UK International Education: Global position and national prospects
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1 UK Council for International Student Affairs Conference, University of Sussex, 1-3 July 2015 UK International Education: Global position and national prospects Simon Marginson Professor of International Higher Education UCL Institute of Education, University College London
2 UK International Education: Global position and national prospects Core dilemmas of international education Global trends - Participation - Research - East Asian higher education The UK s global position in research International education in UK Conclusions
3 CORE DILEMMAS
4 Abiding tensions in international education 1. Tension between free global movement and national territorial sovereignty 2. Tension between cultural-learning approach and commercial approach 3. Tension between delivering our educational tradition to foreigners, and a reciprocal engagement with them The most effective global approach is to maximize openness, engagement and learning from the other, while retaining a strong sense of one s own (changing!) agenda and identity
5 WORLDWIDE TRENDS: PARTICIPATION
6 Participation is growing at 1% a year GTER World, North America/Western Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, UNESCO data 2015
7 Same trend across the globe: GTER by world region, 1995/2012
8 Growth in participation to come World and Asian middle class (billions) Source: Brookings / OECD projection in 2010 Middle class persons are defined as persons living on USD $ per day, PPP
9 takeout Participation is increasing rapidly all over the world in future import replacement will be less important in international education. Cross-border students will retain their proportion of total enrolments and will grow rapidly. There will be more intensive competition in international education on the basis of quality/value
10 WORLDWIDE TRENDS: RESEARCH
11 Fast growing East Asian research journal papers per year, Source: US National Science Foundation data, 2014
12 More fast growing science systems Journal papers per year, , US National Science Foundation data, 2014
13 takeout All middle income and richer nations will have their own research capacity research networks and partnerships will be increasingly essential to broad global effectiveness, including international student recruitment
14 EAST ASIAN HIGHER EDUCATION
15 Economy and population, East Asia 2013/14: United Nations, World Bank, CIA Country/system Population (millions) GDP PPP (USD $bil) GNP PPP per capita (USD $) Macau SAR ,564 Singapore ,744 Hong Kong SAR ,203 Taiwan ,600 Japan ,315 South Korea ,140 China (mainland only) ,158 11,904 Vietnam United States ,653 53,143 United Kingdom ,197
16 World R&D in 2011 by region: East Asia reaches North America $s billion, OECD data 2013
17 China: Onwards and upwards Continuous near 10% annual growth in GDP for 35 years China is about to overtake United States GDP in PPP terms School leaver participation in tertiary education up from 4% to 35% since the early 1990s; national target 40% by 2020 In higher education, 211 Programme to create research universities, followed by 985 Programme to foster top 39 World-Class Universities. China s number of top 500 universities (ARWU) rose from 8 in 2004 to 32 in 2014 In the next decade total annual R&D investment, and annual number of research papers, will pass the United States; the national R&D target is 2.5% of GDP by 2020
18 Leading universities in mainland China University Journal papers % of papers in top 10% of their field Papers in top 10% of their field Papers in top 10% of their field Papers in top 1% of their field U Cambridge UK 12, U Glasgow UK Tsinghua U 11, Peking U 10, Fudan U Zhejiang U 14, Shanghai Jiao Tong U 13, U Science & Technology Nanjing U Harbin IT Sun Yat-sen U Nankai U Dalian U Technology Huazhong U S&T Shandong U
19 takeout East Asia/Singapore is already a larger research region than Europe, and it is the world s largest zone of educational participation partnerships into China, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore etc are now crucial for UK global effectiveness
20 THE UK S GLOBAL POSITION IN RESEARCH
21 UK in Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities top 500, 2014 World rank UK HEIs (total of 38 in ARWU top 500) 1-50 Cambridge (5), Oxford (9), UCL (20), Imperial (22), Manchester (38), Edinburgh (45) King s London (59), Bristol (63) Cardiff, LSE, Glasgow, Sheffield, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Nottingham, Southampton East Anglia, Sussex, Warwick Durham, Newcastle, Queen Mary, Dundee, Aberdeen, Exeter, Leicester, St Andrews, York Lancaster, London SH&TM, Queens Belfast, Reading Brunel, Open U, Bath, Essex, Surrey
