Research Report. Leiden Model United Nations 2015 ~ fresh ideas, new solutions ~
|
|
- Bathsheba Stafford
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Forum: Issue: Student Officer: Position: General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament and International Security Foreign combatants in internal militarised conflicts Ethan Warren Deputy Chair Introduction Foreign combatants in internal militarised conflict have become a prominent issue in recent years, with thousands of foreign nationals currently in Iraq and Syria fighting for the so-called Islamic State (IS) Whilst it is often easy to conflate foreign fighters and IS, it is not strictly limited to IS, as foreign fighters are involved in many conflicts worldwide, such as Al-Shabaab in Somalia, or both sides in the Ukrainian civil war. Nor is it by any means new: the UN Security Council drafted resolutions between 1999 and 2001 in an attempt to curb the amount of people joining the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Mercenaries also fall under this category. Attempts to curb this have been made, such as the United Nations Mercenary Convention, but there remains little agreement between states regarding these matters. For example, it is illegal in most countries to fight for IS, but you will not be prosecuted for fighting alongside the Kurdish militias in Iraq, and several nations employ mercenaries. Definition of Key Terms Foreign Combatant Any person who takes up arms in a conflict that is not a national of either belligerent. Mercenary Any person who takes up arms in exchange for material gain that is not an official member of any sovereign states armed forces. Prohibited by UN resolution 44/43, which entered into effect in Private Military Company (PMC) A company that provides soldiers (often called contractors ) for security and military operations in exchange for money. Classified as mercenaries by the United Nations. States or companies can employ PMC s, and there is little concrete legislation curtailing their activities. The US frequently employed PMC s during the Iraq war and subsequent occupation. Notable examples of PMC s include G4S and Blackwater. Foreign Terrorist Fighter Defined by the United Nations Security Council resolution 2178 as individuals who travel to a State other than their States of residence or nationality for the purpose of the
2 perpetration, planning or preparation of, or participation in, terrorist acts or the providing or receiving of terrorist training, including in connection with armed conflict. 1 United Nations Mercenary Convention Resolution 44/34 entered into force on the 20th of October 2001, but was only signed by 43 countries. It prohibits the recruitment, training, use, and financing of mercenaries. However, no P5 nations are signatory to the resolution. Blowback Refers to the return of a radicalised fighter from a foreign conflict who then becomes a domestic terrorist threat. General Overview Foreign combatants in internal military conflicts are not a new issue. Over the course of the 20th century several conflicts saw an influx of foreign nationals, often motivated to fight by ideology. The first large-scale conflict that can be used as an example is the Spanish Civil War. The Republican side had an International Brigade, at its peak numbering 35,000 people from 53 different countries. The issues faced then still remain to this day: the legality of fighting in a foreign war remains a grey area, as it is mainly down to the individual legislation of the nations of the combatants. Whether it is legal to detain a citizen of a neutral state as a prisoner of war also remains unspecified, as does their treatment and prosecution. The Geneva Convention only applies to soldiers of two belligerent states, so a foreign combatant is automatically an unlawful combatant, but must still be given rights and a trial. As the world we live in becomes more globalised and travel becomes more accessible, those influenced enough by ideology are able to join in whatever conflicts they choose. In recent decades this has been characterised by Islamic radicalism, but foreign fighters have now joined both sides of the Ukrainian civil war. There is no international consensus on how to deal with foreign fighters and what is termed as a legal and illegal conflict. For example, it is illegal in most countries to fight for IS, but you would not be prosecuted for fighting alongside the Kurdish militias in Iraq. Mercenaries also fall under the category of foreign combatants. Attempts to curb this have been made such as the United Nations Mercenary Convention, but there remains little agreement between states regarding the matter. None of the P5 nations have signed the treaty, as it could complicate affairs for the UK and France, who respectively have their Ghurkhas and Foreign Legion. The United States employed Private Military Companies in Iraq, at its peak paying for 100,000 contractors 2. There s an estimated 3,000 military contractors currently employed by the US in Iraq. However, there are
