Welcome to Class! Bell-Ringer #1. Frontier Vocab Word of the Day Activity

Transcription

1 Welcome to Class! Bell-Ringer #1 Frontier Vocab Word of the Day Activity Draw the Chart on the Board. Using the word Frontier just fill out what you think the definition is and 2 synonyms.

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3 Essential Question Why and how did the federal government adopt a policy of assimilation of American Indians and what were the consequences? Important Vocabulary (highlight) Manifest Destiny Homestead Act of 1862 Frontier Battle of Little Bighorn General George A. Custer Chief Joseph Battle of Wounded Knee assimilation

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6 Manifest Destiny - Theory that the US should expand across continent - Ways the U.S. had already achieved Manifest Destiny: - Louisiana Purchase: doubled size of the nation - War of 1812: War Hawks wanted to expand, gained Florida after - Lure of the West (Why did people move West?...PUSH factors) - escape debt and the law - economic gain thru land - social gains: fresh start - ordained by God, remember the Mormons?

7 Governmental Involvement in Settling the West PULL Factors - Homestead Act of 1862 gave heads of families 160 acres of land (for minimal fee) if they could improve it in 5 years - Offered to any citizen who had never borne arms against the U.S. government - title acquired after 5 years if you paid a small registration fee - title could be acquired after 6 months if the head of family paid $1.25 per acre - Union soldiers could deduct time they had served from the residency requirements - Proved to be very difficult and costly; many farmers were not successful - More farmers will benefit from the Homestead Act of the 20th-century - Oklahoma Land Giveaway, land giveaway attracted thousands - 2 million acres claimed in less than 24 hours - some people began to settle the land before it was officially opened, thus earning the nickname the sooner state

8 Think, Pair, Share With your seat partner, discuss the following: What push factors led to westward expansion? What pull factors led to westward expansion? Be prepared to share your answers with the class.

9 The End of the Frontier - Government began to take steps to preserve the wilderness - Land set aside in 1872 to create Yellowstone National Park - Historian Frederick Jackson Turner describes the end of the frontier below: The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development.now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone and with its going has closed the first period of American history. ~Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History

10 At Your Seat Read the excerpt from Frederick Jackson Turner s Frontier Thesis. Answer the question. Be sure to use complete sentences. This goes behind your notes from today.

11 Plains Indians

12 Welcome to Class! February 1, 2018 Bell-Ringer #2 is on the next slide. Title: Assimilation

13 Bell-Ringer #2: Assimilation 1. Define the term assimilation. 2. Using complete sentences, make at least THREE inferences about the photographs below.

14 Since the beginning of American westward expansion, the native tribes had been continuously pushed into smaller and smaller areas. Those tribes that had tried to fight back were eventually defeated, often at great cost. By the end of the Civil War, only a few tribes the Sioux, Cheyennes, Araphos, Kiowas, and Camanches had the will and the resources to fight for their land and their traditions. The army was sent west to subdue those tribes and force them onto reservations. from Legends and Lies: The Real West by Bill O Reilly

15 General Custer Indian Wars ( ) - Natives and settlers fought over one main issue LAND! - last part of 1800s, Plains Indians fought back against the U.S. government - Battle of Little Bighorn, General George A. Custer & his soldiers tried to force Natives back onto a reservation - between 2,000 and 3,000 were Natives led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull - Sitting Bull had a vision of soldiers and Sitting Bull natives falling from horses - within 20 minutes, General Custer and his men were killed - known as Custer s Last Stand Sitting Bull was a famed fighter and Hunkpapa war chief. By the late 1860s, his reputation was so great that the Lakota Sioux chose him as the first-ever chief of all seven Lakota tribes.

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17 Indian Wars ( ) Continued - Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Tribe, Chief Joseph promised his dying father that he I am tired of fighting It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever. ~Chief Joseph - would never sell the bones (land where the Nez Perce are buried) of your father and mother. 500 Nez Perce fled toward Canada to escape being put on reservation traveled 1,300 miles in 2 ½ months with U.S. troops right behind them shortly before reaching Canada, Chief Joseph, tired and sick, gave up He then gave a speech, Fight No More Forever

18 NCFE Practice Treat all men alike. Give them the same laws. Give them all an even chance to live and grow. All men were made by the same Great Spirit Chief. They are all brothers. The earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon it. You might as well expect all rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases. Nez Percé Chief Joseph, Washington, D.C., 1879 Based on the quote above, which governmental policies did Chief Joseph oppose? immigration and communal property discrimination and resettlement farming and damming of rivers conservation and preservation

19 Two Ogala chiefs, American Horse (left) and Red Cloud (right) led the resistance against the government s plans to build a road through Sioux hunting grounds.

20 Indian Wars ( ) Continued -Battle of Wounded Knee, December over time, the life of the Sioux continued to get worse -they looked to Wovoka, a Paiute prophet -he had a vision in which Native American lands and buffalo were returned, and whites disappeared -he promised if the Sioux performed the Ghost Dance, this vision would be restored

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22 A group portrait of a Sioux group by the Cheyenne River. Nearly all these men were killed in battle at Wounded Knee.

23 Indian Wars ( ) Continued -this dance greatly alarmed military leaders -Sitting Bull was arrested; a bodyguard shot an officer -policemen returned fire, killing Sitting Bull and chaos emerged -Seventh Calvary (Custer s old regiment) killed 300 unarmed Natives, including several children -This battle brought Indian Wars to an end and ended Native resistance

24 Movie Clip: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

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26 Cherokee Indian Reservation, North Carolina

27 Assimilation and Unintended Consequences -Many believed Native Americans needed to assimilate into American culture -Helen Hunt Jackson wrote Century of Dishonor -told of the injustice, prejudice, and discrimination committed against Native Americans -In response, Congress will pass the Dawes Act, which broke up reservations into individual farms and given to Indian families -Well-meaning, but not successful -some Indian children sent to boarding school and forced to reject their culture

28 There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands of either the government or of white settlers. The poorer, the more insignificant, the more helpless the band, the more certain the cruelty and outrage to which they have been subjected It makes little difference where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain. -Helen Hunt Jackson, 1881

29 A Native American family poses unhappily at the Warm Springs Reservation in Oregon, visual evidence of the discontent created by the policy of relocating Indians to reservations.

30 Overview After living in the West for 20 years, Helen Hunt Jackson became interested in the government s treatment of Native Americans. After completing extensive research, she wrote A Century of Dishonor in 1881, and sent a copy to every member of Congress. Assignment Read Helen Hunt Jackson s Century of Dishonor, and answer the questions that follow. Use complete sentences.

31 Photo 1: Chiricahua Apaches as they arrived at Carlisle Indian School Photo 2: Chiricahua Apaches 4 months after arriving at Carlisle Indian School Ticket Out the Door Answer the following questions (using complete sentences) on a sheet of paper. Turn your answers in as you leave. Photo 1 1. What activities do you think the children participated in prior to coming to the Carlisle Indian School? 2. What does their body language express about their feelings of being at the school? Photo 2 1. What features do you notice about them that are different than the photo above? 2. What is your opinion of the policy of assimilation? Was it beneficial? Why or why not?

32 Vocabulary 2 People 1 Sentence Summary Vocabulary People Sentence Summary

33 Essential Question Why and how did the federal government adopt a policy of assimilation of American Indians and what were the consequences? Important Vocabulary Manifest Destiny Homestead Act of 1862 Battle of Little Bighorn General George A. Custer Chief Joseph Battle of Wounded Knee assimilation