MODULE 4: SOCIAL ASPECTS OF POVERTY AND THEORIES OF JUSTICE-I. Social Aspects of Poverty
|
|
- Rosalyn Watkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MODULE 4: SOCIAL ASPECTS OF POVERTY AND THEORIES OF JUSTICE-I Social Aspects of Poverty Module details Name Affiliation Subject Name Paper Name Principal Investigators Social Work Education Rural Development Prof S Parasuraman and Prof Manish Jha Tata Institute of Social Sciences Paper Coordinator Prof Bipin Jojo Tata Institute of Social Sciences Module Writer Prof Bipin Jojo and Dr Devan Kumar Kuda Tata Institute of Social Sciences Content reviewer Prof H Beck Tata Institute of Social Sciences Language editor Mr Venkatnarayanan Ganapathi Freelancer, Pune Module number and title Keywords Summary Module-4: Social Aspects of Poverty Poverty, Inequality, Unemployment, Development The module attempts to presents social aspects of poverty starting from regional dimension of poverty, caste dimension of poverty and gender dimension of poverty. Further, the module presented causes of poverty in India with special mention of inequality, unemployment and poor performances in various sectors such as agriculture and industry. Further, the module covers price rise and Inflation as one major cause of poverty and government efforts for eradication of poverty through developmental initiatives. 1
2 MODULE 4: SOCIAL ASPECTS OF POVERTY AND THEORIES OF JUSTICE - I Social Aspects of Poverty Objectives of the Module The module attempts to presents social aspects of poverty starting from regional dimension of poverty, caste dimension of poverty and gender dimension of poverty. Further, the module attempted to presents causes of poverty in India, where the major causes like inequality, unemployment and poor performances in various sectors specially the agriculture and industry was elaborately discussed. Further, the module focuses on the price rise and inflation issues and poverty. At the end in this module government effort for eradication of poverty through developmental initiatives was briefly discussed to better appreciate the causes and its remedial measure of the poverty in India. Regional Dimension of Poverty in India In India poverty and deprivation is not uniformly distributed across the States and Union Territories of the country rather poverty is concentrated certain States like Odisha, Bihar, UP, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Rangarajan committee in 2014 estimation poverty rate for year accounts 29.5 % in India, while few states like Goa, Puduchery and Andaman Island the poverty ratio is accounts in single digits ranging between 6 % to 7 % positioned at the top of the poverty ladder. On the other hand some States, the poverty is ratio is close to half of the state population accounts % at the bottom in the poverty ladder from below Odisha stand at the bottom accounts 45.9 % while Madhya Pradesh stand 2 nd bottom estimates 44.3 %, Jharkhand at 3 rd bottom counts 42.4 % and Bihar at fourth with estimation of 41.3 % (Rangarajan Committee, 2014). If we go back to decade ago, national level poverty ratio for year stands at 27.5 percent. The states and UTs with poverty ratio of above the national average are Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and also the the newly created states of Uttaranchal, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Of these, Orissa has the highest HCR of 46.4 percent. If we consider rural areas, eight states, namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal are below the national average of
3 percent. Of these, Orissa is again the poorest with Jharkhand being a close second position from below. Finally, with regard to urban poverty rates, apart from Karnataka, all other states which were below the overall national average of HCR which accounts 27.5 percent. Here too, Orissa is the state with the highest rate of urban poverty. This is the regional phase of poverty. Caste Dimension of Poverty Historically caste phase of poverty was patently unchanging and it manifests where bulk of the people accounting 88 % of the poor and vulnerable groups were SCs and STs and these poor are largely live in rural areas (NCEUS 2007). The Xaxa committee (2014) shows around 42 % of tribal people are poor in India. Incidentally these disadvantage and deprived social groups are Tribal communities live in rural parts of hilly terrain in Central and Eastern India in the fifth Scheduled Area around 106 districts among nine States in India largely infested with Left Wing Extremis (LWE) activities and North-Eastern India infested with conflicts and insurgencies (Raghuram Rajan Committee 2013 and Planning Commission 2008). Therefore, poverty reduction initiatives stemmed from institutional intervention that has been attributed to the policy of noninterference and protection of tribal lands which have prevented tribals from being alienated from their major source of livelihood, i.e., their landholdings. It is not only the tribes were victims of the land alienation, but it is estimated that two-thirds of the bonded workers who are chronically poor and subject to inter-generational transmission of poverty are identified in India as SCs and STs in both of the rural and urban areas. The incidence of poverty is the highest for STs, followed by SCs, and then by the other category. Specifically, in rural areas the HCR for STs is more than double of the others category (48.02 compared to 23.23), and even significantly higher than that of the SCs (38.38). Gender Dimension of Poverty The incidence of poverty among females has been marginally higher than that of male counter parts both in rural and urban areas. As of , in rural areas, the percentage of female persons living in poor households was 27 compared to 26 percent for males, while in urban areas the corresponding percentages for females and males were 25 and 23. Females accounted for slightly less than half (49 percent) of the poor both in rural and urban areas. According to the 3