3 several issues with mercenaries as they are not beholden to the strict regimes of state militaries. There is currently no globally accepted norms or legal framework applied to these firms. It was found that private contractors were responsible for 36% of atrocities at the Abu Ghraib prison, and though these individuals were prosecuted it highlighted a lack of control over PMC contractors. In 2014 four employees of the US PMC Blackwater were convicted in a US federal court for the 2007 Baghdad Shootings. Major Parties Involved Islamic State Designated by the UN as a terrorist organisation, they have fundamentalist Islamic beliefs and created a caliphate, on the 29th of June 2014 after several victories against the Iraqi army, proclaimed their own caliphate. Currently holds the largest number of foreign fighters within its ranks, with an estimated 25,000 foreign combatants. Syrian Government The main opposition to IS in Syria, headed by Bashar Al-Assad. Assad employs an unknown number of foreign mercenaries in his army, mainly impoverished peoples from Afghanistan. Iran The Iraqi government s key regional ally in the fight against IS. It is estimated that Iran has mobilized 70,000 Islamic Revolutionary guard Corps to fight in Iraq, as well as providing aid to the government 3. Kurdish Peshmerga The militias of the Kurdish tribes in Iraq and Syria fighting that are currently fighting IS. They have held onto much of their territory without the assistance of the Iraqi or Syrian armies. Most Western/NATO countries have sent aid in the form of weapons and military advisers to the peshmerga 4, although Turkey has targeted them with airstrikes 5. It is currently legal to join the peshmerga. Russia A key regional player in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, Russia is now involved in both conflicts. In 2014 Russia occupied and annexed the Crimean peninsula from Ukraine, and began supporting separatist rebels with equipment and even military support in their fight against the Ukrainian government. In October 2015 they also began targeting IS in Syria for airstrikes in support of the Assad regime, but did not obtain UN approval
4 Ukrainian Separatists Following the overthrow of the pro-russian government in Kiev and the Russian annexation of Crimea, insurgent groups began seizing key cities in Donbass, in the East of Ukraine. The rebel forces consist of a large number of Russians as well as Ukrainians, with Russians now occupying many of the highest ranks, including deputy prime minister of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People s Republic 6. Ukraine Following the Euromaidan revolution in 2014, the Ukrainian government has been fighting an uprising in the East of Ukraine. They have received aid from Western countries in the form of troop training. Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve (CJOTF-OIR) US led coalition against IS, carrying out airstrikes and troop training to Iraqi forces, with the ultimate objective of neutralising IS. Currently Australia, Bahrain, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Jordan, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States have carried out air strikes in Iraq and Syria. Additionally, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States are assisting in the training of Iraqi troops. CJOTF-OIR was formed by the United States and does not have explicit UN approval. United Nations The UN is not directly involved in the conflicts, but provides legal framework for dealing with conflicts and nations, as well as humanitarian relief for many displaced by the conflicts. Timeline of Events 12th August th December, 1989 Third Geneva Convention declares combatants who are not national of belligerent or co-belligerent states as unlawful combatants. At the 72nd plenary session the General Assembly concludes its convention with resolution 44/34, banning the recruitment, training, use or financing of mercenaries. 6
5 15th October September October August August April April September 2015 UN Security Council adopts Resolution 1267 (1999), allowing to 1267 Sanction Committee to adopt sanctions against Al-Qaeda and individuals working with or having the intention to join and fight for them. UN Security Council adopts resolution 1373 requiring anyone involved in financing, preparing or planning to support terrorism and as a result criminalizes foreign fighting if defined as terrorism (as IS is designated). However due to a failure to reach a consensus on defining terrorism, this has had limited effectiveness. Resolution 44/34 enters into force. However, it is only signed and ratified by 43 member states, none of which are P5 members. US begins airstrikes against IS; other countries follow suite (currently 9 countries are also conducting airstrikes) UN Security Council adopts Resolution 2170, designating IS and its affiliates as a terrorist organisation and any of its foreign fighters as foreign terrorist fighters, making them beholden to resolutions 1267 and UN estimates place the number of foreign fighters in Iraq and Syria at 25,000, with 3,400 coming from western countries. Number of foreign fighters from Western Europe in Ukraine reaches 600, with about 300 on each side. An estimated 7,000 Russians are involved in the conflict Russia begins independently conducting airstrikes against IS in Syria, without UN approval. Russia s actions attract international condemnation.
