Poverty and Inequality Related Evidence at the HSRC

Transcription

1 Poverty and Inequality Related Evidence at the HSRC L Lötter & K Zuma 2016 HSRC SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH CONFERENCE 23 September 2016

2 Presentation overview Understanding poverty and inequality Availability of research evidence Conclusions and recommendations

3 Understanding poverty and inequality Measures of poverty provide an indication of the quality of people s lives and their ability to survive and develop. Measures of inequality tell us more about the nature of society. Hall & Woolard (2012)

4 Understanding poverty and inequality Poverty and inequality trends Profile of the poor Challenges of income inequality Income mobility, chronic poverty and economic vulnerability Non-income dimensions of poverty The nature of poverty Determinants and causes of poverty and inequality Challenges of poverty reduction National Planning Commission (2011) Poverty & Inequality Based on Sulla & Zikhali (2016) High inequality as an obstacle for the fast poverty reduction Labour market challenges Maximizing the return on social protection and delivering on the social wage Improving the performance, access and returns on education Health, HIV AIDS and noncommunicable diseases Economic geography of poverty Agriculture, food security and nutrition Housing

5 A typology for understanding poverty and inequality Monetary measures Income thresholds Subjective poverty lines Poverty headcount Budget standards Social indicators Deprivation indices Standard of living indices Social exclusion Lived experience Gordon et al. (2000:72), McLennan (2016)

6 Existing non-hsrc empirical (SA) Study Income and Expenditure Survey (IES): Statistics South Africa National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) survey: SALDRU (UCT) Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS): Statistics South Africa General Household Survey: Statistics South Africa Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS): MRC/Wits Demographic Information Systems (ACDIS): Africa Centre National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey: MRC * Data not available Data type Granularity Living Conditions Survey (LCS): Statistics South Africa Event history Event history Time period Every five years 2008, , 2012, Quarterly Annually Annually Annually Geographic coverage Unit of analysis / Selected respondents All households living in private dwelling units and workers living in workers quarters Individuals living in South Africa as well as their households Individuals aged 15 years or older living in households in South Africa. Private households in all nine provinces of South Africa, and residents in workers' hostels. All persons resident in the Agincourt sub-district of the Bushbuckridge district of South Africa Resident household members of households resident within the a portion of the umkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal 2008 Grades 8, 9, 10 and 11 public school learners in the nine provinces in South Africa Every 5 years Individuals living in South Africa as well as their households

7 HSRC curated sets related to poverty / inequality Keywords related to poverty and inequality assigned to curated sets (RMS Data Module as on 7 September 2016)

8 Data sets related to poverty / inequality Number of curated sets per high-level keyword categories related to poverty / inequality (RMS Outputs as on 7 September 2016)

9 Details of some of these sets Study South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS): Questionnaire 1 South African HIV/AIDS, Behavioural Risks, Sero-status, and Mass Media Impact Survey (SABSSM) Data type Granularity Time method Time period Geographic coverage Unit of analysis / Selected respondents Longitudinal: Trend / Repeated Cross section Longitudinal: Trend / Repeated Cross section Annually Triennially Nine provinces in SA Enumerator area (EA), province, Urban formal, urban informal, rural formal and rural informal settlements. All individuals (Adults (aged 16 and older) living in the selected households Nine provinces in SA Enumerator area (EA), Province, Urban formal, Urban informal, Tribal area, Rural formal (farm) All individuals (2 years and older) living in the selected households The South African National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES) * Not curated Longitudinal: Trend / Repeated Cross section Annually Enumerator area (EA), province, from urban formal, urban informal, rural formal and rural informal settlements Agrarian Reform and rural poverty reduction (AR) Perceptions of poverty and its manifestation in three provinces of South Africa (PPMSA) Qualitative Cross-section Municipal Districts in 3 Provinces Individuals from 301 households being beneficiaries of South Africa's land restitution and redistribution programmes. N/A Three provinces of South Africa: Limpopo, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Participants of all National Development Agency (NDA) income generating projects.

