National Transformation

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1 Slide 1 National Transformation Unit 4 Chapters 9-11

2 Slide 2 The Market Revolution -In the early 1800s, the Jeffersonian dream of a nation of independent farmers remained strong in rural areas. As the century progressed however an increasing percentage of the American people were swept up in dynamic economic changes. -This profound economic transformation became known as the Market Revolution. -The Market Revolution refers to the dramatic transformation of the economy between 1820 and The Market Revolution resulted from the combined impact of the development of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads, and the mechanization of industry which increased the output of factories and farms.

3 Slide 3 A. The Transportation Revolution Roads First Turnpike Lancaster, PA -Pennsylvania s Lancaster Turnpike, built in the 1790s connected Philadelphia with the farmlands around Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid 1830s connected most of the country s major cities.

4 Slide 4 A. The Transportation Revolution The Cumberland or National Road Despite the need for interstate roads, states righters blocked the spending of federal funds on internal improvements. Construction of highways that crossed state lines was therefore unusual. One notable exception was the National or Cumberland Rd, a paved highway and major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was begun in 1811 and completed in the 1850s using both federal and state money.

5 Slide 5 A. The Transportation Revolution Canals The Erie Canal System -The completion of the Erie Canal in NY in 1825 linked the economies of western farms and eastern cities. The success of this canal system in stimulating economic growth touched off a frenzy of canal-building in other states. -In little more than a decade, canals joined together all of the major lakes and rivers east of the Mississippi. -Improved transportation meant lower food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in the West, and stronger economic ties between two sections.

6 Slide 6 Mechanical Inventions Steamboats The Clermont Robert Fulton -the age of mechanized, steam-powered travel began in 1807 with the successful voyage up the Hudson River of the Clermont, a steamboat by Robert Fulton. Commercially operated steamboat lines soon made round-trip shipping on the nation s great rivers both faster and cheaper.

7 Slide 7 A. The Transportation Revolution Railroads -The first US railroad lines were built in the 1820s. -The early railroads were hampered by safety problems but by the late 1830s they were competing directly with canals as the method for carrying passengers and freight. Together with steamboats and canals, the railroad transformed western towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago into booming commercial centers.

8 Slide 8 B. The Growth of Industry Mechanical Inventions patents were approved ,357 patents were approved -At the start of the 19th century, a manufacturing economy had barely begun in the US. By midcentury however US manufacturing surpassed agriculture in value and by century s end it was the world s leader. This rapid growth was the result of a unique combination of factors including -Mechanical inventions: Protected by patent laws, inventors looked forward to handsome rewards if their ideas for new tools or machines proved practical.

9 Slide 9 The Growth of Industry Factory System Samuel Slater -He worked in a British textile mill. After memorizing the plans for the machinery, he came to the United States. -Helped to establish the first US textile mill in 1791 in RI. -He becomes known as the Father of the Factory System. -In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country s leading manufacturing center due to the region s abundant waterpower for driving the new machinery and good seaports for shipping goods.

10 Slide 10 Eli Whitney: the Cotton Gin And Interchangeable Parts -Eli Whitney is probably the most famous inventor. -He did invent the cotton gin in 1793 but more importantly he popularized a system for making rifles out of interchangeable parts during the War of Interchangeable parts then became the basis for mass production methods in the new northern factories.

11 Slide 11 Mechanical Inventions Elias Howe -The sewing machine invented by Elias Howe in 1846 and perfected by Isaac Singer, gave a strong boost to northern industrialization. The sewing machine became the foundation of the ready-made clothing industry.

12 Slide 12 The Growth of Industry Corporations for Raising Capital -In 1811, NY passed a law that made it easier for a business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Other states soon imitated NY s example. Owners of a corporation risked only the amount of money that they invested in a venture. Changes in state corporation laws facilitated the raising of the large sums of capital necessary for building factories, canals, and railroads. -NY increasingly becomes the financial and banking center of the nation.