6 Previous Attemps to solve the issue The UN Security Council has passed several resolutions regarding foreign fighters, mainly in response to terrorist actions. Resolution 1989 (2011) allows states to act against individuals either directly involved (being themselves a combatant or having the intention to become one) or indirectly involved (assisting in recruiting, training, financing, etc.) However, Resolution 1989 is specifically designed for dealing with Al Qaeda. There has been no blanket resolution to deal with foreign fighters and terrorist groups due to the difficulty on creating a consensus defining terrorism. Possible Solutions The clearest cut solution for preventing foreign nationals becoming involved in internalised military conflicts is education against radicalisation, although this is a long-term solution and will take years to be implemented and become effective. In the short term, many western nations intelligence services monitor the movement and activity of citizens fighting abroad or those desiring to go. Further co-operation between member states could help further restrict the flow of foreign fighters. A strong and comprehensive international framework is required for dealing with the movement of fighters. However, it has been argued that attempting to restrict the actions of people would be limiting their freedoms, and the surveillance carried out by these agencies is already under scrutiny, another factor which must be considered. Any attempt to curb the activity of PMC s would require convincing the P5 to carry any authority, especially the US, the largest employer of PMC s. Useful documents III and IV Geneva Convention General Assembly 72nd plenary meeting, 4 December 1989, A/RES/44/34 UN Security Council Meeting 4051, 15 October 1999, S/RES/1267 UN Security Council Meeting 4385, 28 September 2001, S/RES/1373 UN Security Council Meeting 7242, 15 August 2014, S/RES/2170 Foreign Fighters Under International Law, Geneva Academy, October 2014 Private Military Contractors and US. Grand Strategy, International Peace Research Institute, January 2009
7 Bibliography Four Years Into Syria's Civil War, Foreign Fighters Have Flocked To Nearly Every Faction International Business Times, International Business Times, 15th March 2015 Kobane: US drops arms and aid to Kurds battling IS, BBC, 20th October 2014 Pushing locals aside, Russians take top rebel posts in east Ukraine, Reuters, 27th July 2014 Census Counts 100,000 Contractors in Iraq
Montessori Model United Nations. Distr.: Middle School Eleventh Session XX September Security Council
Montessori Model United Nations S/11/BG-Middle East General Assembly Distr.: Middle School Eleventh Session XX September 2016 Original: English Security Council This is a special part of the United Nations.
More informationThe Situation in Syria
The Situation in Syria Topic Background Over 465,000 people have been killed in the civil war that is ongoing in Syria. Over one million others have been injured, and more than 12 million individuals -
More informationIt is my utmost pleasure to welcome you all to the first session of Model United Nations Conference of Besiktas Anatolian High School.
Forum: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Student Officer: Sena Temelli Question of: The Situation in Ukraine Position: Deputy Chair Welcome Letter from the Student Officer Distinguished
More informationPeace Building Commission
Haganum Model United Nations Gymnasium Haganum, The Hague Research Reports Peace Building Commission The Question of the conflict between the Ukrainian government and separatists in Ukraine 4 th, 5 th
More informationDisarmament and International Security: Arms Control Treaty
2016 JPHMUN 1 Disarmament and International Security: Arms Control Treaty JPHMUN 2016 Background Guide Throughout the last century, many different conflicts around the world have been exacerbated by the
More informationSecurity Council Topic: Combating the Reach International Terrorism
Security Council Topic: Combating the Reach International Terrorism Chairs: Luiza Valim and Bernardo Barroso BRAMUN XIV Table of Contents Background Information... 3 The Beginning of Modern Terrorism...
More informationTHE FIGHT AGAINST THE ISLAMIC STATE IN SYRIA: TOWARDS THE MODIFICATION OF THE RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENCE?
Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 9(2) 2017, pp. 80 106, ISSN 1948-9145, eissn 2374-4383 THE FIGHT AGAINST THE ISLAMIC STATE IN SYRIA: TOWARDS THE MODIFICATION OF THE RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENCE?
More informationADMUN 2018 Combating ISIS in Syrian Territory UNSC
ADMUN 2018 Combating ISIS in Syrian Territory UNSC Hello Delegates, My name is Joseph McDonald, and I am beyond excited to be a Chairman for ADMUN 2018! I look forward to meeting you in committee to help
More informationWorld Youth Summit 2018 A Letter from Your Chair and Co-Chairs. Dear Delegates,
A Letter from Your Chair and Co-Chairs Dear Delegates, On behalf of all staff members, it s my pleasure to welcome you all to World Youth Summit 2018! We are really honored to serve as Chair and Co-Chairs
More informationH. RES. ll. Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives with respect to United States policy towards Yemen, and for other purposes.
... (Original Signature of Member) 115TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. RES. ll Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives with respect to United States policy towards Yemen, and for other purposes.
More informationResolution UNSC/1.1. UNSC United Nations Security Council
Resolution UNSC/1.1 Zealand, French Republic, Oriental Republic of Uruguay, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Malaysia, People s Republic of China, Kingdom of Spain. Topic: The Democratic Republic of Congo
More informationThe Dispensability of Allies
The Dispensability of Allies May 17, 2017 Trump brings unpredictability to his talks with Middle East leaders, but some things we already know. By George Friedman U.S. President Donald Trump hosted Turkish
More informationTHE ISIS AS A CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND THE INITIATIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY: LEGAL PROFILES
1 THE ISIS AS A CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND THE INITIATIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY: LEGAL PROFILES Valentina Ranaldi 1 Abstract Since the international community has perceived the Islamic
More informationReport. Iran's Foreign Policy Following the Nuclear Argreement and the Advent of Trump: Priorities and Future Directions.
