3.01 America under the Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation (1777) II. Strengths of the Articles of Confederation

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1 3.01 America under the Articles of Confederation 3.01 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. I. The Articles of Confederation (1777) A. A confederation a collection of powerful state governments united by a weak central government. B. Structure: 1. Unicameral congress one house that makes all decisions 2. 1 vote per state C. Purpose: 1. Negotiations with foreign countries 2. Minting standard currency 3. Mediation of state conflicts 4. Coordination of the war effort against G.B. II. III. Strengths of the Articles of Confederation A. Land Ordinance, Created a grid to section lands for future settlement. B. Northwest Ordinance, Creates a process for admitting new states to the union. 2. Outlaws the spread of slavery into new territory Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation A. Structural Weaknesses 1. No executive leader 2. No court system no uniform national law 3. hard to pass laws 9/13 votes were needed 4. Nearly impossible to amend unanimous 13/13 votes needed B. Weak Powers 1. No power to tax 2. No national army very weak and poorly funded 3. Could not regulate trade IV. Shays Rebellion (Massachusetts, 1786) A. Farmers were in debt, lost their farms, paid high taxes B. Protestors, led by Daniel Shays 1. closed state courts by force; stopping trials 2. liberated imprisoned debtors 3. Tried to seize a federal armory in Springfield, Mass. C. No federal army, took 10 months to stop rebellion D. Showed the need for a more powerful, central government.

2 3.02 The Constitutional Convention 3.02 Analyze the conflicts that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention. I. Big States v. Small States A. Structure and Representation in Government 1. The Virginia Plan Big States a) Structure: 3 branches including a bicameral legislature b) Representation: based on population 2. The New Jersey Plan Small States a) Structure: unicameral congress b) Representation: Equal; 1 vote per state 3. The Connecticut Plan (compromise) a) aka the Great Compromise b) Bicameral legislature (1) Senate with equal representation (2 votes per state) (2) House of Representatives (population based) II. Federal Power vs. States Rights A. States Rights supporters wanted state legislatures to elect president to a short, limited term. B. Federal Power Supporters wanted a direct election by qualified voters and unlimited terms C. The Electoral Compromise 1. Citizens vote; president elected indirectly by the electoral college 2. 4 year term, but no limit of terms V. Northern v. Southern States A. Legality of slavery would not be discussed because southern leaders threatened to walk out. 1. The Fugitive Clause required free states to help slave states return slaves to their masters B. Counting slaves for representation 1. The 3/5 s Compromise allowed slave states to count 3 slaves for every 5 in representation in the House and Electoral college C. The Slave Trade 1. The Commerce (slave trade) Compromise congress is not allowed to eliminate the slave trade or tax exports for 20 years.

3 3.03 Ratification of the Constitution 3.03 Compare and contrast philosophies of the Federalists and Antifederalists in regards to the Constitution. I. Federalists A. Who are they: 1. Large, wealthy plantation owners, merchants, artisans 2. Key Leaders: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison B. Beliefs: 1. Supported the constitution 2. Supported Strong central (national) government; weaker state governments (Feared anarchy ) 3. Bill of rights are unnecessary because states have them II. Anti Federalists A. Who are they: 1. Smaller, less wealthy farmers, rural areas, more diversity than Federalists 2. Key Leaders: George Mason, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee B. Beliefs: 1. Opposed the constitution (just amend the Articles) 2. Supported a confederate government; strong state and small federal gov. (Feared Tyranny ) 3. Bill of Rights are necessary to protect civil liberties FROM government III. The Federalist Papers A. Pamphlets written in support of the Constitution B. Were published in newspapers more often than antifederalist papers because of funding. IV. Ratification A. Most small states ratified early; they benefitted from strong central gov. B. large states had close votes because of diversity and population C. The Bill of Rights added to the Constitution pushed the remaining states to ratify.

4 3.04 Washington s Presidency 3.04 Explain the impact George Washington s presidency had on the fate of the United States. I. Judiciary Act of 1789 Creates our federal court system and the Supreme Court and increases size of federal government II. The First Cabinet GW surrounded himself with expert advisors A. John Adams Vice President B. Charles Knox Secretary of War (defense) C. Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury D. Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State III. The Whiskey Rebellion A. Excise tax on whiskey and farmers in the frontier are outraged B. A group of farmers harassed federal officials and burned some buildings down C. Washington takes 13,000 soldiers and the angry mob disperses D. no violence but this proved the new federal government could enforce its laws IV. Neutrality and Foreign Affairs A. France 1. Washington delivers a Proclamation of Neutrality. US will not get involved in the French Revolution or help France against GB. B. England 1. Refuse to abandon forts in the American Frontier part of the Treaty of Paris and block trade with French in Caribbean 2. Jay s Treaty England agrees to vacate forts and allow US to trade in Caribbean ports C. Spain 1. Pinckney s Treaty allows US access to the Mississippi River and Port of New Orleans. 2. Creates a border with Spanish Florida D. Northwest Indian War 1. Conflict over the Ohio Valley after the Revolution, victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers ends the war 2. Treaty of Greenville Little Turtle surrenders (1) US gains the Ohio Territory V. Washington s Precedents A. Cabinet B. Neutrality C. Federal power D. State of the union address E. Two term limit F. Farewell address

