Maternal healthcare inequalities over time in lower and middle income countries
|
|
- Godfrey Lewis
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Maternal healthcare inequalities over time in lower and middle income countries Amos Channon 30 th October 2014 Oxford Institute of Population Ageing
2 Overview The importance of reducing maternal healthcare inequities How inequalities change over time in theory What has happened in practice? How to measure The results Will countries reach the target for reducing inequalities? Where now? Policy implications
3 Why are maternal inequalities important to study? Known to be a key indicator of general inequity in a population Inequalities have a large social and economic cost Poor maternal health affects families over generations Reduced GDP and other development indicators Large literature about inequalities Focused on a country level rather than a regional or local Has not been placed in the context of Universal Health Care
4 The Development Agenda Millennium Development Goals focused attention on a small range of health indicators Progress shown in all goals but with some indicators lagging Groundswell to place Universal Health Care as a central pillar in the post-2015 development agenda All people receiving quality health services without financial hardship Maternal health central to UHC as there are defined services and population to serve
5 Equity and UHC Vital that equity is hard-wired into the post-2015 agenda Acknowledged that the MDGs did not take this into account New focus is to leave no-one behind Recent framework (WHO and World Bank) for monitoring progress towards UHC stated that: By 2030, all populations, independent of household income, expenditure or wealth, place of residence or gender, have at least 80% essential health services coverage. 5
6 Monitoring Equity for UHC Initial drafts of the monitoring framework indicated that the target would be: 80% of the poorest 40% of the population should be able to obtain services by 2030 This has been changed to be: By 2030, all populations,, have at least 80% essential health services coverage. all measures should be disaggregated by socioeconomic and demographic strata in order to allow assessment of the equitable distribution of service and financial protection coverage
7 How to measure progress? Currently monitoring looks at wealth, place of residence and gender separately Contention is whether this should be done in this way Can you separate wealth from place of residence? Should you separate wealth from place of residence? This paper will look at combining these dimensions to get a different view of inequality Understand the way equity evolves over time
8 Services and wealth Clear relationship between service use and wealth The rich have the means to access healthcare Services set up nearer the more affluent areas (private and public, at least to start with) Education is closely related to wealth Previous research has shown disparities that are increasing over time in service use by wealth
9 Inverse Equity Hypothesis Proposed by Victora (2000) based on Tudor-Hart s inverse care law Postulates that new public health interventions initially reach those of higher socioeconomic status and only later affect the poor Inequality initially increases Only after the rich reach a certain point then do the poor start to benefit
10 Services and location Urban advantage an established concept Urban dwellers have better health in general Have better service use statistics Why? Services are located in towns and cities Wealth in urban areas higher to purchase the services BUT Many poor slum areas where few services and little money to access Poor urban dwellers do not experience this advantage
11
12 % using service Hypothesised Changes over time Urban Rural 20 0 Poorest Poor Average Rich Richest Wealth
13 How to study change over time Simple percentage of women: Giving birth in a hospital Having sufficient antenatal care (4 or more visits) Skilled attendance at birth By urban/rural residence By wealth quintile
14 Data Countries with three or more DHS over a ten year period Only provides a snapshot of the transitions A number of different services possible to use Will concentrate on facility births Indicator: proportion of births where the mother reports that she gave birth in some form of facility
15 Country Year of Survey Bangladesh , , , 2004, 2007 Benin 1996, 2001, 2006 Bolivia 1994, 1998, 2003 Burkina Faso 1993, , 2003 Cameroon 1991, 1998, 2004 Columbia 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 Cote d Ivoire 1994, , 2005 Dominican Republic 1991, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2007, Egypt 1992, 1995, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008 Ghana 1993, 1998, 2003,,2008 Haiti , 2000, India , , Indonesia 1991, 1994, 1997, , 2007 Jordan 1990, 1997, 2002, 2007 Kenya 1993, 1998, 2003 Madagascar 1992, 1997, 2003, 2008 Malawi 1992, 2000, 2004 Namibia 1992, 2000, Nepal 1996, 2001, 2006 Niger 1992, 1998, 2006 Peru , 1996, 2000, Philippines 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008 Tanzania , 1996, 1999, Uganda 1995, 2000, 2006 Zambia 1992, 1996, , 2007 Zimbabwe 1994, 1999, 2005 Data
16 Wealth Quintiles DHS have standard asset quintiles as a proxy for wealth Conducted over the whole country BUT are the same assets important in urban and rural areas? Most asset quintiles are simply a proxy for urban/rural New quintiles constructed for each survey through running a separate PCA for urban and rural Gives relative wealth in both urban and rural areas
17 Wealth and Place for Kenya National Wealth Quintiles Urban Only Wealth Poorest Below Average Average Above Average Wealthiest Poorest Below Average Average Above Average Wealthiest Overall