22 High/low joint authorship by UK researchers (1.00 = expected rate) National Science Foundation/ Web of Science data 2014 High rates of collaboration Low rates of collaboration Ireland 2.17 South Korea 0.47 Greece 1.66 China 0.56 South Africa 1.49 Saudi Arabia 0.58 Netherlands 1.45 Japan 0.62 Denmark 1.40 Iran 0.66 Hungary 1.38 Singapore 0.67 Norway 1.36 India 0.68 New Zealand 1.30 Taiwan 0.71 Finland 1.28 Argentina 0.73 Australia 1.24 Egypt 0.74 Sweden 1.23 United States 0.77 Italy 1.22 Mexico 0.78 Poland 1.20 Canada 0.85
23 UK co-authorship in East Asia compared to other English speaking countries = average rate of collaboration for the countries concerned National Science Foundation data 2014 UK USA Canada Australia China South Korea Taiwan Singapore
24 European research generates s for Country UK R&D in higher education as a %of GDP 2012 Foreign source income as % of research income Ireland United Kingdom Austria Netherlands Switzerland Sweden (2011 for foreign income) Italy Finland France Denmark Spain Germany EU (28 Countries) United States Eurostat data 2015
25 takeout In terms of collaboration, UK has a problem in East Asia, the most dynamic global region for higher education at present. UK is in danger of being left behind by other English-speaking and European countries
26 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION IN UK
27 Students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, millions, OECD data, 2014
28 4.5 million foreign tertiary students, 2012: OECD data on shares of world market
29 UK offshore international enrolments
30 Full-time international EU and non-eu students, UK to Higher Education Statistics Agency UK 350, , ,000 Number of students 200, , ,000 50, Academic year
31 International students in USA, to IIE Open Doors data 2015
32 UK: Enrolment from non-eu countries, & HESA data 2015
33 USA: International student enrolment, & IIE Open Doors data 2015
34 International students in higher education, Australia, Australian Education International data
35 Some problems in UK policy and regulation Inclusion of international students in net migration targets, plus potential for radical reductions in net migration Cost of visas (USD $520 in UK, $360 USA, $124 Canada) Complaints of slow visa processing Interviews of non-eu students to establish student integrity Over-dependence on HEIs to regulate students, including regular surveillance and reporting in relation to non-eu students Yet new Minister Jo Johnson has announced that the Government wants to expand net earnings from education exports from 18 billion in 2012 to 30 billion in 2020
36 Work rights: A crunch issue Restrictions on work rights during study, and inconsistent regulation (ceilings of 10 hrs FE/ 20 hrs HE) Two-year work visas scrapped in 2012 but Australia and Canada still offer them; USA encourages graduate migration especially in STEM Graduates must now find work at 24,000 p.a., in their field, within four months Teresa May has threatened to require all graduates to apply for work from outside the country Graduates are crucial to the economy, e.g. PhDs in STEM South Asian students often depend on graduate work to repay debts incurred for tuition and living costs while studying
37 HEPI survey of student attitudes Higher Education Policy Institute, June 2015 More than three-quarters of all students think studying alongside students from other countries is good preparation for work, but over 90% of EU and non-eu students 26% of all students say international students require more assistance from lecturers, 44% disagree with this 25% of all students think that non English speakers slow down classes, 47% disagree with this 34% think that including international students in the classroom lowers the quality of academic discussion 30% of all students disagree that shared classrooms enable students to improve their foreign language skills
38 takeout The door is only half open at present. We don t fully engage with international students, and make life too difficult for them. In volume, UK is marking time in international education while other English-speaking countries lift market share The future of our higher education sector cannot be decided by an intemperate, ill-defined and ill-informed debate on immigration University of Cambridge VC Leszek Borysiewicz, 2015
39 CONCLUSIONS
40 UK International Education: Global position and national prospects Rapid growth in global mobility is certain; the only question is where the mobile students go As ever competition is for good students, not just volume Research performance continues to hold up the global reputation of the whole UK higher education system Weak research collaboration in East Asia is a problem Negative environment for non-eu students (visas, postgraduate work rights) undermines supply and demand Difficult to increase exports by two thirds in this
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