4 Human Development Report 1.3 billion people worldwide live in poverty, among them 70 percent are women population. Poverty in India, has a gender dimension is evident from gender inequalities that exist in the sex ratio, child infanticide, literacy rates, health` and nutrition, access to productive resources, etc. Social and Political Aspects of Poverty Poverty is not caused by any single reason. It is the outcome of the interaction of range of factors social, cultural, economic, political and geographical and host of other factors. It is unequivocally agreed consensus that the poverty in India is the outcome of social factors. It starts from age old prevailing caste system, belief system, joint family system, gender differences, law of inheritance which were elaborately discussed in the earlier modules. Besides these social aspects of poverty lack of initiative on entrepreneurial activities, poor access to social sector amenities like education, health, medical facilities, illiteracy seen as root cause of poverty. General process of development largely bypassed to substantial proportion of people, especially the disadvantage section of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribal social groups. Besides, the economic and social factor, political factors inherently stands one of the major of cause o poverty. Even after India s Independence from Colonial regimes the exploitation was not completely free, it is still prevalent in the governance and administration system. The political set up is not seems efficient to solve the grinding of cause of poverty even 70 years after independence. However, attempts were made to eradicate poverty under the Plan era of development. The Fifth Five Year Plan raised the slogan Garibi Hatao but still the poverty alleviation is enigmatic to Indian policy makers. Thus the poverty in India is happened due to various reasons. Regional disparities, lack of investment, lack of proper implementation of public policies, lack of vocational training and education, migration of rural to urban etc. have also causes of poverty in India. Underdevelopment cause of poverty Besides among the major causes of poverty, underdevelopment is considered to be prominent cause, which glaringly observed among the underdevelopment countries. Due to underdevelopment a large proportion of the people deprive to meet the basic necessities of life. Because of low national income and per capita income of the country people s aggregate 4
5 consumption and investment remains low, as results the standard of living of the people is goes so low. Planning initiatives of government of India in the early years after Independence the promoted steady growth rates in Indian economy, which is often referred as Hindu rates of Growth. The term Hindu rate of growth was coined by Indian economist Rajkrishna, in 1978 to characterize the prolonged low growth rate at 3.5% under the backdrop of socialist economy. It could not check the problem of poverty and reduce inequality. Even though economy railed in a high growth path in the mid of 2000 onwards, but the benefits are not trickle down to the poor sections of the society. Still the gap between rich and poor is increasing. Even though the growth rate of population is coming down still the size of it is very large and it stands one of the major cause of poverty. Inequality Further, inequality stands major cause of poverty in India, especially income inequality and wealth. Even the New Economic Policies initiatives in the last decades of 20 th century in 1991 was paradigm shift of economic reforms on the line of Washington Consensus to reduce the depth of inequality in India. But instead of reducing the inequality the economic reforms widened the inequality among the people. Indeed the inequality has many faces, it defined as the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities. The concept of inequality is very much at the heart of social justice theories. The analysis of inequality invites confusion in public debate as it tends to mean different things to different people. Some distinctions are common though. Many authors distinguish economic inequality, mostly meaning income inequality, monetary inequality or, more broadly, inequality in living conditions. Others further distinguish a rights-based, legalistic approach to inequality inequality of rights and associated obligations (e.g. when people are not equal before the law, or when people have unequal political power). Yet, the inequality chiefly concerned with the inequality of outcomes in the material dimensions of wellbeing and that may be the result of circumstances beyond one s control (ethnicity, family background, gender, and so on) as well as talent and effort. This view takes an ex-post or achievement-oriented perspective. The second view is concerned with the inequality of 5
6 opportunities, that is, it focuses only in the circumstances beyond one s control, that affect one s potential outcomes. Inequality of Income/Material Possession Inequality of outcomes occurs when individuals do not possess the same level of material wealth or overall living economic conditions. Development theory has largely been concerned with inequalities in standards of living, such as inequalities in income/wealth, education, health, and nutrition. However, the lens through which economists gauge progress in these fronts has typically been income or consumption. Historically, development theory was concerned with income inequalities, in so much as it affected or was affected by the economic growth of the average income of the nation. The most common measure of income inequality is the Gini coefficient or index (G), named after the Italian statistician Corrado Gini (1912). Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient has a value between 0 and 1, with 0 being perfect equality (all have the same income) and 1 being perfect inequality (all income earned by one person). In most 6
7 countries, it ranges between 0.3 and 0.7. The Gini coefficient can thus be intuitively interpreted as the share of the total income (GDP) that has to be redistributed to hypothetically obtain perfect income equality. For example, a country with a relatively high inequality and G = 0.6 must take an equivalent of 60 % of its GDP from the rich and give to the poor to reaming 40 % of GDP. Another commonly used measure of inequality is the Kuznets ratio. This gives the ratio between the average income of the richest and the average income of the poorest typically undertaken by focusing on the averages of the top and bottom quintiles, i.e., the richest 20 % and the poorest 20 %. This has a clear intuitive meaning: how many times richer are the rich compared with the poor? The Kuznets ratio typically varies from about five (5) for egalitarian European countries to more than thirteen (30) in some Latin American countries. Although popular, this measure is from a scientific viewpoint less satisfactory as compared to the Gini coefficient, because income changes in the middle range are ignored (e.g. a transfer of income within the 60 % in the middle would not affect the Kuznets ratio, but would change the Gini index) Slowly, studies began showing that growth had inconclusive effects on inequality, but income inequality was detrimental for economic growth. Further, as income inequality rose in many countries, a distributional bias in the growth process was made evident. Startling levels of poverty in the late 1990s pushed the income inequality debate to refocus on poverty reduction. Pro-poor growth approaches made their debut and growth and equity (through income redistribution) were seen as separate policy instruments, each capable of addressing poverty. The central concern was in raising the incomes of poor households. By the early 2000s, it was clear that growth and inequality were not separable, and the previous decade s focus on extreme poverty was seen as falling short (indeed, there was progress in extreme poverty, but income inequalities were rising in many developing countries). Inclusive growth approaches emerged, advocating broadly-shared well-being and the extension of disproportionate benefits of growth to a wider share of the population (UNDP, 2013). Inequality of opportunity In the late 1970s, Amartya Sen s capability framework brought a new way of thinking on inequality emphasizing on human well-being, its measurement, and inter-personal comparisons. However, Amartya Sen s capability approach of poverty has been a greatest departure in the 7
