were dominated by the group of any other drivers, with urbanization also cited. Indirect drivers of increasing income inequality were mainly education, governance, population pressure and poverty. Indirect drivers of decreasing income inequality were mainly governance and education (see table 8). III. Access to safe drinking water 22. Country Parties were requested to provide quantitative information on the indicator Trends in access to safe drinking water in affected areas through the metric Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services. In order to simplify wording in this report, this indicator/metric has been labelled Access to safe drinking water. 23. In total, 138 country Parties (representing 72.7 per cent of global land area) reported quantitative information on source data for access to safe drinking water (see figure 10, table 10) of which 121 reports (representing 68.5 per cent of global land area) contained suitable data for analysis for at least one category of safe drinking water access. 24. Source data used for reporting on the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water was predominantly (59 per cent of Parties that reported on this indicator/metric) national data developed by the individual country Parties. Twenty per cent of reporting Parties used the international dataset developed by the WHO or UNICEF and a further six per cent used other international data sources. The remainder of reporting Parties did not specify the source data for used for drinking water (see figure 10, table 10). 25. Globally, three billion people, or 67 per cent of the population of country Parties that reported, had access to safe drinking water in the latest reported year (see table 11 and figure 11), representing an increase in the total number of people with access to safe drinking water from the earliest reported year. Due to population growth between the reporting periods, the total percentage change compared to the earliest reported year is 17 per cent, which translates into an additional 438 million people with safe access (see table 11, figure 12 and figure 13). 26. The proportion of urban people with access to safe drinking water has declined slightly over the reporting period, from 79 per cent to 78 per cent (see table 12, figure 14, figure 15 and figure 16). Due to increasing populations, this indicates that an additional 200 million people (20 per cent) have access to clean drinking water in the latest reporting year compared with the earliest (see table 12). In contrast, rural areas have seen an increase of more than 13 per cent in the number of rural people with access to safe drinking water. Thus, more than half of the rural people in reporting countries now have access. With population growth, this has resulted in an increase of 305 million (28 per cent) in the number of people with access to clean drinking water (see table 13, figure 17, figure 18 and figure 19). 27. Regionally, Africa had the lowest proportion in total of people with access to safe drinking water, with 54 per cent in the latest reported year. This was unchanged from the earliest reported year, although the number of people with access increased by 156 million (see table 11). Conversely, NMED had the highest percentage of people with access to drinking water: 96 per cent in the latest reported year, up from 93 per cent in the earliest period (see table 11) for an increase of 16.5 million people. All other regions also showed increases in the proportion of the total number of people with access to safe drinking water. The urban populations in Africa saw the largest declines with 80 per cent reported as having access to safe drinking water in the earliest reported year decreasing to 65 per cent in the latest year. Nonetheless, urban populations in Africa still saw a 38 million (19 per cent) increase in the number of people with access to drinking water between the reporting periods due to an increase in overall populations (see table 12). Urban populations 8