5 3.05 Hamilton s Economic Plan 3.05 Compare and contrast the political philosophies of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson I. A divided Cabinet A. Hamilton B. Jefferson Manufacturers Agriculture Strong Central Gov. States Rights (Limited federal power) Federalist Party Democratic Republican Party New York (north) Loose construction Necessary and proper clause (implied powers) Virginia (south) Strict construction literal interpretation II. III. Hamilton s Economic Plan (3 parts): A. 1. Payment of state debts left over from Revolution 1. Aided wealthy men in the North 2. South had lower state debts (most had none) B. 2. High protective tariff (tax placed on imports to protect US business) 1. Helped northern manufactures by raising prices of foreign goods 2. Didn t help farmers (no foreign food imports food rots) C. 3. Creation of national bank from investments from the wealthy 1. Tie wealthy to the fate of the nation 2. Standardize the money supply 3. Piggy bank for emergencies Approval A. Jefferson opposed the national bank as it was not in the constitution (strict construction) B. Bargain: To get votes, Hamilton makes a deal with southern senators US capital will be moved to a new city farther south. (DC) C. Effects: America s financial system stabilized, increased foreign investment, growth

6 3.06 Adam s Presidency 3.06 Identify the obstacles that John Adams faced as America s 2 nd president I. Election of 1796 A. Federalists John Adams (former VP) Carried New England states B. Democratic Republican Thomas Jefferson (former Sec. of State) Carried southern states C. Results Adams wins Middle States Adams President, Jefferson his VP (2 nd highest Electoral votes) II. III. IV. Trouble with France A. France is angry with the U.S. over Jay s treaty (England) B. Impressment capture over 300 U.S. ships and forced them into French Navy C. XYZ Affair 1. John Marshall, Eldrige Gerry and Charles Pinckney sent to negotiate 2. Asked to pay a bribe of $250,000 just to begin negotiations with 3 nobodies called X,Y,Z 3. Marshall allegedly said, Millions for defense, but not one cent in tribute! D. QUASI War (semi war) with France rages for 2 years 1. It is an undeclared naval war we shoot their ships, they shoot ours. Created a navy 2. Quasi war ends in 1799 with the death of George Washington, French leader Napoleon orders ten days of mourning in France. Domestic policy A. The US is outraged, citizens united in demanding war with France B. Nativism Americans become untrustingly, anti immigrant. C. The Alien and Sedition Acts 1. Alien Act forces immigrants to wait 7 year to become citizens couldn t vote for 14 years. 2. Sedition Act makes it illegal to criticize the government (includes newspapers) Nullification Crisis A. Most immigrants were Democratic Republicans and the A&S acts hurt their party. B. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Jefferson and Madison issue the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions to ask citizens to ignore the A & S Acts. C. NULLIFICATION a state s right to ignore a law it feels is unjust. D. People listen and Alien and Sedition acts pretty much just disappear E. But Adams is finished as President he won t win in the election of 1800