8 intellectual platform of academic and public policy circle. It has huge influence in the international and national levels for poverty eradication and pursuing development agenda. It is a paradigm shift in the meaning of development and alternative from economic growth and GDP (UNDP, 1997). Sen proposed that well-being should be defined and measured in terms of the beings and doings which are valued by people (functionings) (Alkire et al., 2015) and the freedom to choose and to act (capabilities). In other words, he used two key terms to express his idea of capability functionings and capabilities. Former functionings indicates to what a person actually manages to do or be; the later the capabilities range from basic needs like nourishment to more sophisticated ones as participation in public with community and the achievement of self-respect. The capabilities can be range of choices that are left to the person only for choosing not specified by Sen rather Sabina Alkire (2002) claims that Sen deliberately not specified any capabilities and left to the people for choosing the capabilities with their own freedom and act what they values and reasoned to value. This approach emphasizes the freedom to choose one type of life rather than another. In this framework, equalizing income should not be the goal, because not all people convert income into well-being and freedom in the same way. What is more, this relationship seems highly dependent on contingent circumstances, both personal and social (Sen, 1999) that include the individual s age, gender, family background and disability. It also depends on climatic conditions, societal conditions (health care, education systems, prevalence of crime, community relationships), customs and convention, among other factors. Hence, what should be equalized is not means of living, but the actual opportunities of living that give people the freedom to pursue a life of their own choosing. Equality of opportunity exists when life outcomes depend only on factors for which persons can be considered responsible, and not on disadvantageous attributes outside of their control. It argues that gender, ethnicity, family background, etc. should not determine outcomes. In practical terms, it exists when individuals are compensated in some way for their disadvantageous circumstances. Equality of outcome describes a state in which people have similar economic conditions. While inequality in terms of opportunity is defined on an ex-ante basis and is concerned with ensuring a common starting place, inequality of outcomes is concerned with the finish line and depends on both circumstances beyond one s control as well as talent and effort. 8
9 Unemployment Unemployment is another major developmental issue and cause of poverty in Indian economy. Although this problem had existed in the past; it has become more acute after the independence. The backwardness and increasing population are mainly responsible for this problem. The socioeconomic consequences of unemployment are very dangerous. It has economic consequences for the individual as well as the society. Unemployment means idleness of man power. It is the state in which labour possesses necessary ability and health to perform a job, but does not get job opportunities. In other words unemployment is the situation in which individuals are available for work, but are not able to find a work. In order to explain the concept of unemployment it is better to distinguish between the concepts like labour force and work force. The labour force refers to the number of persons who are employed plus the number who are willing to be employed. In India the labour force excludes children below the age 15 and old people above the age 60 and mentally or physically handicapped. The work force includes those who are actually employed in economic activity. If we deduct work force from labour force we get the number of unemployment. The unemployment rate means the number of persons unemployed per 1000 persons in the labour force. In India, the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) measures the unemployment on the basis of its quinquennial surveys and it has three different concepts. They are Usual Status Unemployment, Current Weekly Status unemployment and Current Daily Status unemployment. a) Usual Status Unemployment (US): Here the reference period is 365 days. The usual status gives an idea about long- term employment (or chronic and open employment) during the reference year. A person is considered unemployed on Usual Status basis, if he/she was not working, but was willing to work for the major part of the reference year (more than 183 days) but did not get work for even 183 days. b) Current Weekly Status Unemployment (CWS) Here the reference period is one week.a person is considered unemployed by Current Weekly Status, if he/she had not worked even for one hour during the week, but was seeking or was available for work. The estimates are made in terms of the average number of persons unemployed per week. The 9
10 Current Weekly Status approach gives an idea about temporary unemployment (or chronic plus temporary unemployment) during the reference week. c) Current Daily Status Unemployment (CDS) Here the reference period is each of the 7 days, preceding the date of survey in each of these days. It records the activity status of a person for each day of the 7 days preceding the survey i.e. persons who did not find work on a day or some days during the survey week. Poor performance of Agriculture and Industrial Sector Agriculture sector still lagging behind and depends on traditional and primitive techniques. Indian agriculture is largely depends on monsoon, lack irrigation facilities. Large chunk of people in India have smallholding and scattered holdings, lack of inputs, exploitative land tenure system, competition from foreign markets, lack of storage and marketing facilities etc. are responsive to the poor performance of agriculture sector even after the Green Revolution. Not only the agriculture is lagging behind but the industrial sector India is performing poorly. In spite of tremendous improvement modern industries and development is yet to make substantial impact. Lack of dynamic entrepreneurs, lack of competitiveness, lack of skilled and trained workers, inadequate finance, irregular supply of power and raw materials, poor transport and methods of production etc. leads to slow industrialization of the country. Price rise and Inflation vis-à-vis Poverty Price rise and inflation is an alarming problem in India and many other countries in the world by reducing the value of money. It is the poor who suffer the most due to price rise and inflation situations. When prices are high the purchasing power of money falls and leads to impoverishment of the poor sections of the country. Poverty Reduction and Development Rapid Economic growth is a necessary condition for poverty alleviation and brining development. It changes the low income agricultural set up, helps to strengthen the redistributive activities of the government, made a radical change in production and distribution process, create more employment opportunities etc. Even there is the possibility of trickledown effect to economic growth. Accelerate agricultural growth potentially reduces the burden of poverty 10