18 Bangladesh
19 Indonesia
20 India
21 Benin
22 Columbia
23 Dominican Republic
24 Tanzania going backwards?
25 Current progress? The common pathway can inform about progress towards UHC Highlighting the dimensions of wealth and place of residence Focus here on skilled attendance at birth Look at the progress needed to achieve 80% coverage by 2030 for each population group: How feasible is achieving this UHC goal equitably based on past performance? Which groups are most likely not to achieve 80% coverage? 25
26 Countries included 35 countries were analysed All have at least three Demographic and Health Surveys, with the most recent since 2005
27 Country Survey 1 Survey 2 Survey 3 (Most Recent) Armenia Bangladesh Benin Bolivia Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Columbia Cote d Ivoire Dominican Republic Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Haiti India Indonesia Jordan Kenya Country Survey 1 Survey 2 Survey 3 (Most Recent) Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria Peru Philippines Rwanda Senegal Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
28 Countries and Groups 35 countries were analysed All have at least three Demographic and Health Surveys, with the most recent since 2005 Countries grouped into five categories based on overall SBA coverage in latest survey Very low (<30) Low (30%-49%) Moderate (50%-64%) High (65%-79%) Very high (80% or above)
29 % women receiving skilled attendance at birth Current gap between rich and poor Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest 10 0 Very low (<30%) Low (30-49%) Moderate (50-64%) Coverage Groupings High (71-85%) Very high (>80%)
30 Very low (<30%) Low (30-49%) Moderate (50-64%) Current gap by country Senegal Philippines Ghana Cote divoire Uganda Mozambique Cameroon Guinea Tanzania India Zambia Kenya Madagascar Nepal Nigeria Haiti Niger Bangladesh Mali Ethiopia Richest quintile Poorest quintile % women receiving skilled attendance at birth
31 What is current progress like? The average annual percentage increase in SBA for each wealth quintile by overall coverage level Average time period 11.9 years Coverage Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Overall <30% % % % %
32 What progress is needed to achieve 80% Required annual percentage increase in coverage required to attain 80% coverage by 2030, by coverage group and wealth quintile SBA Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Overall <30% % % % %
33 % of women receiving skilled attendance at birth Does place matter? Urban Rural Very low (<30%) Low (30-49%) Moderate (50-64%) Coverage Groupings High (71-85%) Very high (>80%)
34 Current and required progress by place of residence Current Progress Required Progress per year Group Urban Rural Group Urban Rural <30% <30% % % % % % % % % + - -
35 Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural % women receiving skilled attendance at birth Current situation by wealth and place combined Poorest 20% Overall Richest 20% 20 0 Ethiopia Nigeria Nepal Rwanda Zambia Malawi Uganda Indonesia Namibia Cambodia Columbia
36 Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Annual Percentage Change Required or Observed Progress needed by wealth and place combined - urban Progress Required -0.5 Very low Low Moderate High Very high Coverage Group and Wealth Level
37 Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Poorest Poorer Average Richer Richest Annual Percentage Change Required or Observed Progress needed by wealth and place combined - rural Progress Required Very low Low Moderate High Very high Coverage Group and Wealth Level
38 Reflections on the results UHC goal is an absolute rather than relative target Those with the lowest coverage will need to make most progress Infrastructure is the weakest and the workforce will need most strengthening Rate of progress needed for those with the lowest coverage is extremely challenging, but has been seen before: Cambodia has increased by 6.9% each year on average, from 2.2% to 71% in just 10 years Rwanda and Egypt increased by 2.4% on average per year
39 Progress for countries with lowest initial coverage
40 Can progress towards UHC be equitable? My contention is that equity during progress is not possible Inverse equity hypothesis Pro-poor interventions are known to reduce inequity Evidence for how this can be done for maternal health care sparse Little known about how maternal health care can be organised and delivered to promote equity
41 Thoughts Monitoring progress to UHC needs to be done simply, yet on a range of dimensions Interactions between wealth and place of residence important to ensure groups are not missed The rural poor for many countries with a good level of SBA coverage are not making enough progress These analyses don t take into account any aspect of quality which is vital Further evidence on pro-poor policies for maternal health care urgently required.