10 Study Data type Granularity Time method Time period Geographic coverage Unit of analysis / Selected respondents South African Poverty indicators (SAPI) Aggregate (macro) level Time Series: Discrete 01 Jan Dec 2001 Nine provinces in SA Municipalities and districts The moral ecology of South Africa's township youth (IKASI) Qualitative N/A 01 Aug Jun young people who reside or went to school the in the suburb of Langa, Cape Town, Western Cape Perceptions of poverty and its manifestation in three provinces of South Africa (PPMSA) The impact of the global financial crisis at the household level evidence from a qualitative field study - Gauteng and Mpumalanga (OXFAM) A longitudinal view of unemployment in South Africa (UNEMPL) Gendered Dimensions of Farming Systems of small-scale livestock keepers (GDFS) * Embargoed Qualitative Aggregate (macro) level Qualitative N/A Three provinces of South Africa: Limpopo, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Participants of all National Development Agency (NDA) income generating projects. Crosssection Time Series: Discrete 12 Jan Jun , 1996, 2001, 2007, 2011 Households in two poor communities in Gauteng and Mpumalanga. 1) an urban shack settlement adjacent to a formal township and 2) a rural poor settlement in a farming district Nine provinces in SA Local municipality (2005 boundaries) N/A 2014 Marble Hall area (Limpopo) and Rhenosterkop area (Mpumalanga) 24 individuals with a stake in small-scale livestock keeping and 4 groups of small-scale livestock farmers/ keepers Assessment of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the South African health system (HAIHS) Crosssection 01 Jan Jun 2002 Nine provinces in SA Province, health region, magisterial district Adults, children, health workers, health facilities Community and National Readiness for Child Maltreatment Prevention (RAP-CM) Crosssection 10 Jan Sep 2011 Key informants from all main relevant organizations and sectors

11 Example: High-level thematic analysis High level analysis SASAS SABSSM SANHANES The nature of the poverty in South Africa Profile of the poor, Challenges of income inequality, Non-income dimension of poverty NDP: Economic infrastructure (Chapter 4) Socio-economic profiles: Individuals, households Perceptions of inequality Personal wellbeing Standard Living Standard Measure (LSM) Health: Status of individuals (biological and mental, substance abuse) Socio-economic profiles: Individuals, households Health: Status of individuals (biological) Socio-economic profiles: Individuals, households Health: Status of individuals (biological and mental, substance abuse) Determinants / causes Perceptions of causes Challenges of poverty reduction NDP: Economy and Employment (Chapter 3) Labour market: Employment, Equal opportunities, Job creation, Job reservation Labour market: Employment, Equal opportunities, Job creation, Job reservation Labour market: Employment NDP: Social protection (Chapter 11) Social protection: Grants Social protection: Grants See Human Sciences Research Council (2013) for a mapping of HSRC surveys to the NDP and 12 Outcomes of Government.

12 High level analysis SASAS SABSSM SANHANES NDP: Improving education, training and innovation (Chapter 9) NDP: Health care for all (Chapter 10) NDP: Transforming Human Settlements (Chapter 8) Education: Adequacy, Equal opportunities, Quality of education, services Food: Access Nutrition Housing: Type, Access, Adequacy, Equal opportunities Household assets Household necessities: Electricity, Sanitation, Water Access to land: Land reform Food: Access Housing: Adequacy Food: Access Nutrition Access to information Access to information Society and government Basic services provision Basic services provision NDP: Nation building and social cohesion (Chapter 15) Role of government Corruption Race relations Trust within society Xenophobia Crime Violence

13 Outputs related to poverty / inequality Titles of outputs using HSRC that speak to poverty / Inequality (RMS Outputs Module as on 19 September 2016)

14 Themes of outputs related to poverty / inequality Keywords of outputs using HSRC that speak to poverty / Inequality (RMS Outputs Module as on 19 September 2016)

