Chapter 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle

Transcription

1 Chapter 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle

2 Big Ideas Slavery, expansion, cultural differences = SECTIONALISM Repeated attempts at compromise failed and made tension worse Politics no longer split between parties, but between regions

3 Election of 1848 Main Issue: Slavery due to Wilmot Proviso Democrats Gen. Lewis Cass vet of War of 1812 Father of Popular Sovereignty the people of a territory should decided on slavery Seemed like a good compromise b/w Free-Soilers and slaveholders people have the say Defect could still spread slavery Polk only wanted one term due to health Overworked and chronic diarrhea

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5 Election of 1848 Whigs - Zachary Taylor Hero of Buena Vista but NO political experience Campaign avoided all major issues Didn t say he was pro-slavery but owned many slaves on his sugar plantation

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7 Free-Soil Party Antislavery Northerners Martin Van Buren Mad that neither major party would take a stance on slavery in campaigns Against slavery because it stopped poor whites from bettering themselves No slavery in new territory (Wilmot Proviso), federal aid for internal improvements, free govt homesteads for settlers Catch-all party for those who were scorned Free soil, free speech, free labor, free men Took away votes from Democrats

8 ELECTORAL VOTE Zachary Taylor 163 Lewis Cass Martin Van Buren - 0

9 POPULAR VOTE Zachary Taylor 1,360,967 Lewis Cass - 1,222,342 Martin Van Buren - 291,263

10 Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, Abraham Lincoln 2. Franklin Roosevelt 3. George Washington 4. Theodore Roosevelt 5. Harry Truman 6. John Kennedy 7. Thomas Jefferson 8. Dwight Eisenhower 9. Woodrow Wilson 10. Ronald Reagan 11. Lyndon Johnson 12. James Polk 13. Andrew Jackson 14. James Monroe 15. Bill Clinton 16. William McKinley 17. John Adams 18. George H.W. Bush 19. John Quincy Adams 20. James Madison 21. Grover Cleveland 22. Gerald Ford 23. Ulysses Grant 24. William Taft 25. Jimmy Carter 26. Calvin Coolidge 27. Richard Nixon 28. James Garfield 29. Zachary Taylor 30. Benjamin Harrison 31. Martin Van Buren 32. Chester Arthur 33. Rutherford Hayes 34. Herbert Hoover 35. John Tyler 36. George W. Bush 37. Millard Fillmore 38. Warren Harding 39. William Harrison 40. Franklin Pierce 41. Andrew Johnson 42. James Buchanan

11 Californy Gold Gold discovered in river near Sutter s Mill, CA 1000s flooded into the state California Gold Rush Blew the lid off the slavery issue Most people didn t strike it rich Most reliable money outrageous rates for laundry and other services for the miners Masses of people overwhelmed California no govt set up Many lawless men and virtueless women = robbery, murder Vigilante justice California (privately encouraged by the president) drafted a constitution and then applied for free statehood bypassed the usual territorial stage and avoided becoming a slave state

12 Sectional Balance 1850: the South was well off Southerner as president (Taylor) majority in the cabinet and on the Supreme Court equality in the Senate can block any proposed amendment that would outlaw slavery Cotton expanding, profits increasing ISSUES 1) Cali threatened equilibrium in the Senate Precedent for others N. Mexico and Utah want to be free states 2) Texas claimed area west of them federal govt wants to detach this but Texas claims it will fight! 3) North wants abolition in D.C. free soil between slaveholding Maryland and slaveholding Virginia

13 Sectional Balance 4) Underground Railroad is taking away slaves Informal chain of stations (antislavery houses), passengers (slaves), and conductors (abolitionists) between South and Canada Harriet Tubman ( Moses ) runaway slave from Maryland 19 journeys into the South and rescued 300+ slaves Civil War Union spy behind Confederate lines After war brought education to freed slaves in N. Carolina South demands new and stricter fugitive slave law Losing 1,000 slaves a year, North is breaking the law, Constitution protects slavery!

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17 Senate Debate CRISIS California demanded admission as a free state and the South threatened secession (will meet in TN to consider this) OLD GUARD Henry Clay ( The Great Compromiser )- proposed a series of compromises Seconded by Stephen Douglas, the Little Giant John C. Calhoun rejected compromises -not adequate for South Leave slavery alone, return runaways, restore political balance Wanted 2 presidents (N and S) each with veto power Died before debate was over Daniel Webster Seventh of March Speech North needs to compromise to save the Union Free-soilers and abolitionists called him a traitor

18 Senate Debate Young Guard purge and purify Union, not patch and preserve Union William H. Seward no concession! America must follow an even higher law than the Constitution President Taylor seemed to follow this higher law stance and was bent on vetoing compromises If Texas wanted to fight govt for territory he will ride in and hang them! South would defend Texas and Civil War in 1850??

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20 Breaking the Congressional Deadlock Zachary Taylor helped compromise by dying - acute intestinal disorder VP Millard Fillmore takes over

21 Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, Abraham Lincoln 2. Franklin Roosevelt 3. George Washington 4. Theodore Roosevelt 5. Harry Truman 6. John Kennedy 7. Thomas Jefferson 8. Dwight Eisenhower 9. Woodrow Wilson 10. Ronald Reagan 11. Lyndon Johnson 12. James Polk 13. Andrew Jackson 14. James Monroe 15. Bill Clinton 16. William McKinley 17. John Adams 18. George H.W. Bush 19. John Quincy Adams 20. James Madison 21. Grover Cleveland 22. Gerald Ford 23. Ulysses Grant 24. William Taft 25. Jimmy Carter 26. Calvin Coolidge 27. Richard Nixon 28. James Garfield 29. Zachary Taylor 30. Benjamin Harrison 31. Martin Van Buren 32. Chester Arthur 33. Rutherford Hayes 34. Herbert Hoover 35. John Tyler 36. George W. Bush 37. Millard Fillmore 38. Warren Harding 39. William Harrison 40. Franklin Pierce 41. Andrew Johnson 42. James Buchanan

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23 Compromise of 1850 What the North got (the North got the better deal) California admitted as a free state tipped balance in Congress Texas lost its disputed territory to New Mexico and (now) Oklahoma New Mexico and Utah popular sovereignty will be free because too dry for crops The District of Columbia could not have slave trade

24 What the South got Texas was paid $10 million for the land lost D.C. - slavery Fugitive Slave Law (Bloodhound Bill) (1) fleeing slaves couldn t testify on their own behalf and no jury trial (2) the federal commissioner who handled the fugitive case got $5 if the slave was freed and $10 if not (3) those who help slaves runaway heavy fines and jail, ordered to be slave catchers against their will This law turned many moderates into abolitionists Underground RR stepped up their game Northern states tried to nullify it, others had personal liberty laws can t use their local jails for those who help runaways Ableman v. Booth Sup. Ct upheld the Fugitive Slave Law against Wisconsin SOOOO MUCH HATRED! at the South for creating this law, at the North for not executing the law William Lloyd Garrison Quote: We execrate it, we spit upon it, we trample it under our feet!

25 Compromise of 1850 Clay gave 70+ speeches in the North South hated it! Unionists prevailed Some met in Nashville to discuss secession fizzled out Signed after 7 mo. Of debate 2 nd Era of Good Feelings??

26 Compromise of 1850

27 Time between 1850 and 1860 helped the North more population, more wealth, gaining moral strength Compromise of 1850 helped North win the war??

28 Harriet Beecher Stowe So you re the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war. -- Abraham Lincoln

29 Uncle Tom s Cabin 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade!

30 Stowe s Uncle Tom s Cabin Summary about the splitting up of a slave family and the cruel mistreatment of likeable Uncle Tom by a cruel slave master Response to the Fugitive slave law Effects: Opened the North s eyes to the wickedness of slavery - inhumane Popular in other countries (GB and France) Became a political force helped start the war and helped North win it Inspired youth to volunteer in war South states it was unfair Stowe never witnessed slavery first hand in Deep South, only seen a center for Underground RR in OH

31 Election of 1852 Democrats - Franklin Pierce (NH) unknown and enemyless Weak and indecisive, served in Mex-American War, alcoholic Northern but a southern sympathizer for slavery Revived Democrat platform of expansion Endorsed Comp of 1850 fugitive slave law and all Whigs - Old Fuss and Feathers Gen. Winfield Scott Whigs should ve nominated Fillmore or Webster Comp of 1850 Whigs only won with military generals Not a good personality for the masses

32 Election of 1852 Attack on personalities b/c slavery was tabled for now Whigs Pierce was a hero of many a well-fought bottle Dems We Polked em in 44, We ll Pierce em in 52! Whigs were split Antislavery North voted Free-Soil because Scott endorsed Fugitive Slave Law South doubted Scott s loyalty to Fugitive Slave Law Some Whigs voted for Webster died 2 weeks before election! SIGNIFICANCE: End of disorganized Whig party Rise of sectional parties Pierce tried to be another Polk impressed followers by reciting his inaugural address from memory his cabinet was filled with Southerners like Jefferson Davis and he was prepared to be a Southerners tool

33 1852 Presidential Election Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

34 1852 Election Results

35 Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, Abraham Lincoln 2. Franklin Roosevelt 3. George Washington 4. Theodore Roosevelt 5. Harry Truman 6. John Kennedy 7. Thomas Jefferson 8. Dwight Eisenhower 9. Woodrow Wilson 10. Ronald Reagan 11. Lyndon Johnson 12. James Polk 13. Andrew Jackson 14. James Monroe 15. Bill Clinton 16. William McKinley 17. John Adams 18. George H.W. Bush 19. John Quincy Adams 20. James Madison 21. Grover Cleveland 22. Gerald Ford 23. Ulysses Grant 24. William Taft 25. Jimmy Carter 26. Calvin Coolidge 27. Richard Nixon 28. James Garfield 29. Zachary Taylor 30. Benjamin Harrison 31. Martin Van Buren 32. Chester Arthur 33. Rutherford Hayes 34. Herbert Hoover 35. John Tyler 36. George W. Bush 37. Millard Fillmore 38. Warren Harding 39. William Harrison 40. Franklin Pierce 41. Andrew Johnson 42. James Buchanan

36 Expansion - Nicaragua Victory against Mexico and discovery of gold in Cali reinvigorated Manifest Destiny US and GB sought control of Nicaragua for a possible canal that would connect oceans Clayton-Bulwer Treaty US and GB agreed neither side would build and monopolize a new canal w/o each other s consent July 1856 William Walker American adventurer gathered a force of 60 southerners grabbed control of Nicaragua & proclaimed himself president Legalized slavery A coalition of Latin American countries overthrew him Killed by firing squad This threw some fuel on the Slavocracy theory (a conspiracy theory where the South was always seeking new slave land).

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38 CUBA Already had slaves could be carved into several slave states Polk considered offering Spain $100 million for it but Spain said they d rather see it sink 2 expeditions of Southerners descended on Cuba Both repelled, some shot/strangled Southerners attack Spanish consulate in New Orleans Spanish seized American ship, Black Warrior Time for Pierce to provoke war Europeans can t help Spain due to Crimean War Ostend Manifesto - Three U.S. foreign ministers met in Ostend, Belgium - offer $120 million to Spain for Cuba If Spain refused (thereby still endangering US) then America would be justified in seizing the island (sell it or it ll be taken). Northerners were outraged once this secret document was leaked South trying to extend slavery!! No more Cuba plan

39 Allure of Asia CHINA Caleb Cushing was sent to China on a goodwill mission Came with 4 warships, brought gifts for Chinese The Chinese were welcoming since they wanted to counter the British after the Opium War Treaty of Wanghia - U.S. China trade began to flourish Missionaries went to convert Chinese soured relations JAPAN By 1853 Japan was ready to end isolationism Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his warships entered Tokyo Bay Requested free trade and friendly relations will return for answer Returned after 1 year with gifts Perry s Treaty of Kanagawa formerly opened Japan This broke Japan s centuries-old traditional of isolation, and started them down a road of modernization and then imperialism and militarism

40 Pacific Railroad Transcontinental Railroad needed California and Oregon were hard to get to sea routes long, wagon route dangerous Too expensive only one route could be built would this be in North or South? Whichever section would reap rich rewards Best route ran slightly south of Mexican Border Two reasons this was the best route: (1) the land was organized meaning any Indian attacks could be repelled by the U.S. Army (2) geography south of the Rocky Mtns

41 Gadsden Purchase James Gadsden, S.Carolina RR man, appointed minster to Mexico wrote treaty with Santa Anna Bought Gadsden Purchase for $10 million North hates this too much money for a piece of desert A southern railroad to be built A northern railroad would cross over mountains and cross through unorganized Nebraska not logical Solution: Nebraska should be organized!!! 1000s of pioneers already on border waiting Deadlock in Congress

42 Douglas s Kansas-Nebraska Scheme Senator Stephen Douglas proposed the Kansas- Nebraska Act Nebraska territory sliced in two Kansas and Nebraska Slavery status based on popular sovereignty Kansas would most likely be slave next to Missouri (slave) Nebraska would be free (next to free-soil Iowa) Douglas thought south would give up railroad in return for Kansas he had railway stock for North Contradicted Missouri Compromise of 1820 banned slavery north of the line need to repeal it Southerners never thought of Kansas as a possible slave state they and Pierce support it North hates it - Douglas s tries to calm them down with his debating skills Bill passed, Missouri Compromise repealed

43 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

44 North said NO MORE COMPROMISE! Stopped enforcing Fug. Slave Law entirely Still want to control Kansas K-N Act wrecked two compromises: 1. Missouri Comp of 1820 (slave state about line) 2. Comp of 1850 (N refuses to enforce Fug. Slave Law) Abolitionists gain followers SIGNIFICANCE: Republican Party created as a result of K-N Act

45 Republican Party Moral protest against slavery Began in Midwest: Wisconsin and Michigan Gathered dissatisfied people disgruntled Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, other foes of K-N Act Was a major political party overnight - sectional

46 Bleeding Kansas Northerners began to pour into Kansas - and Southerners were outraged New England Emigrant Aid Company sent 2000 armed Northerners there to stop slavery Election day pro-slavery border ruffians from Missouri flooded the polls and elected Kansas to be a slave state Puppet govt set up at Shawnee Mission Free-soilers set up their own government in Topeka Confused Kansans had to choose between the two a group of pro-slavery raiders burned free-soil town of Lawrence violence began

47 Bleeding Kansas Border Ruffians (pro-slavery Missourians)

48 Bleeding Kansas John Brown CRAZY abolitionist Moved to Kansas from OH with family Led a band of followers to Pottawatomie Creek hacked 5 men to pieces Hurt free-soil cause led to retaliation Kansas Civil War began merged with Civil War Destroyed property, many died, hurt agriculture

49 John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

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