9 across all other regions saw an increase in the proportion with access to safe drinking water with the exception of NMED which was steady at 97 per cent across the reporting interval. However, it is notable that despite an increase in the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water, due to overall population growth, CEE saw a five per cent decline (325,000) in the number of people with access to safe drinking water relative to the earliest reporting year. In contrast with urban populations, all rural populations in all regions saw an increase in the proportion with access to safe drinking water. It is notable here that, in contrast to the urban population, rural populations in Africa saw an increase in the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water, albeit from a very low base (45 per cent to 48 per cent over the reporting interval). Interestingly, the number of people in NMED with access to safe drinking water declined by one per cent (227,000 people) over the reporting intervals. 28. With respect to access to safe drinking water, there were 46 brightspots reported, including 23 in Africa, 12 in LAC, nine in Asia and one each in NMED and CEE. Substantially more hotspots were reported with 122 globally. Most of these were seen in Africa (56), followed by LAC (34) and Asia (29). CEE reported three hotspots while NMED reported none. No explicit spatial information (including location or spatial extent) was provided, making further analysis of the brightspot/hotspot dynamics difficult. 29. Direct drivers associated with increasing trends in access to safe drinking water were heavily dominated by the group of any other drivers (see table 14). Indirect drivers of increasing trends in access to safe drinking water were commonly cited as governance, education, population pressure and poverty (see table 15). Direct and indirect drivers were more frequently reported for rural and total populations (and less frequently for urban) but were nonetheless the dominant drivers for all areas. The direct drivers attributed to decreasing access to safe drinking water were more varied but commonly cited were the group of any other drivers, discharges and disturbance of the water cycle (see table 14). For decreasing trends in access to safe drinking water, frequently cited indirect drivers were governance, population pressure and poverty (see table 15). IV. Voluntary targets related to strategic objective Country Parties were requested to provide information on voluntary targets they have set in order to improve the living conditions of affected populations in accordance with specific national circumstances and development priorities. To facilitate the assessment of the submissions towards this open-ended question, content analysis of the text in each country Party report was conducted. This allowed the reported voluntary targets to be organized by theme according to their relationship to one of the 17 SDGs. In total, ten themes were identified, corresponding to ten of the 17 SDGs. Countries were also requested to indicate the expected year of achievement and the level of application (i.e. national, subnational, or specific target) of the target. 31. Globally, 93 country Parties reported 462 national and subnational voluntary targets to help improve the living conditions of affected populations (SO 2). Of these, 130 voluntary targets (28.1 per cent of total submitted targets) corresponded to Water and sanitation (see table 16), making it the most common theme reported by Parties as a voluntary target to achieve SO 2. The next most common theme was Poverty elimination (77 voluntary targets, or 16.7 per cent of those reported), followed by Land management (72 voluntary targets, 15.6 per cent). Both Nature/biodiversity and Economic/Industry activity themes corresponded to 45 voluntary targets each (9.7 per cent each). The remaining themes included Food security and nutrition (36 voluntary targets, 7.8 per cent), Health and well-being (17 voluntary targets, 3.6 percent), Education (13 voluntary 9

10 targets, 2.8 per cent), and Women and gender equality (nine voluntary targets, 1.9 percent). 32. From a regional perspective, the largest number of voluntary targets set by country Parties to improve the living conditions of affected populations came from Africa (51.9 per cent of the total reported voluntary targets), followed by LAC (19.7 per cent), Asia (17.7 per cent), CEE (9.7 per cent) and NMED (0.9 per cent) (see table 16). V. Conclusions and recommendations 33. The core of this analysis addresses country Party reporting on UNCCD progress indicators/metrics for poverty and/or income inequality as well as access to safe drinking water. It is based on reported data from 83, 43 and country Parties representing 33.9 per cent, 27.4 per cent, and 72.7 per cent of the global land area, for poverty, income inequality and access to safe drinking water, respectively. 34. Regional and global statistics were compiled with the submitted data, reflecting country Party reporting. These three indicators/metrics provide insight into the progress being made to improve the living conditions of affected populations in a harmonized way. 35. In total, 93 of the reporting country Parties have indicated 462 voluntary targets for SO 2 which correspond thematically to ten of the 17 SDGs, with Water and sanitation being the most common theme reported on to help achieve SO Country Parties reported on more hotspots than brightspots for all three SO 2 indicator/metrics, however further analysis was limited because countries were not directly requested to provide information on the area or extent of hotspots and brightspots. 37. Although the proposed metrics for the SO 2 progress indicators were linked to established international data sources, the majority of country Parties reported using national data sources, suggesting the importance of country ownership for this aspect of the reporting process. 38. However, variability in the scope of reporting and the nature of the data sets remains challenging. Although this variability limits direct comparability of nationally reported data, the aggregated results are indicative of progress towards improving the living conditions of affected populations. 39. Notable observations resulting from the analysis of data reported for SO 2 are listed below for each progress indicator/metric: Trends in the population living below the relative poverty line and/or income inequality in affected areas Trends analysis of the number of people living below the poverty line revealed a 27 per cent decline in the number of people living in poverty across the country Parties that reported on this metric. This decline is largely due to the results reported by country Parties in LAC, Asia and CEE. Meanwhile, Africa reported an increase in poverty and NMED remained relatively unchanged. 17 Although 138 country Parties reported against this indicator, only 115 of these reports contained data suitable for analysis. 10