Report Iran's Foreign Policy Following the Nuclear Argreement and the Advent of Trump: Priorities and Future Directions Fatima Al-Smadi* 20 May 2017 Al Jazeera Centre for Studies Tel: +974 40158384 jcforstudies@aljazeera.net
More informationHISAR SCHOOL JUNIOR MODEL UNITED NATIONS Globalization: Creating a Common Language. Advisory Panel
HISAR SCHOOL JUNIOR MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2018 Globalization: Creating a Common Language Advisory Panel Ensuring the safe resettlement of Syrian refugees RESEARCH REPORT Recommended by: Iris Benardete Forum:
More informationSyria Peace Talks in Geneva: A Road to Nowhere. Radwan Ziadeh
Syria Peace Talks in Geneva: A Road to Nowhere March 27, 2017 Syria Peace Talks in Geneva: A Road to Nowhere On March 3, 2017, the United Nations Special Envoy for Syria, Staffan de Mistura, concluded
More informationCENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UNITED NATIONS United Nations Security Council Background Guide
CENTRAL TEXAS MODEL UNITED NATIONS United Nations Security Council Background Guide Security Council Background Following the guidelines of the charter of the United Nations, the Security Council is the
More informationGeneral Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security
General Assembly, First Committee: Disarmament and International Security Background Guide Written by: Austin Thomas, Baldwin Wallace University As one of the six main committees of the United Nations
More informationChallenges to Stability Assistance in Rojava A United States Policy Option
Challenges to Stability Assistance in Rojava A United States Policy Option Joe Wortham Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University U.S. Army War College Agenda Why is Rojava important? Research Methodology
More informationWashington State Model United Nations Working Papers, Resolutions and Amendments SPD, WASMUN 2006
Working Papers, Resolutions and Amendments SPD, WASMUN 2006 Working Paper A-1 Submitted by the European Union member states and their allies to the SPD committee The undersigned recognize that there is
More informationASSESSMENT REPORT. Obama s Visit to Saudi Arabia
ASSESSMENT REPORT Obama s Visit to Saudi Arabia Policy Analysis Unit - ACRPS April 2014 Obama s Visit to Saudi Arabia Series: Assessment Report Policy Analysis Unit ACRPS April 2014 Copyright 2014 Arab
More informationMeasures to eliminate international terrorism
Forum: General Assembly 6 Issue: Measures to eliminate international terrorism Student Officer: Sama Ayoub Position: Head Chair Introduction Terrorism acts are often carried as an attempt to cause disruption
More informationIRAQ. 17 October 2007 No. 2. Tel Fax
17 October 2007 No. 2 IRAQ Expected Council Action The Council is scheduled to hold a public debate on the UN Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) and on the Multinational Force (MNF) in Iraq on 19 October.
More informationArms Trade Treaty (ATT) Status and Information related to arms support to Syria pertaining to selected countries
Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) Status and Information related to arms support to Syria pertaining to selected countries AUSTRALIA Australia has ratified the ATT. AUSTRIA Austria has ratified the ATT. In May 2013,
More informationThe Legal Basis for Targeted Airstrikes Against Islamic State s British Citizens
The Legal Basis for Targeted Airstrikes Against Islamic State s British Citizens Introduction CRT BRIEFING, 8 September 2015 On 7 September, Prime Minister David Cameron informed the House of Commons that
More informationStatement of the International Syria Support Group Vienna May 17, 2016
Statement of the International Syria Support Group Vienna May 17, 2016 Meeting in Vienna on May 17, 2016, as the International Syria Support Group (ISSG), the Arab League, Australia, Canada, China, Egypt,
More informationConflict in Ukraine. the basis of joining Russia or staying as a separate state. The two opposing sides have been in a
Conflict in Ukraine Background: Since February of 2014, violent protests have been breaking out in the country of Ukraine on the basis of joining Russia or staying as a separate state. The two opposing
More informationRe: A Call for Human Rights Concerns to be reflected in the Fortaleza Declaration of Sixth BRICS Summit
11 July 214 To the BRICS Sherpas from Brazil, India and South Africa Re: A Call for Human Rights Concerns to be reflected in the Fortaleza Declaration of Sixth BRICS Summit Dear Excellencies, We, the undersigned
More informationHerbertt Cabral. Copyright 2018 by Pernambuco Model United Nations. Encontre-nos em:
1 Diagramação Capa Diogo Feliciano Herbertt Cabral Copyright 2018 by Pernambuco Model United Nations Encontre-nos em: www.pernambucomun.com.br 2 SUMMARY COUNTRY GUIDE 1. UNSC Permanent Members 5 CHINA
More informationCommittee: Futuristic Security Council. Issue title: Combatting Egypt s Virtual Terrorism. Submitted by: Vilma Illés, Deputy Chair of the FSC
Committee: Futuristic Security Council Issue title: Combatting Egypt s Virtual Terrorism Submitted by: Vilma Illés, Deputy Chair of the FSC Edited by: Kamilla Tóth, President of the General Assembly Introduction
More informationCONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT
CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT CD/8/Rev.9 19 December 2003 Original: ENGLISH RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT INTRODUCTION These rules of procedure were adopted taking into account the relevant