42 Policy implications Countries at different stages of the inequality transition need different interventions Those at the start have different needs than those at towards the end! Outreach or insurance systems for minority poor and marginalised families for those getting towards UHC Expanding service provision for all over a wide range of urban and rural groups for those that are a way off achieving the UHC goal
43 Maternal healthcare inequalities over time in lower and middle income countries Amos Channon 30 th October 2014 Oxford Institute of Population Ageing
Appendix Figure 1: Association of Ever- Born Sibship Size with Education by Period of Birth. Bolivia Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon
Appendix Figure 1: Association of Ever- Born Sibship Size with Education by Period of Birth Afghanistan Bangladesh Benin 95% CI Bolivia Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chad
More informationFP2020 CATALYZING COLLABORATION ESTIMATE TABLES
FP2020 CATALYZING COLLABORATION 2017-2018 ESTIMATE TABLES CORE INDICATORS 2-3 NO. 1: Number of additional users of modern methods of contraception 4-5 NO. 2: Modern contraceptive prevalence rate, MCPR
More informationInequality of opportunities among children: how much does gender matter?
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Inequality of opportunities among children: how much does gender matter? Alejandro Hoyos
More informationMalarial Case Notification and Coverage with Key Interventions
APPENDIX 2 Malarial Case Notification and Coverage with Key Interventions (Courtesy of RBM Department of WHO) Source: RBM Global Malaria Database: accessed February 7, 2005. Available online at: http://www.who.int/globalatlas/autologin/malaria_login.asp
More informationUSAID s FP/RH Programming. Ellen H. Starbird Friends of AFP Day: Donor Panel March
USAID s FP/RH Programming Ellen H. Starbird Friends of AFP Day: Donor Panel March 28. 2017 DIRECTIONS AND FOCUS FOR USAID PRH OFFICE PRH Objective: Advance and support voluntary FP/RH programs worldwide
More informationUNEQUAL prospects: Disparities in the quantity and quality of labour supply in sub-saharan Africa
UNEQUAL prospects: Disparities in the quantity and quality of labour supply in sub-saharan Africa World Bank SP Discussion Paper 0525, July 2005 Presentation by: John Sender TWO THEMES A. There are important
More informationData access for development: The IPUMS perspective
Data access for development: The IPUMS perspective United Nations Commission on Population and Development Strengthening the demographic evidence base for the post-2015 development agenda New York 11 April
More informationThe World of Government WFP
The World of Government Partnerships @ WFP Induction Briefing for new EB Members Government Partnerships Division (PGG) 22 January 213 WFP s Collaborative Resourcing Roadmap : The Six Pillars Pillar I:
More informationGrowth and poverty reduction in Africa in the last two decades
Growth and poverty reduction in Africa in the last two decades And how does Rwanda fare? Andy McKay University of Sussex IPAR's Annual Research Conference Outline The Economist Recent SSA growth experience
More informationWhich Countries are Most Likely to Qualify for the MCA? An Update using MCC Data. Steve Radelet 1 Center for Global Development April 22, 2004
Which Countries are Most Likely to Qualify for the MCA? An Update using MCC Data Steve Radelet 1 Center for Global Development April 22, 2004 The Millennium Challenge Corporation has posted data for each
More informationReport on Countries That Are Candidates for Millennium Challenge Account Eligibility in Fiscal
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 09/01/2017 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2017-18657, and on FDsys.gov BILLING CODE: 921103 MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE
More informationIncome and Population Growth
Supplementary Appendix to the paper Income and by Markus Brueckner and Hannes Schwandt November 2013 downloadable from: https://sites.google.com/site/markusbrucknerresearch/research-papers Table of Contents
More informationRECENT TRENDS AND DYNAMICS SHAPING THE FUTURE OF MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES IN AFRICA. Jeffrey O Malley Director, Data, Research and Policy UNICEF
RECENT TRENDS AND DYNAMICS SHAPING THE FUTURE OF MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES IN AFRICA Jeffrey O Malley Director, Data, Research and Policy UNICEF OUTLINE 1. LICs to LMICs to UMICs: the recent past 2. MICs
More informationHORMONAL CONTRACEPTION AND HIV
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION AND HIV #AIDS2018 FAM ILYPLANNING.ORG # FP2020PROG RESS @ FP2020 GLOBAL FACEBOOK. COM /FAM ILYPLAN NING 2 0 2 0 LAUNCHED IN LONDON IN 2012 With the goal of enabling 120 million additional
More informationGlobal Prevalence of Adult Overweight & Obesity by Region
Country Year of Data Collection Global Prevalence of Adult Overweight & Obesity by Region National /Regional Survey Size Age Category % BMI 25-29.9 %BMI 30+ % BMI 25- %BMI 30+ 29.9 European Region Albania
More informationC E S R ANGOLA. Making Human Rights Accountability More Graphic. About This Fact Sheet Series. Center for Economic and Social Rights fact sheet no.
