Opening: Go Over Unit 2 Test. Work Period: Chapter 13 The Rise of Mass Democracy Notes. Closing: Chapter 13 Quiz

Transcription

1 Opening: Go Over Unit 2 Test Work Period: Chapter 13 The Rise of Mass Democracy Notes Closing: Chapter 13 Quiz

2 Election of 1824 Four Republican candidates Andrew Jackson Henry Clay William Crawford John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun was the vice presidential candidate on both Adams & Jackson tickets Jackson won the popular vote but not a majority of the electoral votes Vote goes to the House of Representatives (12 th Amendment)

3 House of Representatives House would have to choose from the top 3 candidates Clay was eliminated / Crawford suffered a stroke Clay was Speaker of the House so he presided over the hearings Clay met privately with Adams and assured him of his support - supposedly Adams becomes president in 1825

4 Corrupt Bargain Adams selects Clay as his Sec of State Secretary of state 3 of the 4 preceding sec had become president Adams, the 2 nd choice of the people, defeated the 1 st choice of the people, Jackson Jackson condemned Clay Judas of the West No clear proof that agreement was made If so, not necessarily corrupt

5 Yankee in the White House Better Sec of State than President Minority president Hard to get things accomplished Political spoilsmen annoyed Adams Proposals to Congress Construction of roads & canals National university Astronomical observatory ** If federal gov t could meddle in local concerns like education & roads, what about slavery?**

6 Campaign of 1828 National Republicans Adams Mudslinging / about Jackson Mother prostitute Coffins / duels adulterer Democratic-Republicans Jackson Mudslinging / about Adams Gambling Large sums of money

7 Revolution of 1828 Jackson 178 / Adams 83 (p. 261) Jackson Support from West & South/ common people Political revolution Increased voter turnout Political center of gravity was continuing to shift away from the eastern seaboard to the emerging states across the mountains Peaceful Revolution Achieved by ballots instead of bullets

8 Old Hickory Jackson personified the new West Individualism, jack-of-all trades, opportunism, etc Background Orphaned, brawler, no college education Born in the Carolinas/ moved to Tennessee 1 st president from the West

9 Jackson s Political Beliefs Suspicious of the federal gov t as a defender of privilege Sacredness of the Union & the ultimate supremacy of federal power over that of the states Demanded prompt & loyal support from his subordinates Ignored the Supreme Court on several occasions Frequently used his power of veto

10 Jackson & the Spoils System Spoil System (electing those who helped elect you) introduced into the federal gov t on a large numerical scale To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy. No party overturn had occurred since the defeat of the Federalists in 1800 Lead to corruption & incompetence Rotation in Office

11 Official Cabinet of 6 Cabinet Crisis Sec of State Martin Van Buren Kitchen Cabinet 13 ever-shifting members Informal meetings with advisors Group did not gather in the kitchen Influence was exaggerated Not unconstitutional

12 Peggy Eaton Affair Sec of War John H. Eaton Wife, Peggy Eaton, was looked down upon because of her background Especially by VP Calhoun s wife Jackson eventually turned against Calhoun Calhoun resigned as VP & entered Senate Great Nullifier Became a defender of states rights

13 Tariff of Abominations Congress had already increased the tariff of 1824 from 23% to 37% Woolen manufacturers wanted more Tariff of 1828 tariff increased to 45% Supported by Jacksonites because they believed that it would not pass; however, it passed Southerners were shocked

14 Reaction of the Tariff of 1828 Southern beliefs Discriminated against them Cotton was unprotected & manufactured goods were protected Higher prices lead to a reduced volume of purchases, in both directions South would suffer both as consumers & as producers The South Carolina Exposition John C. Calhoun Proposed that the states should nullify the tariff because it was unjust & unconstitutional

15 Webster Hayne Debate (1830) Robert Hayne SC Condemned disloyalty of New England during War of 1812 & tariff Nullification was the only means of safeguarding interest of the South Protecting southern rights within the Union Daniel Webster Represented New England Against nullification people & not the states had framed the Constitution Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.

16 Cement for the Union Each section was satisfied with its champion Jefferson Day Banquet (1830) Jackson Our union, it must be preserved. Calhoun The Union, next to our liberty, most dear!

17 Nullies in South Carolina Southerners were still angry over the Tariff of 1828 Were trying to get the 2/3 vote for nullification Tariff of 1832 passed by Congress Reduced tariff by 10% SC still threatening nullification & possible secession SC Flag

18 SC s Response Clash of Nullifiers & Unionists Nullifiers received more than 2/3 majority Declared Tariff of 1832 null and void in SC Called upon state legislature to take any military preparations necessary Threatened to secede from the Union if Washington regime attempted to collect customs duties by force JACKSON S RESPONSE Privately threatened to hang nullifiers Dispatched naval and military reinforcements to SC Issued proclamation against nullification --Gov Haynes issued counter-proclamation Civil War?

