2) In what century did George Washington take the office as President? 3) Why was President Washington so grave and serious on the day he took office?
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1 We are in a wilderness without a The Federalist Era ( ) The minority possess their equal single footstep to guide us. Review Sheet 2 rights, which equal law must protect -J. Madison We are all Republicans, we are all Federalist. -President Jefferson Early on April 30, 1789, crowds gathered in the streets of New York. They were there to see George Washington take the oath of office as President of the United State. Around noon, Washington arrived at Federal Hall. Vice President John Adams stepped to greet him. Adams had a speech ready, but he was so nervous that he forgot every word of it. Finally, he said, Sir, the Senate and the House of Representatives are ready to attend you to take the oath required by the Constitution. Then, he led Washington out into a balcony where the crowds could watch the ceremony. After taking the oath, Washington went inside to make a speech. He looked grave, almost to sadness, recalled one senator. His voice broke with emotion, said another. This great man was agitated more than ever he was by the leveled cannon or pointed musket. 1) What does this description of his inauguration show you about George Washington? 2) In what century did George Washington take the office as President? 3) Why was President Washington so grave and serious on the day he took office? 1
2 I. New Government at Work George Washington, the first President of the United States, worked with the first Congress to organize the daily operation of the American government. A cabinet was chosen, a federal court system was set up, and plans for paying the national debt and strengthening the nation s finances were created. A. The Constitution said very little about how the executive branch of government should be organized. But it was clear that the President needed people to help him carry out his duties. 5 Departments 1) State Department 2) Treasury Department 3) War Department 4) Offices of the Attorney General 5) Postmaster General B. The Constitution had authorized Congress to set up a federal court system, headed by the Supreme Court, but it failed to spell out the details. How many additional courts should there be? What would happen if federal court decisions conflicted with state laws? * John Jay was chosen as first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 1) Judiciary Act of a) Why did federal law have to be the supreme Law of the Land in the new nation? 2
3 C. As Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton wanted to put the nation s finances on a firm footing he faced many problems. During the Revolution, the national government and individual states borrowed a lot of money from foreign countries and from ordinary people. Governments borrow money by issuing bonds. A bond is a certificate that promises to pay the holder a certain sum of money plus interest on a certain date. The money a government owes is called the national debt. Why did the new nation need to pay off its debts? * Hamilton plan is a) buy up the government s old bond and issue new bonds (nation s finances improves, government would pay off the new bonds). He also wanted the national government to b) pay off debts owed by states. Opposition a) Buy old bonds = James Madison- During the Revolution soldiers and other people were paid for their service with government bonds. Many of these people needed cash and sold their bonds to speculators who usually paid the bondholder only cents for a bond worth one dollar. If the government repaid the bonds at their full value, speculators stood to make a large profit. Madison argued speculators should not be paid full value for the bonds. Hamilton convinced Congress to accept his plan. b) Take over state debts = Many south states opposed Hamilton s idea of repaying the debts owed by the states because they had already paid their debts. Madison had enough votes in Congress to defeat Hamilton. A compromise is offered. Move capital from New York to Virginia. Capital would not be part of any state. Set aside on a piece of land on the Potomac River which is called the District of Columbia that would be ready in (Capital was in Philadelphia in meantime). Meeting Government Expenses By 1791, the new government had many expenses. It had employees, build the new Federal City, and keep up the army and navy. [The Congress shall have the power] to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United State, or in any department or officer thereof. -U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 1) Was Hamilton justified in using the necessary and proper clause to create a national bank? Why or why not? a) National Bank b) Excise Tax c) Tariff- 3
4 d) Whiskey Rebellion D. The new American nation faced many challenges. The French Revolution (1789, overthrow the monarchy) sparked a war that threatened to involve the United States. Also a declared war on other monarchies such as Great Britain. At home, white settlers trespassed upon the Northwest Territory, triggering open warfare between Indian nations and the federal government. * Republicans such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, wanted to honor the 1778 (alliance between U.S. & France) treaty and support France. ** Federalist, such as Alexander Hamilton wanted to back the British. *** President Washington on April 22, 1793 issued the Neutrality Proclamation (would not support either side & forbade Americans from taking any warlike against either sides) 1. Why did the United States want to maintain its neutrality? 2. Edmond Genet 2. Thomas Pinckney (Pinckney s Treaty of 1795)- 3. Why did the United States want access to the Mississippi River? 4. Jay s Treaty- 5. How did events in the Northwest Territory affect U.S. relations with Britain? 6. It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. -Washington s Farwell Address, September 17, 1796 a) What warning did President Washington give the country? 4