13 Slide 13 The Growth of Industry The Waltham-Lowell System -At first, finding workers for the mills and factories was a major problem because factories had to compete with the lure of cheap land in the West. -Textile mills in Lowell, MA recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories. These farm girls and young women who came to work at the textile factory were provided with educational and cultural opportunities. Lowell believed that by providing safety in the workplace, comfortable living conditions, and a socially positive living and working environment he could ensure a steady supply of labor. In the 1830s the Lowell System was widely imitated. -Many factories also made use of child labor. -Lowell system will disappear by 1850s when immigrant labor will replace.

14 Slide 14 Effects on the Northeast Immigration -From the 1830s through the 1850s, nearly 4 million people from northern and westerneurope crossed the Atlantic to seek a new life in the US. -Why? 1. The development of inexpensive and relatively rapid ocean transportation. -2. Famines and revolutions in Europe that drove people from their homelands. -3. The growing reputation of the US as a country offering economic opportunities and political freedom

15 Slide 15 The Irish Immigration -Half of all the immigrants came from Ireland. They were mostly tenant farmers driven from Ireland by potato crop failures and a devastating famine. -They faced strong discrimination because of their Roman Catholic religion. -Faced with limited opportunities, they congregated for mutual support in the northern cities such as Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. -They joined the Democratic (formerly the Democratic-Republicans) party which had long traditions of anti-british feelings and support for the common people and workers.

16 Slide 16 Immigration The Germans -Both economic hardships and the failure of political revolutions in 1848 caused many Germans to come to the US. -Typically these immigrants were more educated and had more skills than their Irish counterparts. Many could afford to move westward in search of land. -They settled in the Old Northwest (the Midwest) and generally prospered. -They will not become as politically powerful as the Irish as they will be more widely scattered. -They will be supporters of public education and will staunch opponents of slavery.

17 Slide 17 Immigration Nativism American or Know-Nothing Party -Nativists will resent the arrival of these immigrants. Nativism is anti-foreign sentiments. -Nativists worried that that immigrants would take away jobs, subvert the culture of the white majority, and would damage the US political system. Many nativists were Protestant who distrusted the Roman Catholicism practiced by the Irish. -In the 1840s, opposition to immigrants led to sporadic rioting in the big cities and the organization of a secret anti-foreign society, the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner. -This society turned to politics in the early 1850s nominating candidates for office as the American party, or Know-Nothing party.

18 Slide 18 Effects on the Northeast -The northeast will be most directly affected by the Industrial Revolution. The textile industry and the first factories were centered here. -Originally the Industrial Revolution centered in the textile industry but by the 1830s, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods -There was increased prosperity. Wages for workers increased about 1% a year between Everyone had greater access to products and services. There were greater economic opportunities. -But not everyone benefitted equally there will be a growing divide between the rich and poor.

19 Slide 19 Effects on the Northeast Workingmen s Party Robert Owens & others Early labor unions & and worker oriented parties were local, social, & weak. -Industrial development meant that large numbers of people were now dependent on factory owners. Common problems were low pay, long hours, and unsafe working conditions. -This led to the development of labor unions and the first labor-oriented U.S. political party The Workingmen s Party. It was formed in Philadelphia (1828) and New York (1829). -Leaders included Thomas Skidmore, Fanny Wright, Robert Dale Owen, and George H. Evans, - Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-civil War period.

20 Slide 20 Effects on the Northeast Urbanization The North s urban population grew approximately 5% of the population in 1800 to 15% by The rapid growth in cities will lead to an expansion in crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. -Nevertheless the new opportunities offered by the Industrial Revolution continued to attract native-born Americans from the farms and immigrants from Europe.

21 Slide 21 Mechanical Inventions & Farming Cyrus McCormick John Deere Steel Plow Mechanical Reaper -Mechanical inventions will also impact agriculture in the Midwest and in the South. -The steel plow made the job of breaking up the soil easier. -Using a hand-operated sickle, a farmer could harvest half an acre of wheat a day; with a McCormick reaper two people could work twelve acres a day. -As a result farming becomes more of a commercial enterprise and less of a means of providing subsistence for the family.