Center for Economic and Social Rights fact sheet no. 5 Making Human Rights Accountability More Graphic This fact sheet focuses on economic and social rights in Angola. In light of Angola s appearance before
More informationArup Banerji. Director, Social Protection and Labor The World Bank Group
Arup Banerji Director, Social Protection and Labor The World Bank Group Some Headline Numbers 1/3 of the poorest 20% are covered by social protection programs in the developing and emerging world Over
More informationDHS METHODOLOGICAL REPORTS 16
An Assessment of the Quality of DHS Anthropometric Data, 2005-2014 DHS METHODOLOGICAL REPORTS 16 SEPTEMBER 2015 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development.
More informationWoFA 2017 begins by defining food assistance and distinguishing it from food aid
July 2017 1 WoFA 2017 begins by defining food assistance and distinguishing it from food aid FOOD ASSISTANCE Instruments Objectives & Programmes Supportive Activities & Platforms In kind food transfers
More informationPayments from government to people
3 PAYMENTS Most people make payments such as for utility bills or domestic remittances. And most receive payments such as wages, other payments for work, or government transfers. The 2017 Global Findex
More information=======================================================================
[Federal Register Volume 74, Number 178 (Wednesday, September 16, 2009)] [Notices] [Pages 47618-47619] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: E9-22306]
More informationEmbassies and Travel Documents Overview
Embassies and Travel Documents Overview Possible to obtain passport? Minimum processing time Adults with ID embassy turnaround times Adults who need to obtain ID / prove identity embassy turnaround times
More informationBank Guidance. Thresholds for procurement. approaches and methods by country. Bank Access to Information Policy Designation Public
Bank Guidance Thresholds for procurement approaches and methods by country Bank Access to Information Policy Designation Public Catalogue Number OPSPF5.05-GUID.48 Issued Effective July, 206 Retired August
More informationDevelopment Cooperation
Development Cooperation Development is much more than the transition from poverty to wealth. Certainly economic improvement is one goal, but equally important are the enhancement of human dignity and security,
More informationTISAX Activation List
TISAX Activation List ENX doc ID: 621 Version: 1.0 Date: 2017-02-07 Audience: TISAX Stakeholders Classification: Public Status: Mandatory ENXtract: List of Countries with special requirements for certain
More informationThe Multidimensional Financial Inclusion MIFI 1
2016 Report Tracking Financial Inclusion The Multidimensional Financial Inclusion MIFI 1 Financial Inclusion Financial inclusion is an essential ingredient of economic development and poverty reduction
More informationCountry Briefing: Peru Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) At a Glance
Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) www.ophi.org.uk Oxford Dept of International Development, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford Country Briefing: Peru Multidimensional Poverty
More informationPer Capita Income Guidelines for Operational Purposes
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Per Capita Income Guidelines for Operational Purposes May 23, 2018. The per capita Gross National Income (GNI) guidelines covering the Civil Works
More informationCollective Intelligence Daudi Were, Project
Collective Intelligence Daudi Were, Project Director, @mentalacrobatic Kenya GDP 2002-2007 Kenya General Election Day 2007 underreported unreported Elections UZABE - Nigerian General Election - 2015
More informationGlobal Social Progress Index
Global Social Progress Index How do we advance society? Economic Development Social Progress www.socialprogressindex.com The Social Progress Imperative defines social progress as: the capacity of a society
More informationMacroeconomics+ World+Distribu3on+of+Income+ XAVIER+SALA=I=MARTIN+(2006)+ ECON+321+
Macroeconomics+ World+Distribu3on+of+Income+ XAVIER+SALA=I=MARTIN+(26)+ ECON+321+ Ques3ons+ Do+you+have+any+percep3ons+that+existed+ before+reading+this+paper+that+have+been+ altered?++ What+are+your+thoughts+about+the+direc3on+of+
More informationAUSTRALIA S REFUGEE RESPONSE NOT THE MOST GENEROUS BUT IN TOP 25
19 July 2013 AUSTRALIA S REFUGEE RESPONSE NOT THE MOST GENEROUS BUT IN TOP 25 Australia is not the world s most generous country in its response to refugees but is just inside the top 25, according to