11 With respect to income inequality, over two thirds of the country Parties that reported Gini index values for multiple years indicated a slight negative trend (moving towards greater equality). Land-based concerns such as improper crop and soil management were commonly reported as drivers of increasing poverty and inequality. Urbanization and the group of any other drivers were commonly reported as drivers of poverty and inequality decline, suggesting there may be other factors besides land management influencing these trends. However, the most commonly reported indirect drivers of increasing and decreasing poverty and inequality were population pressure, education, land tenure and governance, highlighting the importance of creating an enabling environment for interventions designed to address land degradation in order to improve the living conditions of affected populations. Trends in access to safe drinking water in affected areas On an aggregated level among reporting country Parties, access to safe drinking water is currently increasing at a rate in excess of population growth. However, in the latest year reported by Parties, a third of the population in those countries reporting on this indicator/metric did not have access to safe drinking water. Breaking the analysis down by urban and rural populations suggests more gains have been made in rural areas than in urban areas in terms of the number of people with access to safe drinking water. This may, at least in part, be due to higher population growth rates in urban areas combined with internal migration. While the trends are generally encouraging, huge regional disparities remain in both the baseline and trends reported for this indicator/metric, particularly in urban areas. Typical land degradation drivers were not frequently reported as direct drivers impeding access to safe drinking water, suggesting that other factors are of more direct influence. Indirect drivers commonly reported were governance, education, population pressure and poverty. 40. Parties at CRIC 17 may wish to consider these conclusions and the following recommendations with a view to initiating early consultations on draft decisions to be forwarded to COP Parties may wish to: For supporting efforts towards improving the living conditions of affected populations (a) Encourage the secretariat and Global Mechanism of the UNCCD, in collaboration with relevant international partners such as the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, and supported through scientific review by the Science- Policy Interface of the UNCCD, to develop guidance for land degradation neutrality initiatives which account for and ultimately strengthen urban-rural linkages, with the aim of alleviating poverty, reducing inequalities and ensuring access to safe drinking water. For continued work towards improved SO 2 indicator/metric data sets (b) Also encourage the secretariat of the UNCCD to improve reporting procedures and systems in order to enhance the quality and comparability of SO 2 11

12 indicator/metric data sets as well as interoperability with other UNCCD indicator data and ancillary data through the following refinements: (i) (ii) (iii) Prefilling of SO 2 reporting templates with UNCCD-recognized indicator/metric data from international sources to allow this default data to be confirmed by country Parties or replaced with national data, as appropriate. Ensure that useful ancillary information is collected in order to enhance the capacity to analyse the SO 2 indicator/metric data, such as the underlying method employed to generate each indicator/metric, any critical thresholds (poverty line, median income, etc.) or other attributes that may vary among countries. Ensure that the recording and reporting of hotspots and brightspots is geographically based to allow locations and areas to be assessed in conjunction with indicator data. Also ensure that support tools such as Trends.Earth 18 can be tailored to support hotspot and brightspot analysis by country Parties. For continued work towards effective SO 2 indicator/metric data management (c) Further encourage the secretariat of the UNCCD to evaluate the value of migrating what is currently a tabular data reporting system to a tabular and geographically-based reporting and database management system, with the following features: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) A function allowing countries to systematically replace auto-filled data with national data. Forms that can be auto-generated based on the geographical database and any values adjusted by country Parties, with fixed/specified fields to facilitate information updates and subsequent analysis, while automatically updating the rest of the system. Auto-generated forms easily extendable to new topics deemed relevant to the reporting process. Auto-generated forms able to manage multiple languages, with basic translation support. Country level interfaces available in multiple languages with an additional tracking feature for progress indicators. 18 Trends.Earth is a QGIS plugin developed by Conservation International: < 12

