Situation Overview IV: Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants living outside of shelters, Boa Vista city

Transcription

1 Situation Overview IV: Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants living outside of shelters, Boa Vista city October 2018 BACKGROUND In early 2015, thousands of Venezuelans started fleeing their country of origin due to ongoing social, economic and political turmoil. An estimated 85,000 1 Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants are currently in Brazil, of which 25,000 2 are located in the northern city of Boa Vista, capital of Roraima state which borders Venezuela. Throughout 2018 the rate of arrivals has increased, stretching the city s capacity to ensure access to basic services. As Venezuelan populations continue to arrive in Roraima, there is a need for regularly updated, detailed information about their needs and vulnerabilities, particularly those populations living outside of shelters managed by humanitarian actors. REACH, in support of the Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other partners, is conducting regular area-based assessments to provide an evidence-base for humanitarian planning and response. This report presents the results of the fourth round of assessment conducted in Boa Vista and aims to provide an update on the vulnerabilities and priority needs of affected populations. 3 KEY FINDINGS Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants living in Boa Vista reported significant difficulties accessing livelihoods, due to a perceived distrust by host community members, a lack of employment opportunities and the language barrier. Women reportedly faced additional obstacles due to the lack of appropriate childcare facilities for their children. Lack of access to rental housing continues to put pressure on Venezuelan households, and is compounded by the previously noted lack of employment opportunities. Increasingly, FGD participants reported that Venezuelans have been pushed to urban peripheries or into shelters managed by humanitarian actors due to their inability to meet landlord requirements. Venezuelan women reportedly face many obstacles while displaced in Brazil. Notable challenges relate to verbal and sexual harassment, lack of access to sanitation and hygiene facilities for pregnant and menstruating women. Migrants and asylum seekers indicated difficulties in obtaining fresh food products such as vegetables, fruits, eggs and meat. Many FGD participants reported relying on lower quality or highly processed food to meet nutritional needs. 1. Federal Police, August Number represents the total of people registered by the Federal Police since Boa Vista Municipality, July The Situation Overview from August is available here: English; Portuguese METHODOLOGY REACH conducted primary data collection between 16 to 30 October in 28 of the 57 neighbourhoods in the city of Boa Vista (see Map 1 below). Data was collected through 28 mixed-gender Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with a total of 182 Venezuelan asylum seekers and migrants (112 women and 70 men) and 7 FGDs with Venezuelan women (51 women), designed with the support of UNHCR, UNICEF and UNFPA. Participants were selected from their neighbourhoods of residence and chosen based on their knowledge of the multi-sectoral needs of populations living in their neighbourhoods. The FGDs included a participatory mapping exercise to identify areas with high concentration of Venezuelans as well as cases of people living in vulnerable conditions, which REACH subsequently verified through direct observation and collection of 30 Key Informant (KI) interviews in the locations reported by FGD participants. While REACH attempted to be comprehensive in the direct observation of cases of Venezuelans living in vulnerable conditions, the information presented here should be considered indicative. Map 1. Assessed neighbourhoods km 0 1,5 3 Silvio Leite Pintolândia União Nova Cidade Centenário São Francisco Macro Area boundary Women FGDs Mixed gender FGDs Mixed and women FGDs Boa Vista city Forest 1