More information1. UN Women Strengthening Accountability to Commitments to Women Peace and Security through Universal Periodic Review January 7-11, 2019
2018-19 Intensive Pro Bono Research Project Descriptions: 1. UN Women Strengthening Accountability to Commitments to Women Peace and Security through Universal Periodic Review Supervisor: Emily Kenney,
More informationProtecting refugees in Syria from extremist militant groups
Beijing Model United Nations 2015 01 Forum: Special Committee 1 Issue: Student Officer: Position: Protecting refugees in Syria from extremist militant groups Sarah Lu Student Officer Introduction Since
More informationBahrain Egypt Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
in Mazrak 3, a camp for Yemenis displaced by the conflict between government forces and Huthi rebels. Bahrain Egypt Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United
More informationEUP2P. The Dual use Regulation: general frame, control regimes and weaknesses
EUP2P The Dual use Regulation: general frame, control regimes and weaknesses Kiev, 14 March 2018 Angelo Minotti, Ph. D. CONTENTS - UN Resolution 1540 - Aims - Multilateral Export Control Regimes - EU Reg.
More informationIssue: Measures to ensure continued protection of civilians in war zones
Forum: Human Rights Council II Issue: Measures to ensure continued protection of civilians in war zones Student Officer: Adam McMahon Position: Deputy Chair 1 Introduction The matter of protecting civilians
More informationPERSONAL INTRODUCTION
Forum: Issue: Student Officer: Position: Legal Committee The Referendum Status of Crimea Leen Al Saadi Chair PERSONAL INTRODUCTION Distinguished delegates, My name is Leen Al Saadi and it is my great pleasure
More informationA New Authorization for Use of Military Force Against the Islamic State: Comparison of Proposals in Brief
A New Authorization for Use of Military Force Against the Islamic State: Comparison of Proposals in Brief Matthew C. Weed Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation December 19, 2014 Congressional Research
More informationThe United States and Russia in the Greater Middle East
MARCH 2019 The United States and Russia in the Greater Middle East James Dobbins & Ivan Timofeev Though the Middle East has not been the trigger of the current U.S.-Russia crisis, it is an area of competition.
More informationNMUN NY 2015 CONFERENCE A
NMUN NY 2015 CONFERENCE A National Model United Nations New York 22-26 March 2015 (Conf. A) Documentation of the Work of the Security Council C (SC-C) Security Council C (SC-C) Committee Staff Director
More informationThe Role of Mercenaries in Conflict Topic Background Mercenaries - individuals paid to involve themselves in violent conflicts - have always been part of the landscape of war. After the Peace of Westphalia,
More informationUnited Nations General Assembly 1st
ASMUN CONFERENCE 2018 "New problems create new opportunities: 7.6 billion people together towards a better future" United Nations General Assembly 1st "Paving the way to a world without a nuclear threat"!
More informationYemen. By September 2014, 334,512 people across Yemen were officially registered as internally displaced due to fighting.
JANUARY 2015 COUNTRY SUMMARY Yemen The fragile transition government that succeeded President Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2012 following mass protests failed to address multiple human rights challenges in 2014.
More information2014 GLOBAL TERRORISM INDEX
2014 GLOBAL TERRORISM INDEX Institute for Economics and Peace Wednesday, 26 th November 2014 #TerrorismIndex INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMICS AND PEACE The Institute for Economics and Peace is an independent, not-for-profit,
More informationIRAQ: THE CURRENT SITUATION AND THE WAY AHEAD STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR ZALMAY KHALILZAD SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE JULY 13, 2006
IRAQ: THE CURRENT SITUATION AND THE WAY AHEAD STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR ZALMAY KHALILZAD SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE JULY 13, 2006 Mr. Chairman, Senator Biden, and distinguished members, I welcome
More informationPosition Papers MiniMUN UNSC
Position Papers MiniMUN UNSC The following documents are the official Position Papers for the countries represented in the UN Security Council meeting concerning the The use of Chemical weapons and crimes
More informationSmall Arms Trade. Topic Background
Small Arms Trade Topic Background On 24-25 April 2014, the President of the General Assembly hosted a thematic debate on Ensuring Stable and Peaceful Societies. At the event, the United Nations recognized
More informationBriefing Paper Pakistan Floods 2010: Country Aid Factsheet
August 2010 Briefing Paper Pakistan Floods 2010: Country Aid Factsheet Pakistan is in the grips of a major natural disaster with severe flooding affecting an estimated three million people. As the government
More informationISIS Foreign Fighters. An Econometric Analysis on the Global Flow of Militants Joining the Islamic State
ISIS Foreign Fighters An Econometric Analysis on the Global Flow of Militants Joining the Islamic State AUGUST 8, 2016 Global Impact Strategies uses predictive analytics and decision science to help solve
More informationWHY THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE IS A REAL WAR, AND HOW IT RELATES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW.