13 Annex [English only] Tables and Figures I. Introduction 1. This annex contains the tables and figures relevant to the parent document Preliminary analysis strategic objective 2: To improve the living conditions of affected populations, prepared for the seventeenth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention. 2. The tables and figures herein are presented under section headings that mirror those found in the main document and are numbered according to their appearance in the main document. Each main section heading within this annex is separated into subsections containing the tables relevant to that section and then the figures, where relevant. II. Poverty/income inequality A. Proportion of the population below the international poverty line tables Table 1 Source of information used by reporting Parties for trends in populations living below the international poverty line. Region International (SDG/World Bank) International (others) National Unspecified Africa Asia LAC NMED CEE Global Notes: LAC = Latin America and Caribbean, NMED = Northern Mediterranean, CEE = Central and Eastern Europe, SDG = Sustainable Development Goals 13

14 Subregion Table 2 Total population (1000s) and population living below the poverty line, aggregated per region for the earliest reported year vs the latest reported year. (Here, the total number of people in poverty was calculated per country, per year, and aggregated per region for the earliest and latest reported years. From these categories, the total change in the number of people below the international poverty line as well as the percentage of people in poverty in the earliest and latest reported periods is provided. Finally, the percentage change in the total number of people in poverty is provided.) Population, earliest reported year (1000's) People in poverty, earliest reported year (1000's) Population, latest reported year (1000's) People in poverty, latest reported year (1000's) Change in number of people in poverty (1000's) Percentage of people in poverty, earliest reported year (%) Percentage of people in poverty, latest reported year (%) Percentage change in number of people in poverty, earliest vs latest reported Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa Africa (total) Central Asia East Asia Pacific South Asia South East Asia West Asia Asia (total) Andean Caribbean Mesoamerica South Cone LAC (total) NMED (total) CEE (total) Global Notes: LAC = Latin America and Caribbean, NMED = Northern Mediterranean, CEE = Central and Eastern Europe (%) 14

15 Trend Table 3 The number of times direct drivers were attributed to global trends in poverty Deforestation Improper management of annual, perennial, scrub and tree crops Urbanization Overgrazing Overexploitation of vegetation for domestic use Improper soil management Discharges Industrial activities Decreasing Increasing Any other Trend Table 4 The number of times that indirect drivers were attributed to global trends in poverty Population pressure Poverty Governance, institutional settings and policies Labour availability Land tenure Education, access to knowledge and support services War and conflict Any other Decreasing Increasing Table 5 Reported hotspots, brightspots and any other locations in relation to poverty and inequality Region Hotspots Brightspots Any Other Africa Asia LAC NMED CEE Global Notes: LAC = Latin America and Caribbean, NMED = Northern Mediterranean, CEE = Central and Eastern Europe 15

16 16 Proportion of the population below the international poverty line figures Figure 1 Source of information used by reporting country Parties for trends in populations living below the international poverty line

17 17 Figure 2 Percentage of total population living below the international poverty line as reported for the latest year by country Parties

18 18 Figure 3 Annual average change in the total percentage of the population below the international poverty line for the reported period where country Parties reported for two or more years (note: each period is specific to each country Party). Country Parties reporting for a single year are unreported for the trend analysis.

19 19 Figure 4 Trends in poverty rates for the earliest and latest years reported per country decreasing, increasing or static. Country Parties that reported data for only a single year are in the unreported category for trend analysis.