2 DEMOGRAPHICS AND INTENTIONS REACH identified Venezuelan populations living in all 7 Macroareas of Boa Vista, and FGD participants reported that the greatest concentration of Venezuelans were in the neighbourhoods of Pintolândia, Liberdade, Nova Canãa, Asa Branca,, Raiar do Sol, Pedra Pintada, 13 de Setembro, São Vicente and Buritis at the date of assessment (see Map 2, below). Among the main reported factors for relocating to these neighbourhoods were the presence of family members and personal acquaintances as well as easy access to healthcare, education services and markets. Other factors noted included affordable housing cost and security. Map 2. Neighbourhoods with greatest concentration of Venezuelans in Boa Vista km 0 1,5 3 Silvio Leite Nova Canaã Pintolândia Pintolândia União Nova Cidade Asa Branca Liberdade Buritis Centenário Raiar do Sol Pedra Pintada São Vicente 13 de Setembro São Francisco Macro Area boundary High concentration of Venezuelans Boa Vista city Forest 4. International Migration Organization (IOM), Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), available at: 5. Available at: download/file/venezuela%20-%20apresenta%c3%87%c3%83o%20dia%2016_10_2018%20-%20casa%20civil.pdf 6. Venezuelan asylum seekers must send a formal notification to the National Committee for Refugees (CONARE) if they leave Brazil in any occasion. As reported by the International Organisation for Migration s (IOM) most recent Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) report 4, the largest group of Venezuelans are men between the ages of 18 and 35. A significant proportion of migrants and asylum seekers residing in Boa Vista were reportedly living with family members, with the average household including 1 to 3 children. FGD participants noted that the number of Venezuelan children living in Boa Vista had increased from 3 months ago. Federal Police reported that approximately 54,100 Venezuelans had registered as asylum seekers between 2015 and October, FGD participants, however, clarified that many migrants preferred temporary residence status because of longer validity of registration (2 years, compared to required annual renewal from those with asylum seeker status), ease of return to Venezuela, 6 ease of opening a bank account, and the ability to obtain a Brazilian ID card that facilitates accessing basic services. The majority of migrants and asylum seekers reported that it is a common practice to sporadically send non-perishable food and medicines to relatives in Venezuela, mostly through personal acquaintances returning to the country for visits. FGD participants further reported that Venezuelans send money to their relatives, often using a complex process of transferring funds through third parties due to disruptions in the Venezuelan financial system. SHELTER FGD participants reported that the majority of Venezuelans in Boa Vista live in rented houses with one room and a bathroom shared with 2 or 3 families (7-10 people), with the exception of Pedra Pintada neighbourhood where Venezuelans predominantly live in free accommodation from host community members. FGD participants reported monthly rental prices varying between approximately 250 and 500 BRL. 7 Common specific issues related to shelter conditions were damage to walls and roofs, bad ventilation, exposed sewage and inadequate/poor electric installation. Accessing housing also reportedly posed challenges, particularly the lack of available rental housing stock, increasing cost of rent, and perceived discrimination and distrust of Venezuelans by Brazilian landlords. FGD participants reported that in some cases, owners required a recommendation from Brazilians, a signed work permit and 2-6 months of deposit in order to secure a rental property. Families with children reportedly faced greater rates of rejection. Coupled with the lack of access to sustainable livelihoods, some FGD participants noted an increase of Venezuelans reportedly moving out of rented houses and into shelters managed by humanitarian actors due to the difficulties making rent payments. Additionally, in the context of scarce housing availability and perceived discrimination by landlords, Venezuelans reportedly are being pushed to more distant neighbourhoods. Participants noted that although these neighbourhoods have relatively lower cost of living (including free access to water) they also often have poor access to healthcare, education and other basic services. 7. US$ 64,90 - US$ 130,00. 1,0 USD = 3.85 BRL, 28 November