19 The Great Compromiser Henry Clay (KY) Tariff of 1833 Reduced the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years Squeezed through Congress Favored by Calhoun & the South Opposition from New England & the middle states Force Bill ( Bloody Bill ) also passed Authorized the president to use the army & navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties

20 Issue of Slavery Southern reaction to the tariff Anxieties about possible federal interference with the institution of slavery Charleston Denmark Vesey Free black who plotted a slave rebellion Washington could next take a stand on slavery Strong stand against all federal encroachments on states rights South was not developing like other regions Overcropped land & cotton prices had fallen

21 Land & Indian Problems Adams s land policy Tried to curb speculation in the public domain Angered Westerns Cherokee Indians & Georgia Georgians wanted Indians out Adams tried to deal with friendless Indians Georgian governor threatened to use arms to prevent federal gov t from helping the Indians

22 Transplanting the Tribes 1790s gov t recognized tribes as separate nations & agreed to acquire land from them only through formal treaties Indians were repeatedly coerced or tricked into ceding huge tracts of territory to whites Census in million people in US 1820s - 125,000 Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi Relations with the Natives civilizing & Christianizing the Indians Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians Congress appropriated $20,000 for promotion of literacy & agricultural & vocational instruction among the Indians

23 Cherokee Indians Made remarkable efforts to learn the ways of whites Agriculture & private property Cherokee National Council written legal code Cotton planters & slave owners Five Civilized Tribes Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles Georgia legislature declared council illegal & asserted its own jurisdiction over affairs & lands Cherokees applied to Supreme Court

24 Jackson & the Indians Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Indians Jackson refused to recognize their decision John Marshall made his decision; now let him enforce it. Jackson proposed removal of Native Americans Uproot more than 100,000 Indians 1830 Indian Removal Act Transplanting of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi

25 Trail of Tears Countless Indians died Forced to newly established Indian Territory (Oklahoma), where they were to be free of white encroachments Bureau of Indian Affairs Administer relations with Indians

26 Conflicts Begin Sauk & Fox braves from Illinois & Wisconsin lead by Black Hawk resisted Crushed in 1832 by regular troops (Jefferson Davis & Abraham Lincoln) Florida Seminole Indians ( ) Guerrilla war in the Everglades soldiers dead Costliest Indian conflict in American history Leader Osceola captured

27 Nationalism & Jackson Jackson dealt nationalism a blow Hostile towards roads & canals State s rights - federal money should not be used for roads built entirely within individual states Vetoed the Maysville Rd. (KY) (King Andrew)

28 Jackson and the Bank Bank too monopolistic and private institution who was accountable only to the elite Banks minted gold and silver coins but did not issue paper money, that was printed by private banks.

29 Bank War of 1832 Webster and Clay pushed to have charter renewed because the BUS controlled much of the nation s gold and silver and provided a source of credit and stability. (Clay thought if AJ passed it, his followers would be angry but if he didn t he would lose the next presidency.) Jackson vetoed the bill "unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive to the rights of States, and dangerous to the liberties of the people Bank charter expired in 1836

30 Election of 1832 Jackson (Democratic Republican) vs. Clay (National Republican/Whig) New Party: Anti-Masonic Party Opposed Masonic order (people of privilege and monopoly) Jackson was a mason although he was against monopolies Jackson easily wins reelection against Clay Van Buren V.P.

31 Financial Woes Used National Banks to pay for government operations Other federal funds put in pet banks Smaller banks began producing wildcat currency Unreliable Specie Circular all public lands must be bought with hard currency Led to panic of 1837

32 The Whigs Supported government programs, reforms and public schools Internal improvements Party of the Common Man Democrats the party of corruption

33 Democrats Rights of the individual Supported states' rights Federal restraint in social and economic affairs.

34 Election of 1836 Van Buren elected (Jackson handpicked him) Whigs defeated because of lack of unity behind one person (They ran several favorite sons hoping to send the election to the House of Reps)

35 Panic of 1837 Speculators were buying land on borrowed money Agricultural failures added to problems Jackson s economic policies (specie circular, pet banks) played major role European banks failed resulting in calling of foreign (American) loans which led to American banks failing including pet banks which had government funds land sales stopped, Federal government ran out of money for internal improvements DIVORCE BILL-wanted to divorce the government from banking altogether which created the independent treasury

36 Spain, Mexico and Texas 1824 a poor Mexico declared independence from Spain Mexican gov t invited Americans to settle the territory through Stephen Austin (must speak Spanish, convert to Catholicism) 1830 Mexico prevented immigration, levied taxes and prohibited slavery

37 Lone Star Rebellion Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836 Sam Houston Alamo Texan defeat led to many joining army Battle of San Jacinto Defeat of Mexicans Santa Anna captured forced to sign peace treaty North did not want Texas admitted as a state Not admitted until 1845

38 Tippecanoe and Tyler Too-1840 William Henry Harrison defeats Van Buren (log cabins and hard cider) Panic of 1837

39 Recap-Politics for the People By 1820s, aristocracy was frowned upon & democracy was respectable Emphasis on common people Davy Crockett (semiliterate & elected to Congress) However, most high offices continued to be filled by leading citizens

40 Immediate Results The New Democracy Gov t in the hands of the common people Based on universal white manhood suffrage Strong political parties emerge Voter turnout increased % of voters voted New style of politicking emerged Banners, badges, parades, etc...