20 B. Income inequality (Gini Index) tables Table 6 Source of information used by reporting Parties for trends in income inequality (Gini index) Region International (SDG/World Bank) International (others) National Unspecified Africa Asia LAC NMED CEE Global Notes: LAC = Latin America and Caribbean, NMED = Northern Mediterranean, CEE = Central and Eastern Europe, SDG = Sustainable Development Goals Table 7 Income inequality for reporting nations showing earliest and latest reporting years with the respective Gini index and rate of change. Region Country Party Earliest year Earliest GINI Latest year Latest GINI Rate of change Africa Cabo Verde Equatorial Guinea Gabon Namibia Niger Nigeria Seychelles Tunisia Africa (total) -0.3 Asia Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Mongolia Oman Palau Papua New Guinea Qatar Samoa Saudi Arabia Uzbekistan Asia (total)

21 CEE Belarus Latvia Montenegro Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia CEE (total) -0.1 LAC Argentina Belize Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Chile Costa Rica Ecuador Guatemala Guyana Mexico Paraguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) LAC (total) -1.0 NMED Cyprus Israel Italy Portugal Turkey NMED (total) 0.0 Global negative trend average -0.7 Global positive trend average 0.6 Global average -0.3 Notes (1): A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, and 100, perfect inequality. Notes (2): A negative trend (far-right column) in Gini index values translates into a trend towards greater equality, while a positive trend suggests a trend towards greater inequality. Table 8 The number of times that direct drivers were attributed to global trends in income inequality (Gini index) Improper management of annual, perennial, Deforestation scrub and Over- domestic soil airborne of the water Industrial Any Trend tree crops Urbanization grazing use management pollutants cycle Discharges activities other Decreasing Increasing Overexploitation of vegetation for Improper Release of Disturbance 21

22 Table 9 The number of times that indirect drivers were attributed to global trends in income inequality (Gini index) Population Governance, institutional settings and Trend pressure Poverty policies availability tenure support services War and conflict other Decreasing Increasing Labour Land Education, access to knowledge and Any 22

23 23 Income inequality (Gini Index) figures Figure 5 Source of information used by reporting country Parties for trends in income inequality in affected areas (Gini index)

24 Figure 6 Histograms of the latest year of the Gini index and the annual rate of change of the Gini index 24

25 ICCD/CRCIC(17)/4 25 Figure 7 Income inequality (Gini index) for the latest reported year

26 26 Figure 8 Direction of trends in income inequality for the respective periods reported per country Party.

27 ICCD/CRCIC(17)/4 27 Figure 9 Annual average change in the total Gini index for the period reported by country Parties where two or more years were reported. Country Parties that only reported a single year are excluded from the trend analysis.

28 III. Access to drinking water Access to drinking water tables Region Table 10 Source data for safe drinking water reported by country Parties International (Others) International (SDG/WHO/UNICEF) National Unspecified Grand Total Africa Asia LAC NMED CEE Global Notes: LAC = Latin America and Caribbean, NMED = Northern Mediterranean, CEE = Central and Eastern Europe, SDG = Sustainable Development Goals, WHO = World Health Organization, UNICEF = United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Subregion and region Table 11 Total population (1000s) and total population living with access to safe drinking water, aggregated per region for the earliest reported year vs the latest reported year. (Here, the number of people with access to safe drinking water was calculated per country, per year, and aggregated per region for the earliest and latest reported years. The change in the number of people with access to safe drinking water as well as the percentage of people in the earliest and latest reported periods is provided from these categories. Finally, the percentage change in the number of people with access to safe drinking water is provided.) Total population, earliest reported year (1000's) Total people with access to safe drinking water, earliest reported year (1000's) Total population, latest reported year (1000's) Total people with access to safe drinking water, latest reported year (1000's) Change in total number of people with access to safe drinking water (1000's) Percentage of total number of people with access to safe drinking water, earliest reported year (%) Percentage of total number of people with access to safe drinking water, latest reported year (%) Percentage of change in total number of people with access to safe drinking water (%) Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa Africa (total) Central Asia East Asia Pacific South Asia South East Asia