WHY THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE IS A REAL WAR, AND HOW IT RELATES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW. IS THE WAR IN UKRAINE INDEED A WAR? The definition of war or armed conflicts can be found in the 1949 Geneva Conventions
More informationRecalibrating the Anti-ISIS Strategy. The Need for a More Coherent Political Strategy. Hardin Lang, Peter Juul, and Mokhtar Awad
ASSOCIATED PRESS Recalibrating the Anti-ISIS Strategy The Need for a More Coherent Political Strategy Hardin Lang, Peter Juul, and Mokhtar Awad July 2015 W W W.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Introduction and summary
More informationUNHCR Statistical Yearbook 2013
These asylum-seekers have been forced to occupy a former slaughterhouse in Dijon, France due to an acute shortage of accommodation for asylum-seekers in the country. The former meat-packing plant, dubbed
More informationMiddle School Level. Middle School Section I
017 Montessori Model UN New York Conference Matrix DISEC ECOFIN SOCHUM LEGAL SPECPOL UNGA5 UNSC Japan 14 People s Republic of China 14 Republic of Angola 14 Republic of France 14 Russian Federation 14
More informationQueen s Global Markets
Queen s Global Markets A PREMIER UNDERGRADUATE THINK-TANK The U.S. Should Remain in the UN A Debate: Should the U.S. Leave the UN? Ethan Vera, Jeremy Li, Jordan Abramsky 01.25.2018 Agenda What we will
More informationAmericans and Russians Agree on Priorities for Syria, Differ on Urgency of North Korea
Americans and Russians Agree on Priorities for Syria, Differ on Urgency of North Korea Dina Smeltz, Senior Fellow, Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Lily Wojtowicz, Research Associate, Public Opinion and
More informationResolution adopted by the General Assembly. [without reference to a Main Committee (A/67/L.63 and Add.1)]
United Nations A/RES/67/262 General Assembly Distr.: General 4 June 2013 Sixty-seventh session Agenda item 33 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [without reference to a Main Committee (A/67/L.63
More informationColloquy Project May 13, 2016 UKRAINE CONFLICT. Made by William Ding & Daisy Zhu. Colloquy Project 1
UKRAINE CONFLICT Made by William Ding & Daisy Zhu Colloquy Project 1 What is Ukraine conflict about? The Ukraine conflict is not only a conflict within the nation, but a conflict that involves many european
More informationCOLLECTIVE SECURITY AND THE USE OF FORCE
COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND THE USE OF FORCE BONN, 13./14.12.2017 Prof. Dr. Erika de Wet, LLM (Harvard) THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF FORCE All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the
More informationTEXTS ADOPTED. Human rights situation in Crimea, in particular of the Crimean Tatars
European Parliament 2014-2019 TEXTS ADOPTED P8_TA(2016)0043 Human rights situation in Crimea, in particular of the Crimean Tatars European Parliament resolution of 4 February 2016 on the human rights situation
More informationSituation in Iraq and Syria and the IS offensive including the persecution of minorities
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2014-2019 TEXTS ADOPTED Provisional edition P8_TA-PROV(2014)0027 Situation in Iraq and Syria and the IS offensive including the persecution of minorities European Parliament resolution
More informationsimulations- project
SUMMARY: As violence continues unabated, Syrians and the international community are seeking greater information on how to resolve the armed conflict and then transition the country from civil war to stability.