11 because majority of poor are lived with agriculture sector. So steps should be taken to solve the problems of small and marginal farmers. The accelerated industrial development possibly creates more income and employment opportunities to the people and potentially reduces the poverty. To promote rural economy, development of small- scale and cottage industries are imperative. In Indian economy small- scale and cottage industries have played a crucial role and these are labour intensive sector, create more employment opportunities and help in the removal of poverty. Besides, land reforms India is long pending initiatives which potentially break the old feudal socio- economic structure of land ownership. It aims to eliminate exploitation by providing security of tenure and regulation of rent. It also aims to bring direct contact between the state and the tiller and give social economic status of the landless by distributive measures. Creating opportunities to people for accessing resources and services by ensuring affordable price for essential commodities and taking closer to the people the social amenities can reduce the poverty. In other words, the government should spend for the provision of free common services like primary education, medical aid, potable drinking water, housing and other facilities to the people. This will increase their real consumption and make them feel better off and hence reduce the poverty. Improve the Status of the Women Gender equality can help to reduce poverty and encourage growth in variety of ways. Women are provided with direct access to institutional credit, direct membership in cooperatives, setting up of women organization etc. There shall be urgent call for comprehensive family planning measures to bring down the birth in the country. Above all the success of any programme primarily depends on the effective working of the administrative machinery, which shall accountable, transparent and responsible and corruption free system of good administration system is imperative. Summary The module attempts to presents social aspects of poverty starting from regional dimension of poverty, caste dimension of poverty and gender dimension of poverty. Further, the module presented causes of poverty in India, where the major causes like inequality, unemployment were 11
12 elaborately discussed. In addition to the inequality and unemployment, in this module poor performance of various sectors especially the agriculture and industry was elaborately discussed. The module sheds lights on the issues of price rise and inflation and its causal effect of poverty. Further in this module also discussed about the government efforts for eradication of poverty through developmental initiatives was briefly discussed to better information to the student in the subject matter. 12
POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN SOUTH WEST BENGAL: AN OVERVIEW
Jharkhand Journal of Social Development, Vol. V, No.1 & 2, 2013 ISSN 0974 651x POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN SOUTH WEST BENGAL: AN OVERVIEW Rajarshi Majumder Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University
More informationINDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT SENIOR SECTION DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS: IX TOPIC/CHAPTER: 03-Poverty As A Challenge WORKSHEET No.
INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT SENIOR SECTION DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS: IX TOPIC/CHAPTER: 0-Poverty As A Challenge WORKSHEET No. : 4 (206-7) SUMMARY WRITE THESE QUESTIONS IN YOUR CLASS WORK NOTE BOOK 5,
More informationAQA Economics A-level
AQA Economics A-level Microeconomics Topic 7: Distribution of Income and Wealth, Poverty and Inequality 7.1 The distribution of income and wealth Notes Distinction between wealth and income inequality
More informationEdexcel (A) Economics A-level
Edexcel (A) Economics A-level Theme 4: A Global Perspective 4.2 Poverty and Inequality 4.2.2 Inequality Notes Distinction between wealth and income inequality Wealth is defined as a stock of assets, such
More informationPoverty in the Third World
11. World Poverty Poverty in the Third World Human Poverty Index Poverty and Economic Growth Free Market and the Growth Foreign Aid Millennium Development Goals Poverty in the Third World Subsistence definitions
More informationPoverty alleviation programme in Maharashtra
Poverty alleviation programme in Maharashtra 1. Mr. Dhiraj. R. Ovhal Asst. Prof. NSS College of Commerce & Eco. Tardeo. Mumbai 400034 2. Dr. Deepak. M. Salve The Bharat Education Society s Sant Gadge Maharaj
More informationNCERT Class 9th Social Science Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge
NCERT Class 9th Social Science Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge Question 1. Describe how poverty line is estimated in India. A common method used to measure poverty is based on income or consumption
More informationFemale Migration for Non-Marital Purposes: Understanding Social and Demographic Correlates of Barriers
Female Migration for Non-Marital Purposes: Understanding Social and Demographic Correlates of Barriers Dr. Mala Mukherjee Assistant Professor Indian Institute of Dalit Studies New Delhi India Introduction
More informationFollowing are the introductory remarks on the occasion by Khadija Haq, President MHHDC. POVERTY IN SOUTH ASIA: CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES
The Human Development in South Asia Report 2006 titled Poverty in South Asia:Challenges and Responses, was launched on May 25, 2007 in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Shaukat Aziz
More informationInequality and Equity during Rapid Growth Process. by Suresh D. Tendulkar
Inequality and Equity during Rapid Growth Process by Suresh D. Tendulkar Basic proposition Rapid economic growth does not necessarily widen income inequalities but even when it does, rising inequalities,
More informationSocial Science Class 9 th
Social Science Class 9 th Poverty as a Challenge Social exclusion Vulnerability Poverty Line Poverty Estimates Vulnerable Groups Inter-State Disparities Global Poverty Scenario Causes of Poverty Anti-Poverty
More informationHOW ECONOMIES GROW AND DEVELOP Macroeconomics In Context (Goodwin, et al.)