29 West Asia Asia (total) Andean Caribbean Mesoamerica South Cone LAC (total) NMED (total) CEE (total) Global Notes: LAC = Latin America and Caribbean, NMED = Northern Mediterranean, CEE = Central and Eastern Europe Table 12 Total urban population (1000s) and urban population living with access to safe drinking water, aggregated per region for the earliest year reported vs the latest year reported. (Here, the number of people with access to safe drinking water was calculated per country, per year, and aggregated per region for the earliest and latest reported year. The change in the number of urban people with access to safe drinking water as well as the percentage of people in the earliest and latest reported period is provided from these categories. Finally, the percentage change in the number of urban people with access to safe drinking water is provided.) Regions and subregions Urban population, earliest reported year (1000's) Urban people with access to safe drinking water, earliest reported year (1000's) Urban population, latest reported year (1000's) Urban people with access to safe drinking water, latest reported year (1000's) Change in urban number of people with access to safe drinking water (1000's) Percentage of urban people with access to safe drinking water, earliest reported year (%) Percentage of urban people with access to safe drinking water, latest reported year (%) Percentage of change in urban number of people with access to safe drinking water (%) Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa Africa Total Central Asia Pacific South Asia South East Asia West Asia Asia Total Andean Caribbean Mesoamerica South Cone LAC Total

30 NMED Total CEE Total Grand Total Notes: LAC = Latin America and Caribbean, NMED = Northern Mediterranean, CEE = Central and Eastern Europe Region and subregion Table 13 Total rural population (1000s) and rural population living with access to safe drinking water, aggregated per region for the earliest reported year vs the latest reported year. (Here, the number of people with access to safe drinking water was calculated per country, per year, and aggregated per region for the earliest and latest reported year. The change in the number of rural people with access to safe drinking water as well as the percentage of people in the earliest and latest reported period is provided from these categories. Finally, the percentage change in the number of rural people with access to safe drinking water is provided.) Rural population, earliest reported year (1000's) Rural people with access to safe drinking water, earliest reported year (1000's) Rural population, latest reported year (1000's) Rural people with access to safe drinking water, latest reported year (1000's) Change in rural number of people with access to safe drinking water (1000's) Percentage of rural people with access to safe drinking water, earliest reported year (%) Percentage of rural people with access to safe drinking water, latest reported year (%) Percentage of change in the rural number of people with access to safe drinking water (%) Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa Africa Total Central Asia East Asia Pacific South Asia South East Asia West Asia Asia Total Andean Caribbean Mesoamerica South Cone LAC Total NMED Total CEE Total , Grand Total Notes: LAC = Latin America and Caribbean, NMED = Northern Mediterranean, CEE = Central and Eastern Europe 30

31 Trend Table 14 The number of times that direct drivers were attributed to access to drinking water Improper management of annual, perennial, scrub and tree crops g of vegetation for domestic use Improper soil Population Deforestation Urbanization Overgrazin Overexploitation management Disturbance of the water cycle Discharges Industrial activities Urban Increasing Decreasin g Rural Increasing Decreasin g Total Increasing Decreasin g Any other Population Table 15 The number of times indirect drivers were attributed to access to drinking water Trend Population pressure Poverty Governance, institutional settings and policies Labour availability Land tenure Education, access to knowledge and support services War and conflict Urban Increasing Decreasing Rural Increasing Decreasing Total Increasing Decreasing Any other 31

32 32 Access to drinking water figures Figure 10 Source data for reporting country Parties for access to safe sources of drinking water

33 33 Figure 11 Percentage of total population with access to safe drinking water in the latest reported year.

34 34 Figure 12 Direction of trends in the total population with access to safe drinking water for the respective periods reported per country Party.

35 35 Figure 13 Trends in total population with access to safe drinking water for the respective periods reported per country Party.

36 36 Figure 14 Percentage of urban population with access to safe drinking water in the latest reported year.

37 37 Figure 15 Direction of trends in urban population with access to safe drinking water for the respective periods reported per country Party.

38 38 Figure 16 Trends in urban population with access to safe drinking water for the respective periods reported per country Party.