More informationISSUE BRIEF: U.S. Immigration Priorities in a Global Context
Immigration Task Force ISSUE BRIEF: U.S. Immigration Priorities in a Global Context JUNE 2013 As a share of total immigrants in 2011, the United States led a 24-nation sample in familybased immigration
More informationPreventing illegal arms trade in the Middle East
Haganum Model United Nations Gymnasium Haganum, The Hague Research Reports Disarmament Commission Preventing illegal arms trade in the Middle East 4 th, 5 th and 6 th of March 2016 Haganum Model United
More informationSyria Tracker. Support Oppose Don't know. August August
Syria Tracker Thinking about the situation in Syria, here are some things that Britain's Government is reported to be considering, in partnership with other countries such as France and the US. Would you
More information2015 Biennial American Survey May, Questionnaire - The Chicago Council on Global Affairs 2015 Public Opinion Survey Questionnaire
2015 Biennial American Survey May, 2015 - Questionnaire - The Chicago Council on Global Affairs 2015 Public Opinion Survey Questionnaire [DISPLAY] In this survey, we d like your opinions about some important
More informationConfronting the Terror Finance Challenge in Today s Middle East
AP PHOTO/MANU BRABO Confronting the Terror Finance Challenge in Today s Middle East By Hardin Lang, Peter Juul, and Trevor Sutton November 2015 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Introduction and summary In the
More informationConflating Terrorism and Insurgency
Page 1 of 6 MENU FOREIGN POLICY ESSAY Conflating Terrorism and Insurgency By John Mueller, Mark Stewart Sunday, February 28, 2016, 10:05 AM Editor's Note: What if most terrorism isn t really terrorism?
More informationA Long War of Attrition in Syria
Position Paper A Long War of Attrition in Syria Al Jazeera Centre for Studies Al Jazeera Centre for Studies Tel: +974-44663454 jcforstudies-en@aljazeera.net http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/ 29 July 2012
More informationHow to Think About Syria? Anti Imperialism, Assad Regime Barbarism, and the Search for an Alternative
Summary: Notes from a presentation to the West Coast Chapter of the International Marxist Humanist Organization, held at the Westside Peace Center, Los Angeles. Critiques positions of some on the Left
More informationContributions to UNHCR For Budget Year 2014 As at 31 December 2014
1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1,280,827,870 2 EUROPEAN UNION 271,511,802 3 UNITED KINGDOM 4 JAPAN 5 GERMANY 6 SWEDEN 7 KUWAIT 8 SAUDI ARABIA *** 203,507,919 181,612,466 139,497,612 134,235,153 104,356,762
More informationResettlement of Guantanamo Bay Detainees: Questions and Answers February 2009
Resettlement of Guantanamo Bay Detainees: Questions and Answers February 2009 The Issue... 2 What can European and other countries such as Canada do for Guantanamo detainees who cannot be returned to their
More informationE V E N T R E P O R T
E V E N T R E P O R T Regional Conference Jordan in a Changing Regional Environment 4-6 November 2017, Amman Jordan is located in a turbulent regional environment. It is situated at the center of several
More informationThe Question of a World Against Violent Extremism. Assistant President of the Human Rights Commission
Forum: Issue: Human Rights Commision The Question of a World Against Violent Extremism Student Officer: Jihun Jung Position: Assistant President of the Human Rights Commission Introduction No country or
More informationHow the US Acquires Clients. Contexts of Acquisition
How the US Acquires Clients Contexts of Acquisition Some Basics of Client Acquisition Client acquisition requires the consent of both the US and the new client though consent of the client can be coercive
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationSyria & Iraq Alert II: Inclusivity essential to long-term political strategy to counter ISIS November 20, 2014
Syria & Iraq Alert II: Inclusivity essential to long-term political strategy to counter ISIS November 20, 2014 SUMMARY In the effort to counter ISIS in Iraq and Syria, think tanks, experts and governments
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationPoll on the Syrian Conflict and Media Trust
Poll on the Syrian Conflict and Media Trust Methodology Syria Conflict and Media Trust Poll Prepared on behalf of the Syria Campaign Table 67 Q67. Which of the following groups do you believe has been
More informationMontessori Model United Nations. Distr.: Middle School Thirteenth Session Sept First Committee Disarmament and International Security
Montessori Model United Nations A/C.1/13/BG-102 General Assembly Distr.: Middle School Thirteenth Session Sept 2018 Original: English First Committee Disarmament and International Security This committee
More informationLEBANON ON THE BRINK OF ELECTIONS: KEY PUBLIC OPINION FINDINGS
NUMBER 14 JUNE 00 LEBANON ON THE BRINK OF ELECTIONS: KEY PUBLIC OPINION FINDINGS Shibley Telhami OVERVIEW As the Lebanese approach a crucial election on June th that could alter not only internal Lebanese
More informationLevels and trends in international migration
Levels and trends in international migration The number of international migrants worldwide has continued to grow rapidly over the past fifteen years reaching million in 1, up from million in 1, 191 million
More informationSanctions in the Geopolitical Landscape
Sanctions in the Geopolitical Landscape Truth and Consequences Frankfurt, 11 May 2016 Pascal Aerens Head of Innovation Sanctions and embargos are the future of foreign policy. 1 The cost of war $2.1M per
More informationTHE ISLAMIC STATE AND ITS HUMAN TRAFFICKING PRACTICE
THE ISLAMIC STATE AND ITS HUMAN TRAFFICKING PRACTICE 24-25. 10. 2017 Colonel János Besenyő, PhD. Contents 1. Human trafficking across the Middle East 2. Basic motivations towards human trafficking 3. Financial
More informationDISEC: The Question of Cluster Munitions Cambridge Model United Nations 2018
Study Guide Committee: United Nations Disarmament and International Security Council (DISEC) Topic: The Question of Cluster Munitions Introduction: Cluster munitions are an air-dropped or ground-launched
More informationAsylum Trends. Appendix: Eurostat data
Asylum Trends Appendix: Eurostat data Contents Colophon 2 First asylum applications in Europe (EU, Norway and Switzerland) Monthly asylum applications in the EU, Norway and Switzerland 3 First asylum applications
More informationGenocide in Syria: Could the United States Have Prevented It?