5 b. Why do you think this warning was given? II. Political Parties The debate between Federalist and Anti-Federalist over ratification (Constitution)showed the existence of differences of opinion on government. These differences led to the formation of the first two political parties The Federalist and the Democratic-Republicans. President Washington tried to remain above the arguments between Hamilton and Jefferson/Madison and to encourage them to work together despite their basic differences. These differences were so great however, that the two men continued to clash over government policy; their conflict divided the cabinet and fueled the growing division in national politics. 1) How did the Federalist and Republicans differ from each other? III. Adams Takes a Firm Stand President John Adams (Federalist) faced both conflict at home and possibility of war with France. His decision split his party and cost him reelection. 1. XYZ Affair - *Federalist led by Hamilton wanted war with France, they thought war would benefit the U.S. forcing the U.S. to build a strong army & navy and also weaken support for Jefferson (Republican) who was seen as sympathetic to the French. Adam disagreed with Hamilton (Agreement led a split on the Federalist Party. 5
6 2. Convention of Napoleon Bonaparte agreed to stop seizing American ships. He did not want to be bothered fighting the United States while trying to expand his power in Europe. ** Adams kept the nation out of war. Peace cost him the support of many Federalist and split his party. * *Laws were passed in order to protect the U.S. in case of war. **Many recent immigrants supported Jefferson and the Republicans. These acts would keep immigrants from voting for years. 3. Alien Acts- 4. Sedition Act - ** How did the Alien and Sedition Acts threaten political freedoms? 5. Unconstitutional- 6. Nullify(nullification)- 7. Kentucky & Virginia resolution- Age of Jefferson On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson walked along the muddy streets of the new capital city. Washington, D.C., was still only half finished. The newly elected President was on his way to his inauguration. He deliberately kept the event simple. No guard of honor or servants accompanied him when he went inside the unfinished Capital building. He took the oath of office and walked back to boardinghouse where he was living. Jefferson was the first President of the United States to take office in the new capital city. He was also the first republican President. Federalist worried about how Jefferson would use his power. They soon found out what the new President and the new century would bring. 6
7 In fact, Jefferson did not see his election as his greatest success. For him, drafting the Declaration of Independence was more important. Once, some friends wanted to hold a public celebration for his birthday. Jefferson said, The only birthday I ever commemorate is that of our Independence, the Fourth of July. As President, Jefferson tried to live up to the ideals of the Declaration. Jefferson vowed to make the government more democratic (making sure that all people have the same rights). *Before leaving office in 1801, President John Adams appointed several judges including Chief Justice John Marshall ( ). The Federalist would remain powerful in federal courts and increase the power of the Judicial branch. 1. Marbury v. Madison (1803)- * Every case brought before a court has two parties. One is the plaintiff, or person with a complaint. The other is the defendant, or person who must defend against the complaint. The plaintiff s name appears first, followed by the defendant s name. The v. means versus, or against. a. Judicial Review- _ 2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- 3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)- 7
8 Strict vs. Loose Construction *Hamilton s proposal for a national bank started the first national debate between strict and loose constructionists. a) Strict constructionists=favor a narrow interpretation of the constriction (govt. can only do those things the document specifically spells out.) b) Loose constructionists= favor a freer reading of the Constitution that gives government more room to act. ** Supporting the purchase meant that Pres. Jefferson would adopt a loose interpretation of the Constitution which he was against when Hamilton attempted to build a national bank. 1) Why do you think President Jefferson adopted a loose interpretation of the constitution when it came to the Louisiana Purchase? 2) Why was the Louisiana Purchase important? 8
9 Terms & Names 1) Judiciary Act of ) Alexander Hamilton- _ 3) National bank- 4) Protective tariff- 5) Excise tax- 6) Neutrality- 7) John Jay- 8) XYZ Affairs 9) Alien Act- 10) Sedition Act- 11) Judiciary Act of ) Midnight Judges- 9
10 13) John Marshall- 14) Marbury vs. Madison- 15) Judicial Review- 16) Louisiana Purchase- _ 17) Thomas Jefferson- 18) Blockade- 19) Impressment- 20) Embargo- 21) Andrew Jackson- 22) Treaty of Ghent- 23) MCulloch v. Maryland - 24) Armistice 25) Foreign Policy- 26) War of
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