BASICS OF HOLOGRAPHY
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1 ~~ BASICS OF HOLOGRAPHY P. HARIHARAN School of Physics, University ()f Sydney, Australia CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
2 ... PUBLISHED BY TI-IE PRESS SYNDICATE OF TI-IE UNIVERSITY OF CAMllRIDGE The Pilt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMllRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambrid'ge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY , USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc6n 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa P. )-)ariharan 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typej(/ce Monotype Times NR pt System QuarkXPress [SE) A catalogue recordfor this book is available/i'om tlte British Librm)! ISBN hardback ISBN paperback
3 Preface page Xl 1 Holographic imaging Early development The in-line hologram Off-axis holograms Fourier holograms Lensless Fourier holograms Image holograms Reflection holograms The reconstructed image Images 'of a point Orthoscopic and pseudoscopic images Image aberrations Classification of aberrations Image blur Image speckle Signal-to-noise ratio Image luminance Thin and thick holograms Thin gratings 27 v
4 ~ VI Thin amplitude gratings Thin phase gratings Volume gratings Volume transmission gratings Volume reflection gratings Imaging properties Thick and thin gratings Diffusely reflecting objects Multiply exposed holograms Light sources Lasers Coherence requirements Laser beam expansion Beam splitters Beam polarization Pulsed laser holography Laser safety The recording medium Amplitude and phase holograms The modulation transfer function Effects of nonlinearity Recording materials Photographic materials Dichromated gelatin Silver-halide sensitized gelatin Photoresists Photopolymers Photo thermoplastics (PTP) Photo refractive crystals
5 7 Display holograms Transmission holograms Reflection holograms Full-view holograms Rainbow holograms Image blur Holographic stereo grams Holographic movies Multicolor images Multicolor reflection holograms Multicolor rainbow holograms Light sources Pseudocolor images Pseudocolor rainbow holograms Pseudocolor reflection holograms Copying holograms 'Contact printing' Embossed holograms Computer-generated holograms Binary detour-phase holograms Phase randomization Three-dimensional objects Holographic video imaging Optical testing Applications in imaging Particle-size analysis Imaging through moving scatterers Imaging through distorting media 96 vu
6 ~- viii 11.4 Time-gated imaging Multiple imaging Multiple imaging using Fourier holograms Multiple imaging using lensless Fourier holograms Other applications Holographic diffraction gratings Holographic scanners Holographic filters Holographic optical elements Head-up displays Beam shaping Interconnection networks Holographic memories Holographic neural networks Holographic interferometry 13.1 Real-time interferometry 13.2 Double-exposure interferometry 13.3 Sandwich holograms 13.4 Industrial measurements 13.5 Refractive index fields 13.6 Surface displacements 13.7 The holodiagram 13.8 Fringe localization 13.9 Strain analysis 14 Advanced techniques 14.1 Moire interferometry 14.2 Vibrating surfaces Stroboscopic interferometry Time-average interferometry 14.3 Contouring Two-wavelength contouring Two-index contouring
7 ----~ -~--~ Changing the angle of illumination 15 Electronic techniques 15.1 Computer-aided evaluation Fourier-transform techniques Phase unwrapping 15.2 Heterodyne interferometry 15.3 Phase-shifting interferometry Vector disp1acements Contouring Vibration analysis 15.4 Electronic holographic interferometry Vibration analysis IX Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Interference and coherence A.1 Interference A.2 Coherence A.2.1 Spatial coherence A.2.2 Temporal coherence Fourier transforms B.l Two-dimensional transforms B.2 Convolution B.3, Correlation B.4 Sampled functions Wave propagation Speckle D.l First-order statistics D.2 Second-order statistics D.3 Image speckle Bibliography Index
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