1. Background Genocide in Syria: Could the United States Have Prevented It? In March 2011, encouraged in part by Arab Spring movements in other countries, Syrians took to the streets in peaceful demonstrations
More informationI. LEVELS AND TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK
I. LEVELS AND TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK A. INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK BY DEVELOPMENT GROUP The Population Division estimates that, worldwide, there were 214.2 million international migrants
More informationTranslation from Norwegian
Statistics for May 2018 Forced returns from Norway The National Police Immigration Service (NPIS) forcibly returned 402 persons in May 2018, and 156 of these were convicted offenders. The NPIS is responsible
More informationPRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 2016: PROFILE OF SENATOR BERNIE SANDERS
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 2016: PROFILE OF SENATOR BERNIE SANDERS Roxanne Perugino Monday, February 8, 2016 Personal Background: Senator Bernie Sanders (Independent-Vermont) is the longest-serving independent
More informationEuropean Parliament resolution of 16 February 2012 on the situation in Syria (2012/2543(RSP)) The European Parliament,
European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2012 on the situation in Syria (2012/2543(RSP)) The European Parliament, having regard to its previous resolutions on Syria, having regard to the Foreign Affairs
More informationThe DDIS Intelligence Risk Assessment 2014
Intelligence Risk Assessment 1 The DDIS Intelligence Risk Assessment 2014 An assessment of developments abroad impacting on Danish security 2 Intelligence Risk Assessment Intelligence Risk Assessment 3
More informationBy Encyclopedia Brittanica, adapted by Newsela staff on Word Count 1,286
The Arab Spring By Encyclopedia Brittanica, adapted by Newsela staff on 04.14.17 Word Count 1,286 Egyptians wave the national flag in Cairo's Tahrir Square during a rally marking the anniversary of the
More information2017 National Opinion Ballot
GREAT DECISIONS 1918 FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION 2017 EDITION 2017 National Opinion Ballot First, we d like to ask you for some information about your participation in the Great Decisions program. If you
More informationYear. Fig.1 Population projections
Outline of DNE21+ Model - Population, GDP Estimates- March 25, 28 1. Population Statistics from United Nations 26 are used. (UN, World Population Prospects:The 26 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpp/) (Figure
More informationThe Complexity of International Migration Reviewed. Hania Zlotnik Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations
The Complexity of International Migration Reviewed Hania Zlotnik Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations 1 SOME CAUSES OF MIGRATION S COMPLEXITY Who is a migrant? Move
More information2016 (received) Local Local Local Local currency. currency (millions) currency. (millions)
Table 1. UNDP regular resources: contributions received or pledged in - figures are based on contribution amounts already received or officially pledged. (For contributions received, the UN echange rates
More informationU.S. plans to accept more refugees, but security rules will limit number
U.S. plans to accept more refugees, but security rules will limit number By Associated Press, adapted by Newsela staff on 09.24.15 Word Count 909 U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (center) meets with
More informationPOL 135 International Politics of the Middle East Session #7: War and Peace in the Middle East
POL 135 International Politics of the Middle East Session #7: War and Peace in the Middle East What is a War? Sustained combat between/among military contingents involving substantial casualties (with
More informationUNHCR Syria Winterization Update 1 September 10 December 2018 Winterization programme progress
UNHCR Syria Winterization Update 1 September 10 December 2018 Winterization programme progress On 1 September, UNHCR started its 2018 winterization campaign in Syria. For this year s campaign, UNHCR plans
More information