1/4/2010. Monroe Presidency in 6 Parts THE ERA OF GOOD FEELING. The American System. Cumberland Road: East to West (Westward Movement and Expansion)

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1 Monroe Presidency in 6 Parts THE ERA OF GOOD FEELING The American System Panic of 1819 Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Adams-Onis Treaty Convention of 1818 The American System Begun under James Madison 3 Parts: 2 nd Bank of the United States Establish credit, provide loans to govt., handle Federal deposits Protective Tariff of 1816 Protect industries that grew during the Embargo Act and the War of 1812 Internal Improvements Provide transportation and infrastructure to the West. WESTERNERS mostly farmers NORTERNERS growing Urban/ # of wage slaves SOUTERNERS mostly farmers ruled by the elite Planters High Tariffs Fed $ for Transportation Cheap Land 2 nd B.U.S. Cumberland Road: East to West (Westward Movement and Expansion) Panic of 1819 Caused by the price drop of cotton (backbone of Southern, and therefore American, economy) B.U.S. set up wildcat branches in the West (Speculation of new land opening up to settlement) Banks panicked and called in their debts People couldn t pay Foreclosures and bankruptcy (People panicked too) Andrew Jackson loses a lot of money (hates B.U.S. because of this) 1

2 Missouri Compromise Problem: In 1820 there were 11 Free States and 11 Slave States Missouri was petitioning Congress to become a state (Slave already existed there) Tallmadge Amendment: Missouri would prohibit slavery (throwing the number of Free States to 12) Who would hate this? Compromise: Missouri would be a slave state, Maine would be a free state, any new territory above 36 degrees North. Why was this important? Monroe Doctrine 4 Parts: Russia was beginning to make claims to the West Coast of North America (both British Canada and U.S.) Spain was quickly losing its colonies to independence Britain wants to conspire with U.S. to keep European countries out of the Hemisphere Monroe issues a unilateral (without Britain) statement later known as the Monroe Doctrine. The Western Hemisphere was no longer open for colonization The political system of the Americas was different from Europe The United States would regard any interference in Western hemispheric affairs as a threat to its security The United States would refrain from participation in European wars and would not disturb existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere Adams-Onis Treaty Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 War Hero sent to Florida border Stop runaway slaves Convince Spain to stop accepting same Deal with Seminole Indians using Florida as a hide-out. Against orders he Attacks two Spanish forts Hangs two Spaniards Hangs two Indians J.Q. Adams calls him back Monroe wants to fire him J.Q. Adams uses Spain s fear of Jackson to get the Adam s- Onis Treaty 2

3 Convention of 1818 The Convention of 1818 Establish joint custody of Oregon Country: Peaceful, but competition forms between two companies set up to rule over the territory 49 th Parallel: Establishes a boundary between U.S. and Britain Last major loss of land from the U.S. Fishing Rights in Newfoundland The Rise of Mass Democracy The Corrupt Bargain Four candidates vie for presidency (Monroe ends the Virginia Dynasty): John Quincy Adams MA Henry Clay Kentucky William Crawford Georgia Andrew Jackson- Tennessee Andrew Jackson wins popular vote but not enough electoral votes (a la 2004) Sent to H.o.R. (Clay presides over the votes) Clay supports Adams who wins on 1 st ballot (versus 30+ ballots in 1800) Adams appoints Clay Secretary of State Was it a Corrupt bargain? Candidate Popular Vote Electoral Vote Andrew Jackson 43% 99 J.Q. Adams 31% 32 William Crawford 13% 41 Henry Clay 13% 37 3

4 See the Family Resemblance? The Adam s Presidency: John Adams- 2 nd President of the U.S. John Quincy Adams- 6 th President of the U.S. Adams not a natural politician Did not give his followers to jobs with the admin. Sectionalism continued to grow and expand States Rights grew Adams was a Nationalist: Wanted road, canals, federal university, national observatory South hated all of this WHY?!!!!!! What to do about the Cherokees and Western Land? Enter Jackson! Bitter over loss of 1824 Election Campaigned actively from 1825 until Campaign becomes dirty and personal: Jackson claims Adams is a corrupt, elitist who use federal funds inappropriately Also that he was a pimp Adams (really his supporters) claim that Jackson s mom was a prostitute, wife was an adulterer, and Jackson was part black! Jackson will take election handily: 178 to 83! It is a damn poor mind indeed which can't think of at least two ways to spell any word. Elevate those guns a little lower. Democracy shows not only its power in reforming governments, but in regenerating a race of men and this is the greatest blessing of free governments. Was Jackson the result of Jefferson? Mass Democracy at Inaugural Ball Conservatives were frightened to death of this MOB!!!! 4