Chapter 17 HOW ECONOMIES GROW AND DEVELOP Macroeconomics In Context (Goodwin, et al.) Chapter Overview This chapter presents material on economic growth, such as the theory behind it, how it is calculated,
More informationA lot of attention had been focussed in the past
Chapter 7 CONCLUSION Regional economic disparities are a global phenomenon. These economic disparities among different regions or nations of the world have been an object of considerable concern to many,
More informationvi. rising InequalIty with high growth and falling Poverty
43 vi. rising InequalIty with high growth and falling Poverty Inequality is on the rise in several countries in East Asia, most notably in China. The good news is that poverty declined rapidly at the same
More informationMigrant Child Workers: Main Characteristics
Chapter III Migrant Child Workers: Main Characteristics The chapter deals with the various socio, educational, locations, work related and other characteristics of the migrant child workers in order to
More informationII. MPI in India: A Case Study
https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ II. in India: A Case Study 271 MILLION FEWER POOR PEOPLE IN INDIA The scale of multidimensional poverty in India deserves a chapter on its own. India
More informationInequality in Housing and Basic Amenities in India
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Inequality in Housing and Basic Amenities in India Rama Pal and Neil Aneja and Dhruv Nagpal Indian Institute of Technology Bobmay, Indian Institute of Technology Bobmay,
More informationA PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY
A PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY SUNITA RANI Research Scholar, department of economics CDLU, SIRSA (India) ABSTRACT The main reason of undevloping country is poverty. India is also one
More informationPerspective on Forced Migration in India: An Insight into Classed Vulnerability
Perspective on in India: An Insight into Classed Vulnerability By Protap Mukherjee* and Lopamudra Ray Saraswati* *Ph.D. Scholars Population Studies Division Centre for the Study of Regional Development
More informationSocio Economic and Regional Disparities: Some Implications for India
Int. Journal of Management and Development Studies 5(4): 61-66 (2016) ISSN (Online): 2320-0685. ISSN (Print): 2321-1423 Impact Factor: 0.715 Socio Economic and Regional Disparities: Some Implications for
More informationHalve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day
6 GOAL 1 THE POVERTY GOAL Goal 1 Target 1 Indicators Target 2 Indicators Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day Proportion
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT
Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN:-2230-7850 AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pradeep Arora and Virendar Koundal Research
More informationINTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND Bihar is the second most populous State of India, comprising a little more than 10 per cent of the country s population. Situated in the eastern part of the country, the state
More information1400 hrs 14 June The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): The Role of Governments and Public Service Notes for Discussion
1400 hrs 14 June 2010 Slide I The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): The Role of Governments and Public Service Notes for Discussion I The Purpose of this Presentation is to review progress in the Achievement
More informationGender, labour and a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all
Response to the UNFCCC Secretariat call for submission on: Views on possible elements of the gender action plan to be developed under the Lima work programme on gender Gender, labour and a just transition
More informationDimensions of rural urban migration
CHAPTER-6 Dimensions of rural urban migration In the preceding chapter, trends in various streams of migration have been discussed. This chapter examines the various socio-economic and demographic aspects
More informationand with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1
and with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1 Inequality and growth: the contrasting stories of Brazil and India Concern with inequality used to be confined to the political left, but today it has spread to a
More informationINCLUSIVE GROWTH AND POLICIES: THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE. Thangavel Palanivel Chief Economist for Asia-Pacific UNDP, New York
INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND POLICIES: THE ASIAN EXPERIENCE Thangavel Palanivel Chief Economist for Asia-Pacific UNDP, New York Growth is Inclusive When It takes place in sectors in which the poor work (e.g.,
More informationWorkforce Participation in Tribal Districts of Gujarat: Comparative Study of ST and Non ST
Continuous issue-22 June July 2016 Workforce Participation in Tribal Districts of Gujarat: Comparative Study of ST and Non ST The constitution of India ensures that all citizens enjoy equal rights and
More informationLevels and Dynamics of Inequality in India: Filling in the blanks
Levels and Dynamics of Inequality in India: Filling in the blanks Peter Lanjouw (Vrije University Amsterdam) Summary of Findings from the India Component of the UNU-WIDER Inequality in the Giants Project
More informationCHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF MINORITIES OF INDIA
CHAPTER 3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF MINORITIES OF INDIA 73 List of Contents S.No. Chapter-3 Socio economic condition of Minorities of India on the Page number basis HDI indicators 3.1 Defination of
More informationReducing Poverty in the Arab World Successes and Limits of the Moroccan. Lahcen Achy. Beirut, Lebanon July 29, 2010
Reducing Poverty in the Arab World Successes and Limits of the Moroccan Experience Lahcen Achy Beirut, Lebanon July 29, 2010 Starting point Morocco recorded an impressive decline in monetary poverty over
More informationPoverty and Inequality
Chapter 4 Poverty and Inequality Problems and Policies: Domestic After completing this chapter, you will be able to 1. Measure poverty across countries using different approaches and explain how poverty
