Experiencing European Integration. Crossborder experiences and European identity

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1 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NUFFIELD COLLEGE Experiencing European Integration. Crossborder experiences and European identity Inaugural DPIR Alumni Event More Europe, Less Europe, No Europe, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, DPIR and Nuffield College 2 March 2013

2 Experiencing European integration Deutsch: Transactions foster common identity, trust, regime support Puzzle: Low EU support vs increased transactions Statistical analyses of Eurobarometer survey Conclusion: correct at individual level, but transactions are socially stratified not always effective generate negative externalities Experiencing European Integration Page 2

3 Deutsch s transactionalist theory Security communities where war between states is not possible Increased cooperation of elites and institutions EU, Western Europe as pluralistic security community (Deutsch 1967, Haas 1970, Waever 1998) Experiencing European Integration Page 3

4 Deutsch s transactionalist theory Security communities facilitate cross-border transactions among ordinary people Transactions promote common identity, trust and support towards new polity if reliable and predictable multidimensional Experiencing European Integration Page 4

5 Paradox in the EU Net EU support vs transactions Net EU membership support % Sources: Eurobarometer , Dreher et al TN Contacts and information flows Experiencing European Integration Page 5

6 3 qualifications to transactionalist theory Strong link at individual level, but: 1. Social stratification of transnational interactions 2. Not all forms of European transactions effective 3. Externalities of increased transactions Experiencing European Integration Page 6

7 Empirical analysis Eurobarometer 65.1 (2006) EU-25; Eurobarometer 67.1 (2007) EU-27 Dependent variables: EU membership support, European identification Independent variable: Individual transnationalism scale Experiencing European Integration Page 7

8 Individual transnationalism The extent to which individuals are involved in cross-border interaction and mobility (Mau, Mewes and Zimmermann 2008) Dimension Transnational background Transnational practices Transnational human capital Source: Eurobarometer 65.1 (2006) Operationalization Foreign nationality Parent(s) born abroad Lived in another EU-country Visited another EU-country in past year Socialized w/ other Europeans in past year Shopping trip to another EU country Prepared to buy product in another EU language Read print media in another EU language in past year Experiencing European Integration Page 8

9 Effect of individual transnationalism Experiencing European Integration Page 9

10 Individual transnationalism by education Experiencing European Integration Page 10

11 Stronger effect among low educated Experiencing European Integration Page 11

12 Summary of findings Support for Deutsch at inidvidual level Mainly highly educated, young citizens of rich countries However, effect strongest among low educated people Not shown here: Sociable interactions play stronger role than purely instrumental interactions Intra-European transactions more effective than transactions with other countries Effect of TN experiences in ntl. populations is stronger the higher a country s level of globalisation Experiencing European Integration Page 12

13 Policy Implications Target broader share of the public, especially low educated Erasmus programme is preaching to the converted Nobody falls in love with a Single Market (Delors): emphasize sociable interactions Frame interactions in a European context Experiencing European Integration Page 13

14 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NUFFIELD COLLEGE Thank you for your attention! Comments and questions welcome, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, DPIR and Nuffield College