More informationMethodological Innovations in Multidimensional Poverty Measurement
Methodological Innovations in Multidimensional Poverty Measurement Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) University of Oxford Rabat, 4 June 2014 Why such interest? Ethics Human lives are
More informationMillennium Profiles Demographic & Social Energy Environment Industry National Accounts Trade. Social indicators. Introduction Statistics
1 of 5 10/2/2008 10:16 AM UN Home Department of Economic and Social Affairs Economic and Social Development Home UN logo Statistical Division Search Site map About us Contact us Millennium Profiles Demographic
More informationGeoterm and Symbol Definition Sentence. consumption. developed country. developing country. gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
G E O T E R M S Read Sections 1 and 2. Then create an illustrated dictionary of the Geoterms by completing these tasks: Create a symbol or an illustration to represent each term. Write a definition of
More informationChallenges and Opportunities for harnessing the Demographic Dividend in Africa
Challenges and Opportunities for harnessing the Demographic Dividend in Africa Eliya Msiyaphazi Zulu (PhD.) Presented at the Network on African Parliamentary Committee of Health Meeting Kampala, Uganda
More informationTB REACH TB REACH. A new funding source for TB case detection
A new funding source for TB case detection Background Only 61% case detection in 2008 Large and persistent gap in case detection 3.7 million cases undetected in 2008 Important to develop and implement
More informationRule of Law Index 2019 Insights
World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2019 Insights Highlights and data trends from the WJP Rule of Law Index 2019 Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom
More informationLIST OF CONTRACTING STATES AND OTHER SIGNATORIES OF THE CONVENTION (as of January 11, 2018)
ICSID/3 LIST OF CONTRACTING STATES AND OTHER SIGNATORIES OF THE CONVENTION (as of January 11, 2018) The 162 States listed below have signed the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between
More information2018 Social Progress Index
2018 Social Progress Index The Social Progress Index Framework asks universally important questions 2 2018 Social Progress Index Framework 3 Our best index yet The Social Progress Index is an aggregate
More informationCountry pairings for the first cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption
Country pairings for the first cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption YEAR 1 Group of African States Zambia Zimbabwe Italy Uganda Ghana
More informationProforma Cost Overview for national UN Volunteers for UN Peace Operations (DPA/DPKO)
Proforma Cost Overview 2018-2019 for national UN for UN Peace Operations (DPA/DPKO) UN UN 1 Afghanistan 11,513 10,023 3,469 4,307 12,318 10,475 3,477 4,557 2 Albania (1)* 19,856 16,459 5,794 7,168 20,976
More informationDevelopment and the Next Generation. The World Development Report 2007 March 2007
Development and the Next Generation The World Development Report 2007 March 2007 www.worldbank.org/wdr2007 Outline Motivation Structure and framework How can we help young people make better decisions?
More informationORC Macro Beltsville Drive Suite 300 Calverton, MD USA Telephone: Fax:
MEASURE DHS assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID),
More informationMechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption: country pairings for the second review cycle
Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption: country pairings for the second review cycle In the first year, a total of 29 reviews will be conducted.
More informationFood Procurement 2007 Annual Report
Food Procurement 2007 Annual Report Procurement Mission Statement To ensure that appropriate commodities are available to WFP beneficiaries (operations) in a timely and cost-effective manner. Further to
More informationIEP Risk and Peace. Institute for Economics and Peace. Steve Killelea, Executive Chairman. Monday, 18th November 2013 EIB, Luxemburg
IEP Risk and Peace Steve Killelea, Executive Chairman Institute for Economics and Peace Monday, 18th November 2013 EIB, Luxemburg Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) The Institute for Economics and
More informationProposed Indicative Scale of Contributions for 2016 and 2017
October 2015 E Item 16 of the Provisional Agenda SIXTH SESSION OF THE GOVERNING BODY Rome, Italy, 5 9 October 2015 Proposed Indicative Scale of Contributions for 2016 and 2017 Note by the Secretary 1.