More informationLand Conflicts in India
Land Conflicts in India AN INTERIM ANALYSIS November 2016 Background Land and resource conflicts in India have deep implications for the wellbeing of the country s people, institutions, investments, and
More informationChallenges Of Implementation Of Right To Education (RTE) Act 2009 For Children In The Age Group In West Bengal
Challenges Of Implementation Of Right To Education (RTE) Act 2009 For Children In The 10-14 Age Group In West Bengal Ankita Dey Assistant Professor and Statistician, KPC Medical College & Hospital, Jadavpur,
More informationPolicy for Regional Development. V. J. Ravishankar Indian Institute of Public Administration 7 th December, 2006
Policy for Regional Development V. J. Ravishankar Indian Institute of Public Administration 7 th December, 2006 Why is regional equity an issue? Large regional disparities represent serious threats as
More informationCASTE BASED LABOUR MARKET DISCRIMINATION IN RURAL INDIA A Comparative Analysis of some Developed and Underdeveloped States
[VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] e ISSN 2348 1269, Print ISSN 2349-5138 http://ijrar.com/ Cosmos Impact Factor 4.236 CASTE BASED LABOUR MARKET DISCRIMINATION IN RURAL INDIA A Comparative Analysis
More informationInternational Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai (INDIA)
Kunal Keshri (kunalkeshri.lrd@gmail.com) (Senior Research Fellow, e-mail:) Dr. R. B. Bhagat (Professor & Head, Dept. of Migration and Urban Studies) International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai
More informationThe Trends of Income Inequality and Poverty and a Profile of
http://www.info.tdri.or.th/library/quarterly/text/d90_3.htm Page 1 of 6 Published in TDRI Quarterly Review Vol. 5 No. 4 December 1990, pp. 14-19 Editor: Nancy Conklin The Trends of Income Inequality and
More informationOpenness and Poverty Reduction in the Long and Short Run. Mark R. Rosenzweig. Harvard University. October 2003
Openness and Poverty Reduction in the Long and Short Run Mark R. Rosenzweig Harvard University October 2003 Prepared for the Conference on The Future of Globalization Yale University. October 10-11, 2003
More informationRising inequality in China
Page 1 of 6 Date:03/01/2006 URL: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010300981100.htm Rising inequality in China C. P. Chandrasekhar Jayati Ghosh Spectacular economic growth in China
More informationInsights Mind maps. Anti Naxal Strategy
Anti Naxal Strategy 1) Naxal Movement in India In its initial stages, the movement had strong ideological moorings, receiving guidance from leaders like Charu Majumdar, Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, Nagabhushan
More informationAMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION
AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE (1994- ) 1 March 2007 Volume XLV No. 1 (Also includes December 1994 through December 2006) Articles, Book Reviews, New Books, & Dissertations
More informationMIGRATION AND URBAN POVERTY IN INDIA
1 Working Paper 414 MIGRATION AND URBAN POVERTY IN INDIA SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS William Joe Priyajit Samaiyar U. S. Mishra September 2009 2 Working Papers can be downloaded from the Centre s website
More informationCIE Economics A-level
CIE Economics A-level Topic 4: The Macroeconomy c) Classification of countries Notes Indicators of living standards and economic development The three dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI) The
More informationDISPARITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: THE CONTEXT OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN INDIAN SOCIETY
IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature (IMPACT: IJRHAL) ISSN(E): 2321-8878; ISSN(P): 2347-4564 Vol. 2, Issue 4, Apr 2014, 35-42 Impact Journals DISPARITY IN HIGHER
More informationFACTORS INFLUENCING POVERTY AND THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN POVERTY REDUCTION
Journal of Social and Economic Policy, Vol. 11, No. 1, June 2014, pp. 83-91 FACTORS INFLUENCING POVERTY AND THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC REFORMS IN POVERTY REDUCTION N. NARAYANA * Poverty is a situation of helplessness
More informationRECENT CHANGING PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION IN WEST BENGAL: A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
46 RECENT CHANGING PATTERNS OF MIGRATION AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION IN WEST BENGAL: A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Raju Sarkar, Research Scholar Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic
More informationDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND GROWTH OF POPULATION IN UTTAR PRADESH: TRENDS AND STATUS
DOI: 10.3126/ijssm.v3i4.15961 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND GROWTH OF POPULATION IN UTTAR PRADESH: TRENDS AND STATUS Sandeep Kumar Baliyan* Giri Institute of Development Studies (GIDS), Lucknow 226024 *Email:
More informationExecutive summary. Part I. Major trends in wages
Executive summary Part I. Major trends in wages Lowest wage growth globally in 2017 since 2008 Global wage growth in 2017 was not only lower than in 2016, but fell to its lowest growth rate since 2008,
More informationSpecial characteristics of socialist oriented market economy in Vietnam
Special characteristics of socialist oriented market economy in Vietnam Vu Van Phuc* Developing a market economy plays an important role. For Vietnam, during the transition to socialism from a less developed
More informationIMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON POVERTY: CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN
Romain Pison Prof. Kamal NYU 03/20/06 NYU-G-RP-A1 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON POVERTY: CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of globalization in Pakistan
More informationGhana Lower-middle income Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only) Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) database.