3 ECONOMIC SECURITY The primary professional background reported by FGD participants was elementary occupations, followed by professionals with higher education or technical background. The main occupations of Venezuelans in Brazil reported were stonemasons, gardeners, cooks and painters, with daily salaries varying between BRL. Women were reportedly working as cleaners, manicurists, hairdressers, street vendors, waitresses, elder-care and childcare, with daily salaries varying between BRL. These labour activities were reported to be informal and irregular. FGD participants confirmed that most Venezuelans living in Boa Vista had been issued Brazilian work permits. 8 Participants reported that the main advantages of having a work permit are the ease of finding steady jobs, renting a house, and accessing bank services, including credit. Some of the main challenges to access livelihoods reported by FGD participants were perceived distrust by Brazilian host community members, the lack of employment opportunities in Boa Vista and the language barrier. Venezuelan women reported facing additional difficulties due to verbal and/or sexual harassment (including in job interviews) and lack of information about adequate childcare opportunities, especially public childcare services. In certain cases, women reported leaving children at home with inadequate supervision in order to access livelihoods. FGD respondents emphasised that Venezuelans face the ongoing risk of labour rights violations, particularly excessive hours of work, non-payment of salaries, a lack of safety equipment (boots, gloves and helmets), particularly for workers in the construction and agriculture sectors. FGD participants also noted knowledge of violence and harassment against Venezuelans working in the agricultural sector. ACCESS TO INFORMATION The majority of Venezuelans reported that their main channels of information are word of mouth and the internet. A significant trend amongst FGD participants was the use of social media, such as WhatsApp and Facebook groups via mobile internet. Participants noted greater challenges accessing information after the disablement of the previously free Wi-Fi in public squares. The main informational needs reported in FGDs were labour rights (mainly institutions and proceedings to report violations), access to basic services (i.e. the location of the nearest health units, enrolment vacancies in schools, access to higher education and validation of foreign educational credentials). ACCESS TO SERVICES Health Healthcare facilities were reportedly accessible to the majority of Venezuelan migrants and asylum seekers. It is considered to be of good quality, with free distribution of medicines, and home visits for treatment and vaccines. Venezuelans reported that some medical staff speak Spanish and provide good attendance. Several women FGD participants reported that women s health services such as family planning are available in Boa Vista. The participants who had accessed prenatal care services in Boa Vista considered it of good quality, with free medicine and vitamins, home based visits, good infrastructure and quality care from healthcare professionals. The most used family planning methods accessible were reported to be oral contraceptive, injections and condoms. Participants reported some cases of women using intrauterine devices (IUD), however they were most frequently acquired while still in Venezuela. Education The majority of Venezuelan school-age children reportedly had access to education facilities and were well integrated into the local system. Parents participating in FGDs reported that children received uniforms, books and meals at school. However, they also noted the existence of sporadic cases of bullying and discrimination of their children both by other students and education facility employees. The main difficulties that Venezuelans mentioned in accessing educational services were lack of enrolment vacancies in education facilities, lack of documentation, and large distance to schools. Participants affirmed that recreation spaces for children are available in Boa Vista, however some, such as Praça dos Buritis, have inadequate infrastructure, and others, located in Pedra Pintada and Asa Branca neighbourhoods, are potentially dangerous abandoned or vacant lots. In Laura Moreira, Primavera, Raiar do Sol and Liberdade neighbourhoods, participants reported a complete lack of recreation spaces for children. Humanitarian assistance Overall, FGD participants in Boa Vista reported receiving insufficient aid. The most common form of aid reportedly received by migrants and asylum seekers was non-perishable food assistance, particularly from religious institutions. Financial aid from the government-led Bolsa Família program was also reportedly available to some participants. The greatest reported challenges in accessing aid were lack of information, long queues at service centres. Regarding difficulties in Bolsa Familia programme Venezuelans reported the delay of 2 to 3 months to register as well as the requirement that all family members have documentation. A few cases of donations provided by local community members including clothes and household items were reported. Participants reported that food assistance through voucher cards and rental assistance were the most needed emergency aid. 8. Since December of 2017, around 14,311 migrants and asylum seekers requested a work permit. Available at: gov.br/noticias/cidadania-e-inclusao/2018/10/carteira-de-trabalho-e-entregue-a-mais-de-14-3-mil-venezuelanos 3