More informationOn track in 2013 to Reduce Malaria Incidence by >75% by 2015 (vs 2000)
ALMA SUMMARY REPORT: 2 ND QUARTER 205 Introduction The month of July 205 sees Ethiopia and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa hosting the 3 rd International Financing for Development Conference,
More information( ) Page: 1/12 STATUS OF NOTIFICATIONS OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION ON CUSTOMS VALUATION AND RESPONSES TO THE CHECKLIST OF ISSUES
25 October 2017 (17-5787) Page: 1/12 Committee on Customs Valuation STATUS OF NOTIFICATIONS OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION ON CUSTOMS VALUATION AND RESPONSES TO THE CHECKLIST OF ISSUES NOTE BY THE SECRETARIAT
More informationCountry pairings for the second cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption
Country pairings for the second cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption In year 1, a total of 29 reviews will be conducted: Regional
More informationACE GLOBAL A Snapshot
ACE GLOBAL A Snapshot FACTS Present in 46 countries worldwide Provide asset Management to 172 financial institutions Total assets in excess of US$ 9 billion More than 4,800 employees HISTORY ACE GLOBAL,
More informationControl of Corruption and the MCA: A Preview to the FY2008 Country Selection Sheila Herrling and Sarah Rose 1 October 16, 2007
Control of Corruption and the MCA: A Preview to the FY2008 Country Selection Sheila Herrling and Sarah Rose 1 October 16, 2007 The Millennium Challenge Corporation places a premium on good governance.
More informationCUSTOMS AND EXCISE ACT, AMENDMENT OF SCHEDULE NO. 2 (NO. 2/3/5)
Government Gazette No. 41038 No. R.829 CUSTOMS AND EXCISE ACT, 1964. AMENDMENT OF SCHEDULE NO. 2 (NO. 2/3/5) Date: 2017-08-11 In terms of section 57 of the Customs and Excise Act, 1964, Part 3 of Schedule
More informationThe World s Most Generous Countries
The World s Most Generous Countries Copyright Standards This document contains proprietary research, copyrighted and trademarked materials of Gallup, Inc. Accordingly, international and domestic laws and
More informationPerformance-based financing (PBF) to accelerate progress towards MDGs 4 and 5: What have we learned? Henrik Axelson (PMNCH) Daniel Kraushaar (MSH)
Performance-based financing (PBF) to accelerate progress towards MDGs 4 and 5: What have we learned? Henrik Axelson (PMNCH) Daniel Kraushaar (MSH) Women Deliver conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia May 29,
More informationRegional Scores. African countries Press Freedom Ratings 2001
Regional Scores African countries Press Freedom 2001 Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa) Cote
More informationCountry pairings for the first review cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption
Country pairings for the first review cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption In the first year, a total of 27 reviews will be conducted.
More informationCountry Briefing: Egypt Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) At a Glance
Oxford and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) www.ophi.org.uk Oxford Dept of International Development, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford Country Briefing: Egypt Multidimensional Index (MPI)
More informationAPPENDIX 2. to the. Customs Manual on Preferential Origin
APPENDIX 2 to the Customs Manual on Preferential Origin Document updated September 2015 Queries: origin"asection@revenue.ie This Manual provides a guide to the interpretation of the law governing Preferential
More informationTHE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION ARTS AND SCIENCES
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION ARTS AND SCIENCES HOW DOES DEMOCRATIZATION IMPACT PUBLIC HEALTH OUTCOMES IN DEVELOPING STATES? CAREY BELL Spring 2011
More informationDHS COMPARATIVE REPORTS 37
THE PREVALENCE OF HOUSEHOLD RISK FACTORS FOR CHILDREN AGE 0-17, ESTIMATED FOR 2000-2015 USING DHS AND MICS SURVEYS DHS COMPARATIVE REPORTS 37 SEPTEMBER 2015 This publication was produced for review by
More informationMechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption: country pairings for the second review cycle
Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption: country pairings for the second review cycle In the first year, a total of 29 reviews will be conducted.
More information2017 Social Progress Index
2017 Social Progress Index Central Europe Scorecard 2017. For information, contact Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited In this pack: 2017 Social Progress Index rankings Country scorecard(s) Spotlight on indicator
More informationCountry pairings for the first review cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption
Country pairings for the first review cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption In the first year, a total of 27 reviews will be conducted.