Knowledge for Development Ghana in Brief October 215 Poverty and Equity Global Practice Overview Poverty Reduction in Ghana Progress and Challenges A tale of success Ghana has posted a strong growth performance
More information19 ECONOMIC INEQUALITY. Chapt er. Key Concepts. Economic Inequality in the United States
Chapt er 19 ECONOMIC INEQUALITY Key Concepts Economic Inequality in the United States Money income equals market income plus cash payments to households by the government. Market income equals wages, interest,
More informationMigration, HIV and Technical Education in Nepal
TITI DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15442 Journal of Training and Development 2016, Volume 2 ISSN: 2392-456X(Print) ISSN: 2392-4578(Online) Migration, HIV and Technical Education in Nepal Noor
More informationOn Adverse Sex Ratios in Some Indian States: A Note
CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC REFORM AND TRANSFORMATION School of Management and Languages, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Tel: 0131 451 4207 Fax: 0131 451 3498 email: ecocert@hw.ac.uk World-Wide Web:
More informationRural Inequalities: Evaluating approaches to overcome disparities 2-3 May 2018, Rome, Italy. Conference Concept Note
Rural Inequalities: Evaluating approaches to overcome disparities 2-3 May 2018, Rome, Italy Conference Concept Note The conference on Rural Inequalities organized by the Independent Office of Evaluation
More informationIncidence, Depth and Severity of Economic Poverty across social groups in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh: and
Incidence, Depth and Severity of Economic Poverty across social groups in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh: and Ram Singh, Research Scholar, Centre for the Study of Regional Development (CSRD), Jawaharlal
More informationA BRIEF NOTE ON POVERTY IN THAILAND *
A BRIEF NOTE ON POVERTY IN THAILAND * By Medhi Krongkaew ** 1. Concept of Poverty That poverty is a multi-dimensional concept is beyond dispute. Poverty can be looked upon as a state of powerlessness of
More informationROLE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ ACT AND SSA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL LIBRARIES IN MADHYA PRADESH
ROLE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ ACT AND SSA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL LIBRARIES IN MADHYA PRADESH Jayant, Jaswant Singh and Zia, Yasmeen Dept. of Library and Information Science SNGGPG(NUTAN) COLLEGE, BHOPAL
More informationPublic Affairs Index (PAI)
Public Affairs Index (PAI) A Closer look at Andhra Pradesh NOTE: All the data and rankings presented in PAI represent the united Andhra Pradesh (before the bifurcation) Contents of the Presentation About
More informationSustainable Development Goals: Agenda 2030 Leave No-one Behind. Report. National Multi-Stakeholder Consultation. November 8 th & 9 th, 2016
Sustainable Development Goals: Agenda 2030 Leave No-one Behind Report National Multi-Stakeholder Consultation November 8 th & 9 th, 2016 Constitution Club of India, New Delhi Wada Na Todo Abhiyan Centre
More informationInternal Migration in India Initiative
Internal Migration in India Initiative Internal Migration in India Initiative What is the Internal Migration in India Initiative (IMII)? The Internal Migration in India Initiative (IMII) was jointly launched
More information2011 HIGH LEVEL MEETING ON YOUTH General Assembly United Nations New York July 2011
2011 HIGH LEVEL MEETING ON YOUTH General Assembly United Nations New York 25-26 July 2011 Thematic panel 2: Challenges to youth development and opportunities for poverty eradication, employment and sustainable
More informationRegional Composition of Migrant and Non -Migrant Workers in Maharashtra, India
International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 2017, Vol 4, No.2,152-156. 152 Available online at http://www.ijims.com ISSN - (Print): 2519 7908 ; ISSN - (Electronic):
More informationSACOSS ANTI-POVERTY WEEK STATEMENT
SACOSS ANTI-POVERTY WEEK STATEMENT 2013 2 SACOSS Anti-Poverty Statement 2013 SACOSS ANTI-POVERTY WEEK 2013 STATEMENT The South Australian Council of Social Service does not accept poverty, inequity or
More informationOxfam Education
Background notes on inequality for teachers Oxfam Education What do we mean by inequality? In this resource inequality refers to wide differences in a population in terms of their wealth, their income
More informationSocial Dimension S o ci al D im en si o n 141
Social Dimension Social Dimension 141 142 5 th Pillar: Social Justice Fifth Pillar: Social Justice Overview of Current Situation In the framework of the Sustainable Development Strategy: Egypt 2030, social
More informationRural and Urban Migrants in India:
Rural and Urban Migrants in India: 1983-2008 Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri July 2014 Abstract This paper characterizes the gross and net migration flows between rural and urban areas in India
More informationRural-Urban Partnership For Inclusive Growth In India
ISSN: 2278 0211 (Online) Rural-Urban Partnership For Inclusive Growth In India Amar Kumar Chaudhary Registrar, Ranchi University, Ranchi, India Abstract: It is rightly appropriate that the academicians,
More informationLecture 1. Introduction
Lecture 1 Introduction In this course, we will study the most important and complex economic issue: the economic transformation of developing countries into developed countries. Most of the countries in
More informationTheme : Marginalised Social Groups: Dalits/Tribals/Minorities
COMPLETED RESEARCH PROJECTS Theme : Marginalised Social Groups: Dalits/Tribals/Minorities Development of a Vulnerability to Debt Bondage Index Collaboration/s: International Labour Organization (ILO) Project
More informationCH 19. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Class: Date: CH 19 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. In the United States, the poorest 20 percent of the household receive approximately
More informationUNCTAD Public Symposium June, A Paper on Macroeconomic Dimensions of Inequality. Contribution by
UNCTAD Public Symposium 18-19 June, 2014 A Paper on Macroeconomic Dimensions of Inequality Contribution by Hon. Hamad Rashid Mohammed, MP Member of Parliament United Republic of Tanzania Disclaimer Articles
More informationThere is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern
Chapter 11 Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Do Poor Countries Need to Worry about Inequality? Martin Ravallion There is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern in countries
More informationEstimates of Workers Commuting from Rural to Urban and Urban to Rural India: A Note
WP-2011-019 Estimates of Workers Commuting from Rural to Urban and Urban to Rural India: A Note S Chandrasekhar Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai September 2011 http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/wp-2011-019.pdf
More informationHuman development in China. Dr Zhao Baige