4 Transport Venezuelan FGD participants reported poor access to public transport due to a lack of financial resources and poor transportation network coverage in some regions of the city. Migrants and asylum seekers therefore reported preferring walking or cycling as primary means of transportation. Poor transportation was noted as a barrier to accessing sustainable livelihood opportunities and schools. PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE In all assessed areas of the city, Venezuelans reported having limited interaction with host community members. FGD respondents indicated that the most common locations for interaction were churches, workplaces and markets. Additionally, Venezuelan women noted interaction with host community women in health units and schools. In general, Venezuelans characterised their relationship with the host community as positive, highlighting kindness and cordiality. Despite overall positive interactions, FGD participants did report sporadic negative interactions such as aggressive behaviour in the street or physical assault. In addition, some FGD participants reported experiencing violence from police authorities, sometimes while being expelled from public spaces. Venezuelan women reported facing stigma and discrimination related to the impression that they were involved in prostitution and crime. They indicated frequent cases of verbal harassment by Brazilian men in public spaces and in workplaces. Participants of all women s FGDs indicated a desire for greater interaction with women from the host community, especially activities involving exchange of information about gastronomy and cosmetics custom. participants reported not accessing legal services for labour violations due to fear of retribution from employers and the perception that future employers would refuse to hire them. Women also reported a lack of awareness about their legal rights and recourse in cases of verbal or physical violence. Additionally, commercial sex workers mentioned the risk of contracting sexually transmitted disease and rape. Protection concern for children Child labour 9 was the main protection concern for children living in Boa Vista reported by FGD participants. A participatory mapping activity identified cases of child labour in the neighbourhoods of Senador Hélio Campos, Nova Cidade,, Pedra Pintada, Centro and Bela Vista neighbourhood. Most commonly, participants noted that children work as stonemasons, cleaners, gardeners, street vendors and beggars near local supermarkets. O FOOD SECURITY Regarding access to food, Venezuelan FGD participants reported the greatest food needs as milk (particularly for children), maize flour and black beans, which FGD participants noted are traditional components of the typical Venezuelan diet that are more difficult to locate in Brazil. Additionally, due to financial pressure migrants and asylum seekers reported limited access to fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs and meat. Participants reported that households engage in coping strategies such as resorting to less preferred or lower quality food products such as processed meats and sausages. FGD participants also noted difficulty storing perishable food products due to inadequate storage spaces leading households to buy products in small quantities leading to issues of supply. PROTECTION Previous assessments have noted that Venezuelan women face unique issues while displaced in Brazil. With the support of UNCHR, UNFPA and UNICEF, REACH conducted focus group discussions with Venezuelan women and expanded questions about children to assess some of these concerns. Among the most common reported issues were sexual and other harassment by men and a lack of adequate infrastructure for personal hygiene, particularly for menstruating women. Relatedly, FGD participants noted increasing rates of urinary tract infections and other hygiene-related illnesses. Other important obstacles indicated by FGD participants were the risks faced by women without proper legal documentation to bring children across the border. Participants noted that such women often cross through informal crossing points into Pacaraima, increasing the physical risk of robbery or violence to them and to their children. Regarding legal assistance, the majority of FGD About REACH REACH is a joint initiative of two international non-governmental organisations - ACTED and IMPACT Initiatives - and the UN Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT). REACH aims to strengthen evidence-based decision making by aid actors through efficient data collection, management and analysis before, during and after an emergency. By doing so, REACH contributes to ensuring that communities affected by emergencies receive the support they need. All REACH activities are conducted in support to, and within the framework of, inter-agency aid coordination mechanisms. For more information, please visit our website: You can contact us directly at: geneva@ reach-initiative.org and follow us on 9. Child labour is defined as labour that deprives children of their childhood, potential and dignity, and that is harmful to physical or mental development (ILO). 4

5 Z Map 3. Venezuelans living in vulnerable conditions 10 in Boa Vista Across Boa Vista, there are large numbers of Venezuelans currently living or sleeping in places like shop marquees, tents, makeshift shelters, unfinished buildings or heavily damaged structures. Around 867 people (214 women) were observed living in these conditions, of whom at least 151 were below the age of 18. The majority of people reported living in vulnerability up to 6 months or 1 year. Few groups reported receiving some kind of aid or donations. At the time of data collection (30 October), the largest concentrations were found around the main bus terminal on the intersection between São Francisco and Centenário macroareas. Said Salomão Pedra Pintada Vulnerable group Z Ô Area of reported child-labour Shelter Macro Area boundary Military area Forest Boa Vista city Laura Moreira Conjunto Ciudadão Murilo Teixeira Cidade Equatorial Senador Hélio Campos Doutor Aírton Rocha Cidade Satélite União Caranã Caranã Aeroporto Dos Piscicultura Estados 31 de Março Tancredo Santa Floresta São Francisco Neves Teresa Ô Doutor Z Silvio Floresta Primavera Caimbé Mecejana Leite Z Alvorada Liberdade Santa Tereza Ô Tancredo Centro Ô Z Neves Latife Salomão Buritis Z Asa Branca Ô Nova Canaã Ô Nova Canaã Pricumã Santa Pintolândia Cambará São Vicente Luzia Calungá Pintolândia Ô Ô São Vicente Olímpico Doutor Jóquei Clube Cinturão Verde Z Sílvio Ô Rondon 1 Z Botelho Rondon 2 Ô Ô Centenário Rondon 3 13 de Tropical Setembro Operário Nova Cidade Professora Araceli Souto Maior Bela Vista Raiar do Sol São Bento Monte das Oliverias Distrito Industrial Governador Aquilino Mota Duarte Marechal Rondon Paraviana Nossa Senhora Aparecida Canarinho São Pedro Caçari Cinco de Outubro These populations typically do not have access to electricity, water or sanitation facilities. Without accessing adequate WASH infrastructure, vulnerable groups use bathrooms when permitted to use facilities by gas station, bus terminals, houses of other Venezuelans as well as the rivers of the city. Although they reportedly have access to health services, the majority of children living in these conditions are not enrolled in schools. Many people reported interest in moving to a managed shelter. Those who expressed unwillingness to do so, reported the perception that they will have less privacy and security Km in the shelters This includes public spaces, tents, open air, makeshift shelters, unfinished or heavily damaged buildings with limited access to basic services. The cases were selected according to previously defined criteria related to the presence of specific groups in the cases, such as a) children and minors; b) pregnant or breastfeeding women; c) person with physical or mental disabilities; d) elderly; and e) indigenous.