More informationCAC/COSP/IRG/2018/CRP.9
29 August 2018 English only Implementation Review Group First resumed ninth session Vienna, 3 5 September 2018 Item 2 of the provisional agenda Review of the implementation of the United Nations Convention
More informationCountry pairings for the second review cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption
Country pairings for the second review cycle of the Mechanism for the Review of Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption In the first year, a total of 29 reviews will be conducted.
More informationSlums As Expressions of Social Exclusion: Explaining The Prevalence of Slums in African Countries
Slums As Expressions of Social Exclusion: Explaining The Prevalence of Slums in African Countries Ben C. Arimah United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) Nairobi, Kenya 1. Introduction Outline
More informationPQLI Dataset Codebook
PQLI Dataset Codebook Version 1.0, February 2006 Erlend Garåsen Department of Sociology and Political Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology Table of Contents 1. Introduction...3 1.1 Files...3
More informationProforma Cost for national UN Volunteers for UN Partner Agencies
Proforma Cost for national UN Volunteers for UN Partner Agencies - 2017 Country of Assignment National UN Volunteers (12 months) In US$ National UN Youth Volunteers (12 months) In US$ National University
More informationWorld Refugee Survey, 2001
World Refugee Survey, 2001 Refugees in Africa: 3,346,000 "Host" Country Home Country of Refugees Number ALGERIA Western Sahara, Palestinians 85,000 ANGOLA Congo-Kinshasa 12,000 BENIN Togo, Other 4,000
More informationGood Sources of International News on the Internet are: ABC News-
Directions: AP Human Geography Summer Assignment Ms. Abruzzese Part I- You are required to find, read, and write a description of 5 current events pertaining to a country that demonstrate the IMPORTANCE
More informationCommittee for Development Policy Seventh Session March 2005 PURCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP) Note by the Secretariat
Committee for Development Policy Seventh Session 14-18 March 2005 PURCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP) Note by the Secretariat This note provides extracts from the paper entitled: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
More informationTable of country-specific HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2001
Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic 2002 Table of country-specific HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2001 Global surveillance of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a joint effort
More informationContracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention
Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention 14/12/2016 Number of Contracting Parties: 169 Country Entry into force Notes Albania 29.02.1996 Algeria 04.03.1984 Andorra 23.11.2012 Antigua and Barbuda 02.10.2005
More informationPoverty Reduc-on in India: Issues and Policies Comments. Stephen C. Smith, GWU Nov Presenta-on by Prof. S. Mahendra Dev
Poverty Reduc-on in India: Issues and Policies Comments Stephen C. Smith, GWU Nov. 2016 Presenta-on by Prof. S. Mahendra Dev Some ques-ons Very interes-ng and useful exposi-on of factors driving rapid
More information10. International Convention against Apartheid in Sports
United Nations Treaty Collection [As of 5 February 2002] Page 1 of 5 10. International Convention against Apartheid in Sports New York, 10 December 1985 Entry into force: 3 April, in accordance with article
More informationJapan s s Strategy for Regional Trade Agreements
Japan s s Strategy for Regional Trade Agreements JEF-AIM Symposium February, 4, 2005, Manila Yasuo Tanabe Vice President, RIETI (This Paper is based on METI, but rearranged by the author. It is the author
More informationA) List of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders. 1. States
Lists of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and of those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement A) List of third countries whose
More informationEvaluation Methodology
Appendix A Evaluation Methodology This appendix presents the detailed methodology for the different evaluation components. I. Selection of Evaluation Countries Selection of evaluation countries Countries
More informationHow to Develop Assessment Tools for Standards of Professional Conduct: A Review of 78 Countries
How to Develop Assessment Tools for Standards of Professional Conduct: A Review of 78 Countries Presented by: April 14, 2007 Presented at: 2007 PREM Learning Week Civil Service Course April 20, 2007 Washington
More informationProforma Cost for National UN Volunteers for UN Partner Agencies for National UN. months) Afghanistan 14,030 12,443 4,836
Proforma Cost for National UN Volunteers for UN Partner Agencies for 2018 Country of Assignment National UN Volunteers (12 months) National UN Youth Volunteers (12 months) National University Volunteers
More informationOVERVIEW OF THE NAGOYA PROTOCOL ON ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES AND THE FAIR AND EQUITABLE SHARING OF BENEFITS ARISING FROM THEIR UTILIZATION