Human development in China Dr Zhao Baige 19 Environment Twenty years ago I began my academic life as a researcher in Cambridge, and it is as an academic that I shall describe the progress China has made
More informationReducing poverty amidst high levels of inequality: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean
Reducing poverty amidst high levels of inequality: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean Simone Cecchini, Senior Social Affairs Officer, Social Development Division Economic Commission for Latin
More informationECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE MIGRANT WORKERS IN KERALA: A STUDY IN THE TRIVANDRUM DISTRICT
(ISSN: 2321-4155), 33-46 Economics ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE MIGRANT WORKERS IN KERALA: A STUDY IN THE TRIVANDRUM DISTRICT Dilip Saikia* ABSTRACT In recent years, Kerala has been experiencing a large
More informationRural and Urban Migrants in India:
Rural and Urban Migrants in India: 1983 2008 Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri This paper characterizes the gross and net migration flows between rural and urban areas in India during the period 1983
More informationGLOBALIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION: THEIR SOCIAL AND GENDER DIMENSIONS
TALKING POINTS FOR THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ROUNDTABLE 1: GLOBALIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION: THEIR SOCIAL AND GENDER DIMENSIONS Distinguished delegates, Ladies and gentlemen: I am pleased
More informationOutline: Poverty, Inequality, and Development
1 Poverty, Inequality, and Development Outline: Measurement of Poverty and Inequality Economic characteristics of poverty groups Why is inequality a problem? Relationship between growth and inequality
More informationCHAPTER 12: The Problem of Global Inequality
1. Self-interest is an important motive for countries who express concern that poverty may be linked to a rise in a. religious activity. b. environmental deterioration. c. terrorist events. d. capitalist
More informationGlobalisation and Poverty: Human Insecurity of Schedule Caste in India
Globalisation and Poverty: Human Insecurity of Schedule Caste in India Rajni Kant Pandey ICSSR Doctoral Fellow, Giri Institute of Development Studies Aliganj, Lucknow. Abstract Human Security is dominating
More informationHelen Clark: Opening Address to the International Conference on the Emergence of Africa
Helen Clark: Opening Address to the International Conference on the Emergence of Africa 18 Mar 2015 It is a pleasure to join the President of Cote d Ivoire, H.E. Alassane Ouattara, in welcoming you to
More informationSDG-10: Reduce inequalities within the States
SDG-10: Reduce inequalities within the States 10.1 Empirical evidence using cross-country income data - the most recent and comprehesive covering 121 countries between 1967 and 2011- concludes that the
More informationRegional Disparities in Employment and Human Development in Kenya
Regional Disparities in Employment and Human Development in Kenya Jacob Omolo 1 jackodhong@yahoo.com; omolo.jacob@ku.ac.ke ABSTRACT What are the regional disparities in employment and human development
More informationSession 2A. Cultural Approaches to addressing Poverty
UNESCO May 2013 Session 2A Cultural Approaches to addressing Poverty From poor to emerging and developed contexts, the cultural sector encompassing cultural and creative industries, cultural tourism and
More informationHOUSEHOLD LEVEL WELFARE IMPACTS
CHAPTER 4 HOUSEHOLD LEVEL WELFARE IMPACTS The household level analysis of Cambodia uses the national household dataset, the Cambodia Socio Economic Survey (CSES) 1 of 2004. The CSES 2004 survey covers
More informationInter-Regional Expert Group Meeting Placing Equality at the Center of Agenda Santiago de Chile, June 2018
Inter-Regional Expert Group Meeting Placing Equality at the Center of Agenda 2030 Santiago de Chile, 27-28 June 2018 Ambassador Mubarak Rahamtalla Consultant on Int. Dev. Cooperation 28 June 2018 Distinguish
More informationThe Socio-economic Status of Migrant Workers in Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala, India. By Dilip SAIKIA a
Journal of Economic and Social Thought www.kspjournals.org Volume 3 March 2016 Issue 1 The Socio-economic Status of Migrant Workers in Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala, India By Dilip SAIKIA a Abstract.
More informationChapter Three: Socio-economic Situation
Chapter Three Socio-economic Situation 77 3.1 Introduction Lebanon is divided into 6 Mouhafazats or governorates as follows: Beirut, North-Lebanon, South-Lebanon, Nabatieh, Mount-Lebanon and Bekaa (see
More informationNarrative I Attitudes towards Community and Perceived Sense of Fraternity
1 Narrative I Attitudes towards Community and Perceived Sense of Fraternity One of three themes covered by the Lok Survey Project is attitude towards community, fraternity and the nature of solidarity
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations Economic and Social Council Distr.: Limited 12 July 2006 Original: English For action United Nations Children s Fund Executive Board Second regular session 2006 6-8 September 2006 Item 4
More informationTemplate Concept Note for Knowledge Products
Template Concept Note for Knowledge Products Project Number: 46465 Regional Capacity Development Technical Assistance (R-CDTA) Date of Submission: 15th Jan 2015 South Asia Urban Knowledge Hub (Cofinanced
More informationNature of Multidimensional Poverty Incidence in Rural Nepal: Empirical Evidences from Bhalam VDC, Kaski
Economic Literature, Vol. XII (16-25), December 2014 Nature of Multidimensional Poverty Incidence in Rural Nepal: Empirical Evidences from Bhalam VDC, Kaski Lekha Nath Bhattarai, Ph. D. ABSTRACT This paper
More informationThe Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration
The Gender Youth Migration Initiative A UNESCO Online Initiative on Migration With the support of The Gender Youth Migration Initiative What is the Gender Youth Migration Initiative (GYM)? The Gender Youth
More informationThe Poor in the Indian Labour Force in the 1990s. Working Paper No. 128
CDE September, 2004 The Poor in the Indian Labour Force in the 1990s K. SUNDARAM Email: sundaram@econdse.org SURESH D. TENDULKAR Email: suresh@econdse.org Delhi School of Economics Working Paper No. 128
More informationSpatial Inequality in Cameroon during the Period
AERC COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ON GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION Spatial Inequality in Cameroon during the 1996-2007 Period POLICY BRIEF English Version April, 2012 Samuel Fambon Isaac Tamba FSEG University
More informationA 13-PART COURSE IN POPULAR ECONOMICS SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE
A 13-PART COURSE IN POPULAR ECONOMICS SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE By Jim Stanford Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2008 Non-commercial use and reproduction, with appropriate citation, is authorized.
More information