15 Details of some of these outputs Chitiga-Mabugu, M., Ngepah, N., Nhemachena, C., Motala, S., Mathebula, J., Mupela, E., Ngwenya, T. & Magongo, B. (2016) Poverty and its manifestation in South Africa. In: Magonga, B. (ed). Enhancing civil society participation in the South African development agenda: the role of civil society organisations. Parktown, Johannesburg: National Development Agency Rogan, M. & Reynolds, J. (2016) Schooling inequality, higher education and the labour market: evidence from a graduate tracer study in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Development Southern Africa. 33(3): Wildschut, A. & Meyer, T. (2016) Inequality in artisanal employment: a persistent challenge. HSRC Review. 14(3): Wildschut, A. & Meyer, T. (2016) Structural inequality still characterise work in the mining sector. HSRC Review. 14(3):35. Chitiga-Mabugu, M., Mupela, E., Ngwenya, P. & Zikhali, P. (2016) Inequality, poverty and the state: the case of South Africa In: Plaatjies, D., Chitiga-Mabugu, M., Hongoro, C., Meyiwa, T., Nkondo, M. & Nyamnjoh, F. (eds).state of the Nation South Africa 2016: who is in charge?: mandates, accountability and contestations in the South African state. Cape Town: HSRC Press. De Lannoy, A. & Swartz, S. (2015) 'You don't want to die. You want to reach your goals': alternative voices among young black men in urban South Africa. In: Parkes, J. (ed). Gender violence in poverty contexts: the educational challenge. London: Routledge. Selection from 2015/ /17 outputs related to poverty / Inequality (RMS Outputs Module as on 19 September 2016)

16 Kruss, G. & Wildschut, A. (2015) How does social inequality continue to influence young people's trajectories through the apprenticeship pathway system in South Africa?: an analytical approach. Journal of Education and Work. September:Online. Mahali, A. & Roberts, B. (2015) A generation apart?: youth attitudes towards social inequality. HSRC Review. 13(4):3-4. Masvaure, S. (2015) Coping with food poverty in cities: the case of urban agriculture in Glen Norah township in Harare. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. April:Online. Mupela, E., Motala, S., Gwenhure, Y. & Mathebula, J. (2015) Hearing the voices of the poor: the state of poverty in three provinces. HSRC Review. 13(3): Ngandu, S., Motala, S. & Mti, S. (2015) Millennium Development Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger In: Motala, S., Ngandu, S., Mti, S., Arends, F., Winnaar, L., Khalema, E., Makiwane, M., Ndinda, C., Moolman, B., Maluleke, T., Chola, L., Setswe, G., Mabaso, M., Karuaihe, S., Nhemachena, C. & Martin, P. Millennium Development Goals: country report Pretoria: Statistics South Africa Phiri, M.Z., Molotja, N., Makelane, H., Kupamupindi, T. & Ndinda, C. (2015) Inclusive innovation and inequality in South Africa: a case for transformative social policy. Innovation and Development. May:Online. Turok, I. (2015) Informal settlements: poverty traps or ladders to work?. Econ3x3. August:Online. Ward, C., Makusha, T. & Bray, R. (2015) Parenting, poverty and young people in South Africa: Social what science are the that connections?. makes a difference In: De Lannoy, A., Swartz, S., Lake, L. & Smith, C. South African child gauge Cape Town: Children's Institute, University of Cape Town

17 Conclusions The HSRC produces (quantitative & qualitative) to inform research related to poverty and inequality Understanding: indices, lived experience, attitudes and social context Covers The nature of the poverty in South Africa Determinants / causes Challenges of poverty reduction Society and government Covers Specific, vulnerable communities Covers multiple relevant themes Provide quantitative (including nationally representative longitudinal) insights Provide qualitative insights Most sets are not optimally used Most sets are not accessible

18 Recommendations Contribution can be increased by Secondary analysis of existing sets Data must be curated to be accessible Analyse collaboratively even before curation Plan development and use Harmonise and create composite sets of longitudinal surveys Analyse sets in relation to other sets (also non-hsrc): triangulation Analyse drivers, dynamics, trends, impacts, etc. using various statistical methods: trend analysis, generate / test hypotheses, spatial analysis Use analysis: understanding, planning, monitoring and evaluation, etc. In analysis, reflect on outcomes of different measures in relation to each other

19 Thank you

20 References Gordon, D., Levitas, R., Pantazis, C., Patsios, D., Payne, S., Townsend P. (2000) Poverty and social exclusion in Britain Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York. ttps:// Hall, K., & Woolard, I. (2012). Children and inequality: An introduction and overview. South African Child Gauge, Human Sciences Research Council Sustainable support for strategic longitudinal and cross-sectional repeat surveys. Unpublished submission. Pretoria, May. McLennan, D., Noble, M., & Wright, G. (2015). Developing a spatial measure of exposure to socio-economic inequality in South Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 98(2), National Planning Commission (NPC) National development plan 2030: our future - make it work. Pretoria: National Planning Commission. Sulla, V., & Zikhali, P. (2016). South African Poverty and Inequality Assessment Discussion Note, (January).