6 Macroarea profile: macroarea, located in the north of Boa Vista city, has a high concentration of Venezuelan residents reportedly due to livelihood opportunities. In particular, this is due to the presence of many commercial streets, such as Ataíde Teive, Princesa Isabel and Mário Homem de Mello avenues, where street vendors carry out their activities. Vulnerable group Shelter Public health services (UBS) Roraima general hospital Macro Area Informal neighbourhood Military area Families living in a heavily damaged structure. Type of housing: Abandoned house Family group/size: 33 (6 children, 1 elderly, 2 pregnant women, 1 breastfeeding woman) People with disabilities: 1 (mental disability) Caranã Couple living without access to WASH infrastructure, one with lung cancer. Type of housing: Abandoned caravan Family group/size: 2 Access to water: No Caranã Monte das Oliverias Floresta Floresta Liberdade Said Salomão Pedra Pintada Aeroporto Macro Area Family living in unstable and incomplete structure. Type of housing: Open air, tents Family group/size: 15 (5 children, 1 breastfeeding woman) m

7 Macroarea profile: São Francisco São Francisco macro area, located along the Branco River in the northeast of the city, often serves as a transit location for newly arrived Venezuelans as it contains the main administrative and commercial centre of Boa Vista, as well as the main bus terminal. There are large numbers of Venezuelans in central neighbourhoods, including many living on the streets primarily in 13 de Setembro and Sao Vicente neighbourhoods, though there are fewer Venezuelans living in Paraviana, Caçari and Cinco de Outubro. The availability of livelihood opportunities was reported as one of the main reasons for Venezuelans to choose to live in São Francisco macro area. Shelter Vulnerable group Area of reported child-labour Area of vulnerable group Public health services (UBS) Roraima general hospital São Francisco Macro Area Area of low presence of Venezuelans Military area Large groups of people living around São Vicente shelter and bus station. Type of housing: Open air, tents Family group/size: 226 (32 children, 10 elderly, 31 indigenous people, 2 pregnant, 2 breastfeeding women) People with disabilities: 2 Access to water: No Dos Estados Mecejana Latife Salomão São Vicente São Francisco São Vicente 13 de Setembro Centro 31 de Março Calungã Paraviana Nossa Senhora Aparecida Canarinho São Pedro Caçari Cinco de Outubro Venezuelans sleeping in bus station. Type of housing: Open air, tents Family group/size: 389 (74 children, 30 elderly, 7 indigenous people, 9 pregnant, 13 breastfeeding women) People with disabilities: 6 Access to water: No São Francisco Macro Area People living around a park. Type of housing: Open air Family group/size: 7 (1 child) Group of people sleeping in a square. Type of housing: Tents, open air Family group/size: 7 m

8 Macroarea profile: Centenário Centenario macro area hosts a relatively large number of Venezuelans, primarily living in rented houses though there are cases of shelterless or vulnerable groups across the macro area. The primary reasons for Venezuelans to choose to settle here are the presence of family members or friends, as well as the relatively lower cost of housing, with rental prices varying between 250 and 500 BRL per month. There are particularly large numbers of migrants and asylum seekers from Venezuela living in Buritis, Pricuma, Asa Branca and Centenário neighbourhoods, which are attractive due to the presence of services and commercial activity, notably along the Ataíde Teive avenue. Vulnerable group Area of reported child-labour Area of vulnerable group Public health services (UBS) Centenário Macro Area Families living in a damaged structure with few access to healthcare service. Type of housing: Open air Family group/size: 27 (5 children, 2 pregnant women, 1 breastfeeding woman) People with disabilities: 1 Asa Branca Jóquei Clube Prof. Aracelis Souto Maior Buritis São Bento Cinturão Verde Centenário Pricumã Shelterless people sleeping/living near the Rodoviária Internacional de Boa Vista (see map of São Francisco). Group of people sleeping under a shop marquee. Type of housing: Open air Family group/size: 14 (2 children, 2 elderly, 1 breastfeeding woman) Group sleeping in a gas station, including children with no access to school. Type of housing: Open air Family group/size: 30 (5 children, 1 pregnant woman) People with disabilities: 1 Centenário Macro Area Access to water: No m

9 Macroarea profile: Nova Cidade Nova Cidade macro area is located approximately 10km from the center of Boa Vista, and there is a lower concentration of Venezuelans in the area. The main reasons reportedly pushing Venezuelans to reside in this area are the presence of family members and personal acquaintances, the relatively lower cost of housing and services, as well as the proximity to workplaces. Rental rooms, the predominant housing option in the area, reportedly cost less than 500 BRL per month, in houses shared by 6 to 10 people. Spaces offered by host community members were reported in Raiar do Sol and Nova Cidade neighbourhood. Nova Cidade Macro Area Raiar do Sol Vulnerable group Public school Public health services (UBS) Nova Cidade Macro Area Doutor Aírton Rocha Operário Bela Vista Nova Cidade Dist. Ind. Gov. Aquilino Mota Duarte Shelterless group of intransit people who intend to move to Manaus sleeping in a square next to the road Meters 9

10 Macroarea profile: União União macro area is characterized by a large presence of Venezuelans, particularly in Tancredo Neves, Caimbé, União and Cidade Satelite neighbourhoods. Shelterless populations were reported in the avenues Mario Homem de Melo, Dos Imigrantes, São Sebastião and Mané Garrincha Square. As União contains the intermunicipal bus terminal and departure point for many taxis to Pacaraima (border town with Venezuela), it is often a first stop for Venezuelans moving to Boa Vista. Many choose to remain due to the presence of family members, as well as access to rental housing at a relatively low cost. However, access to job opportunities is limited: few Venezuelans reported having worked in the past 30 days, with an average of 5-15 days worked per month. Cidade Satélite União Families sleeping under a shop marquee. Type of housing: Open air, tents Family group/size: 11 (1 child) People with disabilities: 1 (physical) União Macro Area Groups of shelterless people sleeping in Mané Garrincha square. Type of housing: Open air, tents Family group/size: 30 (1 child) People with disabilities: 1 (physical) Shelter Vulnerable group Area of reported child-labour Area of vulnerable group Public health services (UBS) União Macro Area Shelterless groups living without WASH infrastructure and little access to healthcare. Type of housing: Tents, open air Family group/size: 16 (1 child, 1 pregnant woman) Access to water: No Piscicultura Santa Teresa Primavera Tancredo Neves Santa Tereza Caimbé Tancredo Neves Shelterless people sleeping under marquees of buildings along Mário Homem de Mello avenue. Type of housing: Open air, tents Family group/size: 30 (7 children, 1 pregnant and 1 breastfeeding woman) People with disabilities: 1 (physical) River or Lake m

11 Macroarea profile: Silvio Leite Silvio Leite macroarea, situated in the western region of Boa Vista city is reportedly characterized by low purchasing power. It hosts a relatively low number of Venezuelans compared to elsewhere in the city. Access to job opportunities is particularly limited in comparison to elsewhere, varying between 5 to 10 days worked per month. In this macroarea there were no cases of people living in vulnerable conditions observed. Laura Moreira Murilo Teixeira Cidade Equatorial Alvorada Santa Luzia Dr. Silvio Leite Silvio Leite Macro Area Public school Public health services (UBS) Silvio Leite Macro Area m 11

12 Macroarea profile: Pintolândia Pintolândia macro area is one of the most densely populated areas of Boa Vista city, offering relatively lower cost housing, access to a second commercial centre (slightly smaller than the main centre in São Francisco macro area), as well as access to education and health services. The neighbourhoods with the highest concentration of Venezuelans are Dr. Silvio Botelho, Cambará, Pintolândia and Senador Hélio Campos. Many Venezuelans living in this area reported having been refused rental housing in other areas of the city due to a perceived discrimination. Vulnerable group Area of reported child-labour Shelter Public health services (UBS) Roraima general hospital Pintolândia Macro Area Senador Hélio Campos Nova Canaã Pintolândia Nova Canaã Pintolândia Cambará Olímpico Doutor Sílvio Botelho Tropical Pintolândia Macro Area Group of people sleeping under a shop marquee Type of housing: Open air Family group/size: 31 (11 children, 2 pregnant and 2 breastfeeding women) m