THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
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1 Tis really astonishing that the same people, who have just emerged from a long and cruel war in defense of liberty, should now agree to fix an elective despotism upon themselves and their posterity. Richard Henry Lee THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION Formation (committee headed by John Dickinson) Ratification (stamp of approval on status quo) Nearly 5 years from committee to implementation Maryland balked at messy western land claims vague, exorbitant, disconnected, overlapping motive both wise & selfish single-state delay bad omen for Articles
2 Shortcomings ( league of friendship only) Fed l gov t denied adequate authority over states Unanimous consent necessary for amendment Apparent errors understandable (not accidental) WESTWARD EXPANSION Land Ordinance of 1785 (systematic settlement) Divided into townships 36 mi² (6 mi 6 mi) section = 1 mi² = 640 acres Made available thru public auction entire section $1 per acre minimum land companies sold smaller plots to farmers Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (sanctioned gov t) Northwest Territory Ohio River, Mississippi River, Great Lakes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin Statehood formula territorial governor, secretary, 3 judges 5,000 voters = representative to Congress 60,000 bodies = constitution, then statehood Bill of rights
3 THE ROAD TO PHILADELPHIA Mt. Vernon Conference (March 1785) Annapolis Conference (January 1786) Shays s Rebellion (late 1786) Philadelphia Conference (May 1787) Delegates = demigods Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton notable absentees inc. Jefferson, Adamses, more lawyers, planters, merchants, slaveowners Attendance = irregular/uncertain 74 delegates named; 55 attended (12 states) average attendance per session (88) Purpose = revise Articles of Confederation meetings closed to ensure quality debate Articles abandoned in favor of federalism dramatic power shift (convention extralegal) AGREEMENT THRU COMPROMISE Great Compromise Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan Bicameral legislature Three-Fifths Compromise Northern states vs. southern states Slaves = 3/5 for representation & taxation Commerce Compromise North (manufacturing) vs. South (agrarian) Uniform trade laws from state to state All treaties (inc. trade) need 2/3 Senate vote No export taxes allowed Slavery Compromise Moral anxiety vs. political/economic issue No interference w/ slave trade until 1808 Tax of $10 per slave permissible Electoral College Compromise Direct election vs. alternate selection System flawed (abolishment later considered)
4 RATIFICATION Convention (569 total votes) 38/41 remaining delegates (+ 1 absentia) At least one signee from each state Opposed = Gerry, Mason, Randolph + 4 absent 7 absent favored; 2 gave no indication Congress (under the Articles) States (9 of 13 req d) Delaware #1; New Hampshire #9 (June 1788) Massachusetts, New York, Virginia key states Federalists = strong central gov t Upper class; lawyers, doctors, ministers; urban Hamilton, Madison, Jay The Federalist (series of 85 essays by Publius ) Anti-Federalists = states rights Lower class; farmers & laborers; rural Hancock, S. Adams, Clinton, Henry Three major objections no gov t protection of civil liberties states rights denied (esp. elastic clause ) not democratic enough Bill of Rights to appease Anti-Federalists (Dec 1791) James Madison used Virginia s as model States submitted 200+ suggestions 12 submitted to Congress whittled down to 10 The Enduring Constitution Checks & balances system ensures gov t credibility Formal amendment process (Article V) Brevity/lack of detail allows custom & usage
5 Articles of Confederation Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Mt. Vernon Conference Annapolis Conference Shays s Rebellion Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan Great Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Electoral College Gerry, Mason, & Randolph federalism separation of powers checks & balances Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Hamilton, Madison, & Jay The Federalist articles, sections, clauses elastic clause Bill of Rights All of the following were boundaries of the Northwest Territory except the a. Appalachian Mountains. b. Ohio River. c. Great Lakes. d. Mississippi River. The delegates at the Constitutional Convention were in general agreement that a. basic human rights transcend all economic, gender, racial, and religious lines. b. the Articles of Confederation should be junked. c. separation of powers was truly workable only in a monarchical government. d. most people were knowledgeable enough to elect responsible governmental leaders. The Constitution s necessary and proper clause a. is a crucial part of the document s amendment process. b. was later ruled by the Supreme Court to be a violation of the separation of powers principle. c. extends the powers of Congress. d. was added to the document due to the strong influence of the Anti-Federalists. At the Constitutional Convention, the issue of slavery was a. addressed forthrightly in the Bill of Rights. b. completely ignored. c. left to the individual states to decide as part of their statehood application process. d. generally avoided so as to not threaten disunion of the states cut & submit Of the following, the most appropriate theme of the Constitutional Convention would be a. democracy for all. b. preserving our league of friendship. c. join or die. d. agreement through compromise.
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