OVERVIEW OF THE NAGOYA PROTOCOL ON ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES AND THE FAIR AND EQUITABLE SHARING OF BENEFITS ARISING FROM THEIR UTILIZATION Worku Yifru, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity,
More informationDevelopment and Access to Information
Development and Access to Information 2017 Fact Sheet IFLA in partnership with the Technology & Social Change Group Fact Sheet: The State of Access to Information in 2017 Access to information: The right
More informationA Partial Solution. To the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference
A Partial Solution To the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference Some of our most important questions are causal questions. 1,000 5,000 10,000 50,000 100,000 10 5 0 5 10 Level of Democracy ( 10 = Least
More informationREGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE AMERICAS: THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS
REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE AMERICAS: THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS Conclusions, inter-regional comparisons, and the way forward Barbara Kotschwar, Peterson Institute for International Economics
More information2014 GLOBAL PEACE INDEX
2014 GLOBAL PEACE INDEX Steve Killelea, Executive Chairman Institute for Economics and Peace Royal Military Academy, Brussels Tuesday, 24th June, 2014 INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMICS AND PEACE The Institute for
More informationA) List of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders. 1. States
Lists of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and of those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement A) List of third countries whose
More informationHighlights of the EU Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP)
Highlights of the EU Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP) DG Trade, Civil Society Dialogue, 5 March 2015 This presentation is a part of the Commission's Info Pack on the EU's GSP and is best read together
More information2016 Global Civic Engagement
2016 Global Civic Engagement Copyright Standards This document contains proprietary research, copyrighted materials and literary property of Gallup, Inc. It is for the guidance of your organization only
More informationFREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2008
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2008 Table of Global Press Freedom Rankings 1 Finland 9 Free Iceland 9 Free 3 Denmark 10 Free Norway 10 Free 5 Belgium 11 Free Sweden 11 Free 7 Luxembourg 12 Free 8 Andorra 13 Free
More information2018 Global Law and Order
2018 Global Law and Order Copyright Standards This document contains proprietary research, copyrighted and trademarked materials of Gallup, Inc. Accordingly, international and domestic laws and penalties
More informationIn Gabon, overwhelming public distrust of CENAP and election quality forms backdrop for presidential vote dispute
Libreville, Gabon 1 September 2016 News release In Gabon, overwhelming public distrust of CENAP and election quality forms backdrop for presidential vote dispute Gabon s presidential election dispute is
More informationAAO HNSF International Visiting Scholarship (IVS) Application
IVS Opportunity You Are Applying for (Select All that Apply) For more information about eligibility criteria, visit www.entnet.org/international or email international@entnet.org The American Association
More informationA Foundation for Dialogue on Freedom in Africa
A Foundation for Dialogue on dom in Africa Sub-Saharan Africa in 007 presents at the same time some of the most promising examples of new democracies in the world places where leaders who came to power
More informationIPUMS at the 58 th ISI ISI (Dublin, Aug 20-21, 21, 2011) IPUMS Workshop (Aug 20-21) 21)» STS065 Future of Microdata Ac
Welcome to the 11 th IPUMS-International International workshop: Dublin, Ireland, Aug 20-21, 21, 2011 *** Robert McCaa, Professor of population history University of Minnesota rmccaa@umn.edu for additional
More informationTD/B/Inf.222. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Membership of UNCTAD and membership of the Trade and Development Board
United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Distr.: General 9 August 2011 Original: English TD/B/Inf.222 Trade and Development Board Membership of UNCTAD and membership of the Trade
More informationGLOBAL PRESS FREEDOM RANKINGS
GLOBAL PRESS FREEDOM RANKINGS 1 Finland 10 Free 2 Norway 11 Free Sweden 11 Free 4 Belgium 12 Free Iceland 12 Free Luxembourg 12 Free 7 Andorra 13 Free Denmark 13 Free Switzerland 13 Free 10 Liechtenstein
More informationHUMAN RESOURCES IN R&D
HUMAN RESOURCES IN R&D This fact sheet presents the latest UIS S&T data available as of July 2011. Regional density of researchers and their field of employment UIS Fact Sheet, August 2011, No. 13 In the
More information2. IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE
page 48 2. IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE NOTE TO THE READER Progress against the goals and strategic objectives related to immunization has been consolidated into a single report, as was done in the previous reports
More information