7 3.07 Thomas Jefferson s Presidency 3.07 Identify the greatest achievements and biggest mistakes of Thomas Jefferson s Presidency I. Election of 1800 The Bloodless Revolution A. Rematch: John Adams (Federalist) v. Thomas Jefferson (DR) Jefferson carries the middle states this time and wins. B. Called the Bloodless Revolution because the political power in the US changed hands without any violence. C. Judiciary Act of 1801 increases the size of federal court system 1. Before leaving office, Adams appoints new FEDERALIST judges to all the positions 2. These new judges are called Midnight Judges D. Marbury v. Madison 1. Thomas Jefferson (D R) takes over the White House, refuses John Adams appointments and appoints his own judges 2. Chief Justice JOHN MARSHALL, a Federalist, sides with TJ, a) rules the Judiciary Act 1801 and part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional b) Judicial Review E. Jeffersonian Democracy 1. Politics: Popular vote democracy, individual rights, agricultural ideals 2. Economics: Cuts government spending (including military), kills national bank, creates a surplus II. The Louisiana Purchase A. Jefferson encourages farmers to move West but they must sell their products via the Mississippi and New Orleans B. Napoleon (France) takes control of Spain, thus Florida and New Orleans 1. Pinckney s treaty no longer applies navigation rights are threatened! 2. Napoleon s dreams of resurrecting Louisiana die when he cannot put down the rebellion in Haiti C. Jefferson is given Congressional authority to buy New Orleans but Napoleon offers all of Louisiana D. Jefferson s dilemma: He s a strict constructionist and the President doesn t have that power, must borrow money to do it ( ghost of Hamilton! ) 1. Jefferson agrees to buy it anyways (IMPLIED POWERS?!) 2. Federalist want to call him a hypocrite, but it was too good of a deal, everyone is pleased. E. Louisiana Purchase is Jefferson s greatest achievement, sends Lewis and Clark s Corps of Discovery Expedition III. Jefferson s Biggest Mistake A. France and England are still fighting, both countries stop us from trading with the other B. Embargo Act of 1807 Jefferson orders the stopping of all foreign trade 1. Crushes our northern industry and kills our shipping industry 2. Kills the American economy but helps grow American economic self reliance, disappears in 1809

8 3.08: Society: Slaves, Women, Natives, and Religion 3.08 Analyze the role of minority groups in American Society at the turn of the 19 th century? I. The Founding Fathers and Slavery A. George Washington 1. Owned 7300 acres of land and 216 slaves, but questioned the institution of slavery 2. Freed all his slaves in his will only after Martha s death B. John Adams 1. Adams was openly anti slavery, didn t own slaves 2. Only supported gradual abolition C. Thomas Jefferson 1. Was a lifelong opponent of slavery and publicly called it an evil institution 2. One of the largest plantation owners in VA, owned hundreds of slaves 3. Supported gradual emancipation, considered idea of sending slaves to Africa 4. But, Jefferson (likely) had a relationship with a slave named Sally Hemings a) many modern African Americans can trace their lineage back to Jefferson. II. African Americans: Slave and Free A. Phillis Wheatley Poet/author 1. First published African American woman 2. Poetry about King George, religion and slavery. 3. Famous in the colonies and Europe B. Gabriel s Rebellion, Gabriel Prosser Literate slave and skilled blacksmith in Richmond, Va. 2. Planned a slave rebellion with 1,000+ slaves a) Expected some poor whites and Frenchmen to support overthrowing the wealthy, Federalist merchants. 3. A traitor from within the group alerted the authorities 4. Impact : 27 slaves, including Gabriel were publicly hanged and slavery became more repressive across the South. III. Women and Republican Motherhood 1. Republican Motherhood women should be educated for the benefit of their sons. a) Women s colleges are established for this purpose. (Mount Holyoke Female Seminary) 2. Women begin to get involved in social movements (abolition).

9 3.09 James Madison s Presidency 3.09 Identify the causes and effects of the War of 1812 I. Election of Madison A. Federalists decline because: The Alien and Sedition Acts, Alexander Hamilton is killed by Aaron Burr in a duel B. Jefferson was a successful 2 term president, spreads Jeffersonian Democracy C. Election 1808: James Madison (D R) wins II. The Problem with Native Americans A. Madison had a paternalistic view of the Natives: wanted to convert them to agriculture and protect them from settlers B. Continued violence in the Northwest Territory with settlers and fear of Natives gaining weapons from British C. Tecumseh s Native Confederacy: 1. A young William Henry Harrison fights and defeats Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippecanoe 2. Natives side with British in the war of 1812 III. War of 1812 ( ) A. America Declares war because: British impressment, arming Natives, interfere with foreign trade B. The Debate Over War 1. Warhawks people who wanted the US to declare war on England a) John C. Calhoun (S.C.) (South) b) Henry Clay (Ky.) (The West) 2. Doves (peace) people who opposed war with England a) Daniel Webster (Mass) (North) C. Events of the War 1. British Blockade and drop in trade 2. American failed invasion of Canada but break up of Native confederations 3. Washington DC is burned 4. Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner IV. Effects A. The Treaty of Ghent war is a stalemate, no territory changes hands B. The Battle of New Orleans decisive American victory led by Andrew Jackson, encourages American Nationalism C. Financial disaster Madison decides to approve a second National Bank, cut in trade helps build American industry D. The Hartford Convention 1. Federalist meet, consider seceding from the U.S. in opposition to the war. 2. Being a Federalist = traitor = Federalist Party is DEAD E. New Era of Good Feelings of political unity begins