22 Slide 22 Effects on the Old Midwest Commercial Agriculture -In the early 1800s much of the old northwest was unsettled. By mid-century this region became closely tied to the other northern states by two factors: military campaigns by federal troops that drove Native Americans from the land and the building of canals and railroads that established common markets between the Great Lakes and the East Coast. -Large grain crops of corn and wheat became very profitable. Newly invented steel plows and mechanical reapers, a farm family was more efficient and could plant many more acres. -Debt increased among farmers as they took out loans to purchase more land or purchase these new inventions. -This made farmers susceptible to the panics of 1819 and 1837 when credit was tightened. -Farmers would also be affected by outside market forces. Events in Europe or in the East would affect the demand for the Midwest s agricultural goods.

23 Slide 23 Effects on the South King Cotton -Agriculture was the foundation of the South s economy both before and after the Market Revolution. Tobacco, rice, sugarcane were important case crops but cotton will become the South s chief economic activity as a result of the development of the cotton gin. By the 1850s cotton provided 2/3 of all US exports and tied the South s economy to its best customer, Britain.

24 Slide 24 Effects on the South It s peculiar institution Denmark Vesey (1822) Nat Turner (1831) -the cotton boom was largely responsible for a fourfold increase in the number of slaves from 1 million in 1800 to nearly 4 million in By 1860 the value of a field slave had risen to almost $2000. One result of the heavy capital investment in slaves was that the South had much less capital than the north to undertake industrialization. -most slaves worked in the fields but many became experts in a variety of skilled crafts while others worked as house servants, in factories, and on construction gangs. -conditions of slavery varied from one plantation to the next. Despite the hard, nearly hopeless circumstances of their lives, African Americans managed to maintain a strong sense of family and of religious faith. -slaves contested their status through a range of actions including work slowdowns, sabotage, escape, and revolt. There were a few major slave uprisings. -one was led by Denmark Vesey in 1822 and another by Nat Turner in Denmark Vesey was born in West Africa. As a youth, he was captured, sold as a slave, and brought to America. -In 1800 Vesey won a $1,500 lottery prize, with which he purchased his freedom and opened a carpentry shop. He acquired property and became prosperous. -Believing in equality for everyone and vowing never to rest until his people were free, he began organizing the black community in and around Charleston to revolt. The conspiracy included over 9,000 slaves and "free" blacks in Charleston and on the neighboring plantations. -The revolt, which was scheduled to occur on July 14, 1822, was betrayed before it could be put into effect. As rumors of the plot spread, Charleston was thrown into a panic. Leaders of the plot were rounded up. Vesey and 46 other were condemned, and even four whites were implicated in the revolt. On June 23 Vesey was hanged on the gallows for plotting to overthrow slavery. -Taught to read by his master's son, Nat Turner, born into slavery, developed deep religious beliefs and gradually began to believe that God had chosen him to lead his people out of slavery. -Early in the morning of August 22, 1831, a band of eight Black slaves, led by Turner, entered the Travis house (Turner s owner) in Southampton County, Virginia and killed five members of the Travis family. Over a thirty-six hour period, this band of slaves grew to sixty or seventy in number and slew fifty-eight White persons in and around Jerusalem, Virginia (seventy miles east of Richmond) before the local

25 community could act to stop them. This rebellion raised southern fears of a general slave uprising and had a profound influence on the attitude of Southerners towards slavery especially in areas where whites were a minority. In some parts of the deep south, slaves made up as much as 75 percent of the total population. -In total, Virginia executed 55 people, banished many more, and acquitted a few. The state reimbursed the slaveholders for their slaves. But in the hysterical climate that followed the rebellion, close to 200 black people, many of whom had nothing to do with the rebellion, were murdered by white mobs. In addition, slaves as far away as North Carolina were accused of having a connection with the insurrection, and were subsequently tried and executed. The state legislature of Virginia considered abolishing slavery, but in a close vote decided to retain slavery and to support a repressive policy against black people, slave and free.

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