5 Voting Requirements in the Early 19c Voter Turnout: Why Increased Democratization? 3 White male suffrage increased 3 Party nominating committees. 3 Voters chose their state s slate of Presidential electors. 3 Spoils system. 3 Rise of Third Parties. 3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) 3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs (1832) Republicans (1854) Democrats (1828) The New Jackson Coalition 3 The Planter Elite in the South 3 People on the Frontier 3 State Politicians spoils system 3 Immigrants in the cities. Jackson s Faith in the Common Man 3 Intense distrust of Eastern establishment, monopolies, & special privilege. 3 His heart & soul was with the plain folk. 3 Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements. 5

6 Was Jackson the End Result of Jefferson? The Spoils System: Jackson struck many bargains Large scale spoils system (supporters received the best government jobs) What was his excuse for the system? ( Every man is as good as his neighbor ) What positive resulted from the spoils system? Was Jackson the End Result of Jefferson? Tariff of Abominations Tariffs bred more tariffs bred more tariffs etc. Monroe, Adams, and Jackson all had to deal with these protections 1828: Jacksonians proposed high-rated tariff (just to further damage Adams) It passed Pissed off the South (Why?!) The South Carolina Exposition The South Carolina Exposition With these views the committee are solemnly of impression if the system be persevered in, after due forbearance on the part of the State, that it will be her sacred duty to interpose her veto; a duty to herself, to the Union, to present, and to future generations, and to the cause of liberty over the world, to arrest the progress of a power, which, if not arrested, must in its consequences, corrupt the public morals, and destroy the liberty of the country. The South Carolina Exposition Written by John C. Calhoun (then V.P.) Calls for the nullification of the Tariff of 1828 Congress attempts to placate South Carolina by passing the Tariff of 1832 (just slightly better) S.C. nullifies new Tariff and threatens secession Was that a good idea? The Trail of Tears! Andrew Jackson is not known to play nice with those who oppose his authority! 6

7 Indian Removal Act 5 Civilized Tribes: Cherokee Creek Choctaw Seminole Chickasaws Cherokees living in Georgia were assimilating, attempting to be Americanized Georgia made their councils illegal and took control Supreme Court sided with Natives John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it. Jackson (acting as a father figure) forcibly removes 100,000s of Natives to the permanent reservation (Oklahoma) This emigration should be voluntary, for it would be as cruel as unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject to their laws. In return for their obedience as individuals they will without doubt be protected in the enjoyment of those possessions which they have improved by their industry -Andrew Jackson, Message to Congress 1829 The Bank War Andrew Jackson distrusted the bank from early on: Lost money in Land Speculation during Panic of 1819 Blamed the 2 nd Bank of the United States (B.U.S.) 1832: Clay and Henry Webster urge the renewal of the Bank Why if bank was chartered until 1836? Bill is passed and sent to Jackson: Jackson vetoes it with passion! Why is this important? The Bank War 1832: Jackson defeats Henry Clay easily in election (Election saw Nominating Conventions, published platforms, and a 3 rd Party: Anti-Masonics) Jackson saw he easy win as a mandate to attack the bank even more. Jackson ends the depositing of Federal funds into the B.U.S. Bank slowly dies! (Its always fun with economics, government and personal vendettas clash!) 7

8 Pet-Banks, Wildcats, and the Panic of B.U.S. is officially dead Jackson leaves office but not before: Sending Federal deposits to pet-banks (state banks with favorable politics) Wildcat banks (yes, like the ones from 1819) spring up issuing funny paper money Economy becomes unstabilizedby the constant fluctuation of currency Jackson issues Specie Circular (land must be purchased with metal money, e.g. gold and silver) Destroys speculators and causes Panic of 1837 (after Jackson has retired) Whigs and the Election of 1836 Whigs are created from people who hated Jackson! Who were they? Anti-Masonic Party People who supported American System Southern States Rights Activists Northern Industrialists and merchants Martin Van Buren (Democrats) Vs. Harrison/White/Webster (Whigs) = fun scheme to get the election to the H.o.R. Martin Van Buren Old MuttonChops Martin Van Buren inherited a collapsing economy from Jackson 1836-Specie Circular destroyed speculative business 1839-Cotton market collapses causing depression Van Buren creates an Independent Treasury and sub-treasuries(why?) Divorce act Texas becomes independent as well What problems does this cause? Van Buren Pres! Richard Johnson- VP King Cotton Collapses! Election of 1840: Democracy in Action! Van Buren is nominated by the Democrats Whigs become smarter an nominate only William Henry Harrison Democratic campaign is waged looking to get the common man vote (Whigs did learn something from Jackson!) W.H. Harrison wins easily over Van Buren 8

9 Fall and Rise of Political Parties A short history: No political parties before Washington s pres. Federalist and Democratic-Republicans emerge under Washington 1796: 2 distinct and angry parties wage war during the campaign 1816: Federalist die out leaving 1 party (can it still be a party with no opposition?) 1824: Republicans split into National Republicans and Democratic Republicans 1828: Democratic Republicans become Democrats (still around today. 1828: National Republicans become Whigs (Will become Republicans with